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Shen C, Wang H. Age-Associated KLF9 Enhances the Inflammatory Response of Alveolar Macrophages Via Regulating TLR2 Expression. Rejuvenation Res 2024; 27:17-23. [PMID: 38062733 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2023.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia is a severe infection in infant and young children. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated inflammation plays essential roles in S. aureus pneumonia. Krueppel-like factor 9 (KLF9) is a transcriptional factor participating in multiple cellular aspects including inflammation. In this study, the potential roles of KLF9 in S. aureus pneumonia were evaluated. The expression of KLF9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors with different ages and in alveolar macrophages from mice with different ages was measured. Pam3CK4-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines was compared in alveolar macrophages from young and old mice and in wild-type (WT) and KLF9-deficient macrophages. The survival rate, body weight loss, lung pathology were compared between WT and KLF9-deficient mice after S. aureus infection. The TLR2 expression was compared between WT and KLF9-deficient macrophages after Pam3CK4 treatment. Decreased expression of KLF9 was detected in PBMCs from elder donor and in macrophages from old mice. Impaired expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed in macrophages from old mice and KLF9-deficient macrophages after Pam3CK4 treatment. KLF9-deficient mice had elevated survival rate, decreased lung injury after S. aureus infection. Decreased expression of TLR2 was detected in KLF9-deficient macrophages and overexpression of TLR2 rescued the impaired expression of inflammatory cytokines in KLF9-deficient macrophages. KLF9 regulated inflammatory responses in macrophages through TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shen
- Department of Neonatology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
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2
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Petronglo JR, Putnam NE, Ford CA, Cruz-Victorio V, Curry JM, Butrico CE, Fulbright LE, Johnson JR, Peck SH, Fatah SR, Cassat JE. Context-Dependent Roles for Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 9 in the Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0041722. [PMID: 36226943 PMCID: PMC9670883 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00417-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the major causative agent of bacterial osteomyelitis, an invasive infection of bone. Inflammation generated by the immune response to S. aureus contributes to bone damage by altering bone homeostasis. Increases in the differentiation of monocyte lineage cells into bone-resorbing osteoclasts (osteoclastogenesis) promote bone loss in the setting of osteomyelitis. In this study, we sought to define the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in the pathogenesis of S. aureus osteomyelitis. We hypothesized that S. aureus-sensing TLRs 2 and 9, both of which are known to alter osteoclastogenesis in vitro, promote pathological changes to bone, including increased osteoclast abundance, bone loss, and altered callus formation during osteomyelitis. Stimulation of osteoclast precursors with S. aureus supernatant increased osteoclastogenesis in a TLR2-dependent, but not a TLR9-dependent, manner. However, in vivo studies using a posttraumatic murine model of osteomyelitis revealed that TLR2-null mice experienced similar bone damage and increased osteoclastogenesis compared to wild type (WT) mice. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that compensation between TLR2 and TLR9 contributes to osteomyelitis pathogenesis. We found that mice deficient in both TLR2 and TLR9 (Tlr2/9-/-) have decreased trabecular bone loss in response to infection compared to WT mice. However, osteoclastogenesis is comparable between WT and Tlr2/9-/- mice, suggesting that alternative mechanisms enhance osteoclastogenesis in vivo during osteomyelitis. Indeed, we discovered that osteoclast precursors intracellularly infected with S. aureus undergo significantly increased osteoclast formation, even in the absence of TLR2 and TLR9. These results suggest that TLR2 and TLR9 have context-dependent roles in the alteration of bone homeostasis during osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R. Petronglo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centergrid.412807.8, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nicole E. Putnam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centergrid.412807.8, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Caleb A. Ford
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Virginia Cruz-Victorio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Centergrid.412807.8, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jacob M. Curry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Centergrid.412807.8, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Casey E. Butrico
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centergrid.412807.8, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Laura E. Fulbright
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Centergrid.412807.8, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua R. Johnson
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centergrid.412807.8, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Centergrid.412807.8, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sun H. Peck
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centergrid.412807.8, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Centergrid.412807.8, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sana R. Fatah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Centergrid.412807.8, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James E. Cassat
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centergrid.412807.8, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Centergrid.412807.8, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centergrid.412807.8, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (VI4), Vanderbilt University Medical Centergrid.412807.8, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Tomlinson KL, Prince AS, Wong Fok Lung T. Immunometabolites Drive Bacterial Adaptation to the Airway. Front Immunol 2021; 12:790574. [PMID: 34899759 PMCID: PMC8656696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are both opportunistic pathogens that are frequently associated with chronic lung infections. While bacterial virulence determinants are critical in initiating infection, the metabolic flexibility of these bacteria promotes their persistence in the airway. Upon infection, these pathogens induce host immunometabolic reprogramming, resulting in an airway milieu replete with immune-signaling metabolites. These metabolites are often toxic to the bacteria and create a steep selection pressure for the emergence of bacterial isolates adapted for long-term survival in the inflamed lung. In this review, we discuss the main differences in the host immunometabolic response to P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, as well as how these pathogens alter their own metabolism to adapt to airway metabolites and cause persistent lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tania Wong Fok Lung
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Karnaushkina MA, Guryev AS, Mironov KO, Dunaeva EA, Korchagin VI, Bobkova OY, Vasilyeva IS, Kassina DV, Litvinova MM. Associations of Toll-like Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with NETosis Activity as Prognostic Criteria for the Severity of Pneumonia. Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 13:47-53. [PMID: 34603755 PMCID: PMC8482823 DOI: 10.17691/stm2021.13.3.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the molecular genetic prognostic criteria for the severity of the course pneumonia based on the analysis of the association of genetic polymorphism in toll-like receptors with the severity of NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Karnaushkina
- Professor, Department of Internal Diseases with a Course of Cardiology and Functional Diagnostics named after Academician V.S. Moiseev; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - A S Guryev
- Senior Researcher, Research Laboratory; Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2-1 Schepkina St., Moscow, 129110, Russia
| | - K O Mironov
- Head of the Research Group for the Development of New Methods for Identifying Genetic Polymorphisms; Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), 3а Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - E A Dunaeva
- Researcher, Research Group for the Development of New Methods for Identifying Genetic Polymorphisms; Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), 3а Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - V I Korchagin
- Researcher, Research Group for the Development of New Methods for Identifying Genetic Polymorphisms; Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), 3а Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - O Yu Bobkova
- PhD Student, Department of Hospital Therapy No.2; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - I S Vasilyeva
- Assistant, Department of Hospital Therapy No.2; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D V Kassina
- Researcher, Research Laboratory; Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2-1 Schepkina St., Moscow, 129110, Russia
| | - M M Litvinova
- Associate Professor, Department of Medical Genetics; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia; Geneticist, Center for Personalized Medicine; Moscow Clinical Scientific Center named after A.S. Loginov, Moscow Healthcare Department, 86 Shosse Entuziastov, Moscow, 111123, Russia
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Zhang H, He F, Li P, Hardwidge PR, Li N, Peng Y. The Role of Innate Immunity in Pulmonary Infections. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6646071. [PMID: 33553427 PMCID: PMC7847335 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6646071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity forms a protective line of defense in the early stages of pulmonary infection. The primary cellular players of the innate immunity against respiratory infections are alveolar macrophages (AMs), dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). They recognize conserved structures of microorganisms through membrane-bound and intracellular receptors to initiate appropriate responses. In this review, we focus on the prominent roles of innate immune cells and summarize transmembrane and cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling recognition mechanisms during pulmonary microbial infections. Understanding the mechanisms of PRR signal recognition during pulmonary pathogen infections will help us to understand pulmonary immunopathology and lay a foundation for the development of effective therapies to treat and/or prevent pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang He
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Nengzhang Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Nocera AL, Mueller SK, Stephan JR, Hing L, Seifert P, Han X, Lin DT, Amiji MM, Libermann T, Bleier BS. Exosome swarms eliminate airway pathogens and provide passive epithelial immunoprotection through nitric oxide. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1525-1535.e1. [PMID: 30442371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal mucosa-derived exosomes (NMDEs) harbor immunodefensive proteins and are capable of rapid interepithelial protein transfer. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether mucosal exposure to inhaled pathogens stimulates a defensive swarm of microbiocidal exosomes, which also donate their antimicrobial cargo to adjacent epithelial cells. METHODS We performed an institutional review board-approved study of healthy NMDE secretion after Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 stimulation by LPS (12.5 μg/mL) in the presence of TLR4 inhibitors. Interepithelial transfer of exosomal nitric oxide (NO) synthase and nitric oxide was measured by using ELISAs and NO activity assays. Exosomal antimicrobial assays were performed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proteomic analyses were performed by using SOMAscan. RESULTS In vivo and in vitro LPS exposure induced a 2-fold increase in NMDE secretion along with a 2-fold increase in exosomal inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and function through TLR4 and inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase activation. LPS stimulation increased exosomal microbiocidal activity against P aeruginosa by almost 2 orders of magnitude. LPS-stimulated exosomes induced a 4-fold increase in NO production within autologous epithelial cells with protein transfer within 5 minutes of contact. Pathway analysis of the NMDE proteome revealed 44 additional proteins associated with NO signaling and innate immune function. CONCLUSIONS We provide direct in vivo evidence for a novel exosome-mediated innate immunosurveillance and defense mechanism of the human upper airway. These findings have implications for lower airway innate immunity, delivery of airway therapeutics, and host microbiome regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Nocera
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Sarina K Mueller
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jules R Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Loretta Hing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Philip Seifert
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Derrick T Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Mass
| | - Towia Libermann
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Benjamin S Bleier
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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7
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Mueller SK. Exosomes and chronic rhinosinusitis. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 4:175-178. [PMID: 30506048 PMCID: PMC6251956 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this manuscripts to review current knowledge regarding exosomes as they relate to the physiology and pathology of the human nose as well as their role as biomarkers of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Exosomes are 30–150 nm membrane-bound vesicles secreted by virtually all cell types. Exosomes contribute to the rapid inter-epithelial transfer of proteins and mediate innate immunosurveillance and defense mechanisms in the human nasal cavity. Exosomes also protect their cell specific cargo from degradation by nucleases and proteases and mirrorCRS related tissue protein perturbations more effectively than whole mucus. Thus, exosomal isolation and analysis may be used to non-invasively monitor disease severity, prognosis, and potentially even treatment response. Recent studies of exosomes in CRS suggest they can be used to study the immunopathology of chronic sinonasal inflammation. Furthermore, their relative accessibility suggests that exosomal proteomescan be used as non-invasive, serial, and quantitative biosignatures for rhinosinusitis that can be sampled in clinic in order to predict disease severity, prognosis, and treatment response. Exosomal research has also led to important revelations regarding their physiologic function as they seem to play an important role in innate immunosurveillance and defense. However, exosomal research is still nascent and cost-effectiveness as well as feasibility of implementation in the routine workup for CRS have to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina K. Mueller
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Waldstrasse 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, 02114, Boston, USA
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8
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Skerrett SJ, Braff MH, Liggitt HD, Rubens CE. Toll-like receptor 2 has a prominent but nonessential role in innate immunity to Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/21/e13491. [PMID: 29142002 PMCID: PMC5688782 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of acute bacterial pneumonia. Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) recognizes multiple components of the bacterial cell wall and activates innate immune responses to gram‐positive bacteria. We hypothesized that TLR2 would have an important role in pulmonary host defense against S. aureus. TLR null (TLR2−/−) mice and wild type (WT) C57BL/6 controls were challenged with aerosolized S. aureus at a range of inocula for kinetic studies of cytokine and antimicrobial peptide expression, lung inflammation, bacterial killing by alveolar macrophages, and bacterial clearance. Survival was measured after intranasal infection. Pulmonary induction of most pro‐inflammatory cytokines was significantly blunted in TLR2−/− mice 4 and 24 h after infection in comparison with WT controls. Bronchoalveolar concentrations of cathelicidin‐related antimicrobial peptide also were reduced in TLR2−/− mice. Lung inflammation, measured by enumeration of bronchoalveolar neutrophils and scoring of histological sections, was significantly blunted in TLR2−/− mice. Phagocytosis of S. aureus by alveolar macrophages in vivo after low‐dose infection was unimpaired, but viability of ingested bacteria was significantly greater in TLR2−/− mice. Bacterial clearance from the lungs was slightly impaired in TLR2−/− mice after low‐dose infection only; bacterial elimination from the lungs was slightly accelerated in the TLR2−/− mice after high‐dose infection. Survival after high‐dose intranasal challenge was 50–60% in both groups. TLR2 has a significant role in early innate immune responses to S. aureus in the lungs but is not required for bacterial clearance and survival from S. aureus pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn J Skerrett
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marissa H Braff
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - H Denny Liggitt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Craig E Rubens
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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