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Röhrborn K, Krueger M, Kalusa M, Fietz SA, Ewe A, Aigner A, Stumvoll M, Kovacs P, Blüher M, Schamarek I, Rohde-Zimmermann K. The Concentration of Salivary Extracellular Vesicles Is Related to Obesity. Nutrients 2024; 16:2633. [PMID: 39203770 PMCID: PMC11356876 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Saliva is essential for the proper dilution and distribution of taste molecules on the tongue. It harbors extracellular vesicles (EVs), which mediate cell-cell communication. Changes in the composition of salivary EVs may arise under obese conditions and may potentially be involved in taste sensation and dysregulated eating behavior. Therefore, this study addresses the relationship between the size and concentration of salivary EVs and metabolic shifts in obesity or factors of taste sensation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 119 participants in the Obese Taste Bud (OTB) Study were included, who performed a standardized taste test, underwent taste bud density assessment, and were phenotypically characterized for anthropometrics, blood- and saliva adipokine levels, and various metabolic factors. Utilizing size exclusion chromatography followed by ultrafiltration, EVs were extracted from 2 mL of actively secreted saliva. EVs were characterized using nanoparticle tracking analyses, Western blot, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Finally, group comparisons and bivariate correlation analyses were conducted. RESULTS Among the total cohort, the median size of salivary EVs was 190.05 nm, and the overall concentration ranged from 1.4 × 107 to 1.76 × 109 per mL of saliva. The size range and concentration of EVs per mL are negatively correlated (p = 0.0002, r = -0.264). Comparing lean participants (mean rank of 45.98) with those presenting obesity (mean rank of 34.46), a significant difference in the salivary EV content was observed (p = 0.029). Body weight, BMI, arm and calf circumferences, as well as the percentage of body fat were all negatively related to the concentration of EVs in all study participants (all p < 0.05, r > -0.2). No associations were found between the EV parameters and taste perception but serum alkaline phosphatase levels were negatively correlated (p = 0.007, r = -0.284) and adiponectin serum levels were positively correlated to the EV concentration (p = 0.036, r = 0.208). CONCLUSION The current study provides evidence for the relation between salivary EVs and anthropometric as well as metabolic parameters of obesity. This can provide the basis for further research on the cargo of salivary EVs and how they may influence taste sensation, and may elucidate their potential connection to altered eating habits in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Röhrborn
- Helmholtz-Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and the University Hospital Leipzig AöR, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.R.)
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mirjam Kalusa
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone A. Fietz
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Ewe
- Rudolf-Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Helmholtz-Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and the University Hospital Leipzig AöR, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.R.)
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz-Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and the University Hospital Leipzig AöR, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.R.)
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Imke Schamarek
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rohde-Zimmermann
- Helmholtz-Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and the University Hospital Leipzig AöR, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.R.)
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Hiremath SC, Weaver JD. Engineering of Trophoblast Extracellular Vesicle-Delivering Hydrogels for Localized Tolerance Induction in Cell Transplantation. Cell Mol Bioeng 2023; 16:341-354. [PMID: 37811006 PMCID: PMC10550893 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-023-00778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The need for chronic systemic immunosuppression, which presents a host of acute risks to transplantation patients, remains the primary limitation for the translation of many cell therapies, such as insulin secreting cells for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Trophoblasts are the professional tolerogenic cells of the placenta, and they secrete a range of soluble factors to induce antigen specific tolerance toward allogeneic fetal tissue during pregnancy, including extracellular vesicles. Here we develop a trophoblast extracellular vesicle-delivering hydrogel designed for sustained, localized tolerogenic factor delivery within a transplant site to induce localized tolerance toward cell grafts. Methods We engineer a synthetic poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogel system to tether extracellular vesicles for sustained delivery, and compare this system to passive vesicle entrapment within an alginate hydrogel system. We characterize trophoblast extracellular vesicles for size and morphology, and evaluate vesicle tolerogenic protein content via proteomic analysis. We validate the retention and tethering of extracellular vesicles within the hydrogel systems via scanning electron and stimulated emission depletion microscopy, and measure vesicle release rate over time. Finally, we evaluate trophoblast extracellular vesicle influence on natural killer cell activation in vitro. Results We isolated trophoblast extracellular vesicles and proteomics confirmed the presence of tolerogenic factors. We confirmed the presence of extracellular vesicles within hydrogel delivery vehicles, and synthetic hydrogels extended extracellular vesicle release relative to a passive hydrogel system. Finally, extracellular vesicles reduced natural killer cell activation in vitro, confirming the tolerogenic potential of hydrogel-delivered extracellular vesicles. Conclusions This tolerogenic extracellular vesicle-delivering hydrogel platform designed for delivery within a transplant site could serve as an alternative to systemic immunosuppression in cell transplantation, potentially reducing the risks associated with cell therapies and widening the eligible patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani C. Hiremath
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 550 E. Orange St, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA
| | - Jessica D. Weaver
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 550 E. Orange St, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA
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Mistlberger-Reiner A, Sterneder S, Reipert S, Wolske S, Somoza V. Extracellular Vesicles and Particles Modulate Proton Secretion in a Model of Human Parietal Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2213-2226. [PMID: 36687051 PMCID: PMC9850724 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The secretion of extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) is an important mechanism of cellular communication. In this work, we demonstrate a functional role of EVPs in mechanisms regulating gastric acid secretion. HGT-1 cells were used as a model system to assess proton secretion. First, in order to prove EVP secretion by HGT-1 cells, EVPs were isolated by size exclusion chromatography and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, Western blot, and cryo transmission electron microscopy. For examination of the potential role of EVPs in proton secretion, HGT-1 cells were treated with pharmacological EV-inhibitors, resulting in a reduction of histamine-induced proton secretion. To demonstrate the functional role of EVPs in the mechanism of proton secretion, EVP-conditioned supernatant was collected after stimulation of HGT-1 cells with histamine, fractionated, and subjected to an activity screening. The results revealed constituents of the HGT-1-derived secretome with an MW of >100 kDa (including EVPs) to modulate proton secretion, while smaller constituents had no effect. Finally, a dose-dependent modulatory effect on proton secretion of HGT-1 cells was demonstrated by isolated HGT-1-derived EVPs. Hence, this study presents first results on the potential function of EVPs as a previously undiscovered mechanism of regulation of gastric acid secretion by parietal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Mistlberger-Reiner
- Department
of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Sonja Sterneder
- Department
of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Siegfried Reipert
- Core
Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Sara Wolske
- Department
of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department
of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Leibniz-Institute
for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
- Nutritional
Systems Biology, Technical University of
Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
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Lopez JP, Nouri MZ, Ebrahim A, Chacko KM, Schramm WC, Gholam MF, Ozrazgat-Baslanti T, Denslow ND, Alli AA. Lipid Profiles of Urinary Extracellular Vesicles Released during the Inactive and Active Phases of Aged Male Mice with Spontaneous Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315397. [PMID: 36499728 PMCID: PMC9739303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension remains a major problem, especially in the elderly, as it increases the risk for cardiovascular, coronary artery, cerebrovascular, and kidney diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in the aging process and contribute to pathophysiology. Our goal was to examine differences in lipid profiles of urinary EVs (uEVs) collected during the inactive and active phases of aged mice and investigate whether these EVs regulate the density of lipid rafts in mouse cortical collecting duct (mpkCCD) principal cells. Here, we demonstrate the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) inhibitor benzyl amiloride reduced systolic blood pressure in aged male mice during the inactive and active phases. Lipidomics data demonstrate differential enrichment of lipids between the two groups. For example, there are more phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens, particularly in the form of alkyl phosphatidylethanolamines, that are enriched in active phase uEVs compared to inactive phase uEVs from the same mice. Amiloride-sensitive transepithelial current increased more in mpkCCD cells challenged with uEVs from the active phase group. Moreover, more ENaC alpha protein was distributed to lipid raft fractions of mpkCCD cells challenged with active phase uEVs. Taken together, the identification of bioactive lipids associated with lipid rafts that are enriched in EVs released during the active phase of aged mice may offer clues to help understand lipid raft organization in recipient principal cells after EV uptake and increased renal ENaC activity, leading to a time-of-day dependent regulation of blood pressure in an aging model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Pena Lopez
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mohammad-Zaman Nouri
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Areej Ebrahim
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kevin M. Chacko
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Whitney C. Schramm
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mohammed F. Gholam
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tezcan Ozrazgat-Baslanti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nancy D. Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Abdel A. Alli
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-352-273-7877
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Jin Y, Ma L, Zhang W, Yang W, Feng Q, Wang H. Extracellular signals regulate the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles. Biol Res 2022; 55:35. [PMID: 36435789 PMCID: PMC9701380 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally released membrane vesicles that act as carriers of proteins and RNAs for intercellular communication. With various biomolecules and specific ligands, EV has represented a novel form of information transfer, which possesses extremely outstanding efficiency and specificity compared to the classical signal transduction. In addition, EV has extended the concept of signal transduction to intercellular aspect by working as the collection of extracellular information. Therefore, the functions of EVs have been extensively characterized and EVs exhibit an exciting prospect for clinical applications. However, the biogenesis of EVs and, in particular, the regulation of this process by extracellular signals, which are essential to conduct further studies and support optimal utility, remain unclear. Here, we review the current understanding of the biogenesis of EVs, focus on the regulation of this process by extracellular signals and discuss their therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Ma
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yang
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 20815, China
| | - Qiyu Feng
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China. .,National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 20815, China.
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Cui G, Wang C, Liu J, Shon K, Gu R, Chang C, Ren L, Wei F, Sun Z. Development of an exosome-related and immune microenvironment prognostic signature in colon adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:995644. [PMID: 36176299 PMCID: PMC9513147 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.995644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The correlation between exosomes and the tumor immune microenvironment has been proved to affect tumorigenesis and progression of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). However, it remained unclear whether exosomes had an impact on the prognostic indications of COAD patients.Methods: Expression of exosome-related genes (ERGs) and clinical data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The ERGs associated with prognosis were identified and exosome-related prognostic signature was constructed. Patients in two risk groups were classified according to the risk score calculation formula: Risk score = 1.0132 * CCKBR + 0.2416 * HOXC6 + 0.7618 * POU4F1. The expression of three ERGs was investigated by qRT-PCR. After that, we developed a nomogram predicting the likelihood of survival and verified its predictive efficiency. The differences of tumor immune microenvironment, immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint and sensitivity to drugs in two risk groups were analyzed.Results: A prognostic signature was established based on the three ERGs (CCKBR, HOXC6, and POU4F1) and patients with different risk group were distinguished. Survival analysis revealed the negative associated of risk score and prognosis, ROC curve analyses showed the accuracy of this signature. Three ERGs expression was investigated by qRT-PCR in three colorectal cancer cell lines. Moreover, risk score was positively correlated with tumor mutational burden (TMB), immune activities, microsatellite instability level, the expression of immune checkpoint genes. Meanwhile, the expression level of three ERGs and the risk score were markedly related with the sensitive response to chemotherapy.Conclusion: The novel signature composed of three ERGs with precise predictive capabilities can be used to predict prognosis and provide a promising therapeutic target for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Can Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhui Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kinyu Shon
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Wei, ; Zhiguang Sun,
| | - Renjun Gu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lang Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Wei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Wei, ; Zhiguang Sun,
| | - Zhiguang Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Wei, ; Zhiguang Sun,
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A Comparison of Blood Plasma Small Extracellular Vesicle Enrichment Strategies for Proteomic Analysis. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10020019. [PMID: 35736799 PMCID: PMC9229025 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) poses a significant challenge. A ‘gold-standard’ method for plasma sEV enrichment for downstream proteomic analysis is yet to be established. Methods were evaluated for their capacity to successfully isolate and enrich sEVs from plasma, minimise the presence of highly abundant plasma proteins, and result in the optimum representation of sEV proteins by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma from four cattle (Bos taurus) of similar physical attributes and genetics were used. Three methods of sEV enrichment were utilised: ultracentrifugation (UC), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and ultrafiltration (UF). These methods were combined to create four groups for methodological evaluation: UC + SEC, UC + SEC + UF, SEC + UC and SEC + UF. The UC + SEC method yielded the highest number of protein identifications (IDs). The SEC + UC method reduced plasma protein IDs compared to the other methods, but also resulted in the lowest number of protein IDs overall. The UC + SEC + UF method decreased sEV protein ID, particle number, mean and mode particle size, particle yield, and did not improve purity compared to the UC + SEC method. In this study, the UC + SEC method was the best method for sEV protein ID, purity, and overall particle yield. Our data suggest that the method and sequence of sEV enrichment strategy impacts protein ID, which may influence the outcome of biomarker discovery studies.
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The role of extracellular vesicles in endometrial receptivity and their potential in reproductive therapeutics and diagnosis. Reprod Biol 2022; 22:100645. [PMID: 35594727 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2022.100645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, nanometre sized, membrane-enclosed structures released by cells and are thought to be crucial in cellular communication. The cargo of these vesicles includes lipids, proteins, RNAs and DNA, and control various biological processes in their target tissues depending on the parental and receiver cell's origin and phenotype. Recently data has accumulated in the role of EVs in embryo implantation and pregnancy, with EVs identified in the uterine cavity of women, sheep, cows, horses, and mice, in which they aid blastocyst and endometrial preparation for implantation. Herein is a critical review to decipher the role of extracellular vesicles in endometrial receptivity and their potential in reproductive therapies and diagnosis. The current knowledge of the function of embryo and endometrial derived EVs and their cargoes, with regards to their effect on implantation and receptivity are summarized and evaluated. The findings of the below review highlight that the combined knowledge on EVs deriving from the endometrium and embryo have the potential to be translated to various clinical applications including treatment, a diagnostic biomarker for diseases and a drug delivery tool to ultimately improve pregnancy rates.
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Conrad KP. Might proton pump or sodium-hydrogen exchanger inhibitors be of value to ameliorate SARs-CoV-2 pathophysiology? Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14649. [PMID: 33369281 PMCID: PMC7762781 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering therapeutics for COVID-19 is a priority. Besides high-throughput screening of compounds, candidates might be identified based on their known mechanisms of action and current understanding of the SARs-CoV-2 life cycle. Using this approach, proton pump (PPIs) and sodium-hydrogen exchanger inhibitors (NHEIs) emerged, because of their potential to inhibit the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs; exosomes and/or microvesicles) that could promote disease progression, and to directly disrupt SARs-CoV-2 pathogenesis. If EVs exacerbate SARs-CoV-2 infection as suggested for other viruses, then inhibiting EV release by PPIs/NHEIs should be beneficial. Mechanisms underlying inhibition of EV release by these drugs remain uncertain, but may involve perturbing endosomal pH especially of multivesicular bodies where intraluminal vesicles (nascent exosomes) are formed. Additionally, PPIs might inhibit the endosomal sorting complex for transport machinery involved in EV biogenesis. Through perturbing endocytic vesicle pH, PPIs/NHEIs could also impede cleavage of SARs-CoV-2 spike protein by cathepsins necessary for viral fusion with the endosomal membrane. Although pulmonary epithelial cells may rely mainly on plasma membrane serine protease TMPRSS2 for cell entry, PPIs/NHEIs might be efficacious in ACE2-expressing cells where viral endocytosis is the major or a contributing entry pathway. These pharmaceutics might also perturb pH in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate and Golgi compartments, thereby potentially disrupting viral assembly and glycosylation of spike protein/ACE2, respectively. A caveat, however, is that facilitation not inhibition of avian infectious bronchitis CoV pathogenesis was reported in one study after increasing Golgi pH. Envelope protein-derived viroporins contributed to pulmonary edema formation in mice infected with SARs-CoV. If similar pathogenesis occurs with SARs-CoV-2, then blocking these channels with NHEIs could ameliorate disease pathogenesis. To ascertain their potential efficacy, PPIs/NHEIs need evaluation in cell and animal models at various phases of SARs-CoV-2 infection. If they prove to be therapeutic, the greatest benefit might be realized with the administration before the onset of severe cytokine release syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk P. Conrad
- Departments of Physiology and Functional Genomics, and of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFLUSA
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