1
|
Alharthi SM, Al-Kaabi B, Alnajjar SK, Shosho RY, Alkhamesi AA, Kabli AF, Alzahrani A, Serhan LF, Shatla M. Factors Influencing the Preference of Medical Students at Umm Al-Qura University for Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery as a Future Specialty: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e58917. [PMID: 38800299 PMCID: PMC11121593 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otorhinolaryngology (ORL) specialists treat patients of different ages, ranging from elderly patients with head and neck tumors to neonates with respiratory problems. No studies have been conducted to explore the factors that affect the preference for ORL among Umm Al-Qura University students. We aimed to investigate factors and motivators influencing medical students at Umm Al-Qura University in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, who choose to pursue a career in ORL-head and neck surgery. METHODS AND MATERIALS This cross-sectional study was conducted over two months in 2023 among 439 students in the pre-clinical, clinical, and internship years of the Faculty of Medicine at Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia. We shared a Google Forms questionnaire (Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA) and explored factors associated with interest in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) as a future specialty. We used Pearson's chi-square test to arrive at the results. RESULTS A total of 339 (77.2%) participants were female. Participants were evenly divided between pre-clinical years (213 (48.5%)) and clinical years (207 (47.2%)), with a smaller percentage in the internship category (19 (4.3%)). ORL involvement was reported in 159 (36.2%) of the participants. CONCLUSION The surgical specialty of ORL focuses mostly on conditions affecting the head, neck, nose, and ears. Since students found this specialty fascinating, we recommend that senior doctors make a greater effort to enlighten doctors-in-training about this field of expertise through lectures and campaigns at hospitals and universities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saad M Alharthi
- General Practice, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Makkah, SAU
| | - Bader Al-Kaabi
- Medicine and Surgery, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
| | | | | | | | - Abdulrahman F Kabli
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah, SAU
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grudniewicz A, Randall E, Lavergne MR, Marshall EG, Jones L, Rudoler D, Horrey K, Mathews M, McKay M, Mitra G, Scott I, Snadden D, Wong ST, Goldsmith LJ. Factors influencing practice choices of early-career family physicians in Canada: a qualitative interview study. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2023; 21:84. [PMID: 37884968 PMCID: PMC10605974 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-023-00867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensiveness of primary care has been declining, and much of the blame has been placed on early-career family physicians and their practice choices. To better understand early-career family physicians' practice choices in Canada, we sought to identify the factors that most influence their decisions about how to practice. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study using framework analysis. Family physicians in their first 10 years of practice were recruited from three Canadian provinces: British Columbia, Ontario, and Nova Scotia. Interview data were coded inductively and then charted onto a matrix in which each participant's data were summarized by code. RESULTS Of the 63 participants that were interviewed, 24 worked solely in community-based practice, 7 worked solely in focused practice, and 32 worked in both settings. We identified four practice characteristics that were influenced (scope of practice, practice type and model, location of practice, and practice schedule and work volume) and three categories of influential factors (training, professional, and personal). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the complex set of factors that influence practice choices by early-career physicians, some of which may be modifiable by policymakers (e.g., policies and regulations) while others are less so (e.g., family responsibilities). Participants described individual influences from family considerations to payment models to meeting community needs. These findings have implications for both educators and policymakers who seek to support and expand comprehensive care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Grudniewicz
- Telfer School of Management, University of Ottawa, 55 Laurier Avenue East, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Ellen Randall
- Telfer School of Management, University of Ottawa, 55 Laurier Avenue East, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - M Ruth Lavergne
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, 402-1465 Brenton St., Halifax, NS, B3J 3T4, Canada
| | - Emily Gard Marshall
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, 402-1465 Brenton St., Halifax, NS, B3J 3T4, Canada
| | - Lori Jones
- Telfer School of Management, University of Ottawa, 55 Laurier Avenue East, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - David Rudoler
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe Street N, Oshawa, ON, L1G 0C5, Canada
- Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences, 700 Gordon Street, Whitby, ON, L1N 5S9, Canada
| | - Kathleen Horrey
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, 402-1465 Brenton St., Halifax, NS, B3J 3T4, Canada
| | - Maria Mathews
- Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western Centre for Public Health and Family Medicine, Western University, 1465 Richmond St, Second Floor, London, ON, N6G 2M1, Canada
| | - Madeleine McKay
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, 402-1465 Brenton St., Halifax, NS, B3J 3T4, Canada
| | - Goldis Mitra
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 5950 University Blvd #310, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ian Scott
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 5950 University Blvd #310, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - David Snadden
- University of British Columbia Northern Medical Program, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Sabrina T Wong
- Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laurie J Goldsmith
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- GoldQual Consulting, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pols DHJ, Kamps A, Runhaar J, Elshout G, van Halewijn KF, Bindels PJE, Stegers-Jager KM. Medical students' perception of general practice: a cross-sectional survey. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:103. [PMID: 36759816 PMCID: PMC9912627 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increase in the demand for general practitioners is expected in many countries, but only a minority of medical students consider a career in general practice. More detailed and up-to-date knowledge about medical student's perception of general practice would be helpful for efforts to encourage medical students to consider a career in general practice. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional single center survey among Dutch medical students to evaluate their perception of general practice at three different stages in their study: Ba1: first-year bachelor students; Ba3: third-year bachelor students; Ma3: third-year master students. The impact of different factors on their attitudes and perceptions was quantified. A multivariate logistic regression was performed with 'interest in general practice' as the outcome variable. RESULTS The median age for Ba1 was 18 (IQR: 18-19) and 71.5% were female, for Ba3 the median age was 20 (IQR: 20-21) and 70.6% were female and for Ma3 the median age was 25 years (IQR: 24-26) and 73.3% were female. On average, 31.2% of the respondents had a migration background. The mean response rate for this study was 77.1%. Of the participating Ba1 students (n = 340) only 22.4% considered working as a GP after medical school; for Ba3 students (n = 231) this percentage was 33.8%, and for Ma3 students (n = 210) it was significantly higher at 70.5%; in the final multivariate model this corresponded to an odds ratio (OR) of 4.3 (95%-CI:2.6-6.9) compared to Ba1 students. The strongest predictor in the final model was the opinion that general practice provides a pleasant working environment (OR 9.5; 95%-CI: 6.2-14.5). CONCLUSION This study showed that multiple factors are significantly related to medical students' interest in general practice. Although students believed that general practice does not have a high status within the medical profession, they acknowledged the social importance and the pleasant working environment of general practice. Knowledge obtained in this study can be used when designing a medical curriculum or a general practice course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H J Pols
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - A Kamps
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Runhaar
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Elshout
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K F van Halewijn
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick J E Bindels
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K M Stegers-Jager
- Institute of Medical Education Research Rotterdam, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nadarajah A, Ramasamy S, Shankar PR, Sreeramareddy CT. Development and validation of motivators for medical specialist career choice questionnaire (MMSCCQ) - a methodological study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:474. [PMID: 35718765 PMCID: PMC9206890 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A validated instrument to assess the motivating factors influencing junior doctors' medical specialist career choices is not available. The Motivators for Medical Specialist Career Choice Questionnaire (MMSCCQ) was developed and validated in the present study. METHODS An exploratory sequential mixed-methods study was conducted among house officers (HO) of a tertiary care hospital. A literature review was used to construct an interview guide. Seven HOs participated in an online, one-on-one audio-recorded in-depth interview (IDI). Seven sub-themes and 33 codes identified by thematic analyses were used to develop the MMSCCQ. The importance of each motivator was rated on a five-point Likert scale. The MMSCCQ was pretested, and a random sample of 262 house officers was invited to participate in an online survey. Psychometric evaluation was done using reliability statistics, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. RESULTS The seven main themes identified by thematic analyses were labeled as factors related to 'work schedule and personal life,' 'training opportunities', 'past work experiences', 'specialty characteristics', 'career prospects', 'patient care characteristics', and 'social factors.' The highest ratings were given to "previous job experience" and "patient care traits. "The response rate was 71%, the mean age of the 185 HOs was 26.7 years (SD = 1.6). Females made up 63.8% of the population. The internal consistency for the overall questionnaire measured by Cronbach's alpha was 0.85. Each construct demonstrated an acceptable internal consistency. Twenty-six of 33 items were maintained after an exploratory factor analysis was conducted, yielding 7 constructs with a 64.9% variance. Confirmatory factor analyses established the construct validity. CONCLUSION The MMSCCQ has acceptable reliability and construct validity. Further studies are needed to test psychometric properties in different settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Nadarajah
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shamala Ramasamy
- Department of Psychology, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy
- Department of Community Medicine, International Medical University, No.126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Factors Associated with Motivation for General Medicine among Rural Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095102. [PMID: 35564495 PMCID: PMC9100026 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
General medicine, as the Japanese version of primary care or family medicine, is critical for healthcare in aging societies. Medical students’ perceptions of general medicine and education might be associated with changes in the number of general physicians. This study aimed to clarify the association between these perceptions and students’ preferences for general medicine. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Japanese medical students using a questionnaire on their perceptions regarding general medicine, background, and preferences for general medicine (knowledge, interest, motivation, and intention). The response rate was 70.3% (490/697). There was a large percentage gap between interest and motivation; therefore, a logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the cause of this difference. The perceptions that general medicine meets the needs of society and the lack of general medicine educators were positively associated with motivation to become a general physician. In contrast, perceptions of lack of exposure to general medicine beyond the curriculum and inaccessibility were negatively associated with motivation. Medical students’ motivation to pursue general medicine may increase with improvements in flexible general medicine education and accessibility. Future research should investigate the relationship between students’ perceptions of general medicine and their motivation to become general physicians through longitudinal studies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Markun S, Tandjung R, Rosemann T, Scherz N, Senn O. Attractiveness of medical disciplines amongst Swiss first-year medical students allocated to different medical education tracks: cross-sectional study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:252. [PMID: 35392880 PMCID: PMC8986963 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As most countries, Switzerland is experiencing a shortage of physicians especially in general practice and new medical education tracks with respective focusses have been started in response. This study investigated Swiss medical students' career openness and attractiveness of different medical disciplines as well as the concordance of students' career intentions with assigned medical education tracks. METHODS Cross-sectional study surveying first year medical students assigned to four different Swiss medical education tracks with distinctive additional education focuses (ETH Zurich: medical technology and engineering, University of St. Gallen and University of Lucerne: primary healthcare and University of Zurich: no distinctive focus). RESULTS We surveyed 354 medical students (response rate across all included medical education tracks 71.1%), 64.8% female, mean age 20 years. Regarding career openness, we found that 52.8% of medical students had neither a strong commitment nor a strong reservation for any of the proposed career options and 17.0% had a strong commitment. Among medical disciplines, medical subspecialties were attractive to the largest part of students (inpatient subspecialties attractive for 71%, outpatient for 58%), attractiveness of general practice was moderate (30%), academic (22%) and industrial sector (17%) careers were least attractive. Proportions of medical students attracted to general practice were similar at medical education tracks with focus on primary healthcare compared to other medical education tracks (32.2% vs. 25.8%, p = 0.391). Conversely, proportions of medical students attracted to academic or industry careers were significantly higher at the ETH Zurich compared to other medical education tracks (37.2%, vs. 13.1%, p < 0.001 and 31.9%, vs. 8.8%, p < 0.001 respectively). CONCLUSION While most first-year medical students were open to careers in many medical disciplines, attractiveness of disciplines varied strongly. Students attracted to academic or industrial careers accumulated at the medical education track with concordant teaching focus but students attracted to general practice did not accumulate at medical education tracks focused on primary healthcare. For medical education tracks with primary care teaching focus this is both a challenge and an opportunity to specifically counteract the shortage of general practitioners in Switzerland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Markun
- Institute of Primary Care, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Scherz
- Institute of Primary Care, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de Bienne, Bienne, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Senn
- Institute of Primary Care, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li B, Michaelov E, Waterman R, Sharan S. Ophthalmology as a career choice among medical students: a survey of students at a Canadian medical school. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:225. [PMID: 35365134 PMCID: PMC8973503 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of investigations into the factors that lead medical students to pursue increasingly competitive post-graduate training programs. We sought to determine the factors that influence medical students' opinions on ophthalmology as a career and on ophthalmological medical education. METHODS An anonymous 36-question survey was distributed to all medical students across the four program years at the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry as a non-probabilistic convenience sample. Survey results were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U tests to determine significant differences between study sub-populations. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify correlates for positive views towards ophthalmology. RESULTS 81% of questions had a mean positive response amongst the students. Students held negative views regarding the amount of exposure to ophthalmology in medical school. The greatest differences in opinion regarding ophthalmology were seen between those with more exposure and interest in ophthalmology compared to their counterparts with less. Regression analysis identified interest in ophthalmology as a significant correlate to a positive opinion in the field. CONCLUSIONS Our survey demonstrates that while most students had positive views about ophthalmology, some aspects were viewed negatively. Students felt there was a lack of exposure, both educationally and clinically to ophthalmology, which may contribute to some misconceptions of the field. Early exposure appeared to be critical to forming positive opinions of ophthalmology and could be emphasized in medical education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Ivey Eye Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Evan Michaelov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Ivey Eye Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Waterman
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Sapna Sharan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Ivey Eye Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gedde SJ, Feuer WJ, Crane AM, Shi W. Factors Influencing Career Decisions and Satisfaction Among Newly Practicing Ophthalmologists. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 234:285-326. [PMID: 34157277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the career choices of newly practicing ophthalmologists and explore factors influencing career decisions and satisfaction. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from an electronic survey of ophthalmologists who completed training within the prior 5 years. The survey included questions about demographic information, medical education, current practice, factors affecting career choices, and career satisfaction. Statistical comparisons were made based on gender, type of practice, subspecialty training, and practice area. RESULTS Surveys were completed by 696 (32%) newly practicing ophthalmologists, including 276 (40%) women, 179 (29%) academicians, and 465 (67%) subspecialists. A higher proportion of female respondents entered academics than male respondents (36% vs 26%, P = .009). Female and male respondents pursued fellowship training with similar frequency (64% vs 68%, P = .32), but men were more likely to seek vitreoretinal fellowships (30% vs 11%, P < .001) and women were more likely to undertake fellowships in pediatric ophthalmology (21% vs 8%, P < .001), uveitis (10% vs 2%, P = .002), and neuro-ophthalmology (6% vs 2%, P = .042). A total of 514 (83%) respondents reported being happy with work life. CONCLUSIONS The career choices of newly practicing ophthalmologists differ based on gender, type of practice, subspecialty training, and practice area. Many factors affect career decisions, and they have varying influence on subgroups within ophthalmology. Ophthalmologists have high levels of career satisfaction. This information may prove useful when developing workforce strategies to meet future eye care needs. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pfarrwaller E, Voirol L, Piumatti G, Karemera M, Sommer J, Gerbase MW, Guerrier S, Baroffio A. Students' intentions to practice primary care are associated with their motives to become doctors: a longitudinal study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:30. [PMID: 35016672 PMCID: PMC8750802 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-03091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical schools can contribute to the insufficient primary care physician workforce by influencing students' career preferences. Primary care career choice evolves between matriculation and graduation and is influenced by several individual and contextual factors. This study explored the longitudinal dynamics of primary care career intentions and the association of students' motives for becoming doctors with these intentions in a cohort of undergraduate medical students followed over a four-year period. METHODS The sample consisted of medical students from two classes recruited into a cohort study during their first academic year, and who completed a yearly survey over a four-year period from their third (end of pre-clinical curriculum) to their sixth (before graduation) academic year. Main outcome measures were students' motives for becoming doctors (ten motives rated on a 6-point scale) and career intentions (categorized into primary care, non-primary care, and undecided). Population-level flows of career intentions were investigated descriptively. Changes in the rating of motives over time were analyzed using Wilcoxon tests. Two generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate which motives were associated with primary care career intentions. RESULTS The sample included 217 students (60% females). Career intentions mainly evolved during clinical training, with smaller changes at the end of pre-clinical training. The proportion of students intending to practice primary care increased over time from 12.8% (year 3) to 24% (year 6). Caring for patients was the most highly rated motive for becoming a doctor. The importance of the motives cure diseases, saving lives, and vocation decreased over time. Primary care career intentions were positively associated with the motives altruism and private practice, and negatively associated with the motives prestige, academic interest and cure diseases. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that career intentions are not fixed and change mainly during clinical training, supporting the influence of clinical experiences on career-related choices. The impact of students' motives on primary care career choice suggests strategies to increase the attractivity of this career, such as reinforcing students' altruistic values and increasing the academic recognition of primary care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pfarrwaller
- University Institute for Primary Care (IuMFE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Genève 4, Switzerland.
- Unit of Development and Research in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Lionel Voirol
- Research Center for Statistics, Geneva School of Economics and Management, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Piumatti
- Unit of Development and Research in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of BioMedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Mucyo Karemera
- Research Center for Statistics, Geneva School of Economics and Management, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Sommer
- University Institute for Primary Care (IuMFE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Margaret W Gerbase
- Unit of Development and Research in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Guerrier
- Research Center for Statistics, Geneva School of Economics and Management, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne Baroffio
- Unit of Development and Research in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Johnson V, Assal S, Khauv K, Moosad D, Morales B. Exploring Diverse Career Paths and Recommendations for Celebrating Chiropractic Day 2021: A Narrative Inquiry. JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC HUMANITIES 2021; 28:22-34. [PMID: 35002575 PMCID: PMC8720653 DOI: 10.1016/j.echu.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this report was to explore the views of chiropractors about their career paths and recommendations for Chiropractic Day. METHODS For this narrative inquiry, selected individuals from diverse backgrounds were invited to share their experiences about becoming chiropractors and their recommendations for Chiropractic Day. Each doctor of chiropractic was asked to provide a response to a set of structured questions. The responses were collated into a descriptive narrative, and themes were identified from these narratives. RESULTS Five chiropractors from diverse backgrounds, who graduated from chiropractic programs in the United States, participated in this project. Each reported a different path to becoming a chiropractor. From these different career paths, common themes emerged, which included (1) a drive to serve others, (2) a personal experience or quest, (3) and a propensity to be problem solvers and inquisitive learners. Their recommendations for celebrating Chiropractic Day paralleled their individual qualities and values, which included providing educational seminars to patients and other health care providers, mentoring students, reading scientific papers about health issues related to diversity, providing chiropractic services to underserved populations, appreciating our predecessors and mentors, and performing community outreach. CONCLUSION This narrative provides insight into the thoughts of people from diverse backgrounds about why they may choose chiropractic as a profession and their paths to a career in chiropractic. This article demonstrates that chiropractors come to the profession for a variety of reasons but may have similar themes such as that the choice may generate from a personal experience, a quest for knowledge, an interest in helping others, and a joy for service. This narrative provides unique insights about the authors' values for chiropractic, which were congruent with their recommendations for celebrating Chiropractic Day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Johnson
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitative Services/Chiropractic, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shery Assal
- Whole Health, TN Valley VA Healthcare System
| | - Kim Khauv
- Private Practice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Deepak Moosad
- VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
| | - Brenda Morales
- Escalante Chiropractic and Sports Therapy, Escondido, California
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
McGrail M, O’Sullivan B, Gurney T, Eley D, Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan S. Exploring Doctors' Emerging Commitment to Rural and General Practice Roles over Their Early Career. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11835. [PMID: 34831590 PMCID: PMC8619547 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Producing enough doctors working in general practice or rural locations, or both, remains a key global policy focus. However, there is a lack of evidence about doctors' emerging commitment to these decisions. This study aimed to explore changes in the level of certainty about career interest in working in general practice and working rurally, as doctors pass through various early career stages. The participants were 775 eligible respondents to a 2019 survey of medical graduates of The University of Queensland from 2002-2018. Certainty levels of specialty choice were similar between GPs and specialists up until the beginning of registrar training. At that point, 65% of GPs compared with 80% of other specialists had strong certainty of their specialty field. Consistently (and significantly) less of those working rurally had strong certainty of the location where they wanted to practice medicine at each career time point. At the start of registrar training, a similar gap remained (strong certainty: 51% rural versus 63% metropolitan). This study provides new evidence that career intent certainty is more delayed for the cohort choosing general practice and rural practice than the other options. The low level of certainty in early career highlights the importance of regular positive experiences that help to promote the uptake of general practice and rural practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McGrail
- Rural Clinical School, The University of Queensland, Rockhampton 4700, Australia
| | - Belinda O’Sullivan
- Rural Clinical School, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia; (B.O.); (T.G.); (S.K.-C.)
| | - Tiana Gurney
- Rural Clinical School, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia; (B.O.); (T.G.); (S.K.-C.)
| | - Diann Eley
- Office of Medical Education, The University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Australia;
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mainous AG. Maintaining a Sufficient Primary Care Workforce: A Problem We Should Not Have. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:638894. [PMID: 33553225 PMCID: PMC7855577 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.638894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arch G Mainous
- Departments of Health Services Research, Management & Policy and Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zomahoun HTV, Samson I, Sawadogo J, Massougbodji J, Gogovor A, Diendéré E, Turgeon F, Légaré F. Effects of the scope of practice on family physicians: a systematic review. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2021; 22:12. [PMID: 33419398 PMCID: PMC7796628 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-020-01328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family medicine is a branch of medicine that manages common and long-term illnesses in children and adults. Family physicians in particular play a major role and their scope of practice is expected to impact patient and population. However, little is known about its impact on physicians. We aimed to assess the effects of scope of practice on family physician outcomes. METHODS We performed a systematic review that we reported using PRISMA guidelines. For the inclusion criteria, any study exploring an association between the scope of practice and physician outcomes was considered. Three bibliographic databases Medline, Embase, and ERIC were consulted through OVID interface from their respective inceptions to November, 2020. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of studies using appropriate tools. We conducted data synthesis using a narrative form. GRADE was used for evaluating quality of cumulative evidence. RESULTS In total, we included 12 studies with 38,732 participants from 6927 citations identified. Eleven of them were cross-sectional, and one was a cohort study with acceptable methodological quality. We found that: 1) family physicians with diverse clinical and nonclinical activities significantly improve their job satisfaction (p<0.05); 2) family physicians with a variety of clinical practices significantly improve their competences and health status (p<0.05); 3) family physicians who perform clinical procedures (mainly extended to gynecological procedures) significantly improve their psychosocial outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction) (p<0.05); and 4) some associations are not statistically significant (e.g., relation between variety of practice settings and outcomes). We observed that the evidence available has a very low level. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the scope of practice may be favorably associated with some family physician outcomes but with a very low level of evidence available. Based on these findings, healthcare system managers could monitor the scope of practice among family physicians and encourage future research in this field. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION Our protocol was registered under the number CRD42019121990 in PROSPERO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Tchala Vignon Zomahoun
- VITAM, Research Center in Sustainable Health, CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, QC Canada
- Health and Social Services Systems, Knowledge Translation and Implementation Component of the Quebec SPOR-SUPPORT Unit, Université Laval, Quebec, QC Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC Canada
- Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Quebec, QC Canada
- School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, Faculty of medicine and Health Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Isabelle Samson
- Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
- Groupe de Médecine Familiale – Quatre-Bourgeois, Quebec, QC Canada
| | - Jasmine Sawadogo
- First Nations of Quebec and Labrador Health and Social Services Commission, Québec, Canada
| | - José Massougbodji
- VITAM, Research Center in Sustainable Health, CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, QC Canada
- Health and Social Services Systems, Knowledge Translation and Implementation Component of the Quebec SPOR-SUPPORT Unit, Université Laval, Quebec, QC Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC Canada
- Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Quebec, QC Canada
| | - Amédé Gogovor
- VITAM, Research Center in Sustainable Health, CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, QC Canada
- Health and Social Services Systems, Knowledge Translation and Implementation Component of the Quebec SPOR-SUPPORT Unit, Université Laval, Quebec, QC Canada
- Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Quebec, QC Canada
- Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
- Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Shared Decision Making and Knowledge Translation, Université Laval, Quebec, QC Canada
| | - Ella Diendéré
- VITAM, Research Center in Sustainable Health, CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, QC Canada
- Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Quebec, QC Canada
- Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Shared Decision Making and Knowledge Translation, Université Laval, Quebec, QC Canada
| | | | - France Légaré
- VITAM, Research Center in Sustainable Health, CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, QC Canada
- Health and Social Services Systems, Knowledge Translation and Implementation Component of the Quebec SPOR-SUPPORT Unit, Université Laval, Quebec, QC Canada
- Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Quebec, QC Canada
- Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
- Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Shared Decision Making and Knowledge Translation, Université Laval, Quebec, QC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cronin FM, Clarke N, Hendrick L, Conroy R, Brugha R. Factors influencing specialty choice and the effect of recall bias on findings from Irish medical graduates: a cross-sectional, longitudinal study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:485. [PMID: 33267801 PMCID: PMC7709240 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02405-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being a vital part of medical workforce planning and development, how medical students and graduates choose their career specialty is still not well understood. This study aimed to identify the factors medical graduates consider important influences in their choice of specialty after their first year of practice, and to test the validity of relying on respondent recall to measure changes in specialty choice. METHODS The baseline survey was administered online to all final year students in Ireland's six medical schools. Those who consented to follow-up (n = 483) were surveyed 18 months later (June 2018), during the final month of first year of practice. RESULTS The baseline survey had a 67% (n = 483) response rate. At the follow-up survey, (n = 232, 48% response rate) the top specialty choices were: Medicine, n = 54 (26%); Surgery, n = 34 (16%); General Practice, n = 28 (13%); Anaesthesia, n = 16 (8%) and Paediatrics, n = 14 (7%). Of the 49 respondents (28%) reporting a change of specialty since baseline, 13 (27%) selected the same specialty in both surveys; of the 121 (69%) reporting no change, 22 (18%) selected a different specialty at follow-up. Over 90% of respondents rated as 'important or 'very important': 'Own aptitude', 'Work-life balance' and 'What I really want to do'. Over 75% rated as 'not at all', or 'not very important' 'Current financial debt' and 'Inclinations before medical school'. When adjusted for sex and age, compared with Medicine, General Practice rated as more important: continuity of patient care (RRR 3.20 CI(1.59-6.41), p = 0.001); working hours/conditions (RRR 4.61 CI(1.03-20.60), p = 0.045) and a career that fit their domestic circumstances (RRR 3.19 CI(1.27-8.02), p = 0.014). Those choosing Surgery rated as less important: patient contact (RRR 0.56 CI(0.33-0.95), p = 0.033) and working hours/conditions (RRR 0.55 CI(0.31-0.96), p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS The different demographic and motivational profiles by specialty choice are consistent with other studies suggesting a distinct profile for doctors intending to enter General Practice. In addition, our results suggest longitudinal study designs guard against recall bias and so provide more robust medical workforce models to inform and direct recruitment drives and interventions in future medical workforce planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Clarke
- School of Psychology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Louise Hendrick
- Dr Steevens' Hospital, Health Service Executive, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Ronan Conroy
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ruairi Brugha
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Osiyemi A, Fasola O, Anjorin I, Adeyemo O, Ilori T. INTEREST IN FAMILY MEDICINE SPECIALIZATION AMONG MEDICAL UNDERGRADUATES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, NIGERIA. Ann Ib Postgrad Med 2020; 18:135-140. [PMID: 35087356 PMCID: PMC8369405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the strategies adopted to improve interest in family medicine (FM) by many regions was the introduction of undergraduate family medicine training into the Medical School Curriculum. However, medical students' interest in FM has been reportedly low ranging from 3 - 29%. OBJECTIVES This study described the pattern of medical students' specialty choices and assessed factors associated with interest in FM specialization among them. METHODS Using a cross-sectional study design, total sampling of fourth to sixth-year medical students undergoing family medicine rotation as of November 2017 (N= 412) was done. The response rate was 75% (N=309). A pre-validated semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was utilized to assess factors associated with respondents' interest in 12 medical specialties including FM. RESULTS The respondents were predominantly male (67.3%), with a mean age of 23 (± 7.9) years. Most (83.4%) of them had at least one parent with tertiary school education. Fifteen (4.9%) of the respondents indicated a current interest in specializing in FM while 112 (36.2%) would consider FM in the future. A higher proportion of those with family members with FM specialization (28.6%) expressed current interest in FM while the female gender was associated with future consideration of FM. CONCLUSION There is a low interest in FM specialization among medical students and this may be attributable to the fact that FM undergraduate training is relatively new in Nigeria. Further research on the role of mentorship and preceptorship on specialty choices of medical students needs to be carried out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Osiyemi
- Department of Family Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - O. Fasola
- Department of Family Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - I. Anjorin
- Department of Family Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - O. Adeyemo
- Department of Family Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - T. Ilori
- Department of Family Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Al-Salmani AA, Al-Shidhani A, Jaafar N, Al-Mahrezi A. Factors Associated with Choice of Career in Family Medicine Among Junior Doctors in Oman. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2020; 20:e337-e343. [PMID: 33110650 PMCID: PMC7574800 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2020.20.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The number of family physicians in Oman is far below that recommended by the World Health Organization. This study aimed to determine factors influencing junior doctors’ choice of a career in family medicine. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted between March and June 2018 and targeted applicants to Oman Medical Specialty Board residency programmes during the 2018–2019 academic year. Applicants were grouped according to their choice of either family medicine (n = 64) or other specialities (n = 81). A self-administered questionnaire was utilised to compare the applicants’ sociodemographic characteristics, factors influencing their choice of career and their Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI) personality traits. Results A total of 52 family medicine and 43 other residency applicants participated in the study (response rates: 81.3% and 53.1%, respectively). Most family medicine applicants were female (86.5%), married (65.4%) and resided in rural areas (73.1%); moreover, 19.2% were ≥30 years of age. Overall, emphasis on continuity of care, opportunity to deal with a variety of medical problems, the ability to use a wide range of skills and knowledge, early exposure to the discipline, opportunity to teach and perform research and the influence of family or friends were important factors in determining choice of a career in family medicine. Moreover, the MBTI analysis revealed that family medicine applicants were commonly extroverted-sensing-thinking-judging personality types. Conclusion Knowledge of the factors influencing career choice among junior doctors may be useful in determining future admission policies in order to increase the number of family physicians in Oman.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ali Al-Salmani
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Asma Al-Shidhani
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Najlaa Jaafar
- Programme Director, Family Medicine Residency Programme, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat, Oman
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Mahrezi
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Corless KG, Samy A, Kamil A, Ryan EJ, Shafik L, Bassily K, Basil Ali A, O'Brien K, Hogan AM. The future of general surgery in Ireland: factors influencing career decisions of medical students. Ir J Med Sci 2020; 190:741-747. [PMID: 32812116 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The decline in popularity of general surgery as a career has been well described. A number of factors have been put forward to explain this, for example, trainee burnout and perceived difficulty with work/life balance. The aim of this study was to elucidate the reasons for this among medical students in Ireland. METHOD A questionnaire was distributed to clinical year medical students in Ireland using an online survey via SurveyMonkey™. Domains assessed included demographics, career plan and associated rationale. Anonymised responses were collated and evaluated. RESULTS There were 307 responses (response 23%). Females accounted for 66% (202). Mean age was 24 years (SD = 2.89). One hundred twelve responses (36%) were contemplating becoming surgeons. One hundred nine-five responses were not considering surgery: however 87 had previously considered. Of the 87, 41 (47%) attributed the decision to work/life balance, 30 (35%) to impact on personal relationships and 10 (11%) blamed unclear career projection. Students interested in surgery were asked to quantify their knowledge of the application process-17 (15%) good, 39 (35%) fair and 56 (50%) poor. CONCLUSION A small proportion of respondents plan to pursue a career in general surgery. This is concerning in view of attrition rates through junior years. Although lifestyle factors are significant, clarity regarding training pathways was also reported. Undergraduate education regarding career trajectory, quality of life and practicalities of a career in general surgery may increase applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Samy
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ahmed Kamil
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eanna J Ryan
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Lidia Shafik
- Medical School, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - A Basil Ali
- Medical School, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
What factors influence medical students to enter a career in general practice? A scoping review. Ir J Med Sci 2020; 190:657-665. [PMID: 32794065 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02345-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internationally, healthcare systems are providing more community-based care. Consequently, there is an increasing demand for GPs and other healthcare professionals to work in primary care and this has implications for undergraduate medical education. AIMS In this scoping review, we aim to examine 'What factors positively influence medical students to pursue a career in general practice?' METHODS The five-stage framework developed by Arksey and O'Malley (2005) was utilized to review the extant literature. Fourteen records were included in the review. RESULTS Medical students are influenced to pursue a career in general practice due to curriculum factors such as exposure, positive clinical rotation experiences, positive GP role models and maintaining a positive view of the profession at an early stage of their time as a medical student. Intrinsic factors such as student attributes, the influence of family, friends and the community where people live and having a strong orientation to social concerns were factors that make students more likely to pursue a career in the specialty. There is a shortage of literature from an Irish context examining the career intentions of medical students specifically. However, those studies which were conducted in Ireland reported similar findings to those conducted elsewhere. CONCLUSIONS Curriculum and personal factors have a key role in influencing students to pursue a career in general practice. As much of the existing research involves cross-sectional designs involving small numbers of participants, further research adopting prospective, quasi-experimental designs involving larger cohorts is a priority.
Collapse
|
19
|
Puertas EB, Orellana RA, Muñoz BE, Jiménez JA, Medina Quiroz IG, Terrón L, Florencio A, Leal HM, Vindell JJ. [Factors influencing the choice of a career in primary care among medical students in Central America]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2020; 44:e94. [PMID: 32733546 PMCID: PMC7384701 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2020.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To identify the preferred specialties, salary perception and other factors that influence the choice of a career in primary care among last-year medical students or social service students in Central America. Methods A cross-sectional, multicenter study using a survey that investigated demographic information, preferred specialty, salary perception, and other factors that influence the choice of a specialty. Results A total of 1 722 students from 31 universities participated and identified as future specialties: surgery (11.7%), gynecology/obstetrics (10.3%), pediatrics (9.9%) and internal medicine (6.6%). General medicine was preferred by 3.8% and family medicine by 1.1%. On grouping them, the greatest interest was observed for medical specialties (49.7%), followed by surgical specialties (31.7%). Primary care registered an interest of 17.1%. Surgical specialties were perceived as having the highest income (USD 36 000); primary care was perceived as having the lowest income (USD 24 000). Income (23.6%), future work (19.7%) and "making a difference in people" (8.9%) were the main factors involved in the choice. "Working with people with low access" was significantly associated with preference for primary care. Preference for other specialties was influenced by "perceived prestige" and "enjoying life" (P < 0.05). Most participants who chose primary care were studying at a public university (P < 0.05), highlighting the role of public institutions of higher education. Conclusions There is a combination of facilitating factors and barriers that affect the low interest in primary care careers. There is a need for strategies from academia and the government sector, as well as the definition of public policies, that support the choice of primary care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Benjamín Puertas
- Organización Panamericana de la Salud) San Salvado El Salvador Organización Panamericana de la Salud, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Rafael Antonio Orellana
- Universidad de El Salvador San Salvador El Salvador Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Brian Erazo Muñoz
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Jorge Arturo Jiménez
- Centro de Desarrollo Estratégico e Información en Salud y Seguridad Social San José Costa Rica Centro de Desarrollo Estratégico e Información en Salud y Seguridad Social, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Isamara Gilmiani Medina Quiroz
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua Managua Nicaragua Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Lucia Terrón
- Ejercicio Profesional Supervisado Rural Ciudad de Guatemala Guatemala Ejercicio Profesional Supervisado Rural, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Alexandre Florencio
- Organización Panamericana de la Salud Managua Nicaragu Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Managua, Nicaraguaxs
| | - Hilda M Leal
- Organización Panamericana de la Salud San Salvador El Salvador Organización Panamericana de la Salud, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Juan José Vindell
- Universidad de El Salvador San Salvador El Salvador Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Scanlan G, Johnston P, Walker K, Skåtun D, Cleland J. Today's doctors: What do men and women value in a training post? MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 54:408-418. [PMID: 32162377 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies suggest that traditional male-female differences may be changing in terms of what is valued in a medical career but there have been no studies directly quantifying the relationship between gender and stated career-related preferences. To address this gap, we examined the differences between male and female doctors in terms of the strength of their work-related preferences at the point of eligibility to enter residency or specialty training in the UK. METHODS This was a quantitative study using a survey incorporating a discrete choice experiment (DCE). Respondents were asked a series of questions in which they had to choose between two or more scenarios, differing in terms of attributes. The attributes were: location; familiarity with specialty; culture of the working and learning environment; earnings; working conditions, and opportunities for professional development. The main outcome measure was willingness to accept compensation to forgo a desirable attribute within a training position. Conditional logistic regression models were run separately for males and females. RESULTS A total of 5005 out of 6890 (73%) Foundation Year 2 doctors completed the DCE. The relative value of each attribute was similar for males and females, with location most valued and familiarity with the specialty least valued. There was a pattern of female respondents valuing the move between the best and worst levels of each training attribute more than men, and significantly more than men in respect of the importance of working culture. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to existing knowledge in terms of quantifying gendered values in respect of training or residency preferences. That men value a supportive working culture significantly less than women is well established. However, our findings that location, working conditions and working culture are increasingly important to both men and women, suggests that traditional gender norms may be changing. This intelligence can inform gender-responsive workforce planning and innovation, and future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Scanlan
- Centre for Medical Education, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Peter Johnston
- Centre for Healthcare Education Research and Innovation (CHERI), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Scotland Deanery (North), NHS Education for Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Kim Walker
- Centre for Healthcare Education Research and Innovation (CHERI), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Diane Skåtun
- Health Economics Research Unit (HERU), School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jennifer Cleland
- Medical Education Research and Scholarship Unit, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lavergne MR, Goldsmith LJ, Grudniewicz A, Rudoler D, Marshall EG, Ahuja M, Blackie D, Burge F, Gibson RJ, Glazier RH, Hawrylyshyn S, Hedden L, Hernandez-Lee J, Horrey K, Joyce M, Kiran T, MacKenzie A, Mathews M, McCracken R, McGrail K, McKay M, McPherson C, Mitra G, Sampalli T, Scott I, Snadden D, Murphy GT, Wong ST. Practice patterns among early-career primary care (ECPC) physicians and workforce planning implications: protocol for a mixed methods study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e030477. [PMID: 31551384 PMCID: PMC6773300 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Canadians report persistent problems accessing primary care despite an increasing per-capita supply of primary care physicians (PCPs). There is speculation that PCPs, especially those early in their careers, may now be working less and/or choosing to practice in focused clinical areas rather than comprehensive family medicine, but little evidence to support or refute this. The goal of this study is to inform primary care planning by: (1) identifying values and preferences shaping the practice intentions and choices of family medicine residents and early career PCPs, (2) comparing practice patterns of early-career and established PCPs to determine if changes over time reflect cohort effects (attributes unique to the most recent cohort of PCPs) or period effects (changes over time across all PCPs) and (3) integrating findings to understand the dynamics among practice intentions, practice choices and practice patterns and to identify policy implications. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We plan a mixed-methods study in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia. We will conduct semi-structured in-depth interviews with family medicine residents and early-career PCPs and analyse survey data collected by the College of Family Physicians of Canada. We will also analyse linked administrative health data within each province. Mixed methods integration both within the study and as an end-of-study step will inform how practice intentions, choices and patterns are interrelated and inform policy recommendations. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the Simon Fraser University Research Ethics Board with harmonised approval from partner institutions. This study will produce a framework to understand practice choices, new measures for comparing practice patterns across jurisdictions and information necessary for planners to ensure adequate provider supply and patient access to primary care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ruth Lavergne
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laurie J Goldsmith
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Agnes Grudniewicz
- Telfer School of Management, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Rudoler
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Gard Marshall
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Megan Ahuja
- Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Doug Blackie
- School of Leadership Studies, Royal Roads University, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fred Burge
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Richard H Glazier
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steve Hawrylyshyn
- First Five Years group, College of Family Physicians of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay Hedden
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Kathleen Horrey
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mike Joyce
- Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tara Kiran
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian MacKenzie
- Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology and WHO/PAHO Collaborating Centre on Health Workforce Planning and Research, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Maria Mathews
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rita McCracken
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kimberlyn McGrail
- Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Madeleine McKay
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Goldis Mitra
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tara Sampalli
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian Scott
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David Snadden
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia Northern Medical Program, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gail Tomblin Murphy
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology and WHO/PAHO Collaborating Centre on Health Workforce Planning and Research, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sabrina T Wong
- Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Scanlan GM, Cleland J, Stirling SA, Walker K, Johnston P. Does initial postgraduate career intention and social demographics predict perceived career behaviour? A national cross-sectional survey of UK postgraduate doctors. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026444. [PMID: 31383694 PMCID: PMC6688694 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies indicate that initial career intentions and personal characteristics (eg, gender) can influence medical career decision-making. However, little is known about how personal characteristics and intention interact with career decision-making. To address this gap, we examined the link between career intention at the start of the 2-year UK Foundation Programme (FP) and career intentions on its completion. METHODS Data came from the 2017 UK National Career Destination Survey, a cross-sectional study completed by all second year foundation doctors. We included respondents' demographics (gender, graduate status on entry to medical school, career intention on starting the FP) and career intention as an outcome measure (eg, specialty (residency) training (UK), NHS non-training posts/further study, career break, working abroad). Multinomial regression was used to assess the independent relationship between background characteristics and career intention. RESULTS There were 6890 participants and 5570 usable responses. 55.9% of respondents were female and 43.1% were male, 77.1% were non-graduates and 22.9% were graduate entrants to medical school. Approximately two-thirds (62.3%, n=2170) of doctors who had an original intention to pursue specialty training after F2, still intended to do so on completion. Most of those who stated at the start of F2 that they did not want to pursue specialty indicated at the end of F2 they would be undertaking other employment opportunities outwith formal training. However, 37.7% of respondents who originally intended to pursue specialty training on FP completion did something different. Graduate entrants to medicine were more likely to immediately progress into specialty training compared with their peers who did medicine as a primary first degree. CONCLUSION Original intention is a strong predictor of career intentions at the end of the FP. However, a considerable proportion of doctors changed their mind during the FP. Further research is needed to understand this behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Marion Scanlan
- Centre for Healthcare Education Research and Innovation (CHERI), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jennifer Cleland
- Centre for Healthcare Education Research and Innovation (CHERI), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Institute of Education for Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Kim Walker
- Centre for Healthcare Education Research and Innovation (CHERI), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Institute of Education for Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Medical Directorate, NHS Education for Scotland (North Region), Aberdeen, UK
| | - Peter Johnston
- Centre for Healthcare Education Research and Innovation (CHERI), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Medical Directorate, NHS Education for Scotland (North Region), Aberdeen, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
López-García M, Ayuso-Raya MC, López-Torres-Hidalgo J, Montoya-Fernández J, Campa-Valera F, Escobar-Rabadán F. At what stage in the undergraduate curriculum is it best to train in family medicine? A study from two medical schools in Spain. Eur J Gen Pract 2019; 25:91-97. [PMID: 30938250 PMCID: PMC6493302 DOI: 10.1080/13814788.2019.1580264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A course in family medicine (FM) could dispel the possibility of negative stereotyping about this speciality, and instil in students a greater interest. However, when is it preferable: at the beginning or at the end of undergraduate training? OBJECTIVES To determine changes in knowledge and attitudes towards FM by medical students completing a course in primary care at the beginning or the end of the undergraduate training and whether those changes anticipate the choice of speciality. METHODS Students from Albacete and Seville medical schools (primary care course in second and sixth years, respectively) were asked to respond to the 'valuation of attitudes towards and knowledge of family medicine questionnaire' (CAMF). Students from Albacete answered before and after the course, and in Seville second-year students answered at the end of the first trimester. All students were invited to respond again at the end of their undergraduate training. Afterwards, we investigated the score on the speciality exam (order for the election from highest to lowest score) and their choice of speciality. The outcome measures were the MIR exam score, the number in the ranking, the chosen speciality and the result of the CAMF. RESULTS In Albacete 88 and 64 and in Seville 50 and 98 students responded in their second and sixth years, respectively. In Albacete, mean CAMF scores were 15.4, 22.7 before and after the course, and 21.8 at the end while in Seville, 13.9 in the second year, and 23.5 in the sixth year. Logistic regression analysis showed an association of the choice of FM only with the score on the speciality exam (OR: 0.667; 95%CI: 0.553-0.806). CONCLUSION There were no significant differences between CAMF scores at the end of undergraduate training. Only the score on the speciality exam predicts FM choice: the higher the score, the lower the probability of choosing FM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica López-García
- a Healthcare Centre , Zone IV, Healthcare Service of Castilla-La Mancha (SESCAM) , Albacete , Spain
| | | | - Jesús López-Torres-Hidalgo
- c Healthcare Centre , Zone VIII, Albacete (SESCAM) , Albacete , Spain.,d Albacete Medical School , Albacete , Spain
| | | | - Francisco Campa-Valera
- f Don Paulino García Donas Healthcare Centre , Healthcare Service of Andalucía (SAS) , Sevilla , Spain.,g Sevilla Medical School , Sevilla , Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bien A, Ravens-Taeuber G, Stefanescu MC, Gerlach FM, Güthlin C. What influence do courses at medical school and personal experience have on interest in practicing family medicine? - Results of a student survey in Hessia. GMS JOURNAL FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 36:Doc9. [PMID: 30828609 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.74tk6cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Against the background of an impending shortage of family practitioners, it is important to investigate the factors influencing the choice to become one. The aim of this study was to identify factors that encourage medical students to choose to practice family medicine. Method: Using a questionnaire, students in the fourth and fifth years of their studies in the Federal State of Hesse were asked about the factors that had influenced their choice of medical specialty and their experience of courses in family medicine. Predictors of an interest in practicing family medicine were calculated using multiple logistic regression. Results: 361 questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 70.9%. Confirmation of personal strengths, an interest in the field, and practical experience of the subject generally turned out to be important factors influencing the choice of medical specialty. 49.3% of students expressed an interest in practicing family medicine. A link existed between an interest in working as a family doctor and the opportunity to take over an existing practice, experience of medicine in rural areas, and an appreciation of the conditions of work. With regard to education at medical school, positive experiences during a clinical traineeship in family medicine and positive role models among teachers of general practice were identified as predictors. Conclusion: Almost half the medical students were open to the idea of practicing family medicine. Experience of medicine in rural areas and positive experiences of courses in general practice were linked to an increased interest in working as a family doctor. To promote this interest, it may be a promising approach to increase opportunities to collect experience of medicine in rural areas, and to encourage highly motivated teaching practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Bien
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute of General Practice, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Gisela Ravens-Taeuber
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute of General Practice, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Maria-Christina Stefanescu
- Frankfurt University Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ferdinand M Gerlach
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute of General Practice, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Corina Güthlin
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute of General Practice, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Understanding compassion in family medicine: a qualitative study. Br J Gen Pract 2019; 69:e208-e216. [PMID: 30692087 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp19x701285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients and physicians have traditionally valued compassion; however, there is concern that physician compassion has declined with the increasing emphasis on science and technology in medicine. Although the literature on compassion is growing, very little is known about how family physicians experience compassion in their work. AIM To explore family physicians' capacity for and experiences of compassion in practice. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a qualitative study designed using a phenomenological approach in rural and urban Ontario, Canada. METHOD In-depth interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim, followed by independent and team coding. An iterative and interpretive analysis was conducted using immersion and crystallisation techniques. Purposive sampling recruited 22 participants (nine males and 13 females aged 26-64 years) that included family medicine residents from Western University (n = 6), and family physicians practising <5 years (n = 7) or >10 years (n = 9) in Ontario, Canada. RESULTS From the data, the authors derived the Compassion Trichotomy as a theoretical model to describe three interrelated areas that determine the evolution or devolution of compassion experienced by family physicians: motivation (core values), capacity (energy), and connection (relationship). CONCLUSION The Compassion Trichotomy highlights the importance and interdependence in physician compassion of motivation (personal reflection and values), capacity (awareness and regulation of energy, emotion, and cognition), and connection (sustained patient-physician relationship). This model may assist practising family physicians, educators, and researchers to explore how compassion development might enhance physician effectiveness and satisfaction.
Collapse
|
26
|
Bien A, Ravens-Taeuber G, Stefanescu MC, Gerlach FM, Güthlin C. What influence do courses at medical school and personal experience have on interest in practicing family medicine? - Results of a student survey in Hessia. GMS JOURNAL FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 36:Doc9. [PMID: 30828609 PMCID: PMC6390086 DOI: 10.3205/zma001217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Against the background of an impending shortage of family practitioners, it is important to investigate the factors influencing the choice to become one. The aim of this study was to identify factors that encourage medical students to choose to practice family medicine. Method: Using a questionnaire, students in the fourth and fifth years of their studies in the Federal State of Hesse were asked about the factors that had influenced their choice of medical specialty and their experience of courses in family medicine. Predictors of an interest in practicing family medicine were calculated using multiple logistic regression. Results: 361 questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 70.9%. Confirmation of personal strengths, an interest in the field, and practical experience of the subject generally turned out to be important factors influencing the choice of medical specialty. 49.3% of students expressed an interest in practicing family medicine. A link existed between an interest in working as a family doctor and the opportunity to take over an existing practice, experience of medicine in rural areas, and an appreciation of the conditions of work. With regard to education at medical school, positive experiences during a clinical traineeship in family medicine and positive role models among teachers of general practice were identified as predictors. Conclusion: Almost half the medical students were open to the idea of practicing family medicine. Experience of medicine in rural areas and positive experiences of courses in general practice were linked to an increased interest in working as a family doctor. To promote this interest, it may be a promising approach to increase opportunities to collect experience of medicine in rural areas, and to encourage highly motivated teaching practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Bien
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute of General Practice, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Antonia Bien, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute of General Practice, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany, E-mail:
| | - Gisela Ravens-Taeuber
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute of General Practice, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Maria-Christina Stefanescu
- Frankfurt University Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ferdinand M. Gerlach
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute of General Practice, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Corina Güthlin
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute of General Practice, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ramos P, Alves H. Doctors' career choices in health systems constrained by national medical exams: A discrete choice experiment. Int J Health Plann Manage 2018; 33:e1211-e1224. [PMID: 30091465 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies that addressed factors influencing junior doctors' career decisions have failed to consider that the market for medical specialty is regulated and doctors are not always able to pursue their career of choice. There is the concern that the National Medical Exam that doctors have to take in many countries conditions their career choices and is behind the low efficacy of policies for retaining doctors in rural areas. In this paper, we use data from a Discrete Choice Experiment applied to a large sample of Portuguese junior doctors (N = 503) who had already taken their Medical Exam but had not chosen their medical specialty yet. We show that the exam score is de facto a strong predictor for (different) job preferences, but only for doctors who are amongst the highest and the lowest exam scores. For all others-almost half of our sample-geographical attachment (having lived or studied in rural areas or in metropolis) is more relevant in determining specialization decisions. Having a good work-life balance, specially amongst female physicians, is also an important determinant of specialty choice. Using latent-class analysis may help policymakers profiling different groups of doctors and tailoring incentive packages according to their characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ramos
- Diretoria Clínica, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélio Alves
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bilal M, Haseeb A, Mari A, Hussham Arshad M, Ali Khan MR, Ahmed A, Jeoffrey R, Saleem Z, Irfan MA, Aamir Khan A, Husain S, Najeeb S, Fuad Garib A, Mustafa Attarwala F, Hasnain Mankani M. Factors Determining Pakistani Medical Students' Career Preference for General Practice Residency Training. Cureus 2018; 10:e3114. [PMID: 30338189 PMCID: PMC6175262 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have explored factors affecting preference of medical students towards general practice as a career choice. We conducted a survey in Karachi across various public and private sector medical colleges to examine factors associated with students’ general practice career aspirations in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods From January to March 2018, we distributed a 21-item questionnaire to final year medical students in eight medical schools. The survey asked students about their top three career preferences from 19 specialty fields, their demographics and their career priorities. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the effect of each item. Results A total of 1400 responses were obtained. The top five specialty fields chosen by students with their numbers were: internal medicine, 898 (64.2%); general practice, 337 (24.1%); pediatrics, 449 (32.1%); surgery, 380 (27.2%); and emergency medicine, 243 (17.4%). The “intent to inherit existing practice” and “other academic or professional experiences prior to medical school” had a positive association with choosing general practice while “having a physician parent’’ had a negative association among the medical students demographics after adjusting for other covariates in the multivariable logistic regression. Medical students who ranked “clinical diagnostic reasoning”, “community-oriented practice”, “involvement in preventive medicine”, and “frequent patient communication” as highly important were more likely to choose general practice, whereas, “access to advanced medical fields”, “mastering advanced procedures”, and “depth rather than breadth of practice” were less likely to be associated with general practice aspiration. Conclusion The study’s results depicted limited interest of family medicine as a career option in graduating students, and pointed out the factors that likely influence the choice of general practice as a career are clinical diagnostic reasoning, community-oriented practice and preventive medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi, PAK
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, Scranton, USA
| | - Anum Mari
- Medicine, Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sana Husain
- Medicine, Karachi Grammar School, Karachi, PAK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ie K, Murata A, Tahara M, Komiyama M, Ichikawa S, Takemura YC, Onishi H. What determines medical students' career preference for general practice residency training?: a multicenter survey in Japan. ASIA PACIFIC FAMILY MEDICINE 2018; 17:2. [PMID: 29422773 PMCID: PMC5787259 DOI: 10.1186/s12930-018-0039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have systematically explored factors affecting medical students' general practice career choice. We conducted a nationwide multicenter survey (Japan MEdical Career of Students: JMECS) to examine factors associated with students' general practice career aspirations in Japan, where it has been decided that general practice will be officially acknowledged as a new discipline. METHODS From April to December 2015, we distributed a 21-item questionnaire to final year medical students in 17 medical schools. The survey asked students about their top three career preferences from 19 specialty fields, their demographics and their career priorities. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the effect of each item. RESULTS A total of 1264 responses were included in the analyses. The top three specialty choice were internal medicine: 833 (65.9%), general practice: 408 (32.3%), and pediatrics: 372 (29.4%). Among demographic factors, "plan to inherit other's practice" positively associated with choosing general practice, whereas "having physician parent" had negative correlation. After controlling for potential confounders, students who ranked the following items as highly important were more likely to choose general practice: "clinical diagnostic reasoning (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.65, 95% CI 1.40-1.94)", "community-oriented practice (aOR: 1.33, 95% CI 1.13-1.57)", and" involvement in preventive medicine (aOR: 1.18, 95% CI 1.01-1.38)". On the contrary, "acute care rather than chronic care", "mastering advanced procedures", and "depth rather than breadth of practice" were less likely to be associated with general practice aspiration. CONCLUSIONS Our nationwide multicenter survey found several features associated with general practice career aspirations: clinical diagnostic reasoning; community-oriented practice; and preventive medicine. These results can be fundamental to future research and the development of recruitment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Ie
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Tama Hospital/St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 1-30-37 Shukugawara, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8525 Japan
- Department of Family Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Akiko Murata
- Family Practice Center of Okayama, 292-1 Toyosawa, Katsuta-gun, Nagi-cho, Okayama 708-1323 Japan
| | - Masao Tahara
- Iwakura Station Tahara Clinic, 291-1 Chuzaiji, Iwakura, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 606-0021 Japan
| | - Manabu Komiyama
- Thank You All, Family Clinic Hiratsuka, 215-3 Okazaki, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1212 Japan
| | - Shuhei Ichikawa
- Department of Education and Research in Family and Community Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Yousuke C. Takemura
- Department of Family Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507 Japan
- Department of Education and Research in Family and Community Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Onishi
- International Research Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Puertas EB, Rodríguez YS, Alvarado EM, Villanueva Y, Velasquez E, Erazo BM, Alfaro H, Dolmo CO. Career choice in primary care: pre- and post-comparison of Honduran physicians completing social service. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2017; 41:e146. [PMID: 31391835 PMCID: PMC6660855 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2017.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To describe and compare patterns of specialty choice among physicians in Honduras before and after completing mandatory social service; and to identify and compare salary perceptions and factors that may influence their career choice. Methods. A quantitative methods approach was used on a cross-sectional questionnaire survey applied to 106 physicians completing social service in September 2015. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square and factor analysis. Results. Interest in family medicine was low and declined from 2.2% before social service to 0.9% after. Median annual expected income was 19.5% lower overall compared to the beginning of social service, and in particular, for primary care specialties (US$ 17 733), it was significantly lower than for other specialties (US$ 27 281). Participants reported that the most important factors influencing career choice were: income potential (23.3%), making a positive difference in people’s lives (19.4%), challenging work (10.7%), and perceived prestige (7.8%). Two factors were significantly associated with a preference for specialties other than primary care: the opportunity to teach (P= 0.008) and “makes positive difference in people’s lives“ (P = 0.005). When all categories were compared, “makes positive difference in people’s lives“ (P = 0.043), and opportunities to practice with independence (P = 0.036) were factors significantly associated to career decision. Conclusion. Since interest in primary care among physicians decreased during social service and salary perception increased in favor of non-primary care careers, offering greater incentives for this specialty should be explored. Additional research to identify factors that might support the choice of a career in primary care are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Benjamín Puertas
- Pan American Health Organization, Country Office Pan American Health Organization, Country Office Tegucigalpa Honduras Pan American Health Organization, Country Office, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Yoséf S Rodríguez
- Pan American Health Organization, Country Office Pan American Health Organization, Country Office Tegucigalpa Honduras Pan American Health Organization, Country Office, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - E Mariela Alvarado
- Secretary of Health of Honduras Secretary of Health of Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras Secretary of Health of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Yolany Villanueva
- Secretary of Health of Honduras Secretary of Health of Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras Secretary of Health of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Eyvilin Velasquez
- National Autonomous University of Honduras National Autonomous University of Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Brian M Erazo
- National Autonomous University of Honduras National Autonomous University of Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Héctor Alfaro
- National Autonomous University of Honduras National Autonomous University of Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Cheny Ortiz Dolmo
- Secretary of Health of Honduras Secretary of Health of Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras Secretary of Health of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vo A, McLean L, McInnes MD. Medical specialty preferences in early medical school training in Canada. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 2017; 8:400-407. [PMID: 29140793 PMCID: PMC5694695 DOI: 10.5116/ijme.59f4.3c15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To understand what medical students consider when choosing their specialty, prior to significant clinical exposure to develop strategies to provide adequate career counseling. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed by distributing optional questionnaires to 165 first-year medical students at the University of Ottawa in their first month of training with a sample yield of 54.5% (n=90). Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, Spearman's rank correlation, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure, and exploratory factor analyses were used to analyze the anonymized results. RESULTS "Job satisfaction", "lifestyle following training" and, "impact on the patient" were the three highest rated considerations when choosing a specialty. Fifty-two and seventeen percent (n=24) and 57.89% (n=22) of males and females ranked non-surgical specialties as their top choice. Student confidence in their specialty preferences was moderate, meaning their preference could likely change (mean=2.40/5.00, SD=1.23). ANOVA showed no significant differences between confidence and population size (F(2,86)=0.290, p=0.75) or marital status (F(2,85)=0.354, p=0.70) in both genders combined. Five underlying factors that explained 44.32% of the total variance were identified. Five themes were identified to enhance career counseling. CONCLUSIONS Medical students in their first month of training have already considered their specialty preferences, despite limited exposure. However, students are not fixed in their specialty preference. Our findings further support previous results but expand what students consider when choosing their specialty early in their training. Medical educators and administrators who recognize and understand the importance of these considerations may further enhance career counseling and medical education curricula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Vo
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Laurie McLean
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abu-Laban RB, Scott IM, Gowans MC. Relationship between Canadian medical school student career interest in emergency medicine and postgraduate training disposition. CANADIAN MEDICAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 2017; 8:e4-e12. [PMID: 29098043 PMCID: PMC5661728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canada has two independent routes of emergency medicine (EM) training and certification. This unique situation may encourage medical students with EM career aspirations to apply to family medicine (FM) residencies to subsequently acquire College of Family Physicians of Canada (CFPC) training and certification in EM. We sought answers to the following: 1) Are medical students who indicate EM as their top career choice on medical school entry, and then complete a FM residency, more likely to undertake subsequent CFPC-EM training than other FM residents who did not indicate EM as their top career choice; and 2) What are the characteristics of medical students in four predefined groups, based upon their early interest in EM as a career and ultimate postgraduate training disposition. METHODS Data were accessed from a survey of medical students in 11 medical school classes from eight Canadian universities and anonymously linked to information from the Canadian Residency Matching Service between 2006 and 2009. RESULTS Of 1036 participants, 63 (6.1%) named EM as their top career choice on medical school entry. Of these, 10 ultimately matched to a Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) EM residency program, and 24 matched to a FM residency program, nine of whom went on to do a one-year CFPC-EM residency program in contrast to 57 of the remaining 356 students matching to FM residency programs who did not indicate EM was their top career choice (37.5% vs 16.0%, p=0.007). Statistically significant attitudinal differences related to the presence or absence of EM career interest on medical school entry were found. CONCLUSION Considering those who complete CFPC-EM training, a greater proportion indicate on admission to medical school that EM is their top career choice compared to those who do not. Moreover, students with an early career interest in EM are similar for several attitudinal factors independent of their ultimate postgraduate training disposition. Given the current issues and challenges facing FM and EM, these findings have implications that merit consideration by both the CFPC and the RCPSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riyad B. Abu-Laban
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ian M. Scott
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Margot C. Gowans
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Osborn HA, Glicksman JT, Brandt MG, Doyle PC, Fung K. Primary care specialty career choice among Canadian medical students: Understanding the factors that influence their decisions. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2017; 63:e107-e113. [PMID: 28209702 PMCID: PMC5395408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify which factors influence medical students' decision to choose a career in family medicine and pediatrics, and which factors influence their decision to choose careers in non-front-line specialties. DESIGN Survey that was created based on a comprehensive literature review to determine which factors are considered important when choosing practice specialty. SETTING Ontario medical school. PARTICIPANTS An open cohort of medical students in the graduating classes of 2008 to 2011 (inclusive). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main factors that influenced participants' decision to choose a career in primary care or pediatrics, and the main factors that influenced participants' decision to choose a career in a non-front-line specialty. RESULTS A total of 323 participants were included in this study. Factors that significantly influenced participants' career choice in family medicine or pediatrics involved work-life balance (acceptable hours of practice [P = .005], acceptable on-call demands [P = .012], and lifestyle flexibility [P = .006]); a robust physician-patient relationship (ability to promote individual health promotion [P = .014] and the opportunity to form long-term relationships [P < .001], provide comprehensive care [P = .001], and treat patients and their families [P = .006]); and duration of residency program (P = .001). The career-related factors that significantly influenced participants' decision to choose a non-front-line specialty were as follows: becoming an expert (P < .001), maintaining a focused scope of practice (P < .001), having a procedure-focused practice (P = .001), seeing immediate results from one's actions (P < .001), potentially earning a high income (P < .001), and having a perceived status among colleagues (P < .001). CONCLUSION In this study, 8 factors were found to positively influence medical students' career choice in family medicine and pediatrics, and 6 factors influenced the decision to choose a career in a non-front-line specialty. Medical students can be encouraged to explore a career in family medicine or pediatrics by addressing misinformation, by encouraging realistic expectations of career outcomes in the various specialties, and by demonstrating the capacity of primary care fields to incorporate specific motivating factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Ann Osborn
- Head and neck oncology fellow at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Mass
| | - Jordan T Glicksman
- Rhinology and skull base surgery fellow at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia
| | - Michael G Brandt
- Lecturer in the Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery at the University of Toronto
| | - Philip C Doyle
- Professor and Senior Research Scientist in the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Professor at the School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, and Director of the Voice Production and Perception Laboratory, as well as the Laboratory for Well-Being and Quality of Life in Oncology, at Western University
| | - Kevin Fung
- Assistant Professor in the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Music Performance Studies, and the Department of Oncology at Western University
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Weiss YG, Zisk-Rony RY, Tandeter H, Elchalal U, Avidan A, Schroeder JE, Weissman C. Using medical specialty and selection criteria clusters to study specialty selection by Israeli medical students. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2017; 17:17. [PMID: 28100274 PMCID: PMC5241925 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-017-0854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During their final year of medical school, Israeli students must consider which specialty to choose for residency. Based on the vocational counseling literature we presumed that choices are made by selecting from a cluster of related specialties while considering professional and socio-economic issues. METHODS Questionnaires distributed to final-year medical students at two Israeli medical schools ascertained inclinations toward various medical specialties and the importance of various selection criteria. Analysis focused on seven specialties where >20% of students reported they had positive inclinations. For each such specialty, the specialty and selection criteria query were compared using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests to determine differences between students with positive inclinations toward the specialty with those not so inclined. These data were placed in tables, with the significant differences highlighted to facilitate visual recognition of cluster patterns. RESULTS Completed questionnaires were obtained from 317 of 455 students. Students often had positive inclinations toward more than one specialty (specialty clusters) associated with a group of selection criteria (selection criteria clusters). For example, interest in internal medicine was clustered with interest in internal medicine subspecialties, cardiology and research. Furthermore, there was a "reciprocal" aspect to some specialty cluster patterns. For example, those interested in internal medicine had little interest in surgical specialties. Selection criteria clusters revealed occupational interests and socio-environmental factors associated with the specialty clusters. For example, family medicine, which clustered with pediatrics and psychiatry, had a sub-cluster of: Bedside specialty with family orientation affording long-term patient care. Another sub-cluster was time for childrearing and family, only daytime work and outpatient care. Clusters also revealed students' perceptions that differed from expected: Cardiology is changing from a cognitive to a procedure-oriented subspecialty, clustering not only with internal medicine and its subspecialties but also with emergency medicine, surgical subspecialties and anesthesiology. CONCLUSIONS The concept that career choice involves selecting from a cluster of related specialties provides information about the specialties students might be considering. Moreover, students are not only looking for individual aspects of a specialty, but for a package including clusters of socio-economic and occupational features. Practically, examining clusters can help in career counseling of medical students and assist residency program directors in marketing their specialties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoram G Weiss
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Hebrew University - Hadassah School of Medicine, Kiryat Hadassah, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | | | - Howard Tandeter
- Department of Family Medicine, Ben Gurion University Joyce and Irving Goldman School of Medicine, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Uriel Elchalal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Hebrew University - Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alex Avidan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Hebrew University - Hadassah School of Medicine, Kiryat Hadassah, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Josh E Schroeder
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Hebrew University - Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Charles Weissman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Hebrew University - Hadassah School of Medicine, Kiryat Hadassah, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ster MP, Selic P. Intended Career Choice in Family Medicine in Slovenia: An Issue of Gender, Family Background or Empathic Attitudes in Final Year Medical Students? Mater Sociomed 2017; 29:143-148. [PMID: 28883780 PMCID: PMC5544448 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2017.29.143-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Among a variety of complex factors affecting a decision to take family medicine as a future specialisation, this study focused on demographic characteristics and assessed empathic attitudes in final year medical students. Methods: A convenience sampling method was employed in two consecutive academic years of final year medical students at the Faculty of Medicine in Ljubljana, Slovenia, in May 2014 and May 2015. A modified version of the 16-item Jefferson Scale of Empathy – Student Version (JSE-S) was administered to examine self-reported empathic attitudes. An intended career in family medicine was reported using a five-point Likert scale. Results: Of the 175 medical school seniors in study year 2013/14, there were 64 (36.6%) men and 111 (63.4%) women, while in the second group (study year 2014/5), there were 68 (40.5%) men and 100 (59.5%) women; 168 students in total. They were 24.9±1.6 (generation 2013/4) and 24.9±1.7 (generation 2014/15) years old. Thirty-six percent of the students in the academic year 2013/14 intended to choose family medicine as a future career, and a similar proportion in academic year 2014/15 (31.7%). Gender (χ2=6.763, p=0.034) and empathic attitudes (c2=14.914; p=0.001) had a bivariate association with an intended career choice of family medicine in the 2014/15 generation. When logistic regression was applied to this group of students, an intended career choice in family medicine was associated with empathic attitudes (OR 1.102, 95% CI 1.040-1.167, p=0.001), being single (OR 3.659, 95% CI 1.150-11.628, p=0.028) and the father having only primary school education (OR 142.857 95% CI 1.868, p=0.025), but not with gender (OR 1.117, 95% CI 0.854-1.621, p=0.320). Conclusion: The level of students’ father’s education, and not living in an intimate partnership, increased the odds on senior medical students to choose family medicine, yet we expected higher JSE-S scores to be associated with interest in this speciality. To deepen our understanding, this study should be repeated to give us solid grounded insight into the determinants of career choice; associations with gender in particular need to be re-tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Petek Ster
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Selic
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kim S, Farrokhyar F, Braga LH. Survey on the perception of urology as a specialty by medical students. Can Urol Assoc J 2016; 10:349-354. [PMID: 27800058 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.3621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Upon inquiring with medical students and urologists across Canada, it is evident that urology is perceived as a male-dominant specialty, among other stereotypes. These misperceptions may hamper the recruitment of the best and brightest trainees. With that in mind, we surveyed medical students at our institution to obtain an objective assessment of their perception of urology and to determine the cause for misperceptions. METHODS A 25-factor, validated, anonymous, cross-sectional, self-reported, electronic survey was sent to all medical students at McMaster University to assess their perception of urology. The survey was piloted among students and educational leaders to optimize face and content validity, and minimize measurement bias. Six variables (years in training, role model, a family member or friend in urology, gender, and exposure) were selected a priori and entered into a logistic regression model to determine factors associated with a positive impression of the specialty. RESULTS The overall response rate was 70%. Of the respondents, 66% had no exposure to urology and 61% found the amount of exposure to be inadequate. Urology staff and resident involvement in education was considered to be poor by over 30% of medical students. Over 70% perceived urology to be a specialty with a great gender imbalance. On multivariate analysis, exposure to urology was the most important factor (p<0.001) associated with students' positive perception of the specialty, in addition to male gender, earlier years in training, and positive role models. CONCLUSIONS Concerns regarding inadequate urology exposure and poor staff and resident involvement in undergraduate education were seen as potential causes for misperceptions of the specialty. Increasing exposure to urology, encouraging female students, constant effort to approach senior students, and providing mentorship are found to be important factors in establishing a positive perception of urology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Forough Farrokhyar
- Department of Surgery/Urology;; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics;; Pediatric Surgery Research Collaborative; McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Luis H Braga
- Department of Surgery/Urology;; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics;; Pediatric Surgery Research Collaborative; McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kinouani S, Boukhors G, Luaces B, Durieux W, Cadwallader JS, Aubin-Auger I, Gay B. Private or salaried practice: how do young general practitioners make their career choice? A qualitative study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2016; 16:231. [PMID: 27585603 PMCID: PMC5009635 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-016-0754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young French postgraduates in general practice increasingly prefer salaried practice to private practice in spite of the financial incentives offered by the French government or local communities to encourage the latter. This study aimed to explore the determinants of choice between private or salaried practice among young general practitioners. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted in the South West of France. Semi-structured interviews of young general practitioners were audio-recorded until data saturation. Recordings were transcribed and then analyzed according to Grounded Theory by three researchers working independently. RESULTS Sixteen general practitioners participated in this study. For salaried and private doctors, the main factors governing their choice were occupational factors: working conditions, need of varied scope of practice, quality of the doctor-patient relationship or career flexibility. Other factors such as postgraduate training, having worked as a locum or self-interest were also determining. Young general practitioners all expected a work-life balance. The fee-for-service scheme or home visits may have discouraged young general practitioners from choosing private practice. CONCLUSIONS National health policies should increase the attractiveness of ambulatory general practice by promoting the diversification of modes of remuneration and encouraging the organization of group exercises in multidisciplinary medical homes and community health centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shérazade Kinouani
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, team HEALTHY, UMR1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Department of General Practice, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Département de Médecine générale, Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Case 148, 33076 Bordeaux, Cedex France
| | - Gary Boukhors
- Department of General Practice, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Baptiste Luaces
- Department of General Practice, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - William Durieux
- Department of General Practice, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Cadwallader
- Department of General Practice, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, School of Medicine, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Aubin-Auger
- Department of General Practice, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, F-75018 Paris, France
- EA Recherche Clinique Coordonnée Ville-Hôpital, Méthodologies et Société (REMES), F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Bernard Gay
- Department of General Practice, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pereyra-Elías R, Mayta-Tristán P, Montenegro-Idrogo JJ, Mejia CR, Abudinén A. G, Azucas-Peralta R, Barrezueta-Fernandez J, Cerna-Urrutia L, DaSilva-DeAbreu A, Mondragón-Cardona A, Moya G, Valverde-Solano CD, Theodorus-Villar R, Vizárraga-León M. Differences on Primary Care Labor Perceptions in Medical Students from 11 Latin American Countries. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159147. [PMID: 27414643 PMCID: PMC4945076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shortage in Latin-American Primary Care (PC) workforce may be due to negative perceptions about it. These perceptions might be probably influenced by particular features of health systems and academic environments, thus varying between countries. METHODS Observational, analytic and cross-sectional multicountry study that evaluated 9,561 first and fifth-year medical students from 63 medical schools of 11 Latin American countries through a survey. Perceptions on PC work was evaluated through a previously validated scale. Tertiles of the scores were created in order to compare the different countries. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated using simple and multiple Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS Approximately 53% of subjects were female; mean age was 20.4±2.9 years; 35.5% were fifth-year students. Statistically significant differences were found between the study subjects' country, using Peru as reference. Students from Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Paraguay perceived PC work more positively, while those from Ecuador showed a less favorable position. No differences were found among perceptions of Bolivian, Salvadoran, Honduran and Venezuelan students when compared to their Peruvian peers. CONCLUSIONS Perceptions of PC among medical students from Latin America vary according to country. Considering such differences can be of major importance for potential local specific interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian R. Mejia
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | | | - Luis Cerna-Urrutia
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Dr. Jose Matias Delgado, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | | | | | - Geovanna Moya
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Roy A, Breton M, Loslier J. Providing continuity of care to a specific population: Attracting new family physicians. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2016; 62:e256-e262. [PMID: 27255634 PMCID: PMC4865354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the factors that influence newly licensed family physicians in their decision to provide continuity of care to a specific primary care population. DESIGN Mixed-methods study that included a self-administered online questionnaire for family physicians followed by individual interviews. SETTING Monteregie, the second-most populated region of Quebec, with rural and urban areas. PARTICIPANTS All family physicians with 10 or fewer years of work experience who were practising in Monteregie were contacted (366 physicians). Of this group, 118 completed the online questionnaire (response rate of 32.2%). Of the respondents, 10 physicians with varied continuity of care profiles were selected for individual interviews. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The percentage of work time spent on continuity of care analyzed in conjunction with factors that support or present barriers to continuity of care at the contextual and organizational levels and for family physicians and patients. RESULTS The main factors that facilitate continuity of care are the physician-patient relationship, interest in clinical continuity of care activities, positive role models, working alongside a nurse, and adequate access to resources, specifically mental health resources. The main barriers are the scope of administrative duties, interest in a comprehensive practice, a negative experience of continuity of care during training, a sense of inadequacy with respect to continuity of care, a heavy case load, and a lack of support in the first years of practice. CONCLUSION Possible ways to encourage newly licensed family physicians to provide continuity of care to a specific population are offered. Areas for improvement include medical training, administrative support, and human resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Roy
- Medical resident in public health and preventive medicine at the University of Sherbrooke in Quebec.
| | - Mylaine Breton
- Researcher at the Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Charles-Le Moyne and Assistant Professor in the Department of Community Health Sciences at the University of Sherbrooke
| | - Julie Loslier
- Physician in the public health planning, assessment and research team of Direction de santé publique de la Montérégie, Associate Professor in the Department of Community Health Sciences at the University of Sherbrooke, and Director of the public health and preventive medicine residency program at the University of Sherbrooke
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ng E, Myers RP, Manuel D, Sanmartin C. Hospital stays for hepatitis B or C virus infection or primary liver cancer among immigrants: a census-linked population-based cohort study. CMAJ Open 2016; 4:E162-8. [PMID: 27398359 PMCID: PMC4933632 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20150117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent increase in the incidence of primary liver cancer in Canada has been attributed to a higher proportion of immigrants from countries endemic for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). We examined hospital discharges for liver disease in Canada, focusing on those for all liver-related diseases, HBV infection, HCV infection and primary liver cancer, by 3 immigration-related variables: immigration status, duration of residence in Canada and risk level of the source country. METHODS We calculated annualized crude and age-standardized rates of a hospital stay in Canada for HBV infection, HCV infection, primary liver cancer and all liver-related diseases using data from the 2006 Canadian census (long form) linked to the Canadian Institute for Health Information Discharge Abstract Database for fiscal years 2006/07 to 2008/09. We estimated the odds of a hospital stay using logistic regression for the 3 immigration-related variables, adjusting for sociodemographic indicators. RESULTS Immigrants were less likely than Canadian-born residents to be discharged with a diagnosis of any liver-related condition (odds ratio [OR] 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.78-0.89); however, they were more likely to be discharged with a diagnosis of HBV infection (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.57-2.60) and primary liver cancer (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.22-1.68). There was a clear association between a hospital stay for HBV infection and immigration from HBV-endemic countries (OR 5.15, 95% CI 3.87-6.84) and between a stay for HCV infection and immigration from HCV-endemic countries (OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.74-5.11). Adjustment for low income status and urban residence did not change the results. INTERPRETATION Although the odds of a liver-related hospital stay were lower among immigrants than among those born in Canada, immigrants from countries at high risk for HBV infection, HCV infection and primary liver cancer were more likely than Canadian-born residents to have a corresponding liver-related hospital stay. These findings emphasize the importance of identifying immigrants with hepatitis and engaging them in care to prevent complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Ng
- Statistics Canada (Ng), Health Analysis Division (Ng, Sanmartin, Manuel), Ottawa, Ont.; Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (Myers), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Robert P Myers
- Statistics Canada (Ng), Health Analysis Division (Ng, Sanmartin, Manuel), Ottawa, Ont.; Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (Myers), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Doug Manuel
- Statistics Canada (Ng), Health Analysis Division (Ng, Sanmartin, Manuel), Ottawa, Ont.; Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (Myers), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Claudia Sanmartin
- Statistics Canada (Ng), Health Analysis Division (Ng, Sanmartin, Manuel), Ottawa, Ont.; Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (Myers), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lepièce B, Reynaert C, van Meerbeeck P, Dory V. Social dominance theory and medical specialty choice. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2016; 21:79-92. [PMID: 25991046 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-015-9612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how medical students select their specialty is a fundamental issue for public health and educational policy makers. One of the factors that students take into account is a specialty's prestige which hinges partly on its focus on technique rather than whole person. We examine the potential of a psychological framework, social dominance theory, to explain why some students, and not others, are drawn to more prestigious, technique-oriented specialties, based on their desire for hierarchy. We conducted a cross-sectional study among medical students at Institution X (N = 359). We examined the link between medical students' characteristics i.e. social dominance orientation (SDO), gender, age, and their career intention. We also examined level of medical students' SDO at different stages of the curriculum. SDO scores were significantly associated with technique-oriented career intentions (OR 1.56; 95 % CI [1.18, 2.06]; p = 0.001). The effect was independent of gender. Medical students' SDO scores were significantly higher in later stages of the medical curriculum (F = 6.79; p = 0. 001). SDO is a significant predictor of medical students' career intention. SDO scores are higher in students during the clinical phase of the curriculum. Medical socialization, involving the internalization of implicit and explicit norms, particularly in hospital settings, is likely to underpin our findings. This theory illuminates consistent findings in the literature on specialty prestige and the influence of medical school on career choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brice Lepièce
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30, B1.30.15, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Christine Reynaert
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30, B1.30.15, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe van Meerbeeck
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30, B1.30.15, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valérie Dory
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Medical Education, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tandjung R, Djalali S, Hasler S, Scherz N, Rosemann T, Markun S. Acceptance of interventions to promote primary care: What do physicians prioritize? BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2015; 16:178. [PMID: 26666310 PMCID: PMC4678628 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-015-0397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Switzerland is facing a shortage of primary care physicians (PCPs); government organizations therefore suggested a broad variety of interventions to promote primary care. The aim of the study was to prioritize these interventions according to the acceptance and perceived barriers of most relevant groups of physicians in this context (hospital physicians and PCPs). Methods The study was conducted during summer 2014. An online-based questionnaire assessed demographic data, working conditions and future plans. Participants were asked to rank the usefulness of 22 interventions to promote primary care. Interventions to promote primary care that received ratings of 4 or 5 on the Likert scale (corresponding to “useful” or “very useful”) by at least 80 % of the participants were categorized as interventions with very high acceptance. We analyzed whether the groups (PCPs, hospital physicians) ranked the interventions differently using the Mann–Whitney U test. We assumed a two tailed p < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing as statistically significant. Results Two hundred thirty physicians (response rate 58.4 %) completed the survey. Among those 69 PCPs and 66 hospital physicians were included in the analysis. Among those 14 PCPs were planning to leave clinical practice due to retirement, whereas only 8 hospital physicians planned a career as PCPs. Among PCPs the intervention with the highest acceptance was the increase of reimbursement, whereas family friendly measures achieved highest acceptance among hospital physicians. Financial support for primary care traineeships was considered to be very useful by both groups. Conclusions Interventions on PCPs close to retirement or on PCPs considering an early retirement will not adequately prevent shortage of primary care providers. Governmental interventions should therefore also aim at encouraging hospital physicians to start a career in primary care by governmental support for traineeships in primary care and investments in family friendly measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Tandjung
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sima Djalali
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Susann Hasler
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie Scherz
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan Markun
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bandiera G, Abrahams C, Ruetalo M, Hanson MD, Nickell L, Spadafora S. Identifying and Promoting Best Practices in Residency Application and Selection in a Complex Academic Health Network. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2015; 90:1594-601. [PMID: 26488571 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000000954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Medical education institutions have a social mandate to produce a diverse physician workforce that meets the public's needs. Recent reports have framed the admission process outcome of undergraduate and postgraduate medical education (UGME and PGME) programs as a key determinant of the collective contributions graduating cohorts will make to society, creating a sense of urgency around the issue of who gets accepted. The need for evidence-informed residency application and selection processes is growing because of the increasing size and diversity of the applicant pool and the need for equity, fairness, social accountability, and health human resource planning. The selection literature, however, is dominated by a UGME focus and emphasizes determination of desirable qualities of future physicians and selection instrument reliability and validity. Gaps remain regarding PGME selection, particularly the creation of specialty-specific selection criteria, suitable outcome measures, and reliable selection systems.In this Perspective, the authors describe the University of Toronto's centralized approach to defining system-level best practices for residency application and selection. Over the 2012-2013 academic year, the Best Practices in Application and Selection working group reviewed relevant literature and reports, consulted content experts, surveyed local practices, and conducted iterative stakeholder consultations on draft recommendations. Strong agreement arose around the resulting 13 principles and 24 best practices, which had either empirical support or face validity. These recommendations, which are shared in this article, have been adopted by the university's PGME advisory committee and will inform a national initiative to improve trainees' transition from UGME to PGME in Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glen Bandiera
- G. Bandiera is associate dean, Postgraduate Medical Education, University of Toronto, and chief of emergency medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. C. Abrahams is director of policy and analysis, Postgraduate Medical Education Office, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M. Ruetalo is a research officer, Postgraduate Medical Education Office, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M.D. Hanson is associate dean, Undergraduate Medical Education Admissions and Student Finances, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. L. Nickell is associate dean, Undergraduate Health Professions Students Affairs, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. S. Spadafora is vice dean, Postgraduate Medical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The role of undergraduate medical education in creating, perpetuating, and potentially solving the physician shortage in adult primary care has been debated for years, but often the discussions revolve around overly simplistic notions of supply and demand. The supply is curtailed, it is said, because the work is hard and the pay is low relative to other career options. Missing is a recognition that medical schools make choices in developing primary care learning environments that profoundly affect student perceptions of this career. Emerging developments in healthcare, including the transformation of academic health centers into integrated health systems that enter into risk-based contracts, may provide an opportunity to re-direct discussions about primary care. More schools may begin to recognize that they can control the quality of primary care teaching environments, and that doing so will help them achieve excellence in education and compete in the new marketplace. The selling of primary care to medical schools may be the first step in primary care selling itself to medical students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter N Kernan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Suite 515, 2 Church St. South, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Elkhawaga G, Bernard B, El-Gilany AH. House officers' attitude towards family medicine and its choice as a career in Egypt. Fam Pract 2015; 32:198-204. [PMID: 25724935 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family medicine (FM) specialty is new to Egyptian medical education and its choice as a career option is still unclear. This study aims to assess perceptions, expectations and level of information amongst house officers (HOs) in relation to FM and its choice as a future career. METHODS This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted during an orientation program implemented to HOs before joining work in primary health care. Data were collected using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. FINDINGS More than half of respondents considered FM to have an essential social function. The most influential factor on HOs' opinions regarding FM were their own experiences during the course of study (52.6%), the opinion of family physicians (43.8%). More than two fifths of HOs reported that training sessions in health centers would be useful and 29.5% stated that at least 25-50% of the total practical training in medical school should be dedicated to FM. Nearly half of HOs (48.2%) suggested that training should take place during the fourth year of medical school. Before orientation 15.8% of HOs mentioned that they will choose FM as a career, this increased to 50.4% after orientation. Rural residence and low grades in public health are the independent predictors of choosing FM as a career (OR = 1.9 and 1.7, respectively). CONCLUSION FM is developing rapidly as a specialty. Frequent training programs directed to HOs may encourage them to consider FM as a career.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Elkhawaga
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Bernadette Bernard
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Hady El-Gilany
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Deutsch T, Lippmann S, Frese T, Sandholzer H. Who wants to become a general practitioner? Student and curriculum factors associated with choosing a GP career--a multivariable analysis with particular consideration of practice-orientated GP courses. Scand J Prim Health Care 2015; 33:47-53. [PMID: 25761999 PMCID: PMC4377739 DOI: 10.3109/02813432.2015.1020661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Because of the increasing shortage of general practitioners (GPs) in many countries, this study aimed to explore factors related to GP career choice in recent medical graduates. Particular focus was placed on the impact of specific practice-orientated GP courses at different stages of the medical undergraduate curriculum. DESIGN Observational study. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to reveal independent associations with career choice. SETTING Leipzig Medical School, Germany. SUBJECTS 659 graduates (response rate = 64.2%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Choice of general practice as a career. RESULTS Six student-associated variables were found to be independently related to choice of general practice as a career: age, having family or friends in general practice, consideration of a GP career at matriculation, preference for subsequent work in a rural or small-town area, valuing the ability to see a broad spectrum of patients, and valuing long-term doctor-patient relationships. Regarding the curriculum, after adjustment independent associations were found with a specific pre-clinical GP elective (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.3-5.3), a four-week GP clerkship during the clinical study section (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.3-5.0), and a four-month GP clinical rotation during the final year (OR = 10.7, 95% CI 4.3-26.7). It was also found that the work-related values of the female participants were more compatible with those of physicians who opt for a GP career than was the case for their male colleagues. CONCLUSION These results support the suggestion that a practice-orientated GP curriculum in both the earlier and later stages of undergraduate medical education raises medical schools' output of future GPs. The findings are of interest for medical schools (curriculum design, admission criteria), policy-makers, and GPs involved in undergraduate medical education. More research is needed on the effectiveness of specific educational interventions in promoting interest in general practice as a career.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Deutsch
- Department of Primary Care, Leipzig Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lippmann
- Department of Primary Care, Leipzig Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Frese
- Department of Primary Care, Leipzig Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hagen Sandholzer
- Department of Primary Care, Leipzig Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rurik I, Szigethy E, Langmár Z. Medical doctors in Hungary: 30 years after graduation. Data on lifestyle, morbidity, demography and differences between specialties. Cent Eur J Public Health 2014; 22:183-8. [PMID: 25438396 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a3910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There are few studies from East and Central European countries on health-status, lifestyle and social circumstances of medical professionals. We evaluated data of a cohort of physicians who had graduated 30 years ago in Hungary and compared the data of their professional carrier, life style, health outcomes, and medical specialties. Questionnaires compiled by an expert group and filled in by 208 physicians (83 men and 125 women) were analysed. Men mostly work as surgeons, women were mostly employed as primary care specialists. Women changed their specialty and/or place of work more often than men. Male primary care physicians had more children than women and others specialists. At graduation, most of them had a normal BMI. Since then, a significant increase in weight and BMI was observed in both genders and across all specialty groups. The largest increase in body weight and BMI (mean 5.27) was recorded among female primary care physicians. Recorded physical activity was low in general, with male primary care specialists being most active and female primary care physicians the least. Female doctors in surgical specialties had longer resting time. Male physicians rarely participated in regular health screenings. The incidence of hypertension was higher than the Hungarian national average for that age. About 5% of primary care physicians identified themselves as regular smokers. Abstinence and regular daily alcohol consumption were reported in equal ratio. Burn-out symptoms were rarely experienced. This generation had started its medical profession before the significant progressive changes in the medicine occurred in the last decades. While physicians do not always follow their own professional advices, their lifestyle proved a little bit healthier than that of the population at large, especially for women and their health outcomes, except hypertension, were also better. In general, they were not satisfied with the financial and working conditions of the recent Hungarian healthcare system.
Collapse
|
48
|
Ie K, Tahara M, Murata A, Komiyama M, Onishi H. Factors associated to the career choice of family medicine among Japanese physicians: the dawn of a new era. ASIA PACIFIC FAMILY MEDICINE 2014; 13:11. [PMID: 28392748 PMCID: PMC5377022 DOI: 10.1186/s12930-014-0011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent developments in post-graduate family medicine training in Japan, the numbers of junior doctors entering family medicine residencies are still limited. The objective of this qualitative study was to investigate the possible factors associated to the career choice of family medicine, especially in the context of the newly established family medicine programs in Japan. METHODS From December 2010 to January 2011, we distributed a semi-structured questionnaire about career choice to 58 physician members of the Japan Primary Care Association, and 41 of them responded. Four researchers used the Modified Grounded Theory Approach (Kinoshita, 2003) for three-stage conceptualization. RESULTS We extracted a conceptual model of the choice of newly established family medicine as a career in Japan, consisting of six categories and 77 subordinate concepts from 330 variations. The subcategories of personal background affecting the family-medicine career choice were characteristics ("self-reliance," "pioneering spirit"), career direction ("community/rural-orientedness," "multifaceted orientation") and experience (e.g., "discomfort with fragmented care"). We divided the influencing factors that were identified for career choice into supporters (e.g., "role model"), conflict of career choice (e.g., "anxiety about diverse/broad practice"), and the dawn of a new era in family medicine in Japan (e.g., "lack of social recognition," "concern about livelihood," and "too few role models"). CONCLUSIONS Although the dawn of a new era seemed a rather negative influencer, it was unique to our study that the dawn itself could attract those with a "pioneering spirit" and an "attitude of self-training." Unlike previous studies, the positive factors such as lifestyle and the short residency program were not shown to be part of family medicine's attractiveness. In contrast, "concern about livelihood" was specific among our respondents and was related to career choice in the dawn period. "Community-orientedness" and "multifaceted orientation" (which have aspects in common with previous studies' findings) would appear to be universal regardless of cultural and medical system differences. In our study, these universal factors were also found to be part of the attractiveness of family medicine from the practitioners' viewpoints, and these factors may become great influencers for family medicine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Ie
- Department of Family Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Masao Tahara
- Naniwa Clinic, Amagasaki Health Cooperative, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akiko Murata
- Family Practice Center of Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Hirotaka Onishi
- International Research Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jancey J, Bowser N, Burns S, Crawford G, Portsmouth L, Smith J. No smoking here: examining reasons for noncompliance with a smoke-free policy in a large university. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 16:976-83. [PMID: 24532382 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A large Australian university introduced a campuswide smoke-free policy in 2012. Almost 1 year after implementation, reasons for noncompliance among people observed smoking on campus were examined. METHODS Six smoking locations on campus were identified after a campuswide audit of smoking indicators (i.e., discarded cigarette butts packets and people observed smoking). At these locations, those observed smokers were interviewed. Interview responses were examined to elicit underlying themes. RESULTS Fifty people were seen smoking during the observation period. Those smokers interviewed comprised staff (27%) and students (73%) aged between 18 and 24 (45.9%). The majority of the students were international students (51.8%). All respondents acknowledged their awareness of the smoke-free policy. Five explanatory themes for noncompliance emerged: defiance against the policy's perceived threat to self-governance; inconvenience to travel off campus to smoke; smoking as a physiological necessity; unintentional noncompliance through unawareness or confusion of policy boundaries; and ease of avoidance of detection or exposing others to cigarette smoke. CONCLUSIONS Creating a culture of compliance at the university remains a significant challenge, especially considering the size of the campus, the high proportion of international students, and the logistics associated with monitoring smoking behavior in outdoor areas and on-campus student housing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonine Jancey
- School of Public Health, Western Australian Centre for Health Promotion Research, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole Bowser
- School of Public Health, Western Australian Centre for Health Promotion Research, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sharyn Burns
- School of Public Health, Western Australian Centre for Health Promotion Research, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gemma Crawford
- School of Public Health, Western Australian Centre for Health Promotion Research, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Linda Portsmouth
- School of Public Health, Western Australian Centre for Health Promotion Research, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Smith
- School of Public Health, Western Australian Centre for Health Promotion Research, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hogg W, Kendall C, Muggah E, Mayo-Bruinsma L, Ziebell L. Fostering excellence: roles, responsibilities, and expectations of new family physician clinician investigators. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2014; 60:e105-e112. [PMID: 24522688 PMCID: PMC3922578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM ADDRESSED A key priority in primary health care research is determining how to ensure the advancement of new family physician clinician investigators (FP-CIs). However, there is little consensus on what expectations should be implemented for new investigators to ensure the successful and timely acquisition of independent salary support. OBJECTIVE OF PROGRAM Support new FP-CIs to maximize early career research success. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION This program description aims to summarize the administrative and financial support provided by the C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre in Ottawa, Ont, to early career FP-CIs; delineate career expectations; and describe the results in terms of research productivity on the part of new FP-CIs. CONCLUSION Family physician CI's achieved a high level of research productivity during their first 5 years, but most did not secure external salary support. It might be unrealistic to expect new FP-CIs to be self-financing by the end of 5 years. This is a career-development program, and supporting new career FP-CIs requires a long-term investment. This understanding is critical to fostering and strengthening sustainable primary care research programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Hogg
- University of Ottawa, Department of Family Medicine, 85 Primrose Ave, Room 110, Ottawa, ON K1N 5C8.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|