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Urbankowski T, Przybyłowski T. Methacholine Challenge Testing: Comparison of FEV 1 and Airway Resistance Parameters. Respir Care 2021; 66:449-459. [PMID: 33203723 PMCID: PMC9994076 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.08331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 20% reduction in the FEV1 is routinely used as an end point for methacholine challenge testing (MCT). Measurement of FEV1 is effort dependent, and some patients are not able to perform acceptable and repeatable forced expiration maneuvers. The goal of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic value of airway resistance measurement by forced oscillation technique (FOT), body plethysmography, and interrupter technique compared with the traditionally accepted standard FEV1 measurement in evaluating the responsiveness to methacholine during MCT. METHODS We included in the study adult subjects referred for MCT because of asthma-like symptoms and with normal baseline spirometry. We modified routine MCT protocol by adding the assessment of airway resistance to the measurement of FEV1 at each step of MCT. RESULTS We observed, in the subjects with airway hyper-responsiveness versus those with normal airway responsiveness, a significantly greater percentage change in median (interquartile range) FOT resistance at 10 Hz (25.9% [13.7%-35.4%] vs 16% [15.7%-27.2%]), plethysmographic resistance (70.2% [39.5%-116.3%] vs 37.1% [23.9%-81.9%]), and mean ± SD conductance (-41.3 ± 15.4% vs -29.6 ± 15.9%); and a significantly greater change in mean ± SD FOT reactance at 10 Hz (-0.41 ± 0.48 cm H2O/L/s vs -0.09 ± 0.32 cm H2O/L/s) and at 15 Hz (-0.29 ± 0.2 cm H2O/L/s vs -0.1 ± 0.19 cm H2O/L/s). We also recorded significant differences in airway resistance parameters (FOT resistance at 10 Hz, FOT reactance at 15 Hz, plethysmographic airway resistance, and conductance indices as well as interrupter resistance) in FEV1 non-responders at the onset of respiratory symptoms during MCT compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS Measurements of airway resistance could possibly be used as an alternative method to spirometry in airway challenge. Significant changes in airway mechanics during MCT are detectable by airway resistance measurement in FEV1 non-responders with methacholine-induced asthma-like symptoms. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT02343419.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Urbankowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Przybyłowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Nilsen K, Thompson BR, Zajakovski N, Kean M, Harris B, Cowin G, Robinson P, Prisk GK, Thien F. Airway closure is the predominant physiological mechanism of low ventilation seen on hyperpolarized helium-3 MRI lung scans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 130:781-791. [PMID: 33332988 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00163.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarized helium-3 MRI (3He MRI) provides detailed visualization of low- (hypo- and non-) ventilated lungs. Physiological measures of gas mixing may be assessed by multiple breath nitrogen washout (MBNW) and of airway closure by a forced oscillation technique (FOT). We hypothesize that in patients with asthma, areas of low-ventilated lung on 3He MRI are the result of airway closure. Ten control subjects, ten asthma subjects with normal spirometry (non-obstructed), and ten asthmatic subjects with reduced baseline lung function (obstructed) attended two testing sessions. On visit one, baseline plethysmography was performed followed by spirometry, MBNW, and FOT assessment pre and post methacholine challenge. On visit two, 3He MRI scans were conducted pre and post methacholine challenge. Post methacholine the volume of low-ventilated lung increased from 8.3% to 13.8% in the non-obstructed group (P = 0.012) and from 13.0% to 23.1% in the obstructed group (P = 0.001). For all subjects, the volume of low ventilation from 3He MRI correlated with a marker of airway closure in obstructive subjects, Xrs (6 Hz) and the marker of ventilation heterogeneity Scond with r2 values of 0.61 (P < 0.001) and 0.56 (P < 0.001), respectively. The change in Xrs (6 Hz) correlated well (r2 = 0.45, p < 0.001), whereas the change in Scond was largely independent of the change in low ventilation volume (r2 = 0.13, P < 0.01). The only significant predictor of low ventilation volume from the multi-variate analysis was Xrs (6 Hz). This is consistent with the concept that regions of poor or absent ventilation seen on 3He MRI are primarily the result of airway closure.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study introduces a novel technique of generating high-resolution 3D ventilation maps from hyperpolarized helium-3 MRI. It is the first study to demonstrate that regions of poor or absent ventilation seen on 3He MRI are primarily the result of airway closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Nilsen
- The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bruce R Thompson
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Michael Kean
- The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin Harris
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Respiratory Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gary Cowin
- National Imaging Facility, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Phil Robinson
- The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G Kim Prisk
- University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Francis Thien
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia
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3
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Hartung N, Borghardt JM. A mechanistic framework for a priori pharmacokinetic predictions of orally inhaled drugs. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008466. [PMID: 33320846 PMCID: PMC7771877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of orally inhaled drugs is determined by pulmonary pharmacokinetic processes such as particle deposition, pulmonary drug dissolution, and mucociliary clearance. Even though each single process has been systematically investigated, a quantitative understanding on the interaction of processes remains limited and therefore identifying optimal drug and formulation characteristics for orally inhaled drugs is still challenging. To investigate this complex interplay, the pulmonary processes can be integrated into mathematical models. However, existing modeling attempts considerably simplify these processes or are not systematically evaluated against (clinical) data. In this work, we developed a mathematical framework based on physiologically-structured population equations to integrate all relevant pulmonary processes mechanistically. A tailored numerical resolution strategy was chosen and the mechanistic model was evaluated systematically against data from different clinical studies. Without adapting the mechanistic model or estimating kinetic parameters based on individual study data, the developed model was able to predict simultaneously (i) lung retention profiles of inhaled insoluble particles, (ii) particle size-dependent pharmacokinetics of inhaled monodisperse particles, (iii) pharmacokinetic differences between inhaled fluticasone propionate and budesonide, as well as (iv) pharmacokinetic differences between healthy volunteers and asthmatic patients. Finally, to identify the most impactful optimization criteria for orally inhaled drugs, the developed mechanistic model was applied to investigate the impact of input parameters on both the pulmonary and systemic exposure. Interestingly, the solubility of the inhaled drug did not have any relevant impact on the local and systemic pharmacokinetics. Instead, the pulmonary dissolution rate, the particle size, the tissue affinity, and the systemic clearance were the most impactful potential optimization parameters. In the future, the developed prediction framework should be considered a powerful tool for identifying optimal drug and formulation characteristics. The use of orally inhaled drugs for treating lung diseases is appealing since they have the potential for lung selectivity, i.e. high exposure at the site of action –the lung– without excessive side effects. However, the degree of lung selectivity depends on a large number of factors, including physiochemical properties of drug molecules, patient disease state, and inhalation devices. To predict the impact of these factors on drug exposure and thereby to understand the characteristics of an optimal drug for inhalation, we develop a predictive mathematical framework (a “pharmacokinetic model”). In contrast to previous approaches, our model allows combining knowledge from different sources appropriately and its predictions were able to adequately predict different sets of clinical data. Finally, we compare the impact of different factors and find that the most important factors are the size of the inhaled particles, the affinity of the drug to the lung tissue, as well as the rate of drug dissolution in the lung. In contrast to the common belief, the solubility of a drug in the lining fluids is not found to be relevant. These findings are important to understand how inhaled drugs should be designed to achieve best treatment results in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hartung
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jens Markus Borghardt
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Research DMPK, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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4
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Persson C. Humoral First-Line Mucosal Innate Defence in vivo. J Innate Immun 2020; 12:373-386. [PMID: 32203966 DOI: 10.1159/000506515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on observations in vivo in guinea-pig and human airways, this review presents plasma exudation as non-sieved transmission of bulk plasma across an unperturbed mucosa that maintains its normal barrier functions. Several steps have led to the present understanding of plasma exudation as a non-injurious response to mucosal challenges. The implication of a swift appearance of all circulating multipotent protein systems (also including antimicrobial peptides that now are viewed as being exclusively produced by local cells) on challenged, but intact, mucosal surfaces cannot be trivial. Yet, involvement of early plasma exudation responses in innate mucosal immunology has dwelled below the radar. Admittedly, exploration of physiological plasma exudation mechanisms requires in vivo approaches beyond mouse studies. Plasma exudation also lacks the specificity that is a hallmark of biological revelations. These aspects separate plasma exudation from mainstream progress in immunology. The whole idea, presented here, thus competes with strong paradigms currently entertained in the accepted research front. The present focus on humoral innate immunity in vivo further deviates from most discussions, which concern cell-mediated innate defence. Indeed, plasma exudation has emerged as sole in vivo source of major mucosal defence proteins that now are viewed as local cell produce. In conclusion, this review highlights opportunities for complex actions and interactions provided by non-sieved plasma proteins/peptides on the surface of intact mucosal barriers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Persson
- Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Lund, Lund, Sweden,
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5
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Nilsen K, Thien F, Thamrin C, Ellis MJ, Prisk GK, King GG, Thompson BR. Early onset of airway derecruitment assessed using the forced oscillation technique in subjects with asthma. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1399-1408. [PMID: 30702975 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00534.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Derecruitment of air spaces in the lung occurs when airways close during exhalation and is related to ventilation heterogeneity and symptoms in asthma. The forced oscillation technique has been used to identify surrogate measures of airway closure via the reactance (Xrs) versus lung volume relationship. This study used a new algorithm to identify derecruitment from the Xrs versus lung volume relationship from a slow vital capacity maneuver. We aimed to compare two derecruitment markers on the Xrs versus volume curve, the onset reduction of Xrs (DR1vol) and the onset of more rapid reduction of Xrs (DR2vol), between control and asthmatic subjects. We hypothesized that the onset of DR1vol and DR2vol occurred at higher lung volume in asthmatic subjects. DR1vol and DR2vol were measured in 18 subjects with asthma and 18 healthy controls, and their relationships with age and height were examined using linear regression. In the control group, DR1vol and DR2vol increased with age (r2 = 0.68, P < 0.001 and r2 = 0.71, P < 0.001, respectively). DR1vol and DR2vol in subjects with asthma [76.58% of total lung capacity (TLC) and 56.79%TLC, respectively] were at higher lung volume compared with control subjects (46.1 and 37.69%TLC, respectively) (P < 0.001). DR2vol correlated with predicted values of closing capacity (r = 0.94, P < 0.001). This study demonstrates that derecruitment occurs at two points along the Xrs-volume relationship. Both derecruitment points occurred at significantly higher lung volumes in subjects with asthma compared with healthy control subjects. This technique offers a novel way to measure the effects of changes in airways/lung mechanics. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that the forced oscillation technique can be used to identify two lung volume points where lung derecruitment occurs: 1) where derecruitment is initiated and 2) where onset of rapid derecruitment commences. Measurements of derecruitment increase with age. The onset of rapid derecruitment was highly correlated with predicted closing capacity. Also, the initiation and rate of derecruitment are significantly altered in subjects with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Nilsen
- Central Clinical School, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia.,Allergy Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Francis Thien
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia.,Box Hill Hospital , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Cindy Thamrin
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital , St. Leonards, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Matt J Ellis
- Allergy Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - G Kim Prisk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of California , San Diego, California
| | - Gregory G King
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital , St. Leonards, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Bruce R Thompson
- Central Clinical School, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia.,Allergy Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
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6
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Smith CJ, Spaeder MC, Sorkness RL, Teague WG. Disparate diagnostic accuracy of lung function tests as predictors of poor asthma control in children. J Asthma 2019; 57:327-334. [PMID: 30663912 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2019.1566471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rationale: In practice, asthma control is assessed according to symptom burden and office spirometry. However, spirometry poorly tests peripheral lung function, which may be abnormal in asthma. Impluse oscillometry (IOS) and multiple-breath washout (MBW) are novel methods which measure reactance (X5) and ventilation heterogeneity (VH) in the peripheral lung, but how well these tests reflect asthma control is poorly understood. Objective: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of tests of large airways caliber (FEV1, FEV1/FVC, R20), peripheral zone properties (X5, VH), and airways inflammation (FeNO) as predictors of poor control in asthmatic children (44 poorly controlled/10 controlled). Methods: 54 children enriched in severe asthma completed a symptom-based control scale (ACT/cACT) and lung function tests after overnight bronchodilator withhold. The accuracy of each variable to predict poor control was ranked by area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity and specificity. Results: Among measures of large airways caliber, the FEV1% had the highest ROC curve area, with low sensitivity but perfect specificity. Among measures of peripheral lung function, X5 and VH in the conducting zone had fair curve areas with higher sensitivity but lower specificity compared to the FEV1%. VH in the acinar zone and FeNO both had poor accuracy. Conclusion: Tests of large airway and peripheral zone lung function performed disparately as predictors of poor control in a sample of children enriched in severe asthma. Further studies in a larger sample with more diverse phenotypic features are necessary to validate this preliminary conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde J Smith
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Michael C Spaeder
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ronald L Sorkness
- School of Pharmacy and Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - W Gerald Teague
- Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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7
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Langton D, Ing A, Sha J, Bennetts K, Hersch N, Kwok M, Plummer V, Thien F, Farah C. Measuring the effects of bronchial thermoplasty using oscillometry. Respirology 2018; 24:431-436. [PMID: 30419608 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Bronchial thermoplasty (BT) has been consistently shown to reduce symptoms, exacerbations and the need for reliever medication in patients with severe asthma. Paradoxically, no consistent improvement in spirometry has been demonstrated. It has been suggested that this is due to a reduction in peripheral resistance in small airways, not captured by spirometry. Therefore, in this study, we evaluate the response to BT using oscillometry. METHODS A total of 43 patients with severe asthma from two centres were evaluated at baseline, 6 weeks and 6 months post BT, using spirometry, plethysmography and oscillometry, in addition to medication usage, exacerbation frequency and the Asthma Control Questionnaire (5-item version) (ACQ-5). RESULTS The mean age was 58.4 ± 11.2 years, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 ) 55.5 ± 20.1% predicted, forced expiratory ratio 53.0 ± 14.5% and FEV1 response to salbutamol was 14.0 ± 14.5%. Following BT, the group responded to treatment with an improvement in ACQ-5 from 2.9 ± 0.9 at baseline to 1.7 ± 1.1 at 6 months (P < 0.005). There was an 81% reduction in exacerbation frequency (P < 0.001) and 50% of patients were weaned completely from maintenance oral corticosteroids. No changes after treatment were observed in spirometry but the residual volume reduced from 147 ± 38% to 139 ± 39% predicted (P < 0.01). Baseline oscillometry demonstrated high levels of resistance at 5 Hz with normal resistance at 20 Hz, indicating resistance in the small airways was elevated, but no changes were observed in any oscillometry parameter after BT treatment. CONCLUSION Lung impedance measured with oscillometry did not change following BT despite marked clinical improvements in patients with severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Langton
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alvin Ing
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Adventist Hospital Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joy Sha
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim Bennetts
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole Hersch
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - McKinny Kwok
- Sydney Adventist Hospital Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Virginia Plummer
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Francis Thien
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Claude Farah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Concord Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Langton D, Ing A, Bennetts K, Wang W, Farah C, Peters M, Plummer V, Thien F. Bronchial thermoplasty reduces gas trapping in severe asthma. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18:155. [PMID: 30249234 PMCID: PMC6154954 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-018-0721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In randomized controlled trials, bronchial thermoplasty (BT) has been proven to reduce symptoms in severe asthma, but the mechanisms by which this is achieved are uncertain as most studies have shown no improvement in spirometry. We postulated that BT might improve lung mechanics by altering airway resistance in the small airways of the lung in ways not measured by FEV1. This study aimed to evaluate changes in measures of gas trapping by body plethysmography. Methods A prospective cohort of 32 consecutive patients with severe asthma who were listed for BT at two Australian university hospitals were evaluated at three time points, namely baseline, and then 6 weeks and 6 months post completion of all procedures. At each evaluation, medication usage, symptom scores (Asthma Control Questionnaire, ACQ-5) and exacerbation history were obtained, and lung function was evaluated by (i) spirometry (ii) gas diffusion (KCO) and (iii) static lung volumes by body plethysmography. Results ACQ-5 improved from 3.0 ± 0.8 at baseline to 1.5 ± 0.9 at 6 months (mean ± SD, p < 0.001, paired t-test). Daily salbutamol usage improved from 8.3 ± 5.6 to 3.5 ± 4.3 puffs per day (p < 0.001). Oral corticosteroid requiring exacerbations reduced from 2.5 ± 2.0 in the 6 months prior to BT, to 0.6 ± 1.3 in the 6 months after BT (p < 0.001). The mean baseline FEV1 was 57.8 ± 18.9%predicted, but no changes in any spirometric parameter were observed after BT. KCO was also unaltered by BT. A significant reduction in gas trapping was observed with Residual Volume (RV) falling from 146 ± 37% predicted at baseline to 136 ± 29%predicted 6 months after BT (p < 0.005). Significant improvements in TLC and FRC were also observed. These changes were evident at the 6 week time period and maintained at 6 months. The change in RV was inversely correlated with the baseline FEV1 (r = 0.572, p = 0.001), and in patients with a baseline FEV1 of < 60%predicted, the RV/TLC ratio fell by 6.5 ± 8.9%. Conclusion Bronchial thermoplasty improves gas trapping and this effect is greatest in the most severely obstructed patients. The improvement may relate to changes in the mechanical properties of small airways that are not measured with spirometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Langton
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, 2 Hastings Road, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia.
| | - Alvin Ing
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Bennetts
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, 2 Hastings Road, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia
| | - Wei Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
| | - Claude Farah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Peters
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Virginia Plummer
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, 2 Hastings Road, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
| | - Francis Thien
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Eastern Health, Vic, Boxhill, Australia
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Comparison of two methods of determining lung de-recruitment, using the forced oscillation technique. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2213-2224. [PMID: 30062516 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Airway closure has proved to be important in a number of respiratory diseases and may be the primary functional defect in asthma. A surrogate measure of closing volume can be identified using the forced oscillation technique (FOT), by performing a deflation maneuver and examining the resultant reactance (Xrs) lung volume relationship. This study aims to determine if a slow vital capacity maneuver can be used instead of this deflation maneuver and compare it to existing more complex techniques. Three subject groups were included in the study; healthy (n = 29), asthmatic (n = 18), and COPD (n = 10) for a total of 57 subjects. Reactance lung volume curves were generated via FOT recordings during two different breathing manoeuvres (both pre and post bronchodilator). The correlation and agreement between surrogate closing volume (Volcrit) and reactance (Xrscrit) at this volume was analysed. The changes in Volcrit and Xrscrit pre and post bronchodilator were also analysed. Across all three subject groups, the two different measures of Volcrit were shown to be statistically equivalent (p > 0.05) and demonstrated a strong fit to the data (R2 = 0.49, 0.78, 0.59, for asthmatic, COPD and healthy subject groups, respectively). A bias was evident between the two measurements of Xrscrit with statistically different means (p < 0.05). However, the two measurements of Xrscrit displayed the same trends. In conclusion, we have developed an alternative technique for measuring airway closure from FOT recordings. The technique delivers equivalent and possibly more sensitive results to previous methods while being simple and easily performed by the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H.T. Bates
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine; University of Vermont; Burlington VT USA
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11
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Abstract
Oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal being critical to cell survival, mammals have developed collateral vascular and ventilation systems to ensure tissue viability. Collateral ventilation, defined as ventilation of alveoli via pathways that bypass normal airways, is present in humans and many other species. The presence of collateral ventilation can be beneficial in certain disease states, whereas its relative absence can predispose to other diseases. These well defined anatomical pathways contribute little to ventilation in normal humans, but modulate ventilation perfusion imbalance in a variety of diseases, including obstructive diseases, such as asthma and emphysema. These pathways can be affected by pharmaceuticals and inhaled gas compositions. The middle lobe and lingula, constrained by their isolated, segmental anatomy, have reduced collateral ventilation, which predisposes them to disease. Recently, attempts to improve the quality of life of patients with emphysema, by performing nonsurgical lung volume reduction via use of endobronchial valves, have led to mixed results, because the role of collateral ventilation in the success or failure of the procedure was not initially appreciated. This review describes the anatomical pathways of collateral ventilation, their physiology and relationship to disease states, their modulatory effects on gas exchange, treatment considerations, and their effect on diagnostic procedures.
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12
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Bates JHT. Physiological Mechanisms of Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Obese Asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 54:618-23. [PMID: 26909510 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0019ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity affects the incidence and severity of asthma in at least two major phenotypes: an early-onset allergic (EOA) form that is complicated by obesity and a late-onset nonallergic (LONA) form that occurs only in the setting of obesity. Both groups exhibit airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine challenge but exhibit differential effects of weight loss. Measurements of lung function in patients with LONA obese asthma suggest that this group of individuals may simply be those unlucky enough to have airways that are more compliant than average, and that this leads to airway hyperresponsiveness at the reduced lung volumes caused by excess adipose tissue around the chest wall. In contrast, the frequent exacerbations in those with EOA obese asthma can potentially be explained by episodic inflammatory thickening of the airway wall synergizing with obesity-induced reductions in lung volume. These testable hypotheses are based on the strong likelihood that LONA and EOA obese asthma are distinct diseases. Both, however, may benefit from targeted therapeutics that impose elevations in lung volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H T Bates
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
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13
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Perez T, Chanez P, Dusser D, Devillier P. Prevalence and reversibility of lung hyperinflation in adult asthmatics with poorly controlled disease or significant dyspnea. Allergy 2016; 71:108-14. [PMID: 26466328 DOI: 10.1111/all.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In asthma, inflammation affects both the proximal and distal airways and may induce significant hyperinflation (HI). This study sought to evaluate the prevalence of HI in asthmatic patients with poorly controlled disease and/or dyspnea. METHODS Poor asthma control was defined by an Asthma Control Test (ACT) score <20 (n = 287), and dyspnea was defined as a modified Medical Research Council score ≥1 (n = 18). HI was defined as either a residual volume/total lung capacity (RV/TLC) above the upper limit of normal (RV-HI) or a functional residual capacity (FRC) >120% predicted (FRC-HI). HI reversibility after administration of salbutamol (400 μg) was defined as a decrease in RV >20% or a reduction in FRC >10%. Changes in dyspnea and chest tightness were evaluated on a visual analogue scale. RESULTS Both RV-HI and FRC-HI were observed in 48% of the 305 patients (mean ± SD age: 49 ± 17; FEV1 : 75 ± 18% predicted) included in the study. The prevalence of HI was higher in patients with a FEV1 <60% predicted (93% for RV-HI and 71% for FRC-HI, vs 21% and 41% in patients with a FEV1 > 80%). In patients with HI, the ACT score was lower and chest tightness higher. HI reversibility was obtained in 38% of the asthmatics with FRC-HI and 29% of the asthmatics with RV-HI, whereas FEV1 reversibility was obtained in half of these patients. CONCLUSIONS HI is highly prevalent in poorly controlled asthmatics suggesting small airway dysfunction and may represent an additional criteria for evaluating responsiveness to bronchodilators.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Perez
- Service de Pneumologie et des EFR; CHU Lille; et INSERM U1019; Université Lille; Lille France
| | - P. Chanez
- Clinique des Bronches; Allergie et Sommeil; Hôpital Nord; Chemin des Bourrelly; Marseille France
| | - D. Dusser
- Service de Pneumologie; Hôpital Cochin; AP-HP; Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
| | - P. Devillier
- UPRES EA 220; Université Versailles Saint-Quentin; Hôpital Foch; Suresnes France
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Chapman DG, Irvin CG. Mechanisms of airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma: the past, present and yet to come. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:706-19. [PMID: 25651937 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) has long been considered a cardinal feature of asthma. The development of the measurement of AHR 40 years ago initiated many important contributions to our understanding of asthma and other airway diseases. However, our understanding of AHR in asthma remains complicated by the multitude of potential underlying mechanisms which in reality are likely to have different contributions amongst individual patients. Therefore, the present review will discuss the current state of understanding of the major mechanisms proposed to contribute to AHR and highlight the way in which AHR testing is beginning to highlight distinct abnormalities associated with clinically relevant patient populations. In doing so we aim to provide a foundation by which future research can begin to ascribe certain mechanisms to specific patterns of bronchoconstriction and subsequently match phenotypes of bronchoconstriction with clinical phenotypes. We believe that this approach is not only within our grasp but will lead to improved mechanistic understanding of asthma phenotypes and we hoped to better inform the development of phenotype-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Chapman
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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15
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Altes TA, Mugler JP, Ruppert K, Tustison NJ, Gersbach J, Szentpetery S, Meyer CH, de Lange EE, Teague WG. Clinical correlates of lung ventilation defects in asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:789-96.e7. [PMID: 26521043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung ventilation defects identified by using hyperpolarized 3-helium gas ((3)He) lung magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are prevalent in asthmatic patients, but the clinical importance of ventilation defects is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES We sought to correlate the lung defect volume quantified by using (3)He MRI with clinical features in children with mild and severe asthma. METHODS Thirty-one children with asthma (median age, 10 years; age range, 3-17 years) underwent detailed characterization and (3)He lung MRI. Quantification of the (3)He signal defined ventilation defect and hypoventilated, ventilated, and well-ventilated volumes. RESULTS The ventilation defect to total lung volume fraction ranged from 0.1% to 11.6%. Children with ventilation defect percentages in the upper tercile were more likely to have severe asthma than children in the lower terciles (P = .005). The ventilation defect percentage correlated (P < .05 for all) positively with the inhaled corticosteroid dose, total number of controller medications, and total blood eosinophil counts and negatively with the Asthma Control Test score, FEV1 (percent predicted), FEV1/forced vital capacity ratio (percent predicted), and forced expiratory flow rate from 25% to 75% of expired volume (percent predicted). CONCLUSION The lung defect volume percentage measured by using (3)He MRI correlates with several clinical features of asthma, including severity, symptom score, medication requirement, airway physiology, and atopic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talissa A Altes
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Mo
| | - John P Mugler
- Division of Medical Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Va; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Kai Ruppert
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nicholas J Tustison
- Division of Medical Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Joanne Gersbach
- Division of Medical Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Sylvia Szentpetery
- Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Craig H Meyer
- Division of Medical Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Va; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Eduard E de Lange
- Division of Medical Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Va
| | - W Gerald Teague
- Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Va.
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Caverly LJ, Caceres SM, Fratelli C, Happoldt C, Kidwell KM, Malcolm KC, Nick JA, Nichols DP. Mycobacterium abscessus morphotype comparison in a murine model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117657. [PMID: 25675351 PMCID: PMC4326282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections with Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) are increasingly prevalent in patients with lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis. M. abscessus exists in two morphotypes, smooth and rough, but the impact of morphotype on virulence is unclear. We developed an immune competent mouse model of pulmonary M. abscessus infection and tested the differences in host inflammatory response between the morphotypes of M. abscessus. Smooth and rough morphotypes of M. abscessus were isolated from the same American Type Culture Collection strain. Wild type and cystic fibrosis mice were intratracheally inoculated with known quantities of M. abscessus suspended in fibrin plugs. At the time of sacrifice lung and splenic tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected and cultured. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for leukocyte count, differential and cytokine expression. Pulmonary infection with M. abscessus was present at both 3 days and 14 days post-inoculation in all groups at greater levels than systemic infection. Inoculation with M. abscessus rough morphotype resulted in more bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophils compared to smooth morphotype at 14 days post-inoculation in both wild type (p = 0.01) and cystic fibrosis (p<0.01) mice. Spontaneous in vivo conversion from smooth to rough morphotype occurred in 12/57 (21%) of mice. These mice trended towards greater weight loss than mice in which morphotype conversion did not occur. In the described fibrin plug model of M. abscessus infection, pulmonary infection with minimal systemic dissemination is achieved with both smooth and rough morphotypes. In this model M. abscessus rough morphotype causes a greater host inflammatory response than the smooth based on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophil levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J. Caverly
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia M. Caceres
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Cori Fratelli
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Carrie Happoldt
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kelley M. Kidwell
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kenneth C. Malcolm
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jerry A. Nick
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David P. Nichols
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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Hutchison AA, Leclerc F, Nève V, Pillow JJ, Robinson PD. The Respiratory System. PEDIATRIC AND NEONATAL MECHANICAL VENTILATION 2015. [PMCID: PMC7193717 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01219-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This chapter addresses upper airway physiology for the pediatric intensivist, focusing on functions that affect ventilation, with an emphasis on laryngeal physiology and control in breathing. Effective control of breathing ensures that the airway is protected, maintains volume homeostasis, and provides ventilation. Upper airway structures are effectors for all of these functions that affect the entire airway. Nasal functions include air conditioning and protective reflexes that can be exaggerated and involve circulatory changes. Oral cavity and pharyngeal patency enable airflow and feeding, but during sleep pharyngeal closure can result in apnea. Coordination of breathing with sucking and nutritive swallowing alters during development, while nonnutritive swallowing at all ages limits aspiration. Laryngeal functions in breathing include protection of the subglottic airway, active maintenance of its absolute volume, and control of tidal flow patterns. These are vital functions for normal lung growth in fetal life and during rapid adaptations to breathing challenges from birth through adulthood. Active central control of breathing focuses on the coordination of laryngeal and diaphragmatic activities, which adapts according to the integration of central and peripheral inputs. For the intensivist, knowledge of upper airway physiology can be applied to improve respiratory support. In a second part the mechanical properties of the respiratory system as a critical component of the chain of events that result in translation of the output of the respiratory rhythm generator to ventilation are described. A comprehensive understanding of respiratory mechanics is essential to the delivery of optimized and individualized mechanical ventilation. The basic elements of respiratory mechanics will be described and developmental changes in the airways, lungs, and chest wall that impact on measurement of respiratory mechanics with advancing postnatal age are reviewed. This will be follwowed by two sections, the first on respiratory mechanics in various neonatal pathologies and the second in pediatric pathologies. The latter can be classified in three categories. First, restrictive diseases may be of pulmonary origin, such as chronic interstitial lung diseases or acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, which are usually associated with reduced lung compliance. Restrictive diseases may also be due to chest wall abnormalities such as obesity or scoliosis (idiopathic or secondary to neuromuscular diseases), which are associated with a reduction in chest wall compliance. Second, obstructive diseases are represented by asthma and wheezing disorders, cystic fibrosis, long term sequelae of neonatal lung disease and bronchiolitis obliterans following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Obstructive diseases are defined by a reduced FEV1/VC ratio. Third, neuromuscular diseases, mainly represented by DMD and SMA, are associated with a decrease in vital capacity linked to respiratory muscle weakness that is better detected by PImax, PEmax and SNIP measurements.
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18
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Lessons learned from mice and man: mimicking human allergy through mouse models. Clin Immunol 2014; 155:1-16. [PMID: 25131136 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of using mouse models to represent human allergic pathologies is still unclear. Recent studies suggest the limitations of using models as a standard for assessing immune response and tolerance mechanisms, as mouse models often do not sufficiently depict human atopic conditions. Allergy is a combination of aberrant responses to innocuous environmental agents and the subsequent TH2-mediated inflammatory responses. In this review, we will discuss current paradigms of allergy - specifically, TH2-mediated and IgE-associated immune responses - and current mouse models used to recreate these TH2-mediated pathologies. Our overall goal is to highlight discrepancies that exist between mice and men by examining the advantages and disadvantages of allergic mouse models with respect to the human allergic condition.
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Longitudinal characterization of a model of chronic allergic lung inflammation in mice using imaging, functional and immunological methods. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 125:555-64. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20130086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the role that imaging could have for assessing lung inflammation in a mouse model of HDM (house dust mite)-provoked allergic inflammation. Inflammation is usually assessed using terminal procedures such as BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) and histopathology; however, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and CT (computed tomography) methods have the potential to allow longitudinal, repeated study of individual animals. Female BALB/c mice were administered daily either saline, or a solution of mixed HDM proteins sufficient to deliver a dose of 12 or 25 μg total HDM protein±budesonide (1 mg/kg of body weight, during weeks 5–7) for 7 weeks. AHR (airway hyper-responsiveness) and IgE measurements were taken on weeks 3, 5 and 7. Following imaging sessions at weeks 3, 5 and 7 lungs were prepared for histology. BAL samples were taken at week 7 and lungs prepared for histology. MRI showed a gradual weekly increase in LTI (lung tissue intensity) in animals treated with HDM compared with control. The 25 μg HDM group showed a continual significant increase in LTI between weeks 3 and 7, the 12 μg HDM-treated group showed a similar rate of increase, and plateaued by week 5. A corresponding increase in AHR, cell counts and IgE were observed. CT showed significant increases in lung tissue density from week 1 of HDM exposure and this was maintained throughout the 7 weeks. Budesonide treatment reversed the increase in tissue density. MRI and CT therefore provide non-invasive sensitive methods for longitudinally assessing lung inflammation. Lung tissue changes could be compared directly with the classical functional and inflammatory readouts, allowing more accurate assessments to be made within each animal and providing a clinically translatable approach.
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Hardaker KM, Downie SR, Kermode JA, Berend N, King GG, Salome CM. Ventilation heterogeneity is associated with airway responsiveness in asthma but not COPD. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 189:106-11. [PMID: 23876741 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) occurs in both asthma and COPD. In older people with asthma, AHR is associated with increased acinar ventilation heterogeneity, but it is unknown if this association exists in COPD. Thirty one COPD and 19 age-matched asthmatic subjects had measures of spirometry, lung volumes, exhaled nitric oxide, ventilation heterogeneity, and methacholine challenge. Indices of acinar (Sacin) and conducting (Scond) airway ventilation heterogeneity were calculated from the multiple breath nitrogen washout. Predictors of AHR were then determined. In COPD, AHR was predicted by lower Sacin and lower FVC (model r(2)=0.35, p=0.001). In asthma, AHR was predicted by higher Sacin and higher residual volume (model r(2)=0.62, p<0.001). These findings suggest that airway responsiveness in COPD and asthma is determined by underlying disease-specific processes, rather than a common pattern of physiological abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Hardaker
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, PO Box M77, Missenden Rd, Glebe NSW 2050, Australia; University of Sydney, Darlington, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Asthma and Airways, Glebe, Australia.
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21
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Meng J, Barnes CS, Rosenwasser LJ. Identity of the fungal species present in the homes of asthmatic children. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 42:1448-58. [PMID: 22994342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal exposures are believed to play an important role in the development of asthma and atopy, accounting for increased asthmatic symptoms and severe asthma exacerbation. Indoor fungal species vary both in taxa and concentration in different residences and in different regions. OBJECTIVES We explored the fungal species spectrum in 88 homes with at least one asthmatic child in the Middle West region of the United States mostly during late spring and fall season in comparison with 85 homes that did not contain an asthmatic child during flu season. METHODS The average fungal spore counts per cubic metre of air in the bedroom of the enrolled child, the main living spaces and outdoor environments, and the culturable fungal colony-forming units per cubic metre of air samples in the main living space from each home were measured. RESULTS The results indicated that Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Basidiospores, Epicoccum and Pithomyces were found in more asthmatic homes than in homes without an asthmatic child or existed in higher concentration in asthmatic homes than in homes without an asthmatic child even after adjusting outdoor spore concentration. The results for culturable fungal species confirmed most of these findings even after adjusting for seasonal factors. Although Alternaria was commonly found in both kinds of homes, there was no significant difference in detection rate or concentration of Alternaria between asthmatic homes and homes without an asthmatic child by either spore counting or culturable airborne detection. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Since many allergens have been identified in these fungal species, identifying and controlling these fungal species in asthmatic homes might be expected to improve asthma care and benefit asthmatic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Meng
- Department of Pediatric Immunology Research, The Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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Van Scott MR, Chandler J, Olmstead S, Brown JM, Mannie M. Airway Anatomy, Physiology, and Inflammation. THE TOXICANT INDUCTION OF IRRITANT ASTHMA, RHINITIS, AND RELATED CONDITIONS 2013. [PMCID: PMC7122617 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9044-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Farrow CE, Salome CM, Harris BE, Bailey DL, Bailey E, Berend N, Young IH, King GG. Airway closure on imaging relates to airway hyperresponsiveness and peripheral airway disease in asthma. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:958-66. [PMID: 22837168 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01618.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The regional pattern and extent of airway closure measured by three-dimensional ventilation imaging may relate to airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and peripheral airways disease in asthmatic subjects. We hypothesized that asthmatic airways are predisposed to closure during bronchoconstriction in the presence of ventilation heterogeneity and AHR. Fourteen asthmatic subjects (6 women) underwent combined ventilation single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography scans before and after methacholine challenge. Regional airway closure was determined by complete loss of ventilation following methacholine challenge. Peripheral airway disease was measured by multiple-breath nitrogen washout from which S(cond) (index of peripheral conductive airway abnormality) was derived. Relationships between airway closure and lung function were examined by multiple-linear regression. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s was 87.5 ± 15.8% predicted, and seven subjects had AHR. Methacholine challenge decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 s by 23 ± 5% and increased nonventilated volume from 16 ± 4 to 29 ± 13% of computed tomography lung volume. The increase in airway closure measured by nonventilated volume correlated independently with both S(cond) (partial R(2) = 0.22) and with AHR (partial R(2) = 0.38). The extent of airway closure induced by methacholine inhalation in asthmatic subjects is greater with increasing peripheral airways disease, as measured by ventilation heterogeneity, and with worse AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Farrow
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia.
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Auten RL, Gilmour MI, Krantz QT, Potts EN, Mason SN, Foster WM. Maternal diesel inhalation increases airway hyperreactivity in ozone-exposed offspring. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:454-60. [PMID: 22052876 PMCID: PMC3359947 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0256oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollutant exposure is linked with childhood asthma incidence and exacerbations, and maternal exposure to airborne pollutants during pregnancy increases airway hyperreactivity (AHR) in offspring. To determine if exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) during pregnancy worsened postnatal ozone-induced AHR, timed pregnant C57BL/6 mice were exposed to DE (0.5 or 2.0 mg/m(3)) 4 hours daily from Gestation Day 9-17, or received twice-weekly oropharyngeal aspirations of the collected DE particles (DEPs). Placentas and fetal lungs were harvested on Gestation Day 18 for cytokine analysis. In other litters, pups born to dams exposed to air or DE, or to dams treated with aspirated diesel particles, were exposed to filtered air or 1 ppm ozone beginning the day after birth, for 3 hours per day, 3 days per week for 4 weeks. Additional pups were monitored after a 4-week recovery period. Diesel inhalation or aspiration during pregnancy increased levels of placental and fetal lung cytokines. There were no significant effects on airway leukocytes, but prenatal diesel augmented ozone-induced elevations of bronchoalveolar lavage cytokines at 4 weeks. Mice born to the high-concentration diesel-exposed dams had worse ozone-induced AHR, which persisted in the 4-week recovery animals. Prenatal diesel exposure combined with postnatal ozone exposure also worsened secondary alveolar crest development. We conclude that maternal inhalation of DE in pregnancy provokes a fetal inflammatory response that, combined with postnatal ozone exposure, impairs alveolar development, and causes a more severe and long-lasting AHR to ozone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Auten
- Departments of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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26
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Riesenfeld EP, Irvin CG. Asthma treatment through the beta receptor: lessons from animal models. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2011; 3:1201-8. [PMID: 21622126 PMCID: PMC8669294 DOI: 10.2741/e323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a significant health problem worldwide with a prevalence that continues to rise and for which there is no cure. Animal models have been used for decades to investigate the cause and cures of asthma, and while they do not always mimic many of the facets of this syndrome, mechanistic animal studies are still nevertheless very useful. Animal studies with beta-agonists suggest much broader and perhaps more important roles for beta-agonists since beta-agonists reduce aspects of inflammation and may affect structural remodeling. Studies using enantiomers of beta-agonists provide a confusing picture of the degree and mechanism of the deleterious effects of racemic mixtures and/or the S-enantiomer or other classes of beta-agonists. Neural mechanisms are implicated. The future holds a promise of even more insight into the mechanisms of the acute and chronic role of the beta-adrenoceptor, asthma therapeutics, in particular, beta-agonists that will lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik P Riesenfeld
- Vermont Lung Center, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0075, USA
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Hardaker KM, Downie SR, Kermode JA, Farah CS, Brown NJ, Berend N, King GG, Salome CM. Predictors of airway hyperresponsiveness differ between old and young patients with asthma. Chest 2011; 139:1395-1401. [PMID: 21454398 DOI: 10.1378/chest.10-1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related increases in morbidity and mortality due to asthma may be due to changes in pathophysiology as patients with asthma get older. There is limited knowledge about the effects of age on the predictors of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a key feature of asthma. The aim of this study was to determine if the pathophysiologic predictors of AHR, including inflammation, ventilation heterogeneity, and airway closure, differed between young and old patients with asthma. METHODS Sixty-one young (18-46 years) and 43 old (50-80 years) patients with asthma had lung function, lung volumes, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide, ventilation heterogeneity, and airway responsiveness to methacholine measured. Airway response to methacholine was measured by the dose-response slope, as the percent fall in FEV(1) per micromole of methacholine. Indices of ventilation heterogeneity were calculated for convection-dependent and diffusion-dependent airways. RESULTS In young patients with asthma, the independent predictors of AHR were convection-dependent ventilation heterogeneity, exhaled nitric oxide, and % predicted FEV(1)/FVC (model r(2) = 0.51, P < .0001). In old patients with asthma, the independent predictors of airway responsiveness were % predicted residual volume, diffusion-dependent ventilation heterogeneity, and % predicted FEV(1) (model r(2) = 0.57, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS In old patients with asthma, AHR is predicted by gas trapping and ventilation heterogeneity in peripheral, diffusion-dependent airways. In the young, it is predicted by ventilation heterogeneity in less peripheral conducting airways and by inflammation. These findings suggest that there are differences in the pathophysiologic determinants of AHR between young and old patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Hardaker
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Asthma and Airways, Glebe, Australia.
| | - Sue R Downie
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Asthma and Airways, Glebe, Australia
| | - Jessica A Kermode
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Asthma and Airways, Glebe, Australia
| | - Claude S Farah
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Asthma and Airways, Glebe, Australia
| | - Nathan J Brown
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Asthma and Airways, Glebe, Australia
| | - Norbert Berend
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Asthma and Airways, Glebe, Australia
| | - Gregory G King
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Asthma and Airways, Glebe, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheryl M Salome
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Asthma and Airways, Glebe, Australia
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Katz IM, Martin AR, Muller PA, Terzibachi K, Feng CH, Caillibotte G, Sandeau J, Texereau J. The ventilation distribution of helium-oxygen mixtures and the role of inertial losses in the presence of heterogeneous airway obstructions. J Biomech 2011; 44:1137-43. [PMID: 21316683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The regional distribution of inhaled gas within the lung is affected in part by normal variations in airway geometry or by obstructions resulting from disease. In the present work, the effects of heterogeneous airway obstructions on the distribution of air and helium-oxygen were examined using an in vitro model, the two compartments of a dual adult test lung. Breathing helium-oxygen resulted in a consistently more uniform distribution, with the gas volume delivered to a severely obstructed compartment increased by almost 80%. An engineering approach to pipe flow was used to analyze the test lung and was extrapolated to a human lung model to show that the in vitro experimental parameters are relevant to the observed in vivo conditions. The engineering analysis also showed that helium-oxygen can decrease the relative weight of the flow resistance due to obstructions if they are inertial in nature (i.e., density dependent) due to either turbulence or laminar convective losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira M Katz
- Medical Gases Group, Air Liquide Santé International, Centre de Recherche Claude Delorme, 1 Chemin de la Porte des Loges, B.P. 126, Les Loges-en-Josas 78354, France.
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Evans SE, Xu Y, Tuvim MJ, Dickey BF. Inducible innate resistance of lung epithelium to infection. Annu Rev Physiol 2010; 72:413-35. [PMID: 20148683 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most studies of innate immunity have focused on leukocytes such as neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells. However, epithelial cells play key roles in innate defenses that include providing a mechanical barrier to microbial entry, signaling to leukocytes, and directly killing pathogens. Importantly, all these defenses are highly inducible in response to the sensing of microbial and host products. In healthy lungs, the level of innate immune epithelial function is low at baseline. This is indicated by low levels of spontaneous microbial killing and cytokine release, reflecting low constitutive stimulation in the nearly sterile lower respiratory tract when mucociliary clearance mechanisms are functioning effectively. This contrasts with the colon, where bacteria are continuously present and epithelial cells are constitutively activated. Although the surface area of the lungs presents a large target for microbial invasion, activated lung epithelial cells that are closely apposed to deposited pathogens are ideally positioned for microbial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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30
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31
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Deesomchok A, Fisher T, Webb KA, Ora J, Lam YM, Lougheed MD, O'Donnell DE. Effects of obesity on perceptual and mechanical responses to bronchoconstriction in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 181:125-33. [PMID: 19910609 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200906-0934oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The influence of obesity on the perception of respiratory discomfort during acute bronchoconstriction in asthma is unknown. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that the respiratory impairment associated with an increased body mass index (BMI) would predispose to greater perceived symptom intensity during acute airway narrowing. We therefore compared relationships between induced changes in dyspnea intensity and lung function during methacholine (MCh) bronchoprovocation in obese (OBA) and normal-weight (NWA) individuals with asthma of mild to moderate severity. METHODS High-dose MCh challenge tests to a maximum 50% decrease in FEV(1) were conducted in 51 NWA (BMI, 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2); 29% male) and 45 OBA (BMI, 30.1-51.4 kg/m(2); 33% male) between 20 and 60 years of age. Serial spirometry, inspiratory capacity (IC), plethysmographic end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) and dyspnea intensity using the Borg scale were measured throughout bronchoprovocation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Spirometry and airway sensitivity were similar in both groups; baseline EELV was lower (P < 0.0005) and IC was higher (P = 0.007) in OBA compared with NWA. From baseline to PC(20), EELV increased more in OBA (20% predicted) than NWA (13% predicted) (P = 0.008) with concomitant greater reductions in IC (P < 0.0005). Dyspnea ratings were not different for a given FEV(1) or IC across groups. By mixed effects regression analysis, relationships between induced dyspnea and changes in lung function parameters were not influenced by BMI, sex, or their interaction. CONCLUSIONS Perceptual responses to MCh-induced bronchoconstriction and lung hyperinflation were similar in obese and normal-weight individuals with asthma despite significant group differences in baseline lung volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athavudh Deesomchok
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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