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Mizoguchi E, Sadanaga T, Nanni L, Wang S, Mizoguchi A. Recently Updated Role of Chitinase 3-like 1 on Various Cell Types as a Major Influencer of Chronic Inflammation. Cells 2024; 13:678. [PMID: 38667293 PMCID: PMC11049018 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitinase 3-like 1 (also known as CHI3L1 or YKL-40) is a mammalian chitinase that has no enzymatic activity, but has the ability to bind to chitin, the polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Chitin is a component of fungi, crustaceans, arthropods including insects and mites, and parasites, but it is completely absent from mammals, including humans and mice. In general, chitin-containing organisms produce mammalian chitinases, such as CHI3L1, to protect the body from exogenous pathogens as well as hostile environments, and it was thought that it had a similar effect in mammals. However, recent studies have revealed that CHI3L1 plays a pathophysiological role by inducing anti-apoptotic activity in epithelial cells and macrophages. Under chronic inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, many groups already confirmed that the expression of CHI3L1 is significantly induced on the apical side of epithelial cells, and activates many downstream pathways involved in inflammation and carcinogenesis. In this review article, we summarize the expression of CHI3L1 under chronic inflammatory conditions in various disorders and discuss the potential roles of CHI3L1 in those disorders on various cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Mizoguchi
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (T.S.); (S.W.); (A.M.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Takayuki Sadanaga
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (T.S.); (S.W.); (A.M.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Linda Nanni
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (T.S.); (S.W.); (A.M.)
| | - Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (T.S.); (S.W.); (A.M.)
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Jiang L, Yan H. Cloning and biochemical characterization of a recombinant chitinase encoded by the CHT4 gene from Candida albicans. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 211:106343. [PMID: 37536579 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
As one of the major components in the fungal cell wall, chitin is a polymer of β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine. Chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes that break down glycosidic bonds in the chitin. The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans has three chitinase-encoding genes, CaCHT1, CaCHT2 and CaCHT3. The CaCHT4 gene encodes a protein with the glycoside hydrolase family GH18 domain, Glyco_18, which suggests that CaCht4 might be a chitinase. In the present study, we have cloned, expressed and purified the N-terminally His6-tagged CaCht4 protein from bacterial cells. Further biochemical characterization has shown that this recombinant CaCht4 protein shows both exochitinase (chitobiosidase) and endochitinase activities, but has no N-acetylglucosaminase activity. The optimal temperature for the exochitinase activity of CaCht4 is 55 °C. Taken together, these data support that the CaCHT4 gene encodes a chitinase. Our finding provides a basis for us to understand the biological functions of the CaCHT4 gene in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghuo Jiang
- Laboratory of Yeast Biology and Fermentation Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China.
| | - Hongbo Yan
- Department of Food Science, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
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Jiang L, Yan H. Cloning, expression, purification and biochemical characterization of the recombinant chitinase enzyme encoded by CTS2 in the budding yeast. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 208-209:106294. [PMID: 37150231 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a polymer of β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and plays a central role in the assembly of the fungal cell wall. Chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes that break down glycosidic bonds in the chitin. Chitinases are classified into three categories, endochitinases, exochitinases and N-acetylglucosaminases, according to the manner in which the enzyme cleaves the chitin polymer. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two chitinase-encoding genes, CTS1 and CTS2. However, whether Cts2p shows a chitinase activity remains unknown. In this study, we have cloned, expressed and purified the recombinant Cts2p protein from bacterial cells. We have demonstrated that Cts2p has a higher chitobiosidase (exochitinase) activity than endochitinase activity, but no N-acetylglucosaminase activity. The optimal temperature for the chitobiosidase activity of Cts2p is 37 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghuo Jiang
- Laboratory of Yeast Biology and Fermentation Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China.
| | - Hongbo Yan
- Department of Food Science, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
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Hong DE, Yu JE, Lee JW, Son DJ, Lee HP, Kim Y, Chang JY, Lee DW, Lee WK, Yun J, Han SB, Hwang BY, Hong JT. A Natural CHI3L1-Targeting Compound, Ebractenoid F, Inhibits Lung Cancer Cell Growth and Migration and Induces Apoptosis by Blocking CHI3L1/AKT Signals. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010329. [PMID: 36615523 PMCID: PMC9822003 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Our previous big data analyses reported a strong association between CHI3L1 expression and lung tumor development. In this present study, we investigated whether a CHI3L1-inhibiting natural compound, ebractenoid F, inhibits lung cancer cell growth and migration and induces apoptosis. Ebractenoid F concentration-dependently (0, 17, 35, 70 µM) and significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of A549 and H460 lung cancer cells and induced apoptosis. In the mechanism study, we found that ebractenoid F bound to CHI3L1 and suppressed CHI3L1-associated AKT signaling. Combined treatment with an AKT inhibitor, LY294002, and ebractenoid F synergistically decreased the expression of CHI3L1. Moreover, the combination treatment further inhibited the growth and migration of lung cancer cells and further induced apoptosis, as well as the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins. Thus, our data demonstrate that ebractenoid F may serve as a potential anti-lung cancer compound targeting CHI3L1-associated AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Eun Hong
- Medical Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, 194-21, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yu
- Medical Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, 194-21, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Medical Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, 194-21, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ju Son
- Medical Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, 194-21, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Pom Lee
- Medical Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, 194-21, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Medical Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, 194-21, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Chang
- Medical Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, 194-21, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Won Lee
- Medical Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, 194-21, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyu Lee
- Department of New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation (KBio Health), Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- Medical Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, 194-21, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bae Han
- Medical Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, 194-21, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- Medical Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, 194-21, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- Medical Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, 194-21, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-261-2813; Fax: +82-43-268-2732
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Çeliktürk E, Salt Ö, Sayhan MB, Dıbırdık İ. A novel biomarker in acute cholecystitis: YKL-40. Asian J Surg 2022; 46:1564-1570. [PMID: 36241524 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2022.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of a specific biomarker that can be used in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis, a common cause of admission to the emergency department, delays physician efforts to diagnose and treat these patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure plasma YKL-40 levels and investigate their diagnostic value in patients with acute cholecystitis (AC). METHODS This study was carried out between February 2020 and September 2020 in the adult emergency department of a tertiary university hospital. Permission was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Scientific Research on 03/02/2020 with Decision No. 03/16. The study included 80 patients who were diagnosed with acute cholecystitis and 80 healthy volunteers without known chronic diseases. RESULTS The median YKL-40 protein level was 798.66 pq/mL in the patient group and 392.45 pq/mL in the control group. A statistically significant difference in YKL-40 protein levels was found between the two groups. YKL-40 protein levels were significantly higher in patients diagnosed with acute cholecystitis than in healthy individuals (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between YKL-40 protein levels and ALT, AST, LDH, and GGT levels (r = 0.272, p = 0.015; r = 0.397, p < 0.001; r = 0.386, p < 0.001; and r = 0.264, p = 0.018; respectively). CONCLUSION When evaluated together with physical examination, radiological imaging and other laboratory parameters, we think that plasma YKL-40 levels can be used effectively in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.
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Lee YS, Yu JE, Kim KC, Lee DH, Son DJ, Lee HP, Jung JK, Kim ND, Ham YW, Yun J, Han SB, Hong JT. A small molecule targeting CHI3L1 inhibits lung metastasis by blocking IL-13Rα2-mediated JNK-AP-1 signals. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:508-526. [PMID: 34758182 PMCID: PMC8763653 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous big data analyses showed a high level of association between chitinase 3 like1 (CHI3L1) expression and lung tumor development. In the present study, we investigated whether a CHI3L1‐inhibiting chemical, 2‐({3‐[2‐(1‐cyclohexen‐1‐yl)ethyl]‐6,7‐dimethoxy‐4‐oxo‐3,4‐dihydro‐2‐quinazolinyl}sulfanyl)‐N‐(4‐ethylphenyl)butanamide (K284), could inhibit lung metastasis and studied its mechanism of action. We investigated the antitumor effect of K284 both in vitro and in vivo. K284 (0.5 mg·kg−1 body weight) significantly inhibited lung metastasis in in vivo models after injection of murine melanoma cells (B16F10) or adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549). K284 significantly and concentration‐dependently also inhibited cancer cell proliferation and migration in the A549 and H460 lung cancer cell lines. We found that the binding of K284 to the chitin‐binding domain (CBD) of CHI3L1 prevented the binding of CHI3L1 to its receptor, interleukin‐13 receptor subunit alpha‐2 (IL‐13Rα2), thereby suppressing the CHI3L1 signal. This blocking of the CHI3L1‐IL‐13Rα2 signal caused the inhibition of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK)‐activator protein 1 (AP‐1) signals, resulting in the prevention of lung metastasis and cancer cell growth. Our data demonstrate that K284 may serve as a potential candidate anticancer compound targeting CHI3L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yu
- College of Pharmacy & Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ki Cheon Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Dong Ju Son
- College of Pharmacy & Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hee Pom Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Jung
- College of Pharmacy & Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | | | - Young Wan Ham
- Department of Chemistry, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT, USA
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- College of Pharmacy & Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy & Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy & Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Feibi Recipe Reduced Pulmonary Fibrosis Induced by Bleomycin in Mice by Regulating BRP39/IL-17 and TGF β1/Smad3 Signal Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:5814658. [PMID: 33101446 PMCID: PMC7576352 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5814658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fibrotic remodeling has become the result of many lung diseases, and these disorders can be categorized with known as well as unknown etiologies. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most fatal disease among the unknown etiology. TGFβ1/Smad3 signal pathway plays an important role in lung fibrosis and epithelial regeneration. This study investigated the effects and mechanism of Feibi Recipe (FBR) on pulmonary fibrosis. In this experiment, C57BL/6 mice were used and bleomycin was used to induce the lung injury. Meanwhile, the study showed a significant reduction in pathological response and mediators of inflammation and fibrosis such as IL-6, ICAM-1, IL-13, IL-17, BRP-39, TGFβ1, Smad3, and Smad7 were identified. Collectively, the FBR appears to attenuate the lung injury and the modeling of fibrosis in mice.
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Tamang S, Acharya V, Roy D, Sharma R, Aryaa A, Sharma U, Khandelwal A, Prakash H, Vasquez KM, Jain A. SNHG12: An LncRNA as a Potential Therapeutic Target and Biomarker for Human Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:901. [PMID: 31620362 PMCID: PMC6759952 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Limitations in current diagnostic procedures warrant identification of new methodologies to improve diagnoses of cancer patients. In this context, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as stable biomarkers which are expressed abundantly in tumors. Importantly, these can be detected at all stages of tumor development, and thus may provide potential biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets. Recently, we suggested that aberrant levels of lncRNAs can be used to determine the invasive and metastatic potential of tumor cells. Further, direct correlations of lncRNAs with cancer-derived inflammation, metastasis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and other hallmarks of cancer indicate their potential as biomarkers and targets for cancer. Thus, in this review we have discussed the importance of small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12), a lncRNA, as a potential biomarker for a variety of cancers. A meta-analysis of a large cohort of cancer patients revealed that SNHG12 may also serve as a potential target for cancer-directed interventions due to its involvement in unfolded protein responses, which many tumor cells exploit to both evade immune-mediated attack and enhance the polarization of effector immune cells (e.g., macrophages and T cells). Thus, we propose that SNHG12 may serve as both a biomarker and a druggable therapeutic target with promising clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraksha Tamang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Varnali Acharya
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Deepronil Roy
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Rinka Sharma
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Apeksha Aryaa
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Uttam Sharma
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Akanksha Khandelwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Hridayesh Prakash
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Karen M Vasquez
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Li F, Sheng Z, Lan H, Xu J, Li J. Downregulated CHI3L1 alleviates skeletal muscle stem cell injury in a mouse model of sepsis. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:214-225. [PMID: 31463997 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is an acute systemic inflammatory response of the body to microbial infection and a life-threatening condition associated with multiple organ failure. Recent data suggest that sepsis survivors present with long-term myopathy due to the dysfunction of skeletal muscle stem cells and satellite cells. Accumulating studies have implicated chitinase-3-like-1 protein (CHI3L1) in a variety of infectious diseases, specifically sepsis. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to elucidate the potential mechanism by which CHI3L1 is involved in the injury of skeletal muscle stem cells in mouse models of sepsis. An in vitro cell model was developed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in vivo mouse model of sepsis was induced by CRP-like protein (CLP). To elucidate the biological significance behind the silencing of CHI3L1, modeled skeletal muscle stem cells and mice were treated with siRNA against CHI3L1 or overexpressed CHI3L1. Highly expressed CHI3L1 was found in skeletal muscle tissues of mice with sepsis. Besides, siRNA-mediated silencing of CHI3L1 was revealed to increase Bcl-2 expression along with cell proliferation, while diminishing Bax expression, cell apopstosis as well as serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, INF-γ, IL-10, and IL-6. Taken conjointly, this present study provided evidence suggesting that downregulation of CHI3L1 has the potential to prevent the injury of skeletal muscle stem cells in mice with sepsis. Collectively, CHI3L1 may serve as a valuable therapeutic strategy in alleviating sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxing Li
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Sheng
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibing Lan
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianning Xu
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Juxiang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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Abe K, Nakamura Y, Yamauchi K, Maemondo M. Role of genetic variations of chitinase 3- like 1 in bronchial asthmatic patients. Clin Mol Allergy 2018; 16:9. [PMID: 29618952 PMCID: PMC5880007 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-018-0086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) are associated with bronchial severity and pulmonary function. CHI3L1 proteins are involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses; however, to date, the correlation of these SNPs and their age of onset of bronchial asthma has not been demonstrated. Methods To address the role of these genetic variations, 390 patients with well-controlled bronchial asthma and living in Japan were recruited, genotyped, and had a pulmonary function test performed on them in this study. To analyze the concentration levels of CHI3L1 protein, bronchial lavage fluids were examined. Results Forced expiratory volume in one second, %predicted (%FEV1), was significantly decreased in homozygotes of rs1214194 compared to heterozygotes and wild type. The age of onset of adult bronchial asthma was significantly younger in GG homozygotes of rs4950928 and AA homozygotes of rs1214194 than in the other two genotypes. The concentration of CHI3L1 protein in bronchial lavage fluid increased in both homozygotes of rs4950928 and rs1214194. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that the homozygotes of rs4950928 and rs1214194 of CHI3L1 might predict an early onset of bronchial asthma and have the propensity to promote airway remodeling. Trial registration JMA-IIA00045 remodeling-ICS
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Abe
- 1Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, 0208505 Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakamura
- 2Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Tokyo, 1138603 Japan
| | - Kohei Yamauchi
- 1Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, 0208505 Japan
| | - Makoto Maemondo
- 1Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, 0208505 Japan
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Hamilton G, Rath B. Circulating tumor cell interactions with macrophages: implications for biology and treatment. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2017; 6:418-430. [PMID: 28904886 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2017.07.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and metastasis are closely associated with inflammation. Macrophages are important effector cells in enhancing tumor proliferation, invasion and providing protection against the immune system. Despite advanced knowledge of tumor-macrophage interactions, the role of macrophages in emergence and invasion of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is not known. A series of six CTC cell lines have been derived from blood of patients with extensive disease small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC) in our lab, most likely representing a homogenous cell population of the actual metastasis-initiating cells (MIC) of CTCs. SCLC has an unfavorable prognosis due to rapid dissemination and early chemoresistant relapses. SCLC CTCs recruit macrophages and elicit secretion of various cytokines and the six CTC lines express chitinase-3-like-1 (CHI3L1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) in abundance. CHI3L1 is cytokine/growth factor expressed in inflammation and cancer and found to be correlated to metastasis and a dismal prognosis. In conclusion, SCLC CTCs have acquired the essential means for aggressiveness and invasion in a tumor microenvironment specifically shaped by macrophages and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hamilton
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Rath
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Low D, Subramaniam R, Lin L, Aomatsu T, Mizoguchi A, Ng A, DeGruttola AK, Lee CG, Elias JA, Andoh A, Mino-Kenudson M, Mizoguchi E. Chitinase 3-like 1 induces survival and proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells during chronic inflammation and colitis-associated cancer by regulating S100A9. Oncotarget 2017; 6:36535-50. [PMID: 26431492 PMCID: PMC4742194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many host-factors are inducibly expressed during the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), each having their unique properties, such as immune activation, bacterial clearance, and tissue repair/remodeling. Dysregulation/imbalance of these factors may have pathogenic effects that can contribute to colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Previous reports showed that IBD patients inducibly express colonic chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) that is further upregulated during CAC development. However, little is known about the direct pathogenic involvement of CHI3L1 in vivo. Here we demonstrate that CHI3L1 (aka Brp39) knockout (KO) mice treated with azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) developed severe colitis but lesser incidence of CAC as compared to that in wild-type (WT) mice. Highest CHI3L1 expression was found during the chronic phase of colitis, rather than the acute phase, and is essential to promote intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) proliferation in vivo. This CHI3L1-mediated cell proliferation/survival involves partial downregulation of the pro-apoptotic S100A9 protein that is highly expressed during the acute phase of colitis, by binding to the S100A9 receptor, RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products). This interaction disrupts the S100A9-associated expression positive feedback loop during early immune activation, creating a CHI3L1hi S100A9low colonic environment, especially in the later phase of colitis, which promotes cell proliferation/survival of both normal IECs and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren Low
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Renuka Subramaniam
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tomoki Aomatsu
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Aylwin Ng
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arianna K DeGruttola
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jack A Elias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Akira Andoh
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology & Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emiko Mizoguchi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for The Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Kang MJ, Yoon CM, Nam M, Kim DH, Choi JM, Lee CG, Elias JA. Role of Chitinase 3-Like-1 in Interleukin-18-Induced Pulmonary Type 1, Type 2, and Type 17 Inflammation; Alveolar Destruction; and Airway Fibrosis in the Murine Lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 53:863-71. [PMID: 25955511 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0366oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinase 3-like 1 (Chi3l1), which is also called YKL-40 in humans and BRP-39 in mice, is the prototypic chitinase-like protein. Recent studies have highlighted its impressive ability to regulate the nature of tissue inflammation and the magnitude of tissue injury and fibroproliferative repair. This can be appreciated in studies that highlight its induction after cigarette smoke exposure, during which it inhibits alveolar destruction and the genesis of pulmonary emphysema. IL-18 is also known to be induced and activated by cigarette smoke, and, in murine models, the IL-18 pathway has been shown to be necessary and sufficient to generate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-like inflammation, fibrosis, and tissue destruction. However, the relationship between Chi3l1 and IL-18 has not been defined. To address this issue we characterized the expression of Chi3l1/BRP-39 in control and lung-targeted IL-18 transgenic mice. We also characterized the effects of transgenic IL-18 in mice with wild-type and null Chi3l1 loci. The former studies demonstrated that IL-18 is a potent stimulator of Chi3l1/BRP-39 and that this stimulation is mediated via IFN-γ-, IL-13-, and IL-17A-dependent mechanisms. The latter studies demonstrated that, in the absence of Chi3l1/BRP-39, IL-18 induced type 2 and type 17 inflammation and fibrotic airway remodeling were significantly ameliorated, whereas type 1 inflammation, emphysematous alveolar destruction, and the expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte perforin, granzyme, and retinoic acid early transcript 1 expression were enhanced. These studies demonstrate that IL-18 is a potent stimulator of Chi3l1 and that Chi3l1 is an important mediator of IL-18-induced inflammatory, fibrotic, alveolar remodeling, and cytotoxic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jong Kang
- 1 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Chang Min Yoon
- 1 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Milang Nam
- 1 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Do-Hyun Kim
- 3 Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, and.,4 Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- 3 Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, and.,4 Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- 2 Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Jack A Elias
- 1 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
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14
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Libreros S, Iragavarapu-Charyulu V. YKL-40/CHI3L1 drives inflammation on the road of tumor progression. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:931-6. [PMID: 26310833 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3vmr0415-142r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a vital role at different stages of tumor progression. The development of tumors is affected by inflammatory mediators produced by the tumor and the host. YKL-40/chitinase-3-like-1 protein is often up-regulated in inflammation-associated diseases. With the use of chronic inflammatory disease systems, we describe the role of YKL-40/chitinase-3-like-1 protein in enhancing the inflammatory response and its implications in tumorigenesis. We also discuss how pre-existing inflammation enhances tumor growth and metastasis. In this mini-review, we highlight the effect of YKL-40/chitinase-3-like-1 protein-associated inflammation in promoting tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephania Libreros
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Vijaya Iragavarapu-Charyulu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
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15
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Hamilton G, Rath B, Burghuber O. Chitinase-3-like-1/YKL-40 as marker of circulating tumor cells. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015. [PMID: 26207216 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2015.04.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo expansion of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients enabled systematic screening of secreted cytokines. Permanent CTC cultures of different patients shared secretion of chitinase-3-like-1 (CHI3L1)/YKL-40, known to be upregulated in a range of tumor entities and to be associated with increased metastasis and decreased survival. This protein lacks enzymatic activity and its mechanism of promoting tumor dissemination has not been resolved. Results from SCLC CTC cultures suggest CHI3L1 as marker and important effector of tumor cell dissemination in the peripheral blood. Furthermore, this protein may link chronic inflammation of the lung, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hamilton
- 1 Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster of Translational Oncology, A-1090 Vienna, Austria ; 2 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Rath
- 1 Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster of Translational Oncology, A-1090 Vienna, Austria ; 2 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Otto Burghuber
- 1 Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster of Translational Oncology, A-1090 Vienna, Austria ; 2 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology, 1140 Vienna, Austria
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16
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Kültz D, Li J, Sacchi R, Morin D, Buckpitt A, Van Winkle L. Alterations in the proteome of the respiratory tract in response to single and multiple exposures to naphthalene. Proteomics 2015; 15:2655-68. [PMID: 25825134 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein adduction is considered to be critical to the loss of cellular homeostasis associated with environmental chemicals undergoing metabolic activation. Despite considerable effort, our understanding of the key proteins mediating the pathologic consequences from protein modification by electrophiles is incomplete. This work focused on naphthalene (NA) induced acute injury of respiratory epithelial cells and tolerance which arises after multiple toxicant doses to define the initial cellular proteomic response and later protective actions related to tolerance. Airways and nasal olfactory epithelium from mice exposed to 15 ppm NA either for 4 h (acute) or for 4 h/day × 7 days (tolerant) were used for label-free protein quantitation by LC/MS/MS. Cytochrome P450 2F2 and secretoglobin 1A1 are decreased dramatically in airways of mice exposed for 4 h, a finding consistent with the fact that CYPs are localized primarily in Clara cells. A number of heat shock proteins and protein disulfide isomerases, which had previously been identified as adduct targets for reactive metabolites from several lung toxicants, were upregulated in airways but not olfactory epithelium of tolerant mice. Protein targets that are upregulated in tolerance may be key players in the pathophysiology associated with reactive metabolite protein adduction. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000846 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000846).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Johnathon Li
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Romina Sacchi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dexter Morin
- Depatment of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alan Buckpitt
- Depatment of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laura Van Winkle
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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17
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Libreros S, Garcia-Areas R, Keating P, Gazaniga N, Robinson P, Humbles A, Iragavarapu-Charyulu VL. Allergen induced pulmonary inflammation enhances mammary tumor growth and metastasis: Role of CHI3L1. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:929-940. [PMID: 25765679 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0214-114rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of mortality in women with breast cancer. Metastasis to the lungs is greater in patients with pulmonary inflammatory illnesses. It is unknown how pre-existing pulmonary inflammation affects mammary tumor progression. We developed a novel breast cancer model in which pulmonary inflammation is induced in mice prior to tumor cell implantation. In the present study, we determined how pre-existing allergen-induced inflammation changes the pulmonary microenvironment to exacerbate tumor metastasis. We showed that pre-existing pulmonary inflammation in mammary tumor bearers is associated with: 1) an increase in growth of the primary tumor and metastasis; 2) an increase in the expression of a glycoprotein known as CHI3L1; and 3) increase in the levels of myeloid populations in their lungs. We also showed that myeloid derived cells from the lungs of allergic tumor bearers produce higher amounts of CHI3L1 than the saline controls. We previously showed that CHI3L1 induces the expression of proinflammatory and protumorigenic molecules. In this study, we show that CHI3L1 knockout tumor bearers with pre-existing allergic pulmonary inflammation had decreased levels of myeloid-derived cells, decreased levels of proinflammatory mediators, and a significant reduction in tumor volume and metastasis compared with the wild-type controls. Pre-existing inflammation and CHI3L1 might be driving the establishment of a premetastatic milieu in the lungs and aiding in the support of metastatic foci. Understanding the role of allergen-induced CHI3L1 and inflammation in tumor bearers and its effects on the pulmonary microenvironment could result in targeted therapies for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephania Libreros
- *Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; and MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Ramon Garcia-Areas
- *Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; and MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Keating
- *Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; and MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathalia Gazaniga
- *Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; and MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip Robinson
- *Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; and MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison Humbles
- *Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; and MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Vijaya L Iragavarapu-Charyulu
- *Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; and MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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18
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Broytman O, Braun RK, Morgan BJ, Pegelow DF, Hsu PN, Mei LS, Koya AK, Eldridge M, Teodorescu M. Effects of Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia on Allergen-Induced Airway Inflammation in Rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:162-70. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0213oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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19
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Ganguly K, Martin TM, Concel VJ, Upadhyay S, Bein K, Brant KA, George L, Mitra A, Thimraj TA, Fabisiak JP, Vuga LJ, Fattman C, Kaminski N, Schulz H, Leikauf GD. Secreted phosphoprotein 1 is a determinant of lung function development in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 51:637-51. [PMID: 24816281 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0471oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) is located within quantitative trait loci associated with lung function that was previously identified by contrasting C3H/HeJ and JF1/Msf mouse strains that have extremely divergent lung function. JF1/Msf mice with diminished lung function had reduced lung SPP1 transcript and protein during the peak stage of alveologenesis (postnatal day [P]14-P28) as compared with C3H/HeJ mice. In addition to a previously identified genetic variant that altered runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) binding in the Spp1 promoter, we identified another promoter variant in a putative RUNX2 binding site that increased the DNA protein binding. SPP1 induced dose-dependent mouse lung epithelial-15 cell proliferation. Spp1((-/-)) mice have decreased specific total lung capacity/body weight, higher specific compliance, and increased mean airspace chord length (Lm) compared with Spp1((+/+)) mice. Microarray analysis revealed enriched gene ontogeny categories, with numerous genes associated with lung development and/or respiratory disease. Insulin-like growth factor 1, Hedgehog-interacting protein, wingless-related mouse mammary tumor virus integration site 5A, and NOTCH1 transcripts decreased in the lung of P14 Spp1((-/-)) mice as determined by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. SPP1 promotes pneumocyte growth, and mice lacking SPP1 have smaller, more compliant lungs with enlarged airspace (i.e., increased Lm). Microarray analysis suggests a dysregulation of key lung developmental transcripts in gene-targeted Spp1((-/-)) mice, particularly during the peak phase of alveologenesis. In addition to its known roles in lung disease, this study supports SPP1 as a determinant of lung development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koustav Ganguly
- 1 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health
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