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Kårlund A, Paukkonen I, Gómez-Gallego C, Kolehmainen M. Intestinal Exposure to Food-Derived Protease Inhibitors: Digestion Physiology- and Gut Health-Related Effects. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1002. [PMID: 34442141 PMCID: PMC8394810 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9081002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived protease inhibitors (PI), such as Bowman-Birk inhibitors and Kunitz-type inhibitors, have been suggested to negatively affect dietary protein digestion by blocking the activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the human gastrointestinal system. In addition, some PIs may possess proinflammatory activities. However, there is also scientific evidence on some beneficial effects of PIs, for example, gut-related anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive activities in vitro and in vivo. Some PIs are sensitive to processing and digestion; thus, their survival is an important aspect when considering their positive and negative bioactivities. The aim of this review was to evaluate the relevance of PIs in protein digestion in humans and to discuss the potential of PIs from whole foods and as purified compounds in decreasing symptoms of bowel-related conditions. Based on the reviewed literature, we concluded that while the complex interactions affecting plant protein digestibility and bioavailability remain unclear, PI supplements could be considered for targeted purposes to mitigate inflammation and gastric pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kårlund
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (C.G.-G.); (M.K.)
| | - Isa Paukkonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Carlos Gómez-Gallego
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (C.G.-G.); (M.K.)
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (C.G.-G.); (M.K.)
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Verbauwhede AE, Lambrecht MA, Fierens E, Shegay O, Brijs K, Delcour JA. Heat‐sensitive inhibition of aqualysin 1 by protein containing wheat, maize, and barley extracts. Cereal Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annelien E. Verbauwhede
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry KU LeuvenLeuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) Leuven Belgium
| | - Marlies A. Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry KU LeuvenLeuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) Leuven Belgium
| | - Ellen Fierens
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry KU LeuvenLeuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Kristof Brijs
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry KU LeuvenLeuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) Leuven Belgium
| | - Jan A. Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry KU LeuvenLeuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) Leuven Belgium
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3
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Development of an enzymatic assay for the quantitative determination of trypsin inhibitory activity in wheat. Food Chem 2019; 299:125038. [PMID: 31284248 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the world's most widely consumed staple food. However, the number of people suffering from wheat-related disorders has increased drastically. Amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) have recently been identified as one of the main triggers of non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). In this study, an enzymatic assay for the determination of trypsin inhibition activity in hexaploid wheat was developed. This method was optimized with respect to several parameters, such as extraction and incubation procedures, and was validated according to international standards, concerning accuracy, precision and robustness of the method. Results revealed that linear inhibition and thus accuracy occurred only in a narrow concentration range. However, after optimization of settings the novel method was found to be satisfactory for accurate determination of trypsin inhibition in wheat. Purification of the wheat extract with immobilized trypsin beads led to the identification of CM inhibitors (chloroform/methanol soluble proteins) as main contributors of trypsin inhibition.
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Verbauwhede AE, Lambrecht MA, Fierens E, Hermans S, Shegay O, Brijs K, Delcour JA. Thermo-reversible inhibition makes aqualysin 1 from Thermus aquaticus a potent tool for studying the contribution of the wheat gluten network to the crumb texture of fresh bread. Food Chem 2018; 264:118-125. [PMID: 29853355 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The thermo-active serine peptidase aqualysin 1 (Aq1) of Thermus aquaticus was applied in bread making to study the relative contribution of thermoset gluten to bread crumb texture. Aq1 is active between 30 °C and 90 °C with an optimum activity temperature of around 65 °C. It is inhibited by wheat endogenous serine peptidase inhibitors during dough mixing and fermentation and starts hydrolyzing gluten proteins during baking above 80 °C when the enzyme is no longer inhibited and most of the starch is gelatinized and contributes to structure formation. Aq1 activity reduced the molecular weight of gluten proteins and significantly increased their extractability in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing medium. While it had no impact on the specific bread volume and only limited impact on hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, resilience and chewiness, it impacted bread crumb coherence. We conclude that starch has a greater impact on crumb texture than thermoset gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelien E Verbauwhede
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Marlies A Lambrecht
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ellen Fierens
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Senne Hermans
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oksana Shegay
- Competence Center for Fermentation, Puratos Group, Rue Bourrie 12, Andenne, Belgium.
| | - Kristof Brijs
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jan A Delcour
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Ruan J, Yan J, Chen H, Jianping C, Sun W, Zhao G. Purification and properties of the chymotrypsin inhibitor from wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) of Israel and its toxic effect on beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 142:141-147. [PMID: 29107237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel chymotrypsin inhibitor, which detected in the seed of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides), was purified by ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography and Ultracentrifugation. On the basis of its specificity, this inhibitor was named WeCI (wild emmer chymotrypsin inhibitor). SDS-PAGE analysis displayed that the purified WeCI is a single chain polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 13kDa. The inhibition constants (Ki) for amylase and bovine pancreatic chymotrypsin were 1.12×10-9M and 2.41×10-9M, respectively. Automated sequencing and mass spectrometry analyses revealed that WeCI is a neutral monomeric protein consisting of 119 residues. In vitro, WeCI strongly suppressed bovine pancreatic chymotrypsin as well as chymotrypsin-like activities separated from the midgut of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua. No inhibitory activities were found against bovine pancreatic trypsin, bacterial subtilisin, or porcine pancreatic elastase. The primary structure of WeCI was markedly similar (46-95%) to those of several proteins belonging to the wheat crop chymotrypsin/α-amylase inhibitor superfamily and displayed the typical sequence motif of the α-amylase inhibitor-seed storage protein group. WeCI significantly inhibited the growth and development of Spodoptera exigua, dependent on inhibitor concentration. WeCI significantly increased the mortality rate of Spodoptera exigua and caused a significant decrease in its fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Ruan
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Jun Yan
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agriculture University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Jianping
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agriculture University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
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6
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Pizzo E, Oliva R, Morra R, Bosso A, Ragucci S, Petraccone L, Del Vecchio P, Di Maro A. Binding of a type 1 RIP and of its chimeric variant to phospholipid bilayers: evidence for a link between cytotoxicity and protein/membrane interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:2106-2112. [PMID: 28797563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are enzymes, almost all identified in plants, able to kill cells by depurination of rRNAs. Recently, in order to improve resistance to proteolysis of a type 1 RIP (PD-L4), we produced a recombinant chimera combining it with a wheat protease inhibitor (WSCI). Resulting chimeric construct, named PD-L4UWSCI, in addition to present the functions of the two domains, shows also an enhanced cytotoxic action on murine cancer cells when compared to PD-L4. Since different ways of interaction of proteins with membranes imply different resulting effects on cells, in this study we investigate conformational stability of PD-L4 and PD-L4UWSCI and their interaction with membrane models (liposomes). Circular dichroism analysis and differential scanning calorimetry measurements indicate that PD-L4 and PD-L4UWSCI present high and similar conformational stability, whereas analysis of their binding to liposomes, obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry, clearly indicate that chimera is able to interact with biomembranes more effectively. Overall, our data point out that WSCI domain, probably because of its flexibility in solution, enhances the chimeric protein interaction with membrane lipid surfaces without however destabilizing the overall protein structure. Analysis of interactions between RIPs or RIP based conjugates and lipid surfaces could provide novel insights in the search of more effective selective membrane therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio Pizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosario Oliva
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rita Morra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Bosso
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Luigi Petraccone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pompea Del Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', I-81100 Caserta, Italy.
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pH induced single step shift of hydrophobic patches followed by formation of an MG state and an amyloidogenic intermediate in Lima Bean Trypsin Inhibitor (LBTI). Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:111-119. [PMID: 28501599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lima Bean Trypsin Inhibitor (LBTI) is 83 residues monomeric protein of 9.0 KDa, consisting of six antiparallel β-strands and can undergo concentration dependant dimerization. We have tried to characterize folding intermediates of LBTI under equilibrium denaturation conditions. We have used various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques to understand the folding and misfolding pathways. LBTI forms molten globule structure at pH 2 and amyloidiogenic intermediate state (Ia) at pH 4. pH induced Shifting of surface exposed hydrophobic patches and that followed by withdrawal of the lone tyrosine residue (Y69) towards nonpolar environment have been reported. Denaturation profile of native and molten globule (MG) states of LBTI in presence of guanidine hydrochloride show sigmoidal curves with non-coincidental and irreversible behaviour in both states. Concentration dependent amyloid fibril formation was confirmed by Thioflavin T and Congo Red binding and its morphology was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This is the first report on biophysical characterization of folding intermediates of LBTI and its aggregation behaviour to the best of our knowledge.
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Di Giuseppe AM, Russo L, Russo R, Ragucci S, Caso JV, Isernia C, Chambery A, Di Maro A. Molecular characterization of myoglobin from Sciurus vulgaris meridionalis : Primary structure, kinetics and spectroscopic studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:499-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li M, Liu Q, Cui Y, Li D, Wang H, Ng TB. Isolation and Characterization of a Phaseolus vulgaris Trypsin Inhibitor with Antiproliferative Activity on Leukemia and Lymphoma Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010187. [PMID: 28125005 PMCID: PMC6155916 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A 17.5-kDa trypsin inhibitor was purified from Phaseolus vulgaris cv. “gold bean” with an isolation protocol including ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose (Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose), affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on SP-sepharose (Sulfopropyl-sepharose), and gel filtration by FPLC (Fast protein liquid chromatography) on Superdex 75. It dose-dependently inhibited trypsin with an IC50 value of 0.4 μM, and this activity was reduced in the presence of dithiothreitol in a dose- and time-dependent manner, signifying the importance of the disulfide linkage to the activity. It inhibited [methyl-3H] thymidine incorporation by leukemia L1210 cells and lymphoma MBL2 cells with an IC50 value of 2.3 μM and 2.5 μM, respectively. The inhibitor had no effect on fungal growth and the activities of various viral enzymes when tested up to 100 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Engineering Research Center of System-Nutrition, Beijing Research Institute for Nutritional Resources, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Qin Liu
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Agricultural Resources and Environmental Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yajuan Cui
- Engineering Research Center of System-Nutrition, Beijing Research Institute for Nutritional Resources, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Dong Li
- Engineering Research Center of System-Nutrition, Beijing Research Institute for Nutritional Resources, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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10
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Pizzo E, Di Maro A. A new age for biomedical applications of Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs): from bioconjugate to nanoconstructs. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:54. [PMID: 27439918 PMCID: PMC4955249 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are enzymes (3.2.2.22) that possess N-glycosilase activity that irreversibly inhibits protein synthesis. RIPs have been found in plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria; their biological role is still under investigation, even if it has been recognized their role in plant defence against predators and viruses. Nevertheless, several studies on these toxins have been performed to evaluate their applicability in the biomedical field making RIPs selectively toxic towards target cells. Indeed, these molecules are extensively used to produce chimeric biomolecules, such as immunotoxins or protein/peptides conjugates. However, to date, clinical use of most of these bioconiujates has been limited by toxicity and immunogenicity. More recently, material sciences have provided a wide range of nanomaterials to be used as excellent vehicles for toxin-delivery, since they are characterized by improved stability, solubility, and in vivo pharmacokinetics. This review discusses progresses in the development of RIPs bioconjugates, with particular attention to the recent use of nanomaterials, whose appropriate design opens up a broad range of different possibilities to the use of RIPs in novel therapeutic approaches in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio Pizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
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Sgambati V, Pizzo E, Mezzacapo MC, Di Giuseppe AMA, Landi N, Poerio E, Di Maro A. Cytotoxic activity of chimeric protein PD-L4UWSCI(tr) does not appear be affected by specificity of inhibition mediated by anti-protease WSCI domain. Biochimie 2015; 107 Pt B:385-90. [PMID: 25457104 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In a previously study, a type 1 ribosome inactivating protein (PD-L4) and a wheat subtilisin/chymotrypsin inhibitor (WSCI) were engineered into a chimeric protein (PD-L4UWSCI) that presented in addition to the same properties of both domains an intriguing selective cytotoxic action on murine tumor cells. This finding supported the idea that the protection of C-terminal region of PD-L4 could amplify its cytotoxic action by virtue of a greater resistance to proteases. Several authors indeed revealed that the cytotoxicity of RIPs depends not only on the intracellular routing, but also on the intrinsic resistance to proteolysis. In this regard in the present work we have produced a variant of chimeric protein, named PD-L4UWSCI(tr), changing the inhibitory specificity of WSCI domain. The purpose of this approach was to check if the cytotoxicity of the chimeric protein was altered depending on the properties of protease inhibitor domain or by a different fold of whole protein. Data collected supposedly indicate that WSCI domain contributes to cytotoxicity of chimeric protein exclusively from a structural point of view.
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Tamburino R, Pizzo E, Sarcinelli C, Poerio E, Tedeschi F, Ficca AG, Parente A, Di Maro A. Enhanced cytotoxic activity of a bifunctional chimeric protein containing a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein and a serine protease inhibitor. Biochimie 2012; 94:1990-6. [PMID: 22659569 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) and plant proteinase inhibitors, belong to protein families known to regulate cellular homeostasis and likely involved in plant defense. Nevertheless the interest in these protein classes is due to their potential use for the treatment of several important human diseases such as cancer. Thus, in the present study, type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein and wheat subtilisin/chymotrypsin inhibitor, were engineered into a chimeric protein with cytotoxic action selective for murine tumor cells, while lacking any appreciable toxicity on murine normal cells. This chimeric protein selectively sensitizes to apoptotic death cells derived from Simian-virus-40-transformed mouse fibroblasts (SVT2 cells). The cytotoxicity of this new recombinant product has been detected also on three different human malignant cells. Therefore action on tumor cells of this protein could represent a potentially very attractive novel tool for anticancer drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Tamburino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
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13
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Tedeschi F, Di Maro A, Facchiano A, Costantini S, Chambery A, Bruni N, Capuzzi V, Ficca AG, Poerio E. Wheat Subtilisin/Chymotrypsin Inhibitor (WSCI) as a scaffold for novel serine protease inhibitors with a given specificity. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:3335-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25320h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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14
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Tamburino R, Severino V, Sandomenico A, Ruvo M, Parente A, Chambery A, Di Maro A. De novo sequencing and characterization of a novel Bowman–Birk inhibitor from Lathyrus sativus L. seeds by electrospray mass spectrometry. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:3232-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25241d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Di Maro A, Farisei F, Panichi D, Severino V, Bruni N, Ficca AG, Ferranti P, Capuzzi V, Tedeschi F, Poerio E. WCI, a novel wheat chymotrypsin inhibitor: purification, primary structure, inhibitory properties and heterologous expression. PLANTA 2011; 234:723-735. [PMID: 21617989 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel chymotrypsin inhibitor, detected in the endosperm of Triticum aestivum, was purified and characterized with respect to the main physical-chemical properties. On the basis of its specificity, this inhibitor was named WCI (wheat chymotrypsin inhibitor). WCI is a monomeric neutral protein made up of 119 residues and molecular mass value of 12,933.40 Da. Automated sequence and mass spectrometry analyses, carried out on several samples of purified inhibitor, evidenced an intrinsic molecular heterogeneity due to the presence of the isoform [des-(Thr)WCI], accounting for about 40% of the total sample. In vitro, WCI acted as a strong inhibitor of bovine pancreatic chymotrypsin as well as of chymotryptic-like activities isolated from the midgut of two phytophagous insects, Helicoverpa armigera (Hüb.) and Tenebrio molitor L., respectively. No inhibitory activities were detected against bacterial subtilisins, bovine pancreatic trypsin, porcine pancreatic elastase or human leukocyte elastase. The primary structure of WCI was significantly similar (45.7-89.1%) to those of several proteins belonging to the cereal trypsin/α-amylase inhibitor super-family and showed the typical sequence motif of this crowed protein group. The cDNA of the inhibitor (wci-cDNA) was isolated from wheat immature caryopses and employed to obtain a recombinant product in E. coli. Experimental evidences indicated that the recombinant inhibitor was localized in the inclusion bodies from which it was recovered as soluble and partially active protein by applying an appropriate refolding procedure. WCI reactive site localization, as well as its inhibitory specificity, was investigated by molecular modeling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Di Maro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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16
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Pyati P, Bandani AR, Fitches E, Gatehouse JA. Protein digestion in cereal aphids (Sitobion avenae) as a target for plant defence by endogenous proteinase inhibitors. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:881-91. [PMID: 21477592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Gut extracts from cereal aphids (Sitobion avenae) showed significant levels of proteolytic activity, which was inhibited by reagents specific for cysteine proteases and chymotrypsin-like proteases. Gut tissue contained cDNAs encoding cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinases, similar to those identified in the closely related pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). Analysis of honeydew (liquid excreta) from cereal aphids fed on diet containing ovalbumin showed that digestion of ingested proteins occurred in vivo. Protein could partially substitute for free amino acids in diet, although it could not support complete development. Recombinant wheat proteinase inhibitors (PIs) fed in diet were antimetabolic to cereal aphids, even when normal levels of free amino acids were present. PIs inhibited proteolysis by aphid gut extracts in vitro, and digestion of protein fed to aphids in vivo. Wheat subtilisin/chymotrypsin inhibitor, which was found to inhibit serine and cysteine proteinases, was more effective in both inhibitory and antimetabolic activity than wheat cystatin, which inhibited cysteine proteases only. Digestion of ingested protein is unlikely to contribute significantly to nutritional requirements when aphids are feeding on phloem, and the antimetabolic activity of dietary proteinase inhibitors is suggested to result from effects on proteinases involved in degradation of endogenous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Pyati
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Rocco M, Malorni L, Chambery A, Poerio E, Parente A, Di Maro A. A Bowman–Birk inhibitor with anti-elastase activity from Lathyrus sativus L. seeds. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:2500-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05141e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bruni N, Di Maro A, Costantini S, Chambery A, Facchiano AM, Ficca AG, Parente A, Poerio E. Redesigning the reactive site loop of the wheat subtilisin/chymotrypsin inhibitor (WSCI) by site-directed mutagenesis. A protein–protein interaction study by affinity chromatography and molecular modeling. Biochimie 2009; 91:1112-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Facchiano AM, Costantini S, Di Maro A, Panichi D, Chambery A, Parente A, Di Gennaro S, Poerio E. Modeling the 3D structure of wheat subtilisin/chymotrypsin inhibitor (WSCI). Probing the reactive site with two susceptible proteinases by time-course analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. Biol Chem 2006; 387:931-40. [PMID: 16913843 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Comparative modeling and time-course hydrolysis experiments have been applied to investigate two enzyme-inhibitor complexes formed between the wheat subtilisin-chymotrypsin inhibitor (WSCI) and two susceptible proteinases. WSCI represents the first case of a wheat protein inhibitor active against animal chymotrypsins and bacterial subtilisins. The model was created using as template structure that of the CI-2A inhibitor from barley (PDB code: 2CI2), which shares 87% sequence identity with WSCI. Under these conditions of high similarity, the comparative modeling approach can be successfully applied. We predicted the WSCI 3D model and used it to investigate enzyme-inhibitor complex systems. Experimental observations indicated that chymotrypsin, but not subtilisin, in addition to cleavage at the primary reactive site Met48-Glu49, is able to hydrolyze a second peptide bond between Phe58 and Val59. Here, we report on cleavage of the peptide bond at the inhibitor's reactive site (Met48-Glu49) determined using time-course hydrolysis experiments; the same event was investigated for both subtilisin/WSCI and chymotrypsin/WSCI complexes using molecular dynamics simulations. The molecular details of the initial inhibitor-enzyme interactions, as well as of the changes observed during the simulations, allow us to speculate on the different fates of the two WSCI-proteinase complexes.
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Weng JK, Tanurdzic M, Chapple C. Functional analysis and comparative genomics of expressed sequence tags from the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii. BMC Genomics 2005; 6:85. [PMID: 15938755 PMCID: PMC1184070 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-6-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii is a member of one of the oldest lineages of vascular plants on Earth. Fossil records show that the lycophyte clade arose 400 million years ago, 150-200 million years earlier than angiosperms, a group of plants that includes the well-studied flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. S. moellendorffii has a genome size of approximately 100 Mbp, as small or smaller than that of A. thaliana. S. moellendorffii has the potential to provide significant comparative information to better understand the evolution of vascular plants. RESULTS We sequenced 2181 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) from a S. moellendorffii cDNA library. One thousand three hundred and one non-redundant sequences were assembled, containing 291 contigs and 1010 singletons. Approximately 75% of the ESTs matched proteins in the non-redundant protein database. Among 1301 clusters, 343 were categorized according to Gene Ontology (GO) hierarchy and were compared to the GO mapping of A. thaliana tentative consensus sequences. We compared S. moellendorffii ESTs to the A. thaliana and Physcomitrella patens EST databases, using the tBLASTX algorithm. Approximately 60% of the ESTs exhibited similarity with both A. thaliana and P. patens ESTs; whereas, 13% and 1% of the ESTs had exclusive similarity with A. thaliana and P. patens ESTs, respectively. A substantial proportion of the ESTs (26%) had no match with A. thaliana or P. patens ESTs. CONCLUSION We discovered 1301 putative unigenes in S. moellendorffii. These results give an initial insight into its transcriptome that will aid in the study of the S. moellendorffii genome in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ke Weng
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Milos Tanurdzic
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- current address, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Di Gennaro S, Ficca AG, Panichi D, Poerio E. cDNA cloning and heterologous expression of a wheat proteinase inhibitor of subtilisin and chymotrypsin (WSCI) that interferes with digestive enzymes of insect pests. Biol Chem 2005; 386:383-9. [PMID: 15899701 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2005.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA cDNA encoding the proteinase inhibitor WSCI (wheat subtilisin/chymotrypsin inhibitor) was isolated by RT-PCR. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed based on the amino acid sequence of WSCI and on the nucleotide sequence of the two homologous inhibitors (CI-2A and CI-2B) isolated from barley. For large-scale production,wscicDNA was cloned into theE. colivector pGEX-2T. The fusion protein GST-WSCI was efficiently produced in the bacterial expression system and, as the native inhibitor, was capable of inhibiting bacterial subtilisin, mammalian chymotrypsins and chymotrypsin-like activities present in crude extracts of a number of insect larvae (Helicoverpa armigera,Plodia interpunctellaandTenebrio molitor). The recombinant protein produced was also able to interfere with chymotrypsin-like activity isolated from immature wheat caryopses. These findings support a physiological role for this inhibitor during grain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Di Gennaro
- Department of Agrobiologia e Agrochimica, Universitá della Tuscia, Italy
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Rawlings ND, Tolle DP, Barrett AJ. Evolutionary families of peptidase inhibitors. Biochem J 2004; 378:705-16. [PMID: 14705960 PMCID: PMC1224039 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proteins that inhibit peptidases are of great importance in medicine and biotechnology, but there has never been a comprehensive system of classification for them. Some of the terminology currently in use is potentially confusing. In the hope of facilitating the exchange, storage and retrieval of information about this important group of proteins, we now describe a system wherein the inhibitor units of the peptidase inhibitors are assigned to 48 families on the basis of similarities detectable at the level of amino acid sequence. Then, on the basis of three-dimensional structures, 31 of the families are assigned to 26 clans. A simple system of nomenclature is introduced for reference to each clan, family and inhibitor. We briefly discuss the specificities and mechanisms of the interactions of the inhibitors in the various families with their target enzymes. The system of families and clans of inhibitors described has been implemented in the MEROPS peptidase database (http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/), and this will provide a mechanism for updating it as new information becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Rawlings
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
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