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Jamjoum R, Majumder S, Issleny B, Stiban J. Mysterious sphingolipids: metabolic interrelationships at the center of pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1229108. [PMID: 38235387 PMCID: PMC10791800 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1229108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways are complex and intertwined. Deficiencies in one or more enzymes in a given pathway are directly linked with genetic diseases, most of them having devastating manifestations. The metabolic pathways undertaken by sphingolipids are diverse and elaborate with ceramide species serving as the hubs of sphingolipid intermediary metabolism and function. Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids that serve a multitude of cellular functions. Being pleiotropic in function, deficiency or overproduction of certain sphingolipids is associated with many genetic and chronic diseases. In this up-to-date review article, we strive to gather recent scientific evidence about sphingolipid metabolism, its enzymes, and regulation. We shed light on the importance of sphingolipid metabolism in a variety of genetic diseases and in nervous and immune system ailments. This is a comprehensive review of the state of the field of sphingolipid biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Jamjoum
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Saurav Majumder
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Batoul Issleny
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Johnny Stiban
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
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2
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Chowdhury MR, Jin HK, Bae JS. Diverse Roles of Ceramide in the Progression and Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081956. [PMID: 36009503 PMCID: PMC9406151 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, and is associated with several pathophysiological features, including cellular dysfunction, failure of neurotransmission, cognitive impairment, cell death, and other clinical consequences. Advanced research on the pathogenesis of AD has elucidated a mechanistic framework and revealed many therapeutic possibilities. Among the mechanisms, sphingolipids are mentioned as distinctive mediators to be associated with the pathology of AD. Reportedly, alteration in the metabolism of sphingolipids and their metabolites result in the dysfunction of mitochondria, autophagy, amyloid beta regulation, and neuronal homeostasis, which exacerbates AD progression. Considering the importance of sphingolipids, in this review, we discuss the role of ceramide, a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite, in the progression and pathogenesis of AD. Herein, we describe the ceramide synthesis pathway and its involvement in the dysregulation of homeostasis, which eventually leads to AD. Furthermore, this review references different therapeutics proposed to modulate the ceramide pathway to maintain ceramide levels and prevent the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Riad Chowdhury
- KNU Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Jin
- KNU Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.K.J.); (J.-s.B.); Tel.: +82-53-950-5966 (H.K.J.); +82-53-420-4815 (J.-s.B.); Fax: +82-53-950-5955 (H.K.J.); +82-53-424-3349 (J.-s.B.)
| | - Jae-sung Bae
- KNU Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.K.J.); (J.-s.B.); Tel.: +82-53-950-5966 (H.K.J.); +82-53-420-4815 (J.-s.B.); Fax: +82-53-950-5955 (H.K.J.); +82-53-424-3349 (J.-s.B.)
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3
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Pherez-Farah A, López-Sánchez RDC, Villela-Martínez LM, Ortiz-López R, Beltrán BE, Hernández-Hernández JA. Sphingolipids and Lymphomas: A Double-Edged Sword. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2051. [PMID: 35565181 PMCID: PMC9104519 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas are a highly heterogeneous group of hematological neoplasms. Given their ethiopathogenic complexity, their classification and management can become difficult tasks; therefore, new approaches are continuously being sought. Metabolic reprogramming at the lipid level is a hot topic in cancer research, and sphingolipidomics has gained particular focus in this area due to the bioactive nature of molecules such as sphingoid bases, sphingosine-1-phosphate, ceramides, sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, globosides, and gangliosides. Sphingolipid metabolism has become especially exciting because they are involved in virtually every cellular process through an extremely intricate metabolic web; in fact, no two sphingolipids share the same fate. Unsurprisingly, a disruption at this level is a recurrent mechanism in lymphomagenesis, dissemination, and chemoresistance, which means potential biomarkers and therapeutical targets might be hiding within these pathways. Many comprehensive reviews describing their role in cancer exist, but because most research has been conducted in solid malignancies, evidence in lymphomagenesis is somewhat limited. In this review, we summarize key aspects of sphingolipid biochemistry and discuss their known impact in cancer biology, with a particular focus on lymphomas and possible therapeutical strategies against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Pherez-Farah
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Mario Villela-Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Hospital Fernando Ocaranza, ISSSTE, Hermosillo 83190, Sonora, Mexico
- Centro Médico Dr. Ignacio Chávez, ISSSTESON, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Rocío Ortiz-López
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Brady E Beltrán
- Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima 15072, Peru
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima 1801, Peru
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4
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Breiden B, Sandhoff K. Acid Sphingomyelinase, a Lysosomal and Secretory Phospholipase C, Is Key for Cellular Phospholipid Catabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9001. [PMID: 34445706 PMCID: PMC8396676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present the main features of human acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), its biosynthesis, processing and intracellular trafficking, its structure, its broad substrate specificity, and the proposed mode of action at the surface of the phospholipid substrate carrying intraendolysosomal luminal vesicles. In addition, we discuss the complex regulation of its phospholipid cleaving activity by membrane lipids and lipid-binding proteins. The majority of the literature implies that ASM hydrolyses solely sphingomyelin to generate ceramide and ignores its ability to degrade further substrates. Indeed, more than twenty different phospholipids are cleaved by ASM in vitro, including some minor but functionally important phospholipids such as the growth factor ceramide-1-phosphate and the unique lysosomal lysolipid bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. The inherited ASM deficiency, Niemann-Pick disease type A and B, impairs mainly, but not only, cellular sphingomyelin catabolism, causing a progressive sphingomyelin accumulation, which furthermore triggers a secondary accumulation of lipids (cholesterol, glucosylceramide, GM2) by inhibiting their turnover in late endosomes and lysosomes. However, ASM appears to be involved in a variety of major cellular functions with a regulatory significance for an increasing number of metabolic disorders. The biochemical characteristics of ASM, their potential effect on cellular lipid turnover, as well as a potential impact on physiological processes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry Unit, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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5
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Prause K, Naseri G, Schumacher F, Kappe C, Kleuser B, Arenz C. A photocaged inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 56:14885-14888. [PMID: 33179626 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06661c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is a potential drug target and involved in rapid lipid signalling events. However, there are no tools available to adequately study such processes. Based on a non cell-permeable PtdIns(3,5)P2 inhibitor of ASM, we developed a compound with o-nitrobenzyl photocages and butyryl esters to transiently mask hydroxyl groups. This resulted in a potent light-inducible photocaged ASM inhibitor (PCAI). The first example of a time-resolved inhibition of ASM was shown in intact living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Prause
- Institute for Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12437 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gita Naseri
- Institute for Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12437 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Kappe
- Institute for Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12437 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Arenz
- Institute for Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12437 Berlin, Germany.
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Skácel J, Slusher BS, Tsukamoto T. Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Biosynthesis of Ceramide, the Central Hub of the Sphingolipid Network. J Med Chem 2021; 64:279-297. [PMID: 33395289 PMCID: PMC8023021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides are composed of a sphingosine and a single fatty acid connected by an amide linkage. As one of the major classes of biologically active lipids, ceramides and their upstream and downstream metabolites have been implicated in several pathological conditions including cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes, microbial pathogenesis, obesity, and inflammation. Consequently, tremendous efforts have been devoted to deciphering the dynamics of metabolic pathways involved in ceramide biosynthesis. Given that several distinct enzymes can produce ceramide, different enzyme targets have been pursued depending on the underlying disease mechanism. The main objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of small molecule inhibitors reported to date for each of these ceramide-producing enzymes from a medicinal chemistry perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Skácel
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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7
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Bálentová S, Adamkov M. Pathological changes in the central nervous system following exposure to ionizing radiation. Physiol Res 2020; 69:389-404. [PMID: 32469226 PMCID: PMC8648310 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies in animals provide relevant knowledge about pathogenesis of radiation-induced injury to the central nervous system. Radiation-induced injury can alter neuronal, glial cell population, brain vasculature and may lead to molecular, cellular and functional consequences. Regarding to its fundamental role in the formation of new memories, spatial navigation and adult neurogenesis, the majority of studies have focused on the hippocampus. Most recent findings in cranial radiotherapy revealed that hippocampal avoidance prevents radiation-induced cognitive impairment of patients with brain primary tumors and metastases. However, numerous preclinical studies have shown that this problem is more complex. Regarding the fact, that the radiation-induced cognitive impairment reflects hippocampal and non-hippocampal compartments, it is highly important to investigate molecular, cellular and functional changes in different brain regions and their integration at clinically relevant doses and schedules. Here, we provide a literature review in order support the translation of preclinical findings to clinical practice and improve the physical and mental status of patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bálentová
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovak Republic.
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8
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Beckmann N, Becker KA, Kadow S, Schumacher F, Kramer M, Kühn C, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Edwards MJ, Kleuser B, Gulbins E, Carpinteiro A. Acid Sphingomyelinase Deficiency Ameliorates Farber Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246253. [PMID: 31835809 PMCID: PMC6941101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Farber disease is a rare lysosomal storage disorder resulting from acid ceramidase deficiency and subsequent ceramide accumulation. No treatments for Farber disease are clinically available, and affected patients have a severely shortened lifespan. We have recently reported a novel acid ceramidase deficiency model that mirrors the human disease closely. Acid sphingomyelinase is the enzyme that generates ceramide upstream of acid ceramidase in the lysosomes. Using our acid ceramidase deficiency model, we tested if acid sphingomyelinase could be a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of Farber disease. A number of functional acid sphingomyelinase inhibitors are clinically available and have been used for decades to treat major depression. Using these as a therapeutic for Farber disease, thus, has the potential to improve central nervous symptoms of the disease as well, something all other treatment options for Farber disease can’t achieve so far. As a proof-of-concept study, we first cross-bred acid ceramidase deficient mice with acid sphingomyelinase deficient mice in order to prevent ceramide accumulation. Double-deficient mice had reduced ceramide accumulation, fewer disease manifestations, and prolonged survival. We next targeted acid sphingomyelinase pharmacologically, to test if these findings would translate to a setting with clinical applicability. Surprisingly, the treatment of acid ceramidase deficient mice with the acid sphingomyelinase inhibitor amitriptyline was toxic to acid ceramidase deficient mice and killed them within a few days of treatment. In conclusion, our study provides the first proof-of-concept that acid sphingomyelinase could be a potential new therapeutic target for Farber disease to reduce disease manifestations and prolong survival. However, we also identified previously unknown toxicity of the functional acid sphingomyelinase inhibitor amitriptyline in the context of Farber disease, strongly cautioning against the use of this substance class for Farber disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Beckmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (N.B.); (K.A.B.); (S.K.); (F.S.); (M.K.); (C.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Katrin Anne Becker
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (N.B.); (K.A.B.); (S.K.); (F.S.); (M.K.); (C.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Stephanie Kadow
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (N.B.); (K.A.B.); (S.K.); (F.S.); (M.K.); (C.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (N.B.); (K.A.B.); (S.K.); (F.S.); (M.K.); (C.K.); (E.G.)
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
| | - Melanie Kramer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (N.B.); (K.A.B.); (S.K.); (F.S.); (M.K.); (C.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Claudine Kühn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (N.B.); (K.A.B.); (S.K.); (F.S.); (M.K.); (C.K.); (E.G.)
| | | | - Michael J. Edwards
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML 0558, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (N.B.); (K.A.B.); (S.K.); (F.S.); (M.K.); (C.K.); (E.G.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML 0558, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Alexander Carpinteiro
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (N.B.); (K.A.B.); (S.K.); (F.S.); (M.K.); (C.K.); (E.G.)
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-201-723-84579; Fax: +49-201-723-5974
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Shaw J, Costa-Pinheiro P, Patterson L, Drews K, Spiegel S, Kester M. Novel Sphingolipid-Based Cancer Therapeutics in the Personalized Medicine Era. Adv Cancer Res 2018; 140:327-366. [PMID: 30060815 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids that participate in a wide variety of biological mechanisms, including cell death and proliferation. The myriad of pro-death and pro-survival cellular pathways involving sphingolipids provide a plethora of opportunities for dysregulation in cancers. In recent years, modulation of these sphingolipid metabolic pathways has been in the forefront of drug discovery for cancer therapeutics. About two decades ago, researchers first showed that standard of care treatments, e.g., chemotherapeutics and radiation, modulate sphingolipid metabolism to increase endogenous ceramides, which kill cancer cells. Strikingly, resistance to these treatments has also been linked to altered sphingolipid metabolism, favoring lipid species that ultimately lead to cell survival. To this end, many inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism have been developed to further define not only our understanding of these pathways but also to potentially serve as therapeutic interventions. Therefore, understanding how to better use these new drugs that target sphingolipid metabolism, either alone or in combination with current cancer treatments, holds great potential for cancer control. While sphingolipids in cancer have been reviewed previously (Hannun & Obeid, 2018; Lee & Kolesnick, 2017; Morad & Cabot, 2013; Newton, Lima, Maceyka, & Spiegel, 2015; Ogretmen, 2018; Ryland, Fox, Liu, Loughran, & Kester, 2011) in this chapter, we present a comprehensive review on how standard of care therapeutics affects sphingolipid metabolism, the current landscape of sphingolipid inhibitors, and the clinical utility of sphingolipid-based cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Shaw
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Pedro Costa-Pinheiro
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Logan Patterson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Kelly Drews
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Mark Kester
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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10
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Yang K, Nong K, Gu Q, Dong J, Wang J. Discovery of N-hydroxy-3-alkoxybenzamides as direct acid sphingomyelinase inhibitors using a ligand-based pharmacophore model. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:389-400. [PMID: 29649738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) has been shown to be involved in many physiological processes, emerging to be a promising drug target. In this study, we constructed a ligand-based pharmacophore model of ASM inhibitors and applied this model to optimize the lead compound α-mangostin, a known inhibitor of ASM. 23 compounds were designed and evaluated in vitro for ASM inhibition, of these, 10 compounds were found to be more potent than α-mangostin. This high hit ratio confirmed that the presented model is very effective and practical. The most potent hit, 1c, was found to selectively and competitively inhibit the enzyme and inhibit the generation of ceramide in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, 1c showed favorable anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory activity. Interactions with key residues and the Zn2+ cofactor of 1c were found by docking simulation. These results provide promising leads and important guidance for further development of efficient ASM inhibitors and drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Keyi Nong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qinlan Gu
- Senior Vocational School, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jibin Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jinxin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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11
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Spengler D, Winoto-Morbach S, Kupsch S, Vock C, Blöchle K, Frank S, Rintz N, Diekötter M, Janga H, Weckmann M, Fuchs S, Schromm AB, Fehrenbach H, Schütze S, Krause MF. Novel therapeutic roles for surfactant-inositols and -phosphatidylglycerols in a neonatal piglet ARDS model: a translational study. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L32-L53. [PMID: 28860142 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00128.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological and immune-protective properties of surfactant-derived phospholipids and phospholipid subfractions in the context of neonatal inflammatory lung disease are widely unknown. Using a porcine neonatal triple-hit acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) model (repeated airway lavage, overventilation, and LPS instillation into airways), we assessed whether the supplementation of surfactant (S; poractant alfa) with inositol derivatives [inositol 1,2,6-trisphosphate (IP3) or phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)] or phosphatidylglycerol subfractions [16:0/18:1-palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG) or 18:1/18:1-dioleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG)] would result in improved clinical parameters and sought to characterize changes in key inflammatory pathways behind these improvements. Within 72 h of mechanical ventilation, the oxygenation index (S+IP3, S+PIP2, and S+POPG), the ventilation efficiency index (S+IP3 and S+POPG), the compliance (S+IP3 and S+POPG) and resistance (S+POPG) of the respiratory system, and the extravascular lung water index (S+IP3 and S+POPG) significantly improved compared with S treatment alone. The inositol derivatives (mainly S+IP3) exerted their actions by suppressing acid sphingomyelinase activity and dependent ceramide production, linked with the suppression of the inflammasome nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing protein-3 (NLRP3)-apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC)-caspase-1 complex, and the profibrotic response represented by the cytokines transforming growth factor-β1 and IFN-γ, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1/8, and elastin. In addition, IκB kinase activity was significantly reduced. S+POPG and S+DOPG treatment inhibited polymorphonuclear leukocyte activity (MMP-8 and myeloperoxidase) and the production of interleukin-6, maintained alveolar-capillary barrier functions, and reduced alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis, all of which resulted in reduced pulmonary edema. S+DOPG also limited the profibrotic response. We conclude that highly concentrated inositol derivatives and phosphatidylglycerol subfractions in surfactant preparations mitigate key inflammatory pathways in inflammatory lung disease and that their clinical application may be of interest for future treatment of the acute exudative phase of neonatal ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Spengler
- Department of General Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel , Germany
| | - Supandi Winoto-Morbach
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel , Germany
| | - Sarah Kupsch
- Division of Immunobiophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christina Vock
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Lübeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Katharina Blöchle
- Department of General Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel , Germany
| | - Susanna Frank
- Department of General Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel , Germany
| | - Nele Rintz
- Department of General Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel , Germany
| | - Marie Diekötter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel , Germany.,Division of Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Harshavardhan Janga
- Section of Experimental Traumatology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel , Germany
| | - Markus Weckmann
- Division of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck , Germany.,Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Lübeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Sabine Fuchs
- Section of Experimental Traumatology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel , Germany
| | - Andra B Schromm
- Division of Immunobiophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Heinz Fehrenbach
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Lübeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Stefan Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel , Germany
| | - Martin F Krause
- Department of General Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel , Germany
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12
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Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Pellegrinelli V, Campbell M, Oresic M, Vidal-Puig A. Sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids - The "ying and yang" of lipotoxicity in metabolic diseases. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 66:14-29. [PMID: 28104532 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids in general and ceramides in particular, contribute to pathophysiological mechanisms by modifying signalling and metabolic pathways. Here, we present the available evidence for a bidirectional homeostatic crosstalk between sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids, whose dysregulation contributes to lipotoxicity induced metabolic stress. The initial evidence for this crosstalk originates from simulated models designed to investigate the biophysical properties of sphingolipids in plasma membrane representations. In this review, we reinterpret some of the original findings and conceptualise them as a sort of "ying/yang" interaction model of opposed/complementary forces, which is consistent with the current knowledge of lipid homeostasis and pathophysiology. We also propose that the dysregulation of the balance between sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids results in a lipotoxic insult relevant in the pathophysiology of common metabolic diseases, typically characterised by their increased ceramide/sphingosine pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rodriguez-Cuenca
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK.
| | - V Pellegrinelli
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK
| | - M Campbell
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK
| | - M Oresic
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI -20520 Turku, Finland
| | - A Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
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13
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Molecular, Cellular and Functional Effects of Radiation-Induced Brain Injury: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27796-815. [PMID: 26610477 PMCID: PMC4661926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is the most effective non-surgical treatment of primary brain tumors and metastases. Preclinical studies have provided valuable insights into pathogenesis of radiation-induced injury to the central nervous system. Radiation-induced brain injury can damage neuronal, glial and vascular compartments of the brain and may lead to molecular, cellular and functional changes. Given its central role in memory and adult neurogenesis, the majority of studies have focused on the hippocampus. These findings suggested that hippocampal avoidance in cranial radiotherapy prevents radiation-induced cognitive impairment of patients. However, multiple rodent studies have shown that this problem is more complex. As the radiation-induced cognitive impairment reflects hippocampal and non-hippocampal compartments, it is of critical importance to investigate molecular, cellular and functional modifications in various brain regions as well as their integration at clinically relevant doses and schedules. We here provide a literature overview, including our previously published results, in order to support the translation of preclinical findings to clinical practice, and improve the physical and mental status of patients with brain tumors.
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Reichel M, Hönig S, Liebisch G, Lüth A, Kleuser B, Gulbins E, Schmitz G, Kornhuber J. Alterations of plasma glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid species in male alcohol-dependent patients. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1501-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Oninla VO, Breiden B, Babalola JO, Sandhoff K. Acid sphingomyelinase activity is regulated by membrane lipids and facilitates cholesterol transfer by NPC2. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2606-19. [PMID: 25339683 PMCID: PMC4242453 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m054528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During endocytosis, membrane components move to intraluminal vesicles of the endolysosomal compartment for digestion. At the late endosomes, cholesterol is sorted out mainly by two sterol-binding proteins, Niemann-Pick protein type C (NPC)1 and NPC2. To study the NPC2-mediated intervesicular cholesterol transfer, we developed a liposomal assay system. (Abdul-Hammed, M., B. Breiden, M. A. Adebayo, J. O. Babalola, G. Schwarzmann, and K. Sandhoff. 2010. Role of endosomal membrane lipids and NPC2 in cholesterol transfer and membrane fusion. J. Lipid Res. 51: 1747-1760.) Anionic lipids stimulate cholesterol transfer between liposomes while SM inhibits it, even in the presence of anionic bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP). Preincubation of vesicles containing SM with acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) (SM phosphodiesterase, EC 3.1.4.12) results in hydrolysis of SM to ceramide (Cer), which enhances cholesterol transfer. Besides SM, ASM also cleaves liposomal phosphatidylcholine. Anionic phospholipids derived from the plasma membrane (phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid) stimulate SM and phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by ASM more effectively than BMP, which is generated during endocytosis. ASM-mediated hydrolysis of liposomal SM was also stimulated by incorporation of diacylglycerol (DAG), Cer, and free fatty acids into the liposomal membranes. Conversely, phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis was inhibited by incorporation of cholesterol, Cer, DAG, monoacylglycerol, and fatty acids. Our data suggest that SM degradation by ASM is required for physiological secretion of cholesterol from the late endosomal compartment, and is a key regulator of endolysosomal lipid digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent O. Oninla
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry Unit, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bernadette Breiden
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry Unit, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry Unit, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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16
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Preuss S, Omam FD, Scheiermann J, Stadelmann S, Winoto-Morbach S, von Bismarck P, Adam-Klages S, Knerlich-Lukoschus F, Lex D, Wesch D, Held-Feindt J, Uhlig S, Schütze S, Krause MF. Topical application of phosphatidyl-inositol-3,5-bisphosphate for acute lung injury in neonatal swine. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2813-26. [PMID: 22882773 PMCID: PMC4118249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxemic respiratory failure of the neonatal organism involves increased acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) activity and production of ceramide, a second messenger of a pro-inflammatory pathway that promotes increased vascular permeability, surfactant alterations and alveolar epithelial apoptosis. We comparatively assessed the benefits of topical aSMase inhibition by either imipramine (Imi) or phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) when administered into the airways together with surfactant (S) for fortification. In this translational study, a triple-hit acute lung injury model was used that entails repeated airway lavage, injurious ventilation and tracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation in newborn piglets subject to mechanical ventilation for 72 hrs. After randomization, we administered an air bolus (control), S, S+Imi, or S+PIP2. Only in the latter two groups we observed significantly improved oxygenation and ventilation, dynamic compliance and pulmonary oedema. S+Imi caused systemic aSMase suppression and ceramide reduction, whereas the S+PIP2 effect remained compartmentalized in the airways because of the molecule's bulky structure. The surfactant surface tensions improved by S+Imi and S+PIP2 interventions, but only to a minor extent by S alone. S+PIP2 inhibited the migration of monocyte-derived macrophages and granulocytes into airways by the reduction of CD14/CD18 expression on cell membranes and the expression of epidermal growth factors (amphiregulin and TGF-β1) and interleukin-6 as pro-fibrotic factors. Finally we observed reduced alveolar epithelial apoptosis, which was most apparent in S+PIP2 lungs. Exogenous surfactant “fortified” by PIP2, a naturally occurring surfactant component, improves lung function by topical suppression of aSMase, providing a potential treatment concept for neonates with hypoxemic respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Preuss
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Department of Pediatrics, Kiel, Germany
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Labeled chemical biology tools for investigating sphingolipid metabolism, trafficking and interaction with lipids and proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:1161-73. [PMID: 24389251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The unraveling of sphingolipid metabolism and function in the last 40 years relied on the extensive study of inherited human disease and specifically-tailored mouse models. However, only few of the achievements made so far would have been possible without chemical biology tools, such as fluorescent and/or radio-labeled and other artificial substrates, (mechanism-based) enzyme inhibitors, cross-linking probes or artificial membrane models. In this review we provide an overview over chemical biology tools that have been used to gain more insight into the molecular basis of sphingolipid-related biology. Many of these tools are still of high relevance for the investigation of current sphingolipid-related questions, others may stimulate the tailoring of novel probes suitable to address recent and future issues in the field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Tools to study lipid functions.
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Abstract
The enzyme acid sphingomyelinase catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide. The importance of the enzyme for cell functions was first recognized in Niemann-Pick disease type A and B, the genetic disorders with a massive accumulation of sphingomyelin in many organs. Studies in the last years demonstrated that the enzyme also has an important role in cell signalling. Thus, the acid sphingomyelinase has a central function for the re-organization of molecules within the cell upon stimulation and thereby for the response of cells to stress and the induction of cell death but also proliferation and differentiation. Here, we discuss the current state of the art of the structure, regulation, and function of the acid sphingomyelinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Henry
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
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19
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Abstract
While the evidence for an involvement of sphingolipids (SLs) in a variety of diseases is rapidly increasing, the development of sphingolipid-related drugs is still in its infancy. In fact, the recently FDA-approved fingolimod or FTY-720 (see chapter by J. Pfeilschifter for more information) is the first drug on the market to interfere with sphingolipid signaling. The reasons for this lagging are manifold and within this chapter we try to name some of them. Ceramide is in the center of sphingolipid metabolism. We describe the most important and most recent inhibitors for enzymes controlling cellular ceramide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna P Bhabak
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
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20
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Canals D, Perry DM, Jenkins RW, Hannun YA. Drug targeting of sphingolipid metabolism: sphingomyelinases and ceramidases. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:694-712. [PMID: 21615386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids represent a class of diverse bioactive lipid molecules that are increasingly appreciated as key modulators of diverse physiologic and pathophysiologic processes that include cell growth, cell death, autophagy, angiogenesis, and stress and inflammatory responses. Sphingomyelinases and ceramidases are key enzymes of sphingolipid metabolism that regulate the formation and degradation of ceramide, one of the most intensely studied classes of sphingolipids. Improved understanding of these enzymes that control not only the levels of ceramide but also the complex interconversion of sphingolipid metabolites has provided the foundation for the functional analysis of the roles of sphingolipids. Our current understanding of the roles of various sphingolipids in the regulation of different cellular processes has come from loss-of-function/gain-of-function studies utilizing genetic deletion/downregulation/overexpression of enzymes of sphingolipid metabolism (e.g. knockout animals, RNA interference) and from the use of pharmacologic inhibitors of these same enzymes. While genetic approaches to evaluate the functional roles of sphingolipid enzymes have been instrumental in advancing the field, the use of pharmacologic inhibitors has been equally important in identifying new roles for sphingolipids in important cellular processes.The latter also promises the development of novel therapeutic targets with implications for cancer therapy, inflammation, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. In this review, we focus on the status and use of pharmacologic compounds that inhibit sphingomyelinases and ceramidases, and we will review the history, current uses and future directions for various small molecule inhibitors, and will highlight studies in which inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolizing enzymes have been used to effectively treat models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Canals
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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21
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Kornhuber J, Muehlbacher M, Trapp S, Pechmann S, Friedl A, Reichel M, Mühle C, Terfloth L, Groemer TW, Spitzer GM, Liedl KR, Gulbins E, Tripal P. Identification of novel functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23852. [PMID: 21909365 PMCID: PMC3166082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a hitherto unknown feature for 27 small drug-like molecules, namely functional inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). These entities named FIASMAs (Functional Inhibitors of Acid SphingoMyelinAse), therefore, can be potentially used to treat diseases associated with enhanced activity of ASM, such as Alzheimer's disease, major depression, radiation- and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and endotoxic shock syndrome. Residual activity of ASM measured in the presence of 10 µM drug concentration shows a bimodal distribution; thus the tested drugs can be classified into two groups with lower and higher inhibitory activity. All FIASMAs share distinct physicochemical properties in showing lipophilic and weakly basic properties. Hierarchical clustering of Tanimoto coefficients revealed that FIASMAs occur among drugs of various chemical scaffolds. Moreover, FIASMAs more frequently violate Lipinski's Rule-of-Five than compounds without effect on ASM. Inhibition of ASM appears to be associated with good permeability across the blood-brain barrier. In the present investigation, we developed a novel structure-property-activity relationship by using a random forest-based binary classification learner. Virtual screening revealed that only six out of 768 (0.78%) compounds of natural products functionally inhibit ASM, whereas this inhibitory activity occurs in 135 out of 2028 (6.66%) drugs licensed for medical use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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22
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Jin S, Zhou F, Katirai F, Li PL. Lipid raft redox signaling: molecular mechanisms in health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1043-83. [PMID: 21294649 PMCID: PMC3135227 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts, the sphingolipid and cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains, are able to form different membrane macrodomains or platforms upon stimulations, including redox signaling platforms, which serve as a critical signaling mechanism to mediate or regulate cellular activities or functions. In particular, this raft platform formation provides an important driving force for the assembling of NADPH oxidase subunits and the recruitment of other related receptors, effectors, and regulatory components, resulting, in turn, in the activation of NADPH oxidase and downstream redox regulation of cell functions. This comprehensive review attempts to summarize all basic and advanced information about the formation, regulation, and functions of lipid raft redox signaling platforms as well as their physiological and pathophysiological relevance. Several molecular mechanisms involving the formation of lipid raft redox signaling platforms and the related therapeutic strategies targeting them are discussed. It is hoped that all information and thoughts included in this review could provide more comprehensive insights into the understanding of lipid raft redox signaling, in particular, of their molecular mechanisms, spatial-temporal regulations, and physiological, pathophysiological relevances to human health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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23
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Distler JHW, Akhmetshina A, Dees C, Jüngel A, Stürzl M, Gay S, Pisetsky DS, Schett G, Distler O. Induction of apoptosis in circulating angiogenic cells by microparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:2067-77. [DOI: 10.1002/art.30361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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Wetzel S, Wilk W, Chammaa S, Sperl B, Roth A, Yektaoglu A, Renner S, Berg T, Arenz C, Giannis A, Oprea T, Rauh D, Kaiser M, Waldmann H. A Scaffold-Tree-Merging Strategy for Prospective Bioactivity Annotation of γ-Pyrones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3666-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Wetzel S, Wilk W, Chammaa S, Sperl B, Roth A, Yektaoglu A, Renner S, Berg T, Arenz C, Giannis A, Oprea T, Rauh D, Kaiser M, Waldmann H. A Scaffold-Tree-Merging Strategy for Prospective Bioactivity Annotation of γ-Pyrones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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26
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Becker KA, Riethmüller J, Zhang Y, Gulbins E. The role of sphingolipids and ceramide in pulmonary inflammation in cystic fibrosis. Open Respir Med J 2010; 4:39-47. [PMID: 20556203 DOI: 10.2174/1874306401004020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids and in particular ceramide have been shown to be critically involved in the response to many receptor-mediated, but also receptor-independent, mainly stress stimuli. Recent studies demonstrate that ceramide plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis, a hereditary metabolic disorder caused by mutations of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator. Patients with cystic fibrosis suffer from chronic pulmonary inflammation and microbial lung infections, in particular with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chronic pulmonary inflammation in these patients seems to be the initial pathophysiological event. Inflammation may finally result in the high infection susceptibility of these patients, fibrosis and loss of lung function. Recent studies demonstrated that ceramide accumulates in lungs of cystic fibrosis mice and causes age-dependent pulmonary inflammation as indicated by accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages in the lung and increased pulmonary concentrations of Interleukins 1 and 8, death of bronchial epithelial cells, deposition of DNA in bronchi and high susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the acid sphingomyelinase blocks excessive ceramide production in lungs of cystic fibrosis mice and corrects pathological lung findings. First clinical studies confirm that inhibition of the acid sphingomyelinase with small molecules might be a novel strategy to treat patients with cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Anne Becker
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
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27
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Development of carbohydrate-derived inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:939-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Roth A, Drescher D, Yang Y, Redmer S, Uhlig S, Arenz C. Potente und selektive Inhibition der sauren Sphingomyelinase durch Bisphosphonate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Roth A, Drescher D, Yang Y, Redmer S, Uhlig S, Arenz C. Potent and Selective Inhibition of Acid Sphingomyelinase by Bisphosphonates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7560-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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30
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Roth AG, Redmer S, Arenz C. Potent Inhibition of Acid Sphingomyelinase by Phosphoinositide Analogues. Chembiochem 2009; 10:2367-74. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Abstract
An 8-year old boy with genetically confirmed X-linked myotubular myopathy developed progressively worsening dementia and subclinical seizures at age 5-6 years. Previously, seizures or dementia have been noted in only a small number of myotubular myopathy patients, and only in association with significant metabolic disturbances. This patient had no evidence of hypoxemia or other metabolic disturbance. The present case suggests that the clinical spectrum of X-linked myotubular myopathy is broader than previously considered and may include mutation-dependent central nervous system disease.
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Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase occupies a prominent position in sphingolipid catabolism, catalyzing the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphorylcholine. Enzymatic dysfunction of acid sphingomyelinase results in Niemann-Pick disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized at the cellular level by accumulation of sphingomyelin within the endo-lysosomal compartment. Over the past decade interest in the role of acid sphingomyelinase has moved beyond its "housekeeping" function in constitutive turnover of sphingomyelin in the lysosome to include study of regulated ceramide generation. Ceramide functions as a bioactive sphingolipid with pleiotropic signaling properties, and has been implicated in diverse cellular processes of physiologic and pathophysiologic importance. Though many cellular enzymes have the capacity to generate ceramide,there is growing appreciation that "all ceramides are not created equal." Ceramides likely exert distinct effects in different cellular/subcellular compartments by virtue of access to other sphingolipid enzymes (e.g.ceramidases), effector molecules (e.g. ceramide-activated protein phosphatases), and neighboring lipids and proteins (e.g. cholesterol, ion channels). One of the unique features of acid sphingomyelinase is that it has been implicated in the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin in three different settings--the endo-lysosomal compartment,the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, and lipoproteins. How a single gene product has the capacity to function in these diverse settings, and the subsequent impact on downstream ceramide-mediated biology is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Mathew T, Billich A, Cavallari M, Bornancin F, Nussbaumer P, De Libero G, Vasella A. Synthesis and evaluation of sphingolipid analogues: modification of the hydroxy group at C(1) of 7-oxasphingosine, and of the hydroxy group at C(1) and the amide group of 7-oxaceramides. Chem Biodivers 2009; 6:705-24. [PMID: 19479849 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The analogues 7-9 of 7-oxaceramide and 7-oxasphingosine were synthesized from the known azidosphingosine 21. The 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole analogues 10-16 of ceramides were synthesized by the click reaction of the known azide 24. None of the analogues 7-15 was active as inhibitor of SPHK type 1 and of acid sphingomyelinase, whereas 16 is a weak inhibitor of SPHK1. Triazoles 10, 11, and 15 did not inhibit ceramide phosphorylation by CerK, and none of 7, 8, and 10-15 activated invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell clones when presented by human CD1d-transfected antigen-presenting cells (APC) or by plate-bound human CD1d [55]. Triazoles 14 and 15 prevent binding of alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) to plate-bound human CD1d and subsequent T-cell response to alpha-GalCer. Only 15 reduced activation by alpha-GalCer significantly and independently of the cytokine measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thresen Mathew
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH-Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, Zürich
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34
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Zhang Y, Li X, Becker KA, Gulbins E. Ceramide-enriched membrane domains--structure and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:178-83. [PMID: 18786504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Membrane lipids seem to be organized and not randomly distributed in the cell membrane. In particular, sphingolipids seem to interact with cholesterol in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane resulting in the formation of distinct membrane domains, i.e. rafts. The generation of ceramide within rafts alters their biophysical properties and results in the formation of large ceramide-enriched membrane platforms. These platforms serve to cluster receptor molecules and to organize intracellular signalling molecules to facilitate signal transduction via a receptor upon stimulation. Thus, ceramide-enriched membrane domains amplify not only receptor-, but also stress-mediated signalling events. Although many receptors cluster, the molecular mechanisms mediating this important and general event in signal transduction need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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35
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Abstract
Pharmacological interference with sphingolipid metabolizing enzymes promises to provide novel ways to modulate cellular pathways relevant in multiple diseases. In this review, we focus on two sphingolipid signaling molecules, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide, as they are involved in cell fate decisions (survival vs. apoptosis) and in a wide range of pathophysiological processes. For S1P, we will discuss sphingosine kinases and S1P lyase as the enzymes which are crucial for its production and degradation, respectively, emphasizing the potential therapeutic usefulness of inhibitors of these enzymes. For ceramide, we will concentrate on acid sphingomyelinase, and critically review the substantial literature which implicates this enzyme as a worthwhile target for pharmacological inhibitors. It will become clear that the task to validate these enzymes as drug targets is not finished and many questions regarding the therapeutic usefulness of their inhibitors remain unanswered. Still this approach holds promise for a number of totally new therapies, and, on the way, detailed insight into sphingolipid signaling pathways can be gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Billich
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Brunnerstrasse 59, A-1235 Vienna, Austria
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36
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Schuchman EH. The pathogenesis and treatment of acid sphingomyelinase-deficient Niemann-Pick disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2007; 30:654-63. [PMID: 17632693 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-007-0632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Patients with types A and B Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) have an inherited deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) activity. The clinical spectrum of this disorder ranges from the infantile, neurological form that results in death by 3 years of age (type A NPD) to the non-neurological form (type B NPD) that is compatible with survival into adulthood. Intermediate cases also have been reported, and the disease is best thought of as a single entity with a spectrum of phenotypes. ASM deficiency is panethnic, but appears to be more frequent in individuals of Middle Eastern and North African descent. Current estimates of the disease incidence range from approximately 0.5 to 1 per 100,000 births. However, these approximations likely under estimate the true frequency of the disorder since they are based solely on cases referred to biochemical testing laboratories for enzymatic confirmation. The gene encoding ASM (SMPD1) has been studied extensively; it resides within an imprinted region on chromosome 11, and is preferentially expressed from the maternal chromosome. Over 100 SMPD1 mutations causing ASM-deficient NPD have been described, and some useful genotype-phenotype correlations have been made. Based on these findings, DNA-based carrier screening has been implemented in the Ashkenazi Jewish community. ASM 'knockout' mouse models also have been constructed and used to investigate disease pathogenesis and treatment. Based on these studies in the mouse model, an enzyme replacement therapy clinical trial has recently begun in adult patients with non-neurological ASM-deficient NPD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Genetic Testing
- Genetic Therapy
- Genotype
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type A/diagnosis
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type A/enzymology
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type A/ethnology
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type A/genetics
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type A/therapy
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type B/diagnosis
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type B/enzymology
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type B/ethnology
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type B/genetics
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type B/therapy
- Phenotype
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase/deficiency
- Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase/genetics
- Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase/therapeutic use
- Splenectomy
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 14-20A, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Huber LC, Jüngel A, Distler JHW, Moritz F, Gay RE, Michel BA, Pisetsky DS, Gay S, Distler O. The role of membrane lipids in the induction of macrophage apoptosis by microparticles. Apoptosis 2007; 12:363-74. [PMID: 17191114 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-0622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles are membrane-derived vesicles that are released from cells during activation or cell death. These particles can serve as mediators of intercellular cross-talk and induce a variety of cellular responses. Previous studies have shown that macrophages undergo apoptosis after phagocytosing microparticles. Here, we have addressed the hypothesis that microparticles trigger this process via lipid pathways. In these experiments, microparticles induced apoptosis in primary macrophage cells or cell lines (RAW 264.7 or U937) with up to a 5-fold increase. Preincubation of macrophages with phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)BP) reduced the microparticle-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. PtdIns(3,5)BP is a specific inhibitor of the acid sphingomyelinase and thus can block the generation of pro-apoptotic ceramides. Similarly, the pre-incubation of macrophages with PtdIns(3,5)BP prevented microparticle-induced upregulation of caspase 8, which is a major target molecule of ceramide action in the apoptosis pathway. PtdIns(3,5)BP, however, had no effect on the spontaneous rate of apoptosis. To evaluate further signaling pathways induced by microparticles, the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK-) 1 was investigated. This kinase plays a role in activating phospholipases A2 which cleaves membrane phospholipids into arachidonic acid; microparticles have been suggested to be a preferred substrate for phospholipases A2. As shown in our experiments, microparticles strongly increased the amount of phosphorylated ERK1/2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages in a time-dependent manner, peaking 15 min after co-incubation. Addition of PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK1, prevented the increase in apoptosis of RAW 264.7 macrophages. Together, these data suggest that microparticles perturb lipid homeostasis of macrophages and thereby induce apoptosis. These results emphasize the importance of biolipids in the cellular cross-talk of immune cells. Based on the fact that in clinical situations with excessive cell death such as malignancies, autoimmune diseases and following chemotherapies high levels of circulating microparticles might modulate phagocytosing cells, a suppression of the immune response might occur due to loss of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars C Huber
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 23, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Grassmé H, Riethmüller J, Gulbins E. Biological aspects of ceramide-enriched membrane domains. Prog Lipid Res 2007; 46:161-70. [PMID: 17490747 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ceramide has been shown to be critically involved in many aspects of cellular responses to receptor-dependent and -independent stimuli. For instance, ceramide was demonstrated to be a central component of the signaling cascades mediating apoptosis after death receptor stimulation, treatment with chemotherapy or exposure to gamma-irradiation or UV-A light. Further studies indicated the importance of ceramide for the infection of mammalian cells with bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens. Ceramide is released by the activity of acid, neutral or alkaline sphingomyelinases or de novo synthesized. A concept unifying the diverse biological functions of ceramide indicates that ceramide forms distinct membrane domains, named ceramide-enriched membrane domains or platforms. These domains serve the clustering of receptor molecules, the re-organization of signaling proteins, the exclusion of inhibitory signals and, thus, initiate and greatly amplify a primary signal. In addition, ceramide directly interacts with and stimulates intracellular enzymes that may act together with signals initiated in ceramide-enriched membrane domains to transmit signals into a cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Grassmé
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Delgado A, Casas J, Llebaria A, Abad JL, Fabrias G. Inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:1957-77. [PMID: 17049336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a family of lipids that play essential roles both as structural cell membrane components and in cell signalling. The cellular contents of the various sphingolipid species are controlled by enzymes involved in their metabolic pathways. In this context, the discovery of small chemical entities able to modify these enzyme activities in a potent and selective way should offer new pharmacological tools and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Delgado
- Research Unit on Bioactive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biological Organic Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Research Institute of Barcelona, (IIQAB-C.S.I.C), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Bollinger CR, Teichgräber V, Gulbins E. Ceramide-enriched membrane domains. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2005; 1746:284-94. [PMID: 16226325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular activation involves the re-organization of receptor molecules and the intracellular signalosom in the cell membrane. Recent studies indicate that specialized domains of the cell membrane, termed rafts, are central for the spatial organization of receptors and signaling molecules. Rafts are converted into larger membrane platforms by activity of the acid sphingomyelinase, which hydrolyses raft-sphingomyelin to ceramide. Ceramide molecules spontaneously associate to form ceramide-enriched microdomains, which fuse to large ceramide-enriched membrane platforms. The acid sphingomyelinase is activated by multiple stimuli including CD95, CD40, DR5/TRAIL, CD20, FcgammaRII, CD5, LFA-1, CD28, TNF, the Interleukin-1 receptor, the PAF-receptor, CD14, infection with P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, N. gonorrhoeae, Sindbis-Virus, Rhinovirus, treatment with gamma-irradiation, UV-light, doxorubicin, cisplatin, disruption of integrin-signaling and under some conditions of developmental death. Ceramide-enriched membrane platforms serve the clustering of receptors, the recruitment of intracellular signaling molecules and the exclusion of inhibitory signaling factors and, thus, facilitate signal transduction initiated by the specific stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R Bollinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Darroch PI, Dagan A, Granot T, He X, Gatt S, Schuchman EH. A lipid analogue that inhibits sphingomyelin hydrolysis and synthesis, increases ceramide, and leads to cell death. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:2315-24. [PMID: 16150832 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500136-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of a novel thiourea derivative of sphingomyelin (AD2765). In vitro assays using pure enzyme and/or cell extracts revealed that this compound inhibited the hydrolysis of BODIPY-conjugated or 14C-labeled sphingomyelin by acid sphingomyelinase and Mg2+-dependent neutral sphingomyelinase. Studies in normal human skin fibroblasts further revealed that AD2765 was taken up by cells and inhibited the hydrolysis of BODIPY-conjugated sphingomyelin in situ. In situ and in vitro studies also showed that this compound inhibited the synthesis of sphingomyelin from BODIPY-conjugated ceramide. The specificity of AD2765 for enzymes involved in sphingomyelin metabolism was demonstrated by the fact that it had no effect on the hydrolysis of BODIPY-conjugated ceramide by acid ceramidase or on the synthesis of BODIPY-conjugated glucosylceramide from BODIPY-conjugated ceramide. The overall effect of AD2765 on sphingomyelin metabolism was concentration-dependent, and treatment of normal human skin fibroblasts or cancer cells with this compound at concentrations > 10 microM led to an increase in cellular ceramide and cell death. Thus, AD2765 might be used to manipulate sphingomyelin metabolism in various ways, potentially to reduce substrate accumulation in cells from types A and B Niemann-Pick disease patients, and/or to affect the growth of human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Darroch
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Nordal RA, Wong CS. Molecular targets in radiation-induced blood-brain barrier disruption. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 62:279-87. [PMID: 15850934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key feature of radiation injury to the central nervous system. Studies suggest that endothelial cell apoptosis, gene expression changes, and alteration of the microenvironment are important in initiation and progression of injury. Although substantial effort has been directed at understanding the impact of radiation on endothelial cells and oligodendrocytes, growing evidence suggests that other cell types, including astrocytes, are important in responses that include induced gene expression and microenvironmental changes. Endothelial apoptosis is important in early BBB disruption. Hypoxia and oxidative stress in the later period that precedes tissue damage might lead to astrocytic responses that impact cell survival and cell interactions. Cell death, gene expression changes, and a toxic microenvironment can be viewed as interacting elements in a model of radiation-induced disruption of the BBB. These processes implicate particular genes and proteins as targets in potential strategies for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Nordal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
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Colombaioni L, Garcia-Gil M. Sphingolipid metabolites in neural signalling and function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 46:328-55. [PMID: 15571774 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipid metabolites, such as ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and complex sphingolipids (gangliosides), are recognized as molecules capable of regulating a variety of cellular processes. The role of sphingolipid metabolites has been studied mainly in non-neuronal tissues. These studies have underscored their importance as signals transducers, involved in control of proliferation, survival, differentiation and apoptosis. In this review, we will focus on studies performed over the last years in the nervous system, discussing the recent developments and the current perspectives in sphingolipid metabolism and functions.
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44
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Testai FD, Landek MA, Goswami R, Ahmed M, Dawson G. Acid sphingomyelinase and inhibition by phosphate ion: role of inhibition by phosphatidyl-myo-inositol 3,4,5-triphosphate in oligodendrocyte cell signaling. J Neurochem 2004; 89:636-44. [PMID: 15086520 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2004.02374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is ample evidence that both acid (ASMase) and neutral (NSMase) sphingomyelinases play a role in cell death so inhibitors of either enzyme could have significant value as protectors against neurodegeneration. We used a fluorogenic sphingomyelinase substrate, 6-hexadecanoylamino-4-methylumbelliferyl-phosphorylcholine, and a [(14)C]choline-labeled sphingomyelin substrate to screen large numbers of phosphocompounds for inhibition of ASMase in extracts of human oligodendroglioma cells (HOG) and neonatal rat oligodendrocytes. Non-competitive inhibition was observed with inorganic phosphate and AMP, which was a more potent inhibitor of ASMase than cyclic AMP, ADP or ATP. However, other nucleotide phosphates, sugar phosphates, nucleotide sugars and glycerol phosphate did not inhibit ASMase. Our key finding was that phosphatidyl-myo-inositol 3,4,5-triphosphate [PtdIns (3,4,5)P(3)] was a much more potent inhibitor of ASMase than lysophosphatidic acid or phosphatidyl-myo-inositol 4,5-diphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P(2)]. When PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) was added to cultured cells we observed 50% inhibition of ASMase but no inhibition of other lysosomal hydrolases. After transfection of HOG cells with the tumor supressor phosphatase and tensin homolog protein (PTEN), which hydrolyses PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) to PtdIns(4,5)P(2), we observed a two-fold increase in ASMase activity. Furthermore, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin (which reduces PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) levels) also resulted in activation of ASMase. We propose that the small amount of ASMase activity associated with detergent-resistant cell membranes (Rafts) is regulated by PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) and is most likely involved in receptor clustering and capping.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Testai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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