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Kumar I, Silva M, Choudhary DA, Ali SF, Rusak R, Cotzomi P, Wiecek S, Sato I, Khundoker R, Donmez B, Gabriel S, Bobila M, Leonida MD, Traba C. Small molecular exogenous modulators of active forms of MMPs. Biochimie 2024; 223:125-132. [PMID: 37944661 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases, and their activity depends on calcium and zinc metal ions. These enzymes are expressed originally in zymogenic form, where the active site of proteins is closed by a prodomain which is removed during activation. A homeostatic balance of their activity is primarily regulated by a 'cysteine switch' located on a consensus sequence of the prodomain and natural endogenous inhibitors, called tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Breakage of this homeostasis may lead to various pathological conditions, which may require further activation and/or inhibition of these enzymes to regenerate that balance. Here, we report four modulators, more specifically, three inhibitors (I1, I2 and I3), and one exogenous activator (L) of the active form of human collagenase MMP-1 (without prodomain). The results were confirmed by binding studies using fluorescence-based enzyme assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Rd, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA.
| | - Melissa Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Rd, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA
| | - Dinesh A Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Rd, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA
| | - Syeda F Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Rd, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA
| | - Raymond Rusak
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Rd, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA
| | - Paulina Cotzomi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Rd, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA
| | - Suzanne Wiecek
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Rd, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA
| | - Iwon Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Rd, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA
| | - Rinat Khundoker
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Rd, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA
| | - Bora Donmez
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Rd, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA
| | - Samantha Gabriel
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Rd, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA
| | - Monica Bobila
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Rd, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA
| | - Mihaela D Leonida
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Rd, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA
| | - Christian Traba
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Rd, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA
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Riani M, Muller C, Bour C, Bernard P, Antonicelli F, Le Jan S. Blister Fluid Induces MMP-9-Associated M2-Type Macrophages in Bullous Pemphigoid. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1858. [PMID: 31440247 PMCID: PMC6692716 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a cutaneous autoimmune disease, characterized by an inflammatory cascade leading to blister formation. Although macrophages were shown to participate in BP pathophysiology, their role in the blister formation process still needs to be investigated. We here addressed the influence of serum and blister fluid (BF) from patients with BP on the polarization status of macrophages with regards to the metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression. We demonstrated that several markers related to the alternatively activated macrophage phenotype (M2) including IL-10, TARC, arginase, TNFα, and IL-1RA were meaningfully increased in BF of patients with BP. We further showed that BF, but not serum from patients with BP, significantly induced the expression of CD163, CD206, and IL-10 in BP monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Notably IL-10 was the only cytokine to be correlated to the reference clinical score, BP disease activity index (BPDAI), especially to the inflammatory BPDAI subscore evaluating urticarial and erythematous skin lesions (r = 0.57, p = 0.0004). We also found elevated levels of MMP-9 to M2-type macrophages ex vivo and highlighted the presence of CD163+ MMP-9+ macrophages histologically, at skin lesional site. Finally, we showed that methylprednisolone reduced MMP-9 levels in MDMs without modifying the other M2 markers. All together these results strongly support the presence of M2-phenotype macrophages with pro-inflammatory properties susceptible to favor blister formation in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Riani
- Laboratory of Dermatology, EA7509 IRMAIC, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Céline Muller
- Laboratory of Dermatology, EA7509 IRMAIC, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Camille Bour
- Laboratory of Dermatology, EA7509 IRMAIC, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Philippe Bernard
- Laboratory of Dermatology, EA7509 IRMAIC, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Frank Antonicelli
- Laboratory of Dermatology, EA7509 IRMAIC, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, Immunology, UFR Odontology, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sébastien Le Jan
- Laboratory of Dermatology, EA7509 IRMAIC, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
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Post-Translational Modification-Dependent Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123077. [PMID: 31238509 PMCID: PMC6627178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their capacity to process different proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were initially described as a family of secreted proteases, functioning as main ECM regulators. However, through proteolytic processing of various biomolecules, MMPs also modulate intra- and extracellular pathways and networks. Thereby, they are functionally implicated in the regulation of multiple physiological and pathological processes. Consequently, MMP activity is tightly regulated through a combination of epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional control of gene expression, proteolytic activation, post-translational modifications (PTMs), and extracellular inhibition. In addition, MMPs, their substrates and ECM binding partners are frequently modified by PTMs, which suggests an important role of PTMs in modulating the pleiotropic activities of these proteases. This review summarizes the recent progress towards understanding the role of PTMs (glycosylation, phosphorylation, glycosaminoglycans) on the activity of several members of the MMP family.
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Nucleic acid-induced potentiation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 enzymatic activity. Biochem J 2018; 475:1597-1610. [PMID: 29654109 PMCID: PMC5941315 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play varied roles in normal biology and diseases where, depending on the context, both inhibition and enhancement of the enzymatic activity may be beneficial. However, there are very few reports of positive modulators of MMP activity. We report that polynucleotides, including single-stranded DNA, RNA, and even double-stranded DNA, bind to and enhance the enzymatic activity of MMP9. This enhancement of MMP9 catalytic activity is not shared by biologically active polycationic molecules suggesting nonspecific charge screening as an unlikely mechanism. Deletion construct and MMP1, 2, and 3 studies suggest that the type-II fibronectin repeat domains of the enzyme appear to play a role in mediating the nucleotide potentiation of MMP9 activity. Single-stranded DNA enhances nerve growth factor-induced MMP9-dependent neurite extension in pheochromocytoma 12 cells providing evidence for potential biological significance of the nucleotide-mediated allosteric enhancement of the catalytic activity.
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Preil SAR, Thorsen ASF, Christiansen AL, Poulsen MK, Karsdal MA, Leeming DJ, Rasmussen LM. Is cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes associated with serum levels of MMP-2, LOX, and the elastin degradation products ELM and ELM-2? Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2017; 77:493-497. [PMID: 28715234 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2017.1346822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In a previous microarray study of internal mammary arteries from patients with and without T2DM, we observed several elastin-related genes with altered mRNA-expression in diabetic patients, namely matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), lysyl oxidase (LOX) and elastin itself. In this study we investigate whether the serum concentrations of elastin-related proteins correlate to signs of CVD in patients with T2DM. METHODS Blood samples from 302 type 2 diabetic patients were analysed for MMP-2, LOX, and the elastin degradation products ELM and ELM2. The results were investigated for correlations to signs of CVD in different vascular territories, as determined by myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, carotid artery thickness and ankle-brachial blood pressure index. RESULTS T2DM patients with peripheral arterial disease (low ankle-brachial index) (PAD) display higher levels of MMP-2 and ELM compared to patients without PAD. However, none of the proteins or degradation products correlated with myocardial ischemia or a combined measure of CVD-signs, including myocardial ischemia, increased carotid thickness and decreased ankle-brachial blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the diabetic environment affects the circulating amounts of MMP-2 and ELM in patients with PAD. However, the same connection could not be seen in diabetic patients with CVD broadly identified in three vascular territories. LOX and ELM-2 did not correlate to any type of CVD. Overall, serum levels of elastin-related molecules are only remotely related to CVD in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Andrea Rørdam Preil
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology , Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark.,b Center for Individualised Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | - Anne-Sofie Faarvang Thorsen
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology , Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark.,b Center for Individualised Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | - Anne Lindegaard Christiansen
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology , Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology , Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark.,b Center for Individualised Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
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Riani M, Le Jan S, Plée J, Durlach A, Le Naour R, Haegeman G, Bernard P, Antonicelli F. Bullous pemphigoid outcome is associated with CXCL10-induced matrix metalloproteinase 9 secretion from monocytes and neutrophils but not lymphocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:863-872.e3. [PMID: 27637385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcome of bullous pemphigoid (BP), the most frequent autoimmune skin-blistering disease, involves matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), IL-17, and IL-23 release from infiltrated inflammatory cells. The chemokine CXCL10 has been associated with several autoimmune diseases, but its participation in BP pathophysiology still needs to be clarified. OBJECTIVE We sought to assess whether BP outcome was associated with different CXCL10 levels and to evaluate the contribution of CXCL10 to the described cytokine/protease inflammatory loop associated with disease outcome. METHODS Skin biopsy specimens (n = 16), serum (n = 114), blister fluid (n = 23), and primary inflammatory cells from patients with BP were used to investigate CXCL10 expression and function. RESULTS At baseline, both resident cells, such as keratinocytes and fibroblasts, and infiltrating immune cells expressed CXCL10 at lesional sites in skin of patients with BP. CXCL10 levels were higher in blister fluid (P < .0001) and serum (P < .005) from patients with BP than in serum from age- and sex-matched control subjects (n = 34). Furthermore, CXCL10 serum levels increased at day 60 only in patients who relapsed within the first year of treatment (n = 33, P < .005). Interestingly, CXCL10 expression could be upregulated by itself and IL-17 in inflammatory cells. Notably, neutrophils and monocytes from patients with BP, but not lymphocytes, responded to CXCL10 by increasing MMP-9 secretion through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38, phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling pathways. Finally, CXCL10-increased MMP-9 secretion was inhibited by methylprednisolone and also by compound A, a novel nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor ligand. CONCLUSION We showed that increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers in patients with BP, such as CXCL10, favor neutrophil- and monocyte-associated MMP-9 release and disease relapse and opened new therapeutic horizons in patients with this autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Riani
- Laboratory of Dermatology, EA7319 Derm-I-C, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sébastien Le Jan
- Laboratory of Dermatology, EA7319 Derm-I-C, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Julie Plée
- Laboratory of Dermatology, EA7319 Derm-I-C, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Anne Durlach
- Laboratory Pol Bouin, Hospital Maison Blanche, University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Richard Le Naour
- Laboratory IMAB, EA4683, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Philippe Bernard
- Laboratory of Dermatology, EA7319 Derm-I-C, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Frank Antonicelli
- Laboratory of Dermatology, EA7319 Derm-I-C, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.
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Yamamoto K, Murphy G, Troeberg L. Extracellular regulation of metalloproteinases. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:255-63. [PMID: 25701651 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and adamalysin-like metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs) belong to the metzincin superfamily of metalloproteinases and they play key roles in extracellular matrix catabolism, activation and inactivation of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and other proteinases at the cell surface and within the extracellular matrix. Their activities are tightly regulated in a number of ways, such as transcriptional regulation, proteolytic activation and interaction with tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Here, we highlight recent studies that have illustrated novel mechanisms regulating the extracellular activity of these enzymes. These include allosteric activation of metalloproteinases by molecules that bind outside the active site, modulation of location and activity by interaction with cell surface and extracellular matrix molecules, and endocytic clearance from the extracellular milieu by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37FY, UK
| | - Gillian Murphy
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37FY, UK.
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Innate immune cell-produced IL-17 sustains inflammation in bullous pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2908-2917. [PMID: 24945093 PMCID: PMC4227922 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune skin disease characterized by the binding of autoantibodies to components of the hemidesmosome structure, resulting in an inflammatory response and subepidermal blister formation. To investigate the role of immune orientation in the inflammatory processes associated with disease progression, blister fluid, serum, and biopsy specimens were collected from 31 consecutive BP patients. Blister fluids displayed high levels of IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23, whereas transforming growth factor-β was increased in BP sera. However, neither immunocytochemistry on a trans-differentiation model of IL-17-producing peripheral blood mononuclear cells nor immunohistochemistry on BP biopsy specimens could demonstrate the presence of T helper type 17 lymphocytes. Instead, innate immune cells, especially neutrophils, produced IL-17 at the skin lesional site. Of note, superpotent topical corticosteroid application quickly and markedly reduced both IL-17 expression and clinical signs of BP. Consistently, IL-17 upregulated matrix-metalloprotease-9 and neutrophil elastase expression, two proteases involved in blister formation, thereof further demonstrating its role in the progress of BP. Finally, IL-17-induced matrix degradation, originated from neutrophil activation, initiated the formation of an amplification loop of the inflammatory response that could represent the underlying phenomenon leading to the maintenance and even disease extent. Thus, our results could open new therapeutic strategies for BP patients.
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Elastin peptides regulate HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cell migration and invasion through an Hsp90-dependent mechanism. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:139-48. [PMID: 24874477 PMCID: PMC4090727 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The elastin-derived peptides (EDPs) exert protumoural activities by potentiating the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and the plasminogen-plasmin activating system. In the present paper, we studied heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) involvement in this mechanism. METHODS HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cell migration and invasion were studied in artificial wound assay and modified Boyden chamber assay, respectively. Heat-shock protein 90 was studied by western blot and immunofluorescence. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) were studied by gelatin ± plasminogen zymography and immunofluorescence. Heat-shock protein 90 partners were studied by immunoprecipitation. Messenger RNA expression was studied using real-time PCR. Small interfering RNAs were used to confirm the essential role of Hsp90. RESULTS We showed that kappa-elastin and VGVAPG elastin hexapeptide stimulated Hsp90, pro-MMP-2 and uPA secretion within 6 h, whereas AGVPGLGVG and GRKRK peptides had no effect. No increase of mRNA level was observed. Heat-shock protein 90-specific inhibitors inhibit EDP-stimulated HT-1080 cell-invasive capacity and restrained EDP-stimulated pro-MMP-2 and uPA secretions. The inhibitory effect was reproduced by using Hsp90-blocking antibody or Hsp90 knockdown by siRNA. Heat-shock protein 90 interacted with and stabilised uPA and pro-MMP-2 in conditioned culture media of HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate that EDPs exert protumoural activities through an Hsp90-dependent mechanism involving pro-MMP-2 and uPA.
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Huang J, Wolk JH, Gewitz MH, Mathew R. Caveolin-1 expression during the progression of pulmonary hypertension. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:956-65. [PMID: 22890027 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.011382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 plays a pivotal role in maintaining vascular health. Progressive loss of endothelial caveolin-1 and activation of proliferative and anti-apoptotic pathways occur before the onset of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH), and the rescue of endothelial caveolin-1 attenuates PH. Recently, we reported endothelial caveolin-1 loss associated with enhanced expression of caveolin-1 in smooth muscle cells (SMC) with subsequent neointima formation in human PH. To examine whether the loss of endothelial caveolin-1 followed by an enhanced expression in SMC is a sequential event in the progression of PH, we studied rats at two and four weeks post-MCT. Right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure, RV hypertrophy, pulmonary vascular histology, and the expression of caveolin-1 and endothelial membrane proteins (platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 [PECAM-1], both α and β subunits of soluble guanylate cyclase [sGC]), von Willebrand factor (vWF), smooth muscle α-actin, proliferative and anti-apoptotic factors (PY-STAT3 and Bcl-xL) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 in the lungs were examined. PH was accompanied by a progressive loss of endothelial caveolin-1, activation of PY-STAT3, increased Bcl-xL expression and vascular remodeling at two and four weeks post-MCT. Loss of PECAM-1 and sGC (both subunits) paralleled that of caveolin-1, whereas vWF was well preserved at two weeks post-MCT. At four weeks post-MCT, 29% of the arteries showed a loss of vWF in addition to endothelial caveolin-1, and 70% of these arteries exhibited enhanced expression of caveolin-1 in SMC; and there was increased expression and activity of MMP2. In conclusion, MCT-induced endothelial injury disrupts endothelial cell membrane with a progressive loss of endothelial caveolin-1, and the activation of proliferative and antiapoptotic pathways leading to PH. Subsequent extensive endothelial cell damage results in enhanced expression of caveolin-1 in SMC. In addition, there is a progressive increase in MMP2 expression and activity. These alterations may further facilitate cell proliferation, matrix degradation and cell migration, thus contributing to the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Burgess JK, Weckmann M. Matrikines and the lungs. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:317-37. [PMID: 22366287 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a complex network of fibrous and nonfibrous molecules that not only provide structure to the lung but also interact with and regulate the behaviour of the cells which it surrounds. Recently it has been recognised that components of the extracellular matrix proteins are released, often through the action of endogenous proteases, and these fragments are termed matrikines. Matrikines have biological activities, independent of their role within the extracellular matrix structure, which may play important roles in the lung in health and disease pathology. Integrins are the primary cell surface receptors, characterised to date, which are used by the matrikines to exert their effects on cells. However, evidence is emerging for the need for co-factors and other receptors for the matrikines to exert their effects on cells. The potential for matrikines, and peptides derived from these extracellular matrix protein fragments, as therapeutic agents has recently been recognised. The natural role of these matrikines (including inhibitors of angiogenesis and possibly inflammation) make them ideal targets to mimic as therapies. A number of these peptides have been taken forward into clinical trials. The focus of this review will be to summarise our current understanding of the role, and potential for highly relevant actions, of matrikines in lung health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette K Burgess
- Cell Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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van der Veen VC, Boekema BKHL, Ulrich MMW, Middelkoop E. New dermal substitutes. Wound Repair Regen 2011; 19 Suppl 1:s59-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2011.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Liberation of desmosine and isodesmosine as amino acids from insoluble elastin by elastolytic proteases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:281-6. [PMID: 21726534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of atherosclerotic lesions and abdominal aortic aneurysms involves degradation and loss of extracellular matrix components, such as collagen and elastin. Releases of the elastin cross-links desmosine (DES) and isodesmosine (IDE) may reflect elastin degradation in cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the production of soluble elastin cross-linking structures by proteinases implicated in arterial diseases. Recombinant MMP-12 and neutrophil elastase liberated DES and IDE as amino acids from insoluble elastin. DES and IDE were also released from insoluble elastin exposed to monocyte/macrophage cell lines or human primary macrophages derived from peripheral blood monocytes. Elastin oxidized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) liberated more unconjugated DES and IDE than did non-oxidized elastin when incubated with MMP-12 or neutrophil elastase. These results support the exploration of free DES and IDE as biomarkers of elastin degradation.
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Fleenor BS, Marshall KD, Durrant JR, Lesniewski LA, Seals DR. Arterial stiffening with ageing is associated with transforming growth factor-β1-related changes in adventitial collagen: reversal by aerobic exercise. J Physiol 2011; 588:3971-82. [PMID: 20807791 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.194753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that carotid artery stiffening with ageing is associated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-related increases in adventitial collagen and reductions in medial elastin, which would be reversed by voluntary aerobic exercise. Ex vivo carotid artery incremental stiffness was greater in old (29–32 months, n = 11) vs. young (4–7 months, n = 8) cage control B6D2F1 mice (8.84 ± 1.80 vs. 4.54 ± 1.18 AU, P < 0.05), and was associated with selective increases in collagen I and III and TGF-β1 protein expression in the adventitia (P < 0.05), related to an increase in smooth muscle α-actin (SMαA) (myofibroblast phenotype) (P < 0.05). In cultured adventitial fibroblasts, TGF-β1 induced increases in superoxide and collagen I protein (P < 0.05), which were inhibited by Tempol, a superoxide dismutase. Medial elastin was reduced with ageing, accompanied by decreases in the pro-synthetic elastin enzyme, lysyl oxidase, and increases in the elastin-degrading enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase 2. Fibronectin was unchanged with ageing, but there was a small increase in calcification (P < 0.05). Increased incremental stiffness in old mice was completely reversed (3.98 ± 0.34 AU, n = 5) by 10–14 weeks of modest voluntary wheel running (1.13 ± 0.29 km day−1), whereas greater voluntary wheel running (10.62 ± 0.49 km day−1) had no effect on young mice. The amelioration of carotid artery stiffness by wheel running in old mice was associated with reductions in collagen I and III and TGF-β1, partial reversal of the myofibroblast phenotype (reduced SMαA) and reduced calcification (all P < 0.05 vs. old controls), whereas elastin and its modulating enzymes were unaffected. Adventitial TGF-β1-related oxidative stress may play a key role in collagen deposition and large elastic artery stiffening with ageing and the efficacious effects of voluntary aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Fleenor
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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15
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Hadler-Olsen E, Fadnes B, Sylte I, Uhlin-Hansen L, Winberg JO. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity in health and disease. FEBS J 2010; 278:28-45. [PMID: 21087458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is regulated at several levels, including enzyme activation, inhibition, complex formation and compartmentalization. Regulation at the transcriptional level is also important, although this is not a subject of the present minireview. Most MMPs are secreted and have their function in the extracellular environment. This is also the case for the membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs). MMPs are also found inside cells, both in the nucleus, cytosol and organelles. The role of intracellular located MMPs is still poorly understood, although recent studies have unraveled some of their functions. The localization, activation and activity of MMPs are regulated by their interactions with other proteins, proteoglycan core proteins and/or their glycosaminoglycan chains, as well as other molecules. Complexes formed between MMPs and various molecules may also include interactions with noncatalytic sites. Such exosites are regions involved in substrate processing, localized outside the active site, and are potential binding sites of specific MMP inhibitors. Knowledge about regulation of MMP activity is essential for understanding various physiological processes and pathogenesis of diseases, as well as for the development of new MMP targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Norway
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16
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare elastin metabolism in the vagina of women with and without pelvic organ prolapse and to define the regulation of this process by hormone therapy (HT). METHODS Eighty-seven histologically confirmed full-thickness vaginal biopsies were procured from study participants at time of surgery. Premenopausal women with no prolapse served as controls. Women with prolapse were divided into three groups: premenopausal, postmenopausal not on HT, and postmenopausal on HT. The epithelium was excised leaving the subepithelium, muscularis, and adventitia for analyses. The elastin precursor, tropoelastin, was measured by immunoblotting and mature elastin protein via a desmosine cross-link radioimmunoassay. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2 and -9 were quantitated by gelatin zymography. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Tropoelastin (432%), mature elastin (55%), proMMP-9 (90%), and active MMP-9 (106%) were increased in women with prolapse relative to those in the control group while active MMP-2 (41%) was decreased. Comparison of tropoelastin and mature elastin values obtained from the same women showed them to be independently regulated (r=0.19). Interestingly, the highest amount of both proteins occurred in postmenopausal patients not on HT. CONCLUSION Elastin metabolism is altered in the vagina of women with prolapse relative to those in the control group, suggesting that vaginal tissue is rapidly remodeling in response to mechanical stretch. We found that elastin levels are highest in the absence of hormones.
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van der Veen VC, van der Wal MB, van Leeuwen MC, Ulrich MM, Middelkoop E. Biological background of dermal substitutes. Burns 2010; 36:305-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Homocysteine modulates the proteolytic potential of human arterial smooth muscle cells through a reactive oxygen species dependant mechanism. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 335:203-10. [PMID: 19787299 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pathological levels of homocysteine induce a dramatic degradation of arterial elastic structures. This severe metalloproteinase-dependant elastolysis affects elastic structures all over the media suggesting that smooth muscle cells (SMC) may participate to this process induced by homocysteine. Therefore, we investigated the effect of physiological (10 microM) and pathological (50, 100, and 500 microM) concentrations of homocysteine on the metalloproteinase-dependant proteolytic potential of human arterial SMC in culture. Pathological levels of homocysteine increased concomitantly the secretion of latent MMP-2 and TIMP-2 while the secretion of other elastolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and expression of MT1-MMP were not altered. The increased secretion of latent MMP-2 induced by homocysteine was associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, the increased secretion of latent MMP-2 induced by homocysteine was inhibited by antioxidant superoxide dismutase alone or in combination with catalase. These results suggest that SMC could participate, through an oxidative stress dependant secretion of elastolytic MMP-2, to the metalloproteinase-dependant degradation of arterial elastic structures induced by homocysteine.
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Abstract
Degradation of elastin, the main amorphous component of elastic fibers, by elastases belonging to the serine, metallo, or cysteine families leads to the generation of elastin fragments, designated as elastokines in keeping with their cytokine-like properties. Generation of elastokines from one of the longest lived protein in human might represent a strong tissue repair signal. Indeed, they (1) exhibit potent chemotactic activity for leukocytes, (2) stimulate fibroblast and smooth muscle cell proliferation, and (3) display proangiogenic activity as potent as VEGF. However, continuous exposure of cells to these matrikines, through increased elastase(s) expression with age, can contribute to the formation of a chronic inflammatory state, that is, inflamm-aging. Importantly, binding of elastokines to S-Gal, their cognate receptor, proved to stimulate matrix metalloproteinase expression in normal and cancer cells. Besides, these elastin fragments can polarize lymphocytes toward a Th-1 response or induce an osteogenic response in smooth muscle cells, and arterial wall calcification. In this chapter, emphasis will be made on the contribution of elastokines on the genesis of age-related arterial wall diseases, particularly abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). An elastokine theory of AAAs progression will be proposed. Age is one main risk factor of cancer incidence and development. The myriad of biological effects exerted by elastokines on stromal and inflammatory cells led us to hypothesize that they might be main actors in elaborating a favorable cancerization field in melanoma; for instance these peptides could catalyze the vertical growth phase transition in melanoma through increased expression of gelatinase A and membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Antonicelli
- Faculty of Medicine Extracellular Matrix and Cell Signaling--Reims University, UMR 6198 CNRS 51095 Reims Cedex, France
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Qi J, Chi L, Maloney M, Yang X, Bynum D, Banes AJ. Interleukin-1β Increases Elasticity of Human Bioartificial Tendons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:2913-25. [PMID: 17518659 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Stiffness is an important mechanical property of connective tissues, especially for tissues subjected to cyclic strain in vivo, such as tendons. Therefore, modulation of material properties of native or engineered tissues is an important consideration for tissue repair. Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta) is a cytokine most often associated in connective tissues with induction of matrix metalloproteinases and matrix destruction. However, IL-1beta may also be involved in constructive remodeling and confer a cell survival value to tenocytes. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-1beta on the properties of human tenocyte-populated bioartificial tendons (BATs) fabricated in a novel three-dimensional (3D) culture system. IL-1beta treatment reduced the ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus of BATs and increased the maximum strain. IL-1beta at low doses (1, 10 pM) upregulated elastin expression and at a high dose (100 pM) downregulated type I collagen expression. Matrix metalloproteinases, which are involved in matrix remodeling, were also upregulated by IL-1beta. The increased elasticity prevented BATs from rupture caused by applied strain. The results in this study suggest that IL-1beta may act as a defense/survival factor in response to applied mechanical loading. The balance between cell intrinsic strain and external matrix strain is important for maintaining the integrity of tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qi
- Flexcell International Corp., Hillsborough, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Hornebeck W, Bellon G, Emonard H. Fibronectin type II (FnII)-like modules regulate gelatinase A activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 53:405-10. [PMID: 16085117 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2004.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gelatinase A, a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family, contains three fibronectin type II (FnII)-like modules that are inserted within its catalytic domain. These FnII modules, defined as exosites, play an essential role in targeting the enzyme to matrix macromolecules, a process which can down-regulate membrane-type metalloproteinase-driven progelatinase A activation. The exosite/substrate-directed gelatinase inhibitors has been proposed as an alternative approach to disappointing active site-directed inhibitors, to control gelatinase A activity. In preliminary experiments, we evidenced that long-chain unsaturated fatty acids could bind preferentially to the first FnII module of gelatinase A. This interaction inhibits the activity of this enzyme towards proteins (type I gelatin and collagen) and an octapeptide substrate, with K(i) in the micromolar range. Since gelatinase A-catalyzed matrix proteolysis might display a positive or negative influence (depending on the substrate cleaved), the design of exosite-specific compounds for noncatalytic targeting of gelatinase A would necessitate an extensive degradomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hornebeck
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CNRS UMR 6198, IFR 53 Biomolécules, Université de Reims-Champagne, Reims, France.
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22
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Lindstad RI, Sylte I, Mikalsen SO, Seglen PO, Berg E, Winberg JO. Pancreatic trypsin activates human promatrix metalloproteinase-2. J Mol Biol 2005; 350:682-98. [PMID: 15950241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the prevalent view in the literature hitherto, the present study shows that pancreatic trypsin can activate human promatrix metalloproteinase-2 (proMMP-2). It is shown that trypsin's ability to activate proMMP-2 is dependent on various environmental factors such as the level of exogenously added Ca(2+) and Brij-35, temperature, as well as trypsin concentration. The activation occurred as a sequential processing of the proenzyme, initially generating an active 62kDa species. This was followed by successive truncation of the C-terminal domain, giving rise to active species of 56kDa, 52kDa and 50kDa. Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) prevented the trypsin-mediated C-terminal truncation, without affecting the generation of the 62kDa species, while the presence of EDTA increased the rate of the trypsin-mediated activation of proMMP-2. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the 50kDa form indicated that trypsin generated active forms with either Lys87 or Trp90 as the N-terminal residue and Arg538 as a C-terminal residue. The trypsin-activated MMP-2 was active in solution against both synthetic and physiologic substrates, and the steady-state kinetic coefficients k(cat), K(m) and k(cat)/K(m) were determined for the enzyme activated either by APMA, membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) or trypsin. The trypsin-activated MMP-2 exhibited slightly lower k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) values as well as a slightly higher K(i) value against TIMP-1 compared to the enzyme activated by APMA or MT1-MMP. Docking studies of TIMP-1 revealed that the slightly weaker binding of the inhibitor to the trypsin-activated MMP-2 could be attributed to its shorter N terminus (Lys87/Trp90 versus Tyr81), as Phe83 and Arg86 interacted directly with the inhibitor. Our results suggest that the trypsin-activated MMP-2 possesses the catalytic and regulatory potential to be of significance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune I Lindstad
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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23
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Dridi SM, Foucault Bertaud A, Igondjo Tchen S, Senni K, Ejeil AL, Pellat B, Lyonnet S, Bonnet D, Charpiot P, Godeau G. Vascular Wall Remodeling in Patients with Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis and Williams Beuren Syndrome. J Vasc Res 2005; 42:190-201. [PMID: 15832055 DOI: 10.1159/000085141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 02/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) and Williams Beuren syndrome (WBS) can be considered as inherited diseases affecting the whole arterial tree and causing narrowing of the vessels. It has been reported that abnormal deposition of elastin in arterial walls of patients with SVAS and WBS leads to increased proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC), which result in the formation of hyperplastic intimal lesions. In this work, we conducted morphological and morphometrical analysis with stenotic aortas from patients suffering from SVAS and WBS and from healthy control subjects and demonstrated that the amount of elastic fibers and the loss of integrity of vascular elastic fibers in the aortas reflect similar changes in the skin of patients with SVAS or WBS, as reported in our previous work conducted on skin in these pathological states. On the other hand, we conducted investigations on metalloproteinases (MMP2, MMP9, MMP7) and their specific tissue inhibitors TIMP1 and TIMP2 to verify their possible involvement in the etiopathogeny of SVAS and WBS. We particularly evidenced an altered MMP9/TIMP1 balance in favor of matrix degradation which could facilitate SMC migration and neointimal hyperplasia. Our findings suggest that elastinolytic enzymes secreted by arterial SMC, possibly including matrilysin 1, are critical for the development of arterial lesions in SVAS and WBS and contribute to perpetuate arterial stenosis in either SVAS or WBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Dridi
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Tissus non Minéralisés, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université René Descartes, 1 ruwe maurice Arnoux, FR-92120 Montrouge, France
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Maquart FX, Bellon G, Pasco S, Monboisse JC. Matrikines in the regulation of extracellular matrix degradation. Biochimie 2005; 87:353-60. [PMID: 15781322 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The term "matrikines" was coined for designating peptides liberated by partial proteolysis of extracellular matrix macromolecules, which are able to regulate cell activities. Among these peptides, some of them may modulate proliferation, migration, protease production, or apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the activity of matrikines derived from elastin and interstitial or basement membrane collagens on the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases expression and/or activation, and on the plasminogen/plasmin system. Due to their activity, matrikines may play a significant role in physiological or pathological processes such as wound healing or tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Maquart
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CNRS UMR 6198, IFR 53, Faculté de Médecine, Reims, France.
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25
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Cauchard JH, Berton A, Godeau G, Hornebeck W, Bellon G. Activation of latent transforming growth factor beta 1 and inhibition of matrix metalloprotease activity by a thrombospondin-like tripeptide linked to elaidic acid. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:2013-22. [PMID: 15135298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Impaired wound healing and skin aging are characterized by neutral protease-mediated destruction of matrix macromolecules associated with disturbance in tissue repair. We synthesized a fatty acyl-peptide derivative at aims to simultaneously activate latent TGF-beta through its peptide domain, KFK, and inhibit MMPs through its lipophilic moiety, elaidic acid. Elaidyl-KFK as well as KFK were shown to activate LAP-TGF-beta both in vitro, using a solid phase assay with immobilized LAP-TGF-beta, and ex vivo using human dermal fibroblasts cultures. In both assays, as much as up to 10% of LAP-TGF-beta added could be recovered as active form. KQK, KQFK as well as their lipopeptide counterparts were inactive. Elaidyl-KFK-mediated LAP-TGF-beta activation led to up-regulation of collagen and TIMP-1 production and down regulation of PMA-induced MMP-1 expression in fibroblasts cultures. Those effects could be suppressed by supplementing cell culture medium with blocking TGF-beta antibody. Elaidyl-KFK inhibited MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-3, MMP-1, in vitro with IC(50) equal to 1.2, 1.0, 0.24 and 8.9 microM, respectively. Its ex vivo inhibitory capacity, as assessed using skin tissue sections, towards the elastin-degrading capacity of MMP-9 was even more pronounced. At a 1 microM concentration, the lipopeptide decreased by up to 80% enzyme activity. Thus, "Lipospondin," i.e. elaidyl-KFK might be considered as a promising model compound to prevent age-associated dermal alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Hubert Cauchard
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMR 6198 CNRS, IFR-53 "Biomolecules", Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51095 Reims cedex, France
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26
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Chaussalet M, Lamy E, Foucault-Bertaud A, Genovesio C, Sabatier F, Dignat-George F, Charpiot P. Homocysteine modulates the proteolytic potential of human vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 316:170-6. [PMID: 15003526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathological levels of homocysteine induce a metalloproteinase-dependent degradation of the elastic structures in arterial wall. This elastolytic process is preferentially localized toward the internal elastic laminae and in the first layers of the media, suggesting endothelium could participate in extracellular matrix degradation induced by homocysteine. Therefore, we studied the effects of homocysteine on proteolytic potential of endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured with concentrations of homocysteine matching human physiological (10 microM) and pathological (50, 100, and 250 microM) plasma homocysteine levels. Pathological levels of homocysteine increased the secretion of elastolytic metalloproteinase-2 and -9, but not of metalloproteinase-3 and -7. Homocysteine also increased the expression of human tissue kallikrein, a potential activator of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, while the expression of urokinase plasminogen activator was not altered. These results suggest vascular endothelial cells could participate in the subendothelial degradation of the arterial elastic structures occurring in hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Chaussalet
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, INSERM U 608, School of Pharmacy, University of the Mediterranean, Marseille, France
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27
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Filippov S, Caras I, Murray R, Matrisian LM, Chapman HA, Shapiro S, Weiss SJ. Matrilysin-dependent elastolysis by human macrophages. J Exp Med 2003; 198:925-35. [PMID: 12963695 PMCID: PMC2194197 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human macrophages found in juxtaposition to fragmented elastin in vivo express the elastolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) progelatinase B, prometalloelastase, and promatrilysin. Though MMPs can degrade a range of extracellular matrix components, increasing evidence suggests that preferred targets in vivo include nonmatrix substrates such as chemokines and growth factors. Hence, the means by which MMPs participate in elastin turnover remain undefined as does the identity of the elastolysins. Herein, human macrophage cultures have been established that express a complement of elastolytic proteinases similar, if not identical, to that found in vivo. Under plasminogen-free conditions, macrophages preferentially use metalloelastase to mediate elastolysis via a process that deposits active enzyme on elastin surfaces. By contrast, in the presence of plasminogen, human macrophages up-regulate proteolysis 10-fold by processing promatrilysin to an active elastolysin via a urokinase-type plasminogen activator-dependent pathway. Matrilysin-deficient human macrophages fail to mediate an elastolytic response despite the continued expression of gelatinase B and metalloelastase. Thus, acting in concert with cosecreted cysteine proteinases whose activities are constrained to sites of macrophage-elastin contact (Punturieri, A., S. Filippov, E. Allen, I. Caras, R. Murray, V. Reddy, and S.J. Weiss. 2000. J. Exp. Med. 192:789-799), matrilysin confers macrophages with their most potent MMP-dependent elastolytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Filippov
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Hornebeck W, Emonard H, Monboisse JC, Bellon G. Matrix-directed regulation of pericellular proteolysis and tumor progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2002; 12:231-41. [PMID: 12083853 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-579x(02)00026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The microenvironment of cancer cells, composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules, plays a pivotal function in tumor progression. ECM preexisting modules or cryptic sites revealed by partial enzymatic hydrolysis positively or negatively regulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activation, further influencing matrix invasion by cancer cells. Pericellular activation of gelatinase A (MMP-2) proceeds via the formation of a complex involving its inhibitor, TIMP-2, its activator(s), MT-MMPs and alphavbeta3 integrin forming a docking system. This proteinase has been invariably linked to cancer cell invasive potential and is often predictive of a poor survival. MMP-2 degrades most ECM macromolecules and appears to act as a main 'decryptase'. ECM modulation of MMP-2 activation pathway thus influences angiogenesis and tumor growth. For instance the noncollagenous domain of alpha3 chain of type IV collagen, through alphavbeta3 integrin binding, inhibits both MT1-MMP and alphavbeta3 integrin expression from melanoma cells and empedes cell migration and proliferation. At the opposite, a particular module in elastin (VGVAPG) with type VIII beta turn conformation stimulates MT1-MMP and proMMP-2 activation through binding to S-gal elastin receptor, and increases the matrix invasive capacity of several cancer cell lines and endothelial cells. Endocytosis emerges as a main mechanism controlling MMP-2, and also other MMPs; it proceeds via the formation of a MMP-thrombospondin(s) complex further recognized by the LRP scavenger receptor. ECM undergoes conspicuous variations with aging linked to alterations of tissue organization and post-translational modifications of matrix constituents that modify cell-matrix interactions and MMP-2 activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hornebeck
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche Biomolécules (IFR 53), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, FRE 2534), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Reims-Champagne Ardenne, France.
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Bailey M, Xiao H, Ogle M, Vyavahare N. Aluminum chloride pretreatment of elastin inhibits elastolysis by matrix metalloproteinases and leads to inhibition of elastin-oriented calcification. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 159:1981-6. [PMID: 11733347 PMCID: PMC1850609 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcification of elastin occurs in many pathological cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis. We have previously shown that purified elastin when subdermally implanted in rats undergoes severe calcification and aluminum chloride (AlCl(3)) pretreatment of elastin inhibits calcification. In the present study we investigated whether matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) binding to elastin and elastin degradation is prevented by AlCl(3) pretreatment. Subdermal implantation of AlCl(3)-pretreated elastin showed significantly lower MMP-9 and MMP-2 activity surrounding the implant as compared to the control implants. AlCl(3) pretreatment also significantly inhibited elastin implant calcification at the seven-day implant period (AlCl(3)-pretreated 4.07 +/- 1.27, control 23.82 +/- 2.24 microg/mg; p<0.0001). Moreover, elastin gel zymography studies showed that gel pretreatment with AlCl(3) inhibited elastolysis by MMP-9. We also demonstrate significant suppression of MMP-2 activity in aortic wall segments of AlCl(3)-pretreated porcine bioprosthetic heart valve implants as compared to control valve implants in sheep mitral valve replacement studies. AlCl(3) pretreatment also significantly inhibited calcification of elastin in this model. Thus, we conclude that aluminum ion binding to elastin prevents MMP-mediated elastolysis and thus prevents elastin calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bailey
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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Verraes S, Hornebeck W, Polette M, Borradori L, Bernard P. Respective contribution of neutrophil elastase and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in the degradation of BP180 (type XVII collagen) in human bullous pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:1091-6. [PMID: 11710917 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid is a blistering disorder associated with autoantibodies directed against two components of hemidesmosomes, BP180 and BP230. Autoantibodies to the extracellular collagenous domain of BP180 are thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In a murine model of bullous pemphigoid, neutrophil elastase and 92 kDa gelatinase (matrix metalloproteinase 9) have been implicated in subepidermal blister formation via proteolytic degradation of BP180. In this study we sought to elucidate the contribution of these two enzymes to subepidermal blister formation by assessing the expression, localization, and activity of the two proteases in lesional skin, serum samples, and blister fluids obtained from 17 patients with bullous pemphigoid. The results indicate that (i) neutrophil elastase is found in skin biopsy specimens from bullous pemphigoid lesions and is recovered as active enzyme in blister fluids, and (ii) although proform of matrix metalloproteinase 9 is present in lesional skin, it is present only as proenzyme in blister fluids, which also contain high levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. Next, the capacity of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and neutrophil elastase to degrade a recombinant protein corresponding to the extracellular collagenous domain of the BP180 was studied. Our data illustrate that (i) recombinant matrix metalloproteinase 9, neutrophil elastase, and blister fluid from bullous pemphigoid patients are all able to hydrolyze recombinant BP180; (ii) the pattern of recombinant BP180 proteolysis with blister fluid was similar to that obtained with neutrophil elastase; and (iii) recombinant BP180 degradation by blister fluid could be inhibited by chloromethylketone, a specific elastase inhibitor, but not by batimastat, a wide spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. Our results confirm the importance of neutrophil elastase but not matrix metalloproteinase 9 in the direct cleavage of BP180 autoantigen and subepidermal blister formation in human bullous pemphigoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Verraes
- FRE 2260 CNRS, IFR 53 Biomolecules, University of Reims-Champagne Ardennes, Reims, France
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Berton A, Rigot V, Huet E, Decarme M, Eeckhout Y, Patthy L, Godeau G, Hornebeck W, Bellon G, Emonard H. Involvement of fibronectin type II repeats in the efficient inhibition of gelatinases A and B by long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:20458-65. [PMID: 11278959 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011664200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases gelatinase A (MMP-2) and gelatinase B (MMP-9) are implicated in the physiological and pathological breakdown of several extracellular matrix proteins. In the present study, we show that long-chain fatty acids (e.g. oleic acid, elaidic acid, and cis- and trans-parinaric acids) inhibit gelatinase A as well as gelatinase B with K(i) values in the micromolar range but had only weak inhibitory effect on collagenase-1 (MMP-1), as assessed using synthetic or natural substrates. The inhibition of gelatinases depended on fatty acid chain length (with C18 > C16, C14, and C10), and the presence of unsaturations increased their inhibitory capacity on both types of gelatinase. Ex vivo experiments on human skin tissue sections have shown that micromolar concentrations of a long-chain unsaturated fatty acid (elaidic acid) protect collagen and elastin fibers against degradation by gelatinases A and B, respectively. In order to understand why gelatinases are more susceptible than collagenase-1 to inhibition by long-chain fatty acids, the possible role of the fibronectin-like domain (a domain unique to gelatinases) in binding inhibitory fatty acids was investigated. Affinity and kinetic studies with a recombinant fibronectin-like domain of gelatinase A and with a recombinant mutant of gelatinase A from which this domain had been deleted pointed to an interaction of long-chain fatty acids with the fibronectin-like domain of the protease. Surface plasmon resonance studies on the interaction of long-chain fatty acids with the three individual type II modules of the fibronectin-like domain of gelatinase A revealed that the first type II module is primarily responsible for binding these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berton
- CNRS FRE 2260, IFR 53 Biomolecules, Faculty of Medicine, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, F-51100 Reims, France
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Vyavahare N, Jones PL, Tallapragada S, Levy RJ. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity attenuates tenascin-C production and calcification of implanted purified elastin in rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:885-93. [PMID: 10980128 PMCID: PMC1885691 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2000] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Elastin, a major extracellular matrix protein present in arterial walls provides elastic recoil and resilience to arteries. Elastin is prone to calcification in a number of cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis and bioprosthetic heart valve mineralization. We have recently shown that purified elastin when implanted subdermally in rats undergoes severe calcification. In the present study, we used this elastin implant model to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying elastin calcification. Intense matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) and tenascin-C (TN-C) expression were seen in the proximity of the initial cal-cific deposits at 7 days. Gelatin zymography studies showed both MMP-2 (latent and active form) and MMP-9 expression within the implants. To investigate the role of MMPs in calcification, rats were administered a MMP inhibitor, (2S:-allyl-N:-hydroxy-3R:-isobutyl-N:-(1S:-methylcarbamoyl-2-ph enylet hyl)-succinamide (BB-1101) by daily injection, either systemically or at the implant site. The site-specific BB-1101 administration almost completely suppressed TN-C expression, as shown by immunohistochemical staining, within the implants. The systemic BB-1101 injections also significantly reduced TN-C expression within the elastin implants. Moreover, calcification of elastin implants was significantly reduced in the site-specific administration group (5.43 +/- 1.03 microg/mg Ca for BB-1101 group versus 21.71 +/- 1.19 for control group, P: < 0.001). Alizarin Red staining clearly showed that the elastin fibers were heavily calcified in the control group, whereas in BB-1101 group the calcification was scarce with few fibers showing initial calcification deposits. The systemic administration of BB-1101 also significantly reduced elastin calcification (28.07 +/- 5.81 control versus 16.92 +/- 2.56 in the BB-1101 group, P: < 0.05), although less than the site-specific administration. Thus, the present studies indicate that MMPs and TN-C play a role in elastin-oriented calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vyavahare
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
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Berton A, Godeau G, Emonard H, Baba K, Bellon P, Hornebeck W, Bellon G. Analysis of the ex vivo specificity of human gelatinases A and B towards skin collagen and elastic fibers by computerized morphometry. Matrix Biol 2000; 19:139-48. [PMID: 10842097 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(00)00057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous aging and chronic exposure to UV irradiation leads to alterations in the appearance and biochemical composition of the skin. Members of the MMP family have been involved in the destruction of the extracellular matrix. Among them, gelatinases A and B were found to display elastolytic activity, in vitro. In this study, we first determined the ex vivo elastolytic potential of both endopeptidases, using human skin tissue sections and computerized morphometric analyses, and compared it with those of neutrophil elastase. In such conditions, gelatinase B (50 nM) induced 50% elastolysis. The percentage of elastic fibers degraded by gelatinase A (10-100 nM) never exceeded 10%. Elastolysis by gelatinase B and leukocyte elastase was characterized by a decrease in fiber length and an increase in the average diameter of the fibers. In addition, gelatinase B exhibited fibrillin-degrading activities. On the contrary, gelatinase A (50 nM) elicited up to 50% hydrolysis of collagen fibers, preferentially degrading type III collagen fibers. Gelatinase B did not promote any collagen degrading activity. Our data suggested that in vivo gelatinases could disrupt most extracellular matrix structures of human skin. Gelatinase B and to a much lesser extent, gelatinase A would degrade components of the elastic fibers network while gelatinase A, but not gelatinase B, would alter mostly collagen fibers and also degrade constituents of the dermo-epidermal junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berton
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, UPRES-A 6021 CNRS, IFR 53-Biomolecules, Faculty of Medicine, Reims, France
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Cowan KN, Jones PL, Rabinovitch M. Elastase and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors induce regression, and tenascin-C antisense prevents progression, of vascular disease. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:21-34. [PMID: 10619858 PMCID: PMC382582 DOI: 10.1172/jci6539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of the glycoprotein tenascin-C (TN) is associated with progression of clinical and experimental pulmonary hypertension. In cultured smooth muscle cells (SMCs) TN is induced by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and amplifies the proliferative response to growth factors. Conversely, suppression of TN leads to SMC apoptosis. We now report that hypertrophied rat pulmonary arteries in organ culture, which progressively thicken in association with cell proliferation and matrix accumulation, can be made to regress by inhibiting either serine elastases or MMPs. This effect is associated with reduced TN, suppression of SMC proliferation, and induction of apoptosis. Selective repression of TN by transfecting pulmonary arteries with antisense/ribozyme constructs also induces SMC apoptosis and arrests progressive vascular thickening but fails to induce regression. This failure is related to concomitant expansion of a SMC population, which produces an alternative cell survival alpha(v)beta(3) ligand, osteopontin (OPN), in response to pro-proliferative cues provided by a proteolytic environment. OPN rescues MMP inhibitor-induced SMC apoptosis, and alpha(v)beta(3) blockade induces apoptosis in hypertrophied arteries. Our data suggest that proteinase inhibition is a novel strategy to induce regression of vascular disease because this overcomes the pluripotentiality of SMC-matrix survival interactions and induces coordinated apoptosis and resorption of matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Cowan
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, Hospital for Sick Children. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8
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Barrick B, Campbell EJ, Owen CA. Leukocyte proteinases in wound healing: roles in physiologic and pathologic processes. Wound Repair Regen 1999; 7:410-22. [PMID: 10633000 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.1999.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytes express a number of proteinases which play critical roles in physiologic processes during wound healing. However, if the activity of these proteinases is uncontrolled, they can contribute to devastating tissue injury that can affect most organ systems. Until recently, little was known about the mechanisms by which leukocytes retain the activity of their proteinases within the extracellular space which contains highly effective proteinase inhibitors. Studies of the cell biology of leukocyte proteinases have begun to identify the mechanisms by which proteinases can circumvent the effects of physiologic proteinase inhibitors. Herein, we will review the cell biology of leukocyte proteinases, and we will discuss the mechanisms by which leukocyte proteinases can contribute to physiologic processes occurring during wound healing, as well as their roles in pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barrick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine,Salt Lake City 84108, USA
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Bescond A, Augier T, Chareyre C, Garçon D, Hornebeck W, Charpiot P. Influence of homocysteine on matrix metalloproteinase-2: activation and activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 263:498-503. [PMID: 10491321 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of the physiological amino acid homocysteine (Hcy) are considered a risk factor for vascular disease. Hyperhomocysteinemia causes an intense remodelling of the extracellular matrix in arterial walls, particularly an elastolysis involving metalloproteinases. We investigated the activation of the latent elastolytic metalloproteinase proMMP-2 (72 kDa) by Hcy. Hcy was proved to exert a dual effect, activating proMMP-2 at low molar ratio (MR 10:1) and inhibiting active MMP2 at high molar ratio (MR > 1000:1). Methionine and the disulphide homocystine did not activate nor inhibit MMP-2, showing that the activation as well as the inhibition requires the thiol group to be free. The activation of proMMP-2 by Hcy is in accordance with the "cysteine-switch" mechanism, but occurs without further autoproteolysis of the enzyme molecule. In contrast with Hcy, the other physiological thiol compounds cysteine and reduced glutathione did not activate proMMP-2. These results suggest that the direct activation of proMMP2 by Hcy could be one of the mechanisms involved in the extracellular matrix deterioration in hyperhomocysteinemia-associated arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bescond
- Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Marseille, France
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Buisson-Legendre N, Bernard P, Bobichon H, Emonard H, Schneider C, Maquart FX, Haye B, Hornebeck W. Involvement of the 92-kDa gelatinase (matrix metalloproteinase-9) in the ceramide-mediated inhibition of human keratinocyte growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 260:634-40. [PMID: 10403818 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Triggering the ceramide pathway by exogenous treatment with neutral sphingomyelinase (Smase) inhibited human keratinocyte growth rate, while having no influence on cell apoptosis. Increasing the ceramide content of keratinocytes with Smase (100 U/ml) or C6-ceramide (1 microM) enhanced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 production. On the contrary, levels of MMP-2 secretion were unchanged. The inhibition of keratinocyte growth rate induced by ceramide could be annihilated by a peptide hydroxamate MMP inhibitor or an MMP-9 blocking antibody. In addition, inhibiting MMP-9 activity in control keratinocyte culture was found to stimulate keratinocyte proliferation. These data suggest a pivotal function of MMP-9 in the control of keratinocyte growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Buisson-Legendre
- UPRESA 6021 CNRS IFR 53 Biomolécules, Faculté de Médecine et Faculté des Sciences, Université de Reims-Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
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Curci JA, Liao S, Huffman MD, Shapiro SD, Thompson RW. Expression and localization of macrophage elastase (matrix metalloproteinase-12) in abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:1900-10. [PMID: 9835614 PMCID: PMC509141 DOI: 10.1172/jci2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), a disorder characterized by chronic aortic wall inflammation and destruction of medial elastin. The purpose of this study was to determine if human macrophage elastase (HME; MMP-12) might participate in this disease. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, HME mRNA was consistently demonstrated in AAA and atherosclerotic occlusive disease (AOD) tissues (six of six), but in only one of six normal aortas. Immunoreactive proteins corresponding to proHME and two products of extracellular processing were present in seven of seven AAA tissue extracts. Total HME recovered from AAA tissue was sevenfold greater than normal aorta (P < 0.001), and the extracted enzyme exhibited activity in vitro. Production of HME was demonstrated in the media of AAA tissues by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, but HME was not detected within the media of normal or AOD specimens. Importantly, immunoreactive HME was specifically localized to residual elastin fragments within the media of AAA tissue, particularly areas adjacent to nondilated normal aorta. In vitro, the fraction of MMP-12 sequestered by insoluble elastin was two- to fivefold greater than other elastases found in AAA tissue. Therefore, HME is prominently expressed by aneurysm-infiltrating macrophages within the degenerating aortic media of AAA, where it is also bound to residual elastic fiber fragments. Because elastin represents a critical component of aortic wall structure and a matrix substrate for metalloelastases, HME may have a direct and singular role in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Curci
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Departments of Surgery, and Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Brassart B, Randoux A, Hornebeck W, Emonard H. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (gelatinase A, MMP-2), membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) expression by elastin-derived peptides in human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cell line. Clin Exp Metastasis 1998; 16:489-500. [PMID: 9872597 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006550503612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Soluble kappa-elastin peptides were shown to stimulate the expression of MMP-2 (but not MMP-9) by human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells, both at the protein and mRNA levels; maximal effect being observed at a concentration of 25 microg/ml of kappa-elastin. The stimulatory effect could be reproduced using Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly (VGVAPG) peptide, an elastin-derived hydrophobic hexapeptide which represented the elastin receptor binding sequence of tropoelastin. Furthermore, treatment of cells with lactose (30 mM), which dissociated 67-kDa elastin binding protein (EBP) from cell surfaces, completely abolished this effect, suggesting that the elastin receptor could mediate such a response. Using a specific monoclonal antibody, 67-kDa EBP was detected in HT-1080 membrane preparations by Western immunoblotting. Following treatment with 25 microg/ml kappa-elastin or 200 microg/ml VGVAPG, increased levels of the active 62-kDa form of MMP-2 were found in HT-1080 cell extracts. Stimulation of MT1-MMP mRNA expression by treatment with elastin-derived peptides (EDPs) was shown by competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A reverse zymography analysis revealed that EDPs also stimulated TIMP-2 (but not TIMP-1) production by HT-1080 cells. Competitive PCR confirmed increased TIMP-2 mRNA expression by such treatment. These results suggest that occupancy of the 67-kDa elastin receptor by elastin-derived peptides enhanced both expression and activation of proMMP-2 and consequently, could promote the invasive/metastatic ability of tumor cells expressing this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brassart
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CNRS, Upresa 6021, IFR 53-BiomoPéailes, Faculté de Médecine, Reims, France
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