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Wang M, Gong L, Luo Y, He S, Zhang X, Xie X, Li X, Feng X. Transcriptomic analysis of asthma and allergic rhinitis reveals CST1 as a biomarker of unified airways. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1048195. [PMID: 36733482 PMCID: PMC9888248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1048195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an important risk factor for the development of asthma. The "unified airway" theory considers the upper and lower airways as a morphological and functional whole. However, studies exploring biomarkers linking the upper and lower airways in allergic disease are lacking, which may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying AR comorbid asthma. Purpose To integrate bioinformatics techniques to explore biomarkers in airway allergic diseases, and to provide a molecular etiology profile for preventing the development of asthma in AR patients. Methods Biomarkers were screened by identifying key genes common between AR and asthma through WGCNA and differential gene analysis. GO and KEGG analyses were performed using DAVID. Immuno-infiltration analysis was performed by CIBERSORTx. The predictive value of CST1 to distinguish Th2-high asthma was determined by ROC curves. GSEA was used to analyze the signaling pathways involved in CST1. TargetScan and miRNet were combined with GSE142237 to construct ceRNA network. CMap was used to explore potential therapeutic drugs. Results Validation of datasets showed that CST1 was the only gene that was up-regulated in both upper and lower airways in patients with AR and asthma, and correlation heatmaps showed that CST1 was the gene with the highest sum of correlation coefficients. GO and KEGG analysis demonstrated that the lower airways of AR patients were mainly involved in inflammatory and immune responses, similar to asthma. Immune infiltration showed that CST1 was mainly positively correlated with activated CD4 memory T cells. According to the ROC curve, CST1 showed excellent diagnostic efficiency for Th2-high asthma. GSEA indicated that CST1 was involved in the FcϵRI signaling pathway and O-glycan biosynthesis. A ceRNA network including the lncRNAs KCNQ1OT1 and NEAT1 was constructed. Four drugs, including verrucarin-A, had the potential to prevent the development of asthma in AR patients. In addition, corticosteroids were found to downregulate CST1 expression. Conclusion CST1 plays a key role in the development of AR comorbid asthma and may be a biomarker for airway allergic diseases. Targeted treatment of CST1 has the potential to prevent the development of asthma in AR patients and deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin Feng
- *Correspondence: Xin Feng, ; Xuezhong Li,
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Abstract
Invasive fungal infections in humans are generally associated with high mortality, making the choice of antifungal drug crucial for the outcome of the patient. The limited spectrum of antifungals available and the development of drug resistance represent the main concerns for the current antifungal treatments, requiring alternative strategies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), expressed in several organisms and used as first-line defenses against microbial infections, have emerged as potential candidates for developing new antifungal therapies, characterized by negligible host toxicity and low resistance rates. Most of the current literature focuses on peptides with antibacterial activity, but there are fewer studies of their antifungal properties. This review focuses on AMPs with antifungal effects, including their in vitro and in vivo activities, with the biological repercussions on the fungal cells, when known. The classification of the peptides is based on their mode of action: although the majority of AMPs exert their activity through the interaction with membranes, other mechanisms have been identified, including cell wall inhibition and nucleic acid binding. In addition, antifungal compounds with unknown modes of action are also described. The elucidation of such mechanisms can be useful to identify novel drug targets and, possibly, to serve as the templates for the synthesis of new antimicrobial compounds with increased activity and reduced host toxicity.
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Singh P, Sharma A, Jha R, Arora S, Ahmad R, Rahmani AH, Almatroodi SA, Dohare R, Syed MA. Transcriptomic analysis delineates potential signature genes and miRNAs associated with the pathogenesis of asthma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13354. [PMID: 32770056 PMCID: PMC7414199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a multifarious disease affecting several million people around the world. It has a heterogeneous risk architecture inclusive of both genetic and environmental factors. This heterogeneity can be utilised to identify differentially expressed biomarkers of the disease, which may ultimately aid in the development of more localized and molecularly targeted therapies. In this respect, our study complies with meta-analysis of microarray datasets containing mRNA expression profiles of both asthmatic and control patients, to identify the critical Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. We found a total of 30 DEGs out of which 13 were involved in the pathway and functional enrichment analysis. Moreover, 5 DEGs were identified as the hub genes by network centrality-based analysis. Most hub genes were involved in protease/antiprotease pathways. Also, 26 miRNAs and 20 TFs having an association with these hub genes were found to be intricated in a 3-node miRNA Feed-Forward Loop. Out of these, miR-34b and miR-449c were identified as the key miRNAs regulating the expression of SERPINB2 gene and SMAD4 transcription factor. Thus, our study is suggestive of certain miRNAs and unexplored pathways which may pave a way to unravel critical therapeutic targets in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvi Singh
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Archana Sharma
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Rishabh Jha
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shweta Arora
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Rafiq Ahmad
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ravins Dohare
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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4
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Espinosa-Gómez FC, Ruíz-May E, Serio-Silva JC, Chapman CA. Salivary proteome of a Neotropical primate: potential roles in host defense and oral food perception. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9489. [PMID: 32765966 PMCID: PMC7382365 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saliva contains a very complex mixture of proteins for defense against microbiological pathogens and for oral food perception. Howler monkeys are Neotropical primates that can consume a mostly leaf diet. They are well known to thrive in highly disturbed habitats where they may cope with a diversity of dietary challenges and infection risks. We aimed to describe the salivary proteome of howlers to contribute to better understanding of their physiology. METHODS We analyzed the salivary proteins of wild black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra), by SDS-PAGE-1-D and Nano LC-MS/MS and categorized them by their function involved in host defense and oral food perception. RESULTS Our proteomic analysis identified 156 proteins in howler saliva including a number of host defense peptides that are the first line of defense in mammals, such as defensin, cathelicidin, dermcidin, and lactotransferrin, and proteins with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral capacity, such as IgA, IgG, IgM, BPI, salivary heat shock 70 kDa protein, beta-2-microbulin, and protein S-100. We also identified key proteins necessary for taste perception, including salivary carbonic anhydrase VI, cystatin D, IgA, and fatty acid-binding protein. Proteins to detect astringent foods were identifying, including four members of cystatins (A, B, C and D), lactoperoxidase, and histidine-rich proteins. No chitinase and amylase were identified as would be expected because howlers do not eat insects and little starch. These findings provide basic information to future studies in oral biology, ingestive physiology, and physiological ecology of mammals and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Carolina Espinosa-Gómez
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Eliel Ruíz-May
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Juan Carlos Serio-Silva
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington DC, Washington DC, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, Xi’an, China
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Amin F, Khan MS, Bano B. Mammalian cystatin and protagonists in brain diseases. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2171-2196. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1620636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fakhra Amin
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh MuslimUniversity, Aligarh, India
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Cui Y, Sun D, Song R, Zhang S, Liu X, Wang Y, Meng F, Lan Y, Han J, Pan S, Liang S, Zhang B, Guo H, Liu Y, Lu Z, Liu L. Upregulation of cystatin SN promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression and predicts a poor prognosis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:22623-22634. [PMID: 31106426 PMCID: PMC6767558 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin SN, a specific cysteine protease inhibitor, is thought to be involved in various malignant tumors. Therefore, we evaluated the role of cystatin SN in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Notably, cystatin SN was elevated in tumorous samples and cells. Moreover, overexpression of cystatin SN was correlated with tumor diameter and TNM stage. Cox multivariate analysis displayed that cystatin SN was an independent prognosis indicator and that high cystatin SN level was associated with a dismal prognosis. Moreover, cystatin SN enhancement facilitated the proliferation, migratory, and invasive potential of Huh7 and HCCLM3 cells, whereas cystatin SN knockdown caused the opposite effect. Cystatin SN also modulated the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition progression through the PI3K/AKT pathway. In vivo cystatin SN promoted HCCLM3 cell growth and metastasis in xenograft mice model. Thus, cystatin SN was involved in HCC progression and could be a latent target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Cui
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruipeng Song
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shugeng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xirui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Fanzheng Meng
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yaliang Lan
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Jihua Han
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shangha Pan
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shuhang Liang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoyang Lu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Lianxin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
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7
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Yang C, Yu T, Liu Z, Ye X, Liao X, Wang X, Han C, Zhu G, Qin W, Peng T. Cystatin F as a key family 2 cystatin subunit and prognostic biomarker for early‑stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:79-90. [PMID: 31059105 PMCID: PMC6549077 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies, and early diagnosis and assessment may enhance the quality of life and survival of patients. The prognostic value of key family 2 cystatins subunit in PDAC patients remains unknown. The potential molecular roles of family 2 cystatins and related pathways were investigated using bioinformatics analysis. The relationship of family 2 cystatin expression levels and clinical outcomes of 112 patients with early-stage PDAC were evaluated via univariate and combined survival analysis. A prognostic nomogram model was also constructed and gene set enrichment analysis was performed to investigate potential pathways in PDAC. The pathways, interaction networks, and Gene Ontology term analysis of the cystatin gene family were analyzed in the present study. Cystatin F (CST7) was identified as the key subunit of family 2 cystatins in survival analysis. PDAC patients who harbored a higher expression level of CST7 had a lower risk in overall survival (adjusted HROS=0.44, 95% CI=0.25-0.77, P=0.004) and a longer survival time in various subgroups. The prognostic nomogram indicated that the CST7 expression model effectively predicted the outcomes of patients with early-stage PDAC (predictive ability >0.75). In the gene set enrichment analysis, it was revealed that CST7 expression may be involved in immune regulation and be associated with cell adhesion. CST7 could be a useful biomarker for the prognostic prediction of early-stage PDAC after pancreaticoduodenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tingdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqian Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xinping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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8
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Loss of Neogenin1 in human colorectal carcinoma cells causes a partial EMT and wound-healing response. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4110. [PMID: 30858446 PMCID: PMC6411945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40886-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neogenin1 (NEO1) is a receptor of the Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma (DCC)/Frazzled/UNC-40 family, which regulates axon guidance but can also stabilize epithelial adherens junctions. NEO1 and DCC are also tumor suppressors that can inhibit metastasis by acting as dependence receptors. Given the role of NEO1 in maintaining adherens junctions we tested whether loss of NEO1 also promoted metastasis via an epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Loss of NEO1 disrupted zonula adherens but tight junctions were unaffected. Neo1-depleted epithelial cells exhibited a more migratory morphology, had reduced F-actin rich stress-fibres and more basal lamellipodia. Microtubule density was decreased while microtubule outgrowth was faster. Live imaging showed that Neo1-depleted epithelial islands had increased lateral movement. Western blots and immunostaining revealed increased expression of mesenchymal markers such as Fibronectin and MMP1. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis showed a striking decrease in expression of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation, and increased expression of genes associated with EMT, locomotion, and wound-healing. In summary, loss of NEO1 in intestinal epithelial cells produces a partial EMT response, based on gene expression, cellular morphology and behaviour and cytoskeletal distribution. These results suggest that loss of NEO1 in carcinomas may contribute to metastasis by promoting a partial EMT and increased motility.
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9
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Singhania A, Wallington JC, Smith CG, Horowitz D, Staples KJ, Howarth PH, Gadola SD, Djukanović R, Woelk CH, Hinks TSC. Multitissue Transcriptomics Delineates the Diversity of Airway T Cell Functions in Asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:261-270. [PMID: 28933920 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0162oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma arises from the complex interplay of inflammatory pathways in diverse cell types and tissues. We sought to undertake a comprehensive transcriptomic assessment of the epithelium and airway T cells that remain understudied in asthma and investigate interactions between multiple cells and tissues. Epithelial brushings and flow-sorted CD3+ T cells from sputum and BAL were obtained from healthy subjects (n = 19) and patients with asthma (mild, moderate, and severe asthma; n = 46). Gene expression was assessed using Affymetrix HT HG-U133+ PM GeneChips, and results were validated by real-time quantitative PCR. In the epithelium, IL-13 response genes (POSTN, SERPINB2, and CLCA1), mast cell mediators (CPA3 and TPSAB1), inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cystatins (CST1, CST2, and CST4) were upregulated in mild asthma, but, except for cystatins, were suppressed by corticosteroids in moderate asthma. In severe asthma-with predominantly neutrophilic phenotype-several distinct processes were upregulated, including neutrophilia (TCN1 and MMP9), mucins, and oxidative stress responses. The majority of the disease signature was evident in sputum T cells in severe asthma, where 267 genes were differentially regulated compared with health, highlighting compartmentalization of inflammation. This signature included IL-17-inducible chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, IL8, and CSF3) and chemoattractants for neutrophils (IL8, CCL3, and LGALS3), T cells, and monocytes. A protein interaction network in severe asthma highlighted signatures of responses to bacterial infections across tissues (CEACAM5, CD14, and TLR2), including Toll-like receptor signaling. In conclusion, the activation of innate immune pathways in the airways suggests that activated T cells may be driving neutrophilic inflammation and steroid-insensitive IL-17 response in severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akul Singhania
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Joshua C Wallington
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Caroline G Smith
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, and.,2 National Institute for Health Research Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Horowitz
- 3 Janssen Research and Development, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J Staples
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Peter H Howarth
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, and.,2 National Institute for Health Research Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan D Gadola
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, and.,4 Roche, F. Hoffman-La Roche AG, Konzern-Hauptsitz, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Ratko Djukanović
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, and.,2 National Institute for Health Research Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher H Woelk
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Timothy S C Hinks
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, and.,2 National Institute for Health Research Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.,5 Nuffield Department of Medicine and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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10
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Li T, Xiong Q, Zou Z, Lei X, Jiang Q, Liu D. Prognostic significance of cystatin SN associated nomograms in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:115153-115163. [PMID: 29383149 PMCID: PMC5777761 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of most malignant tumors, mainly due to its high rate of metastasis and recurrence. The prognosis of CRC is difficult due to early CRC patients have no specific symptoms. Therefore, it is emergent to identify a biomarker for CRC prognosis. Cystatin SN (CST1) shows elevated expression in many tumors, but its role in CRCs is still unknown. Through immunohistochemistry analysis, we found that CST1 was upregulated in CRC samples. The survival analysis had demonstrated that high CST1 expression was closely associated with poor clinical status, providing that CST1 plays a role in CRC tumorigenesis. Furthermore, nomograms were generated using CST1 levels and other factors to evaluate survival of CRCs. We evaluated the reliabilities of these nomograms using an independent cohort of 141 CRC cases and found that high CST1 expression is linked to low survival, which is consistent with the clinical results. Thus, we could predict the survival of a CRC patient via these nomograms. In addition, the multivariate analysis identified CST1 as an independent prognostic factor for CRCs, providing CST1 as a biomarker for CRC prognosis. Taken together, our studies revealed a close relationship between CST1 and CRCs, suggesting that CST1 possibly acts as a marker for CRC prognosis and a target for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Qiangqiang Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Xiong Lei
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Qunguang Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Dongning Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
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11
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Hammouda NE, Salah El-Din MA, El-Shishtawy MM, El-Gayar AM. Serum Cystatin C as a Biomarker in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Sci Pharm 2017; 85:scipharm85010009. [PMID: 28282874 PMCID: PMC5388146 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm85010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum levels of cystatin C are found to be related to poor outcome and metastatic potential of some malignant disorders. To evaluate the clinical prominence of serum cystatin C in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), blood samples were obtained from 58 patients at the time of diagnosis and paired blood samples were obtained from 22 patients at the time of remission. Also, serum cystatin C level was measured in matched healthy controls. Serum cystatin C levels were significantly more elevated in DLBCL patients than in controls (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, paired-sample analysis revealed that pretreatment cystatin C levels were reduced significantly in patients who achieved remission after therapy (p = 0.016). High serum cystatin C levels were correlated with age over 60 years (p = 0.049), extra-nodal involvement (p = 0.005) and with high serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (p < 0.013). Elevated serum cystatin C levels were associated with extra-nodal involvement and they were significantly reduced to normal range after the remission. However, Kaplan-Meier curves revealed no survival difference in the pretreatment serum cystatin C levels. Therefore, serum cystatin C may be a novel biomarker that reflects tumor burden in DLBCL but bears no prognostic significance regarding survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada E Hammouda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Manal A Salah El-Din
- Oncology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Mamdouh M El-Shishtawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Amal M El-Gayar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
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12
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Cao X, Li Y, Luo RZ, Zhang L, Zhang SL, Zeng J, Han YJ, Wen ZS. Expression of Cystatin SN significantly correlates with recurrence, metastasis, and survival duration in surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer patients. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8230. [PMID: 25648368 PMCID: PMC4316172 DOI: 10.1038/srep08230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatin SN has been considered to be involved in human cancer, but its clinical significance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical value of Cystatin SN expression in patients with surgically resected NSCLCs. A retrospective analysis of 174 patients with surgically resected NSCLCs from April 2002 to March 2005 was performed with immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization to analyze the protein expression and amplification of Cystatin SN. The associations between Cystatin SN expression and recurrence, metastasis, and survival were investigated. In recurrence and metastasis analysis, compared with low-Cystatin SN expression NSCLCs, high expression tumors were more likely to recur and metastasize (P < 0.001). Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly prolonged in the low-Cystatin SN expression subgroup compared with the high-Cystatin SN expression subgroup (DFS, P < 0.001; OS, P = 0.001). A multivariate analysis confirmed that high expression of Cystatin SN was associated with poor survival (DFS, P = 0.001; OS, P = 0.006) and was an independent prognostic indicator. The present study indicates that high expression of Cystatin SN is a significant prognostic indicator of a higher rate of recurrence, metastatic risk, and poor survival in patients with surgically resected NSCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Cao
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Li
- 1] Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Luo
- 1] Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- 1] Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song-Liang Zhang
- 1] Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- 1] Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Jing Han
- 1] Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Preclinical Medicines, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Wen
- 1] Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Abstract
This work characterizes biological, physical, and chemical properties of films formed from an aqueous solution of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), with different concentrations of chitosan (CH) and bioactive cystatin/lysozyme preparation (C/L). The properties of biocomposites were examined by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Fourier’s transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water vapour permeability (WVP), and tensile testing. Antimicrobial activity againstMicrococcus flavus,Bacillus cereus,Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas fluorescens, andCandida famatawas conducted. Films glass transition and storage modulus were dependent on the C/L and CH concentration. Modulus values decreased during the temperature scan and with higher reagents levels. An increase of CH and C/L concentrations in the films resulted in a decrease in tensile strength from 2.62 to 1.08 MPa. It suggests the hydrolyzing influence of C/L, also observed in smaller peak size ofαrelaxation. C/L addition caused shiftingTgto higher temperature. DMA and FTIR analysis proved that HPMC and CH are compatible polymers. Water resistance was improved with rising CH concentration from1.08E-09to7.71E−10 g/m∗s∗Pa. The highest inhibition zone inM. flavusandC. famatawas recorded at the highest concentration of CH and C/L.
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14
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Cuesta-Astroz Y, Scholte LLS, Pais FSM, Oliveira G, Nahum LA. Evolutionary analysis of the cystatin family in three Schistosoma species. Front Genet 2014; 5:206. [PMID: 25071834 PMCID: PMC4089355 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cystatin family comprises cysteine protease inhibitors distributed in 3 subfamilies (I25A–C). Family members lacking cystatin activity are currently unclassified. Little is known about the evolution of Schistosoma cystatins, their physiological roles, and expression patterns in the parasite life cycle. The present study aimed to identify cystatin homologs in the predicted proteome of three Schistosoma species and other Platyhelminthes. We analyzed the amino acid sequence diversity focused in the identification of protein signatures and to establish evolutionary relationships among Schistosoma and experimentally validated human cystatins. Gene expression patterns were obtained from different developmental stages in Schistosoma mansoni using microarray data. In Schistosoma, only I25A and I25B proteins were identified, reflecting little functional diversification. I25C and unclassified subfamily members were not identified in platyhelminth species here analyzed. The resulting phylogeny placed cystatins in different clades, reflecting their molecular diversity. Our findings suggest that Schistosoma cystatins are very divergent from their human homologs, especially regarding the I25B subfamily. Schistosoma cystatins also differ significantly from other platyhelminth homologs. Finally, transcriptome data publicly available indicated that I25A and I25B genes are constitutively expressed thus could be essential for schistosome life cycle progression. In summary, this study provides insights into the evolution, classification, and functional diversification of cystatins in Schistosoma and other Platyhelminthes, improving our understanding of parasite biology and opening new frontiers in the identification of novel therapeutic targets against helminthiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesid Cuesta-Astroz
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Excelência em Bioinformática, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Belo Horizonte, Brazil ; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Larissa L S Scholte
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Excelência em Bioinformática, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Belo Horizonte, Brazil ; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Sviatopolk-Mirsky Pais
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Excelência em Bioinformática, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Belo Horizonte, Brazil ; Faculdade Infórium de Tecnologia Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Excelência em Bioinformática, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laila A Nahum
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Excelência em Bioinformática, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Belo Horizonte, Brazil ; Faculdade Infórium de Tecnologia Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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15
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Xu Y, Lindemann P, Vega-Ramos J, Zhang JG, Villadangos JA. Developmental regulation of synthesis and dimerization of the amyloidogenic protease inhibitor cystatin C in the hematopoietic system. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9730-40. [PMID: 24570004 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.538041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin C is thought to be secreted by most cells and eliminated in the kidneys, so its concentration in plasma is diagnostic of kidney function. Low extracellular cystatin C is linked to pathologic protease activity in cancer, arthritis, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurism, and emphysema. Cystatin C forms non-inhibitory dimers and aggregates by a mechanism known as domain swapping, a property that reportedly protects against Alzheimer disease but can also cause amyloid angiopathy. Despite these clinical associations, little is known about the regulation of cystatin C production, dimerization, and secretion. We show that hematopoietic cells are major contributors to extracellular cystatin C levels in healthy mice. Among these cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) are the predominant producers of cystatin C. Both cell types synthesize monomeric and dimeric cystatin C in vivo, but only secrete monomer. Dimerization occurs co-translationally in the endoplasmic reticulum and is regulated by the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from mitochondria. Drugs or stimuli that reduce the intracellular concentration of ROS inhibit cystatin C dimerization. The extracellular concentration of inhibitory cystatin C is thus partly dependent on the abundance of macrophages and DC, and the ROS levels. These results have implications for the diagnostic use of serum cystatin C as a marker of kidney function during inflammatory processes that induce changes in DC or macrophage abundance. They also suggest an important role for macrophages, DC, and ROS in diseases associated with the protease inhibitory activity or amyloidogenic properties of cystatin C.
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16
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Kim JT, Lee SJ, Kang MA, Park JE, Kim BY, Yoon DY, Yang Y, Lee CH, Yeom YI, Choe YK, Lee HG. Cystatin SN neutralizes the inhibitory effect of cystatin C on cathepsin B activity. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e974. [PMID: 24357805 PMCID: PMC3877556 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin SN (CST1) is one of the several salivary cystatins that form tight equimolar complexes with cysteine proteases, such as the cathepsins. High expression of CST1 is correlated with advanced pTNM stage in gastric cancer. However, the functional role of CST1 in tumorigenesis has not been elucidated. In this study, we showed that CST1 was highly expressed in colon tumor tissues, compared with nontumor regions. Increased cell proliferation and invasiveness were observed in HCT116 cell lines stably transfected with CST1 cDNA (HCT116-CST1) but not in CST3-transfected cells. We also demonstrated that CST1-overexpressing cell lines exhibited increased tumor growth as well as metastasis in a xenograft nude mouse model. Interestingly, CST1 interacted with cystatin C (CST3), a potent cathepsin B (CTSB) inhibitor, with a higher affinity than the interaction between CST3 and CTSB in the extracellular space of HCT116 cells. CTSB-mediated cellular invasiveness and proteolytic activities were strongly inhibited by CST3, but in the presence of CST1 CTSB activities recovered significantly. Furthermore, domain mapping of CST1 showed that the disulfide-bonded conformation, or conserved folding, of CST1 is important for its secretion and for the neutralization of CST3 activity. These results suggest that CST1 upregulation might be involved in colorectal tumorigenesis and acts by neutralizing the inhibition of CTSB proteolytic activity by CST3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-T Kim
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - S-J Lee
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - M A Kang
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - J E Park
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - B-Y Kim
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - D-Y Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Life Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - C-H Lee
- Laboratory Animal Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Y I Yeom
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-K Choe
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - H G Lee
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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17
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The predictive value of cystatin C in monitoring of B non-hodgkin lymphomas: relation to biochemical and clinical parameters. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:752792. [PMID: 24167744 PMCID: PMC3791566 DOI: 10.1155/2013/752792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The predictive value of cystatin C as a marker of course of the disease has been evaluated. Fifty-two pairs of serum samples of patients with B non-Hodgkin lymphoma have been collected at the time of diagnosis and before fourth cycle of chemotherapy. The levels of cystatin C, CRP, β 2M, LDH, and IL-6 in samples have been measured, and clinical parameters of course of the disease (B symptoms, clinical stage, patients' age, and IPI) have been noted. In total patient's group cystatin C levels correlated with β 2M and IPI. In aggressive lymphomas, the inhibitor levels correlated with clinical stage of disease and were significantly higher in patients with elevated LDH activity. In aggressive nodal lymphomas its levels correlated with β 2M, IPI, and clinical stage of disease. The cystatin C level was significantly increased in total group of patients over 60 years old, while in particular types of lymphoma, no statistical significance has been obtained. Our results indicate that cystatin C should be taken into consideration in disease monitoring. However, we expect that the disease-free and overall survival analysis will give the definitive answer about the reliability of cystatin C as an indicator of course of aggressive lymphomas.
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18
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Imoto Y, Tokunaga T, Matsumoto Y, Hamada Y, Ono M, Yamada T, Ito Y, Arinami T, Okano M, Noguchi E, Fujieda S. Cystatin SN upregulation in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67057. [PMID: 23950865 PMCID: PMC3741298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) to the Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica (JC) pollen is an IgE-mediated type I allergy affecting nasal mucosa. However, the molecular events underlying its development remain unclear. We sought to identify SAR-associated altered gene expression in nasal epithelial cells during natural exposure to JC pollen. We recruited study participants in 2009 and 2010 and collected nasal epithelial cells between February and April, which is the period of natural pollen dispersion. Fifteen patients with SAR-JC and 13 control subjects were enrolled in 2009, and 17 SAR-JC patients, 13 sensitized asymptomatic subjects (Sensitized), and 15 control subjects were enrolled in 2010. Total RNA was extracted from nasal epithelial cells and 8 SAR-JC patients and 6 control subjects in 2009 were subjected to microarray analysis with the Illumina HumanRef-8 Expression BeadChip platform. Allergen-stimulated histamine release was examined in the peripheral blood basophils isolated from patients with SAR. We identified 32 genes with significantly altered expression during allergen exposure. One of these, CST1 encodes the cysteine protease inhibitor, cystatin SN. CST1 expression in nasal epithelial cells was significantly upregulated in both the 2009 and 2010 SAR-JC groups compared with the control groups. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the increased expression of CST1 in the nasal epithelial cells of SAR patients. Addition of exogenous CST1 to basophils inhibited JC allergen-stimulated histamine release in vitro. We propose that CST1 may contribute to inactivation of protease allergens and help re-establish homeostasis of the nasal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Imoto
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tokunaga
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuri Matsumoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuko Hamada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mizuho Ono
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takechiyo Yamada
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yumi Ito
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tadao Arinami
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Okano
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Emiko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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19
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Abstract
Cystatins comprise a large superfamily of related proteins with diverse biological activities. They were initially characterised as inhibitors of lysosomal cysteine proteases, however, in recent years some alternative functions for cystatins have been proposed. Cystatins possessing inhibitory function are members of three families, family I (stefins), family II (cystatins) and family III (kininogens). Stefin A is often linked to neoplastic changes in epithelium while another family I cystatin, stefin B is supposed to have a specific role in neuredegenerative diseases. Cystatin C, a typical type II cystatin, is expressed in a variety of human tissues and cells. On the other hand, expression of other type II cystatins is more specific. Cystatin F is an endo/lysosome targeted protease inhibitor, selectively expressed in immune cells, suggesting its role in processes related to immune response. Our recent work points on its role in regulation of dendritic cell maturation and in natural killer cells functional inactivation that may enhance tumor survival. Cystatin E/M expression is mainly restricted to the epithelia of the skin which emphasizes its prominent role in cutaneous biology. Here, we review the current knowledge on type I (stefins A and B) and type II cystatins (cystatins C, F and E/M) in pathologies, with particular emphasis on their suppressive vs. promotional function in the tumorigenesis and metastasis. We proposed that an imbalance between cathepsins and cystatins may attenuate immune cell functions and facilitate tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spela Magister
- 1. Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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20
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Rokadia HK, Agarwal S. Serum cystatin C and emphysema: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Lung 2012; 190:283-90. [PMID: 22286538 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-012-9374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystatin C (CysC) is a potent nonorgan-specific cysteine protease inhibitor and may contribute to elastolysis and tissue destruction by a mechanism of protease–antiprotease imbalance. Given the prevalence of CysC in the serum of smokers and its role in tissue destruction, we aimed to evaluate the association between CysC and emphysema. METHODS Pooled cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002 were used. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis were defined by a self-reported history ascertained using standardized questionnaires. Active smokers were defined as self-reported current smokers or measured serum cotinine ≥10 ng/mL. Nonactive smokers with a serum cotinine level >0.05 ng/mL were defined as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)-exposed. RESULTS The prevalence (95% CI) of emphysema was 1.3% (range = 0.9–1.8%). The mean (SE) CysC level in the emphysema group was significantly higher than in normal controls [1,139 (22) vs. 883 (8) μg/L; p = 0.001]. Upon stratification of the study population by C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, we demonstrated a progressive increase in the mean serum CysC level with serially increasing CRP concentrations. Active smokers with emphysema had 115.4 (46.5) μg/L higher mean (SE) CysC levels than the normal controls (p < 0.001). Upon adjusted analysis, we observed that nonactive smokers with significant ETS exposure had 31.2 (15.2) μg/L higher mean (SE) serum CysC levels as compared to ETS unexposed nonactive smokers (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION In a large representative noninstitutionalized US population, we demonstrated an association between emphysema and serum CysC. Active smokers with emphysema had significantly higher CysC levels. These findings suggest that CysC may play a role in the pathogenesis of smoking-related emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haala K Rokadia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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21
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van Kasteren SI, Berlin I, Colbert JD, Keane D, Ovaa H, Watts C. A multifunctional protease inhibitor to regulate endolysosomal function. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:1198-204. [PMID: 21910425 PMCID: PMC3220280 DOI: 10.1021/cb200292c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
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Proteases constitute a major class of drug targets. Endosomal compartments harbor several protease families whose attenuation may be beneficial to a number of biological processes, including inflammation, cancer metastasis, antigen presentation, and parasite clearance. As a step toward the goal of generalized but targeted protease inhibition in the endocytic pathway, we describe here the synthesis, characterization, and cellular application of a novel multifunctional protease inhibitor. We show that pepstatin A, a potent but virtually insoluble inhibitor of cathepsins D and E, can be conjugated to a single site on cystatin C, a potent inhibitor of the papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCP) and of asparagine endopeptidease (AEP), to create a highly soluble compound capable of suppressing the activity of all 3 principal protease families found in endosomes and lysosomes. We demonstrate that this cystatin–pepstatin inhibitor (CPI) can be taken up by cells to modulate protease activity and affect biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander I. van Kasteren
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilana Berlin
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeff D. Colbert
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Doreen Keane
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin Watts
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
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22
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Yu CJ, Wang CL, Wang CI, Chen CD, Dan YM, Wu CC, Wu YC, Lee IN, Tsai YH, Chang YS, Yu JS. Comprehensive Proteome Analysis of Malignant Pleural Effusion for Lung Cancer Biomarker Discovery by Using Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:4671-82. [DOI: 10.1021/pr2004743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Yu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ‡Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, §Molecular Medicine Research Center and #Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic Medicine, and ¶Division of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Liang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ‡Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, §Molecular Medicine Research Center and #Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic Medicine, and ¶Division of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ‡Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, §Molecular Medicine Research Center and #Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic Medicine, and ¶Division of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-De Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ‡Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, §Molecular Medicine Research Center and #Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic Medicine, and ¶Division of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Dan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ‡Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, §Molecular Medicine Research Center and #Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic Medicine, and ¶Division of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ‡Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, §Molecular Medicine Research Center and #Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic Medicine, and ¶Division of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ‡Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, §Molecular Medicine Research Center and #Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic Medicine, and ¶Division of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - I-Neng Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ‡Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, §Molecular Medicine Research Center and #Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic Medicine, and ¶Division of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Huang Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ‡Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, §Molecular Medicine Research Center and #Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic Medicine, and ¶Division of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ‡Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, §Molecular Medicine Research Center and #Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic Medicine, and ¶Division of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ‡Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, §Molecular Medicine Research Center and #Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Department of Thoracic Medicine, and ¶Division of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Trenchevska O, Nedelkov D. Targeted quantitative mass spectrometric immunoassay for human protein variants. Proteome Sci 2011; 9:19. [PMID: 21477312 PMCID: PMC3080279 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-9-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-translational modifications and genetic variations give rise to protein variants that significantly increase the complexity of the human proteome. Modified proteins also play an important role in biological processes. While sandwich immunoassays are routinely used to determine protein concentrations, they are oblivious to protein variants that may serve as biomarkers with better sensitivity and specificity than their wild-type proteins. Mass spectrometry, coupled to immunoaffinity separations, can provide an efficient mean for simultaneous detection and quantification of protein variants. RESULTS Presented here is a mass spectrometric immunoassay method for targeted quantitative proteomics analysis of protein modifications. Cystatin C, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor and a potential marker for several pathological processes, was used as a target analyte. An internal reference standard was incorporated into the assay, serving as a normalization point for cystatin C quantification. The precision, linearity, and recovery characteristics of the assay were established. The new assay was also benchmarked against existing cystatin C ELISA. In application, the assay was utilized to determine the individual concentration of several cystatin C variants across a cohort of samples, demonstrating the ability to fully quantify individual forms of post-translationally modified proteins. CONCLUSIONS The mass spectrometric immunoassays can find use in quantifying specific protein modifications, either as a part of a specific protein biomarker discovery/rediscovery effort to delineate the role of these variants in the onset of the disease, progression, and response to therapy, or in a more systematic study to delineate and understand human protein diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olgica Trenchevska
- Intrinsic Bioprobes, 2155 E, Conference Dr, Suite 104, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA.
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Briggs JJ, Haugen MH, Johansen HT, Riker AI, Abrahamson M, Fodstad Ø, Maelandsmo GM, Solberg R. Cystatin E/M suppresses legumain activity and invasion of human melanoma. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:17. [PMID: 20074384 PMCID: PMC2822816 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High activity of cysteine proteases such as legumain and the cathepsins have been shown to facilitate growth and invasion of a variety of tumor types. In breast cancer, several recent studies have indicated that loss of the cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin E/M leads to increased growth and metastasis. Although cystatin E/M is normally expressed in the skin, its role in cysteine protease regulation and progression of malignant melanoma has not been studied. Methods A panel of various non-melanoma and melanoma cell lines was used. Cystatin E/M and C were analyzed in cell media by immunoblotting and ELISA. Legumain, cathepsin B and L were analyzed in cell lysates by immunoblotting and their enzymatic activities were analyzed by peptide substrates. Two melanoma cell lines lacking detectable secretion of cystatin E/M were transfected with a cystatin E/M expression plasmid (pCST6), and migration and invasiveness were studied by a Matrigel invasion assay. Results Cystatin E/M was undetectable in media from all established melanoma cell lines examined, whereas strong immunobands were detected in two of five primary melanoma lines and in two of six lines derived from patients with metastatic disease. Among the four melanoma lines secreting cystatin E/M, the glycosylated form (17 kD) was predominant compared to the non-glycosylated form (14 kD). Legumain, cathepsin B and L were expressed and active in most of the cell lines, although at low levels in the melanomas expressing cystatin E/M. In the melanoma lines where cystatin E/M was secreted, cystatin C was generally absent or expressed at a very low level. When melanoma cells lacking secretion of cystatin E/M were transfected with pCST6, their intracellular legumain activity was significantly inhibited. In contrast, cathepsin B activity was not affected. Furthermore, invasion was suppressed in cystatin E/M over-expressing melanoma cell lines as measured by the transwell Matrigel assay. Conclusions These results suggest that the level of cystatin E/M regulates legumain activity and hence the invasive potential of human melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon J Briggs
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Ford L, Zhang J, Liu J, Hashmi S, Fuhrman JA, Oksov Y, Lustigman S. Functional analysis of the cathepsin-like cysteine protease genes in adult Brugia malayi using RNA interference. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e377. [PMID: 19190745 PMCID: PMC2634747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cathepsin-like enzymes have been identified as potential targets for drug or vaccine development in many parasites, as their functions appear to be essential in a variety of important biological processes within the host, such as molting, cuticle remodeling, embryogenesis, feeding and immune evasion. Functional analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans cathepsin L (Ce-cpl-1) and cathepsin Z (Ce-cpz-1) has established that both genes are required for early embryogenesis, with Ce-cpl-1 having a role in regulating in part the processing of yolk proteins. Ce-cpz-1 also has an important role during molting. Methods and Findings RNA interference assays have allowed us to verify whether the functions of the orthologous filarial genes in Brugia malayi adult female worms are similar. Treatment of B. malayi adult female worms with Bm-cpl-1, Bm-cpl-5, which belong to group Ia of the filarial cpl gene family, or Bm-cpz-1 dsRNA resulted in decreased numbers of secreted microfilariae in vitro. In addition, analysis of the intrauterine progeny of the Bm-cpl-5 or Bm-cpl Pro dsRNA- and siRNA-treated worms revealed a clear disruption in the process of embryogenesis resulting in structural abnormalities in embryos and a varied differential development of embryonic stages. Conclusions Our studies suggest that these filarial cathepsin-like cysteine proteases are likely to be functional orthologs of the C. elegans genes. This functional conservation may thus allow for a more thorough investigation of their distinct functions and their development as potential drug targets. Filarial nematodes are an important group of human pathogens, causing lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, and infecting around 150 million people throughout the tropics with more than 1.5 billion at risk of infection. Control of filariasis currently relies on mass drug administration (MDA) programs using drugs which principally target the microfilarial life-cycle stage. These control programs are facing major challenges, including the absence of a drug with macrofilaricidal or permanent sterilizing activity, and the possibility of the development of drug-resistance against the drugs available. Cysteine proteases are essential enzymes which play important roles in a wide range of cellular processes, and the cathepsin-like cysteine proteases have been identified as potential targets for drug or vaccine development in many parasites. Here we have studied the function of several of the cathepsin-like enzymes in the filarial nematode, B. malayi, and demonstrate that these cysteine proteases are involved in the development of embryos, show similar functions to their counterparts in C. elegans, and therefore, provide an important target for future drug development targeted to eliminate filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ford
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America.
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Owen CA. Roles for proteinases in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2008; 3:253-68. [PMID: 18686734 PMCID: PMC2629972 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1960s, a compelling body of evidence has accumulated to show that proteinases play critical roles in airspace enlargement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, until recently the causative enzymes and their exact roles in pathologic processes in COPD have not been clear. Recent studies of gene-targeted mice in murine models of COPD have confirmed roles for proteinases not only in airspace enlargement, but also in airway pathologies in COPD. These studies have also shed light on the specific proteinases involved in COPD pathogenesis, and the mechanisms by which these proteinases injure the lung. They have also identified important interactions between different classes of proteinases, and between proteinases and other molecules that amplify lung inflammation and injury. This review will discuss the biology of proteinases and the mechanisms by which they contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD. In addition, I will discuss the potential of proteinase inhibitors and anti-inflammatory drugs as new treatment strategies for COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Owen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Nation A, Cui S, Selwood L. Vesicle-associated protein 1: a novel ovarian immunocontraceptive target in the common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula. Reproduction 2008; 136:657-65. [PMID: 18713812 DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian-based immunological research is currently restricted to proteins of the zona pellucida. This study examined the immunocontraceptive potential of a novel vesicle-associated protein, VAP1, previously isolated from the vesicle-rich hemisphere of the brushtail possum oocyte. Seven female possums were immunized against recombinant glutathione S-transferase-VAP1 fusion protein. Control animals (n=3) received antigen-free vaccinations. Following immunization, regular blood sampling determined the level and duration of immune response. Animals were monitored daily, pre- and post-immunization, to determine estrous cycling activity and the percentage of reproductive cycles yielding viable young. The reproductive tracts and somatic organs of VAP1-immunized (n=7), control-immunized (n=3) and non-immunized (n=5) animals were collected and examined by histology and transmission electron microscopy. VAP1 immunization caused a strong and sustained immune response. Elevated levels of VAP1 antibody binding were detected in sera following initial injections, and immune titers rose as boosters were administered. Immunization had no adverse effect upon animal behavior or body condition. Immunized females demonstrated no major change in annual estrous cycling activity; however, the percentage of reproductive cycles resulting in pouch young decreased significantly (P<0.05) by 40%. Histological and ultrastructural analyses revealed an abundance of lipid-like degradation bodies within the ooplasm of developing oocytes and the cytoplasm of failing uterine zygotes. Active macrophage invasion of enlarged endometrial glands was observed in the uteri of two females. Reproductive tract changes are discussed in relation to observed fertility decline. The results of this study indicate that VAP1 has exciting potential as an immunocontraceptive target for possum control in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nation
- Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia.
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Owen CA. Leukocyte cell surface proteinases: regulation of expression, functions, and mechanisms of surface localization. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:1246-72. [PMID: 18329945 PMCID: PMC2425676 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A number of proteinases are expressed on the surface of leukocytes including members of the serine, metallo-, and cysteine proteinase superfamilies. Some proteinases are anchored to the plasma membrane of leukocytes by a transmembrane domain or a glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor. Other proteinases bind with high affinity to classical receptors, or with lower affinity to integrins, proteoglycans, or other leukocyte surface molecules. Leukocyte surface levels of proteinases are regulated by: (1) cytokines, chemokines, bacterial products, and growth factors which stimulate synthesis and/or release of proteinases by cells; (2) the availability of surface binding sites for proteinases; and/or (3) internalization or shedding of surface-bound proteinases. The binding of proteinases to leukocyte surfaces serves many functions including: (1) concentrating the activity of proteinases to the immediate pericellular environment; (2) facilitating pro-enzyme activation; (3) increasing proteinase stability and retention in the extracellular space; (4) regulating leukocyte function by proteinases signaling through cell surface binding sites or other surface proteins; and (5) protecting proteinases from inhibition by extracellular proteinase inhibitors. There is strong evidence that membrane-associated proteinases on leukocytes play critical roles in wound healing, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, fibrinolysis, and coagulation. This review will outline the biology of membrane-associated proteinases expressed by leukocytes and their roles in physiologic and pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Owen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 905 Thorn Building, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Wang JHC, Thampatty BP, Lin JS, Im HJ. Mechanoregulation of gene expression in fibroblasts. Gene 2007; 391:1-15. [PMID: 17331678 PMCID: PMC2893340 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical loads placed on connective tissues alter gene expression in fibroblasts through mechanotransduction mechanisms by which cells convert mechanical signals into cellular biological events, such as gene expression of extracellular matrix components (e.g., collagen). This mechanical regulation of ECM gene expression affords maintenance of connective tissue homeostasis. However, mechanical loads can also interfere with homeostatic cellular gene expression and consequently cause the pathogenesis of connective tissue diseases such as tendinopathy and osteoarthritis. Therefore, the regulation of gene expression by mechanical loads is closely related to connective tissue physiology and pathology. This article reviews the effects of various mechanical loading conditions on gene regulation in fibroblasts and discusses several mechanotransduction mechanisms. Future research directions in mechanoregulation of gene expression are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H-C Wang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 210 Lothrop St., BST, E1640, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Skrzydlewska E, Sulkowska M, Koda M, Sulkowski S. Proteolytic-antiproteolytic balance and its regulation in carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:1251-66. [PMID: 15761961 PMCID: PMC4250670 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i9.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer development is essentially a tissue remodeling process in which normal tissue is substituted with cancer tissue. A crucial role in this process is attributed to proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Degradation of ECM is initiated by proteases, secreted by different cell types, participating in tumor cell invasion and increased expression or activity of every known class of proteases (metallo-, serine-, aspartyl-, and cysteine) has been linked to malignancy and invasion of tumor cells. Proteolytic enzymes can act directly by degrading ECM or indirectly by activating other proteases, which then degrade the ECM. They act in a determined order, resulting from the order of their activation. When proteases exert their action on other proteases, the end result is a cascade leading to proteolysis. Presumable order of events in this complicated cascade is that aspartyl protease (cathepsin D) activates cysteine proteases (e.g., cathepsin B) that can activate pro-uPA. Then active uPA can convert plasminogen into plasmin. Cathepsin B as well as plasmin are capable of degrading several components of tumor stroma and may activate zymogens of matrix metalloproteinases, the main family of ECM degrading proteases. The activities of these proteases are regulated by a complex array of activators, inhibitors and cellular receptors. In physiological conditions the balance exists between proteases and their inhibitors. Proteolytic-antiproteolytic balance may be of major significance in the cancer development. One of the reasons for such a situation is enhanced generation of free radicals observed in many pathological states. Free radicals react with main cellular components like proteins and lipids and in this way modify proteolytic-antiproteolytic balance and enable penetration damaging cellular membrane. All these lead to enhancement of proteolysis and destruction of ECM proteins and in consequence to invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2, 15-230 Bialystok, Poland.
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Töhönen V, Osterlund C, Nordqvist K. Testatin: a cystatin-related gene expressed during early testis development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:14208-13. [PMID: 9826679 PMCID: PMC24352 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.24.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To isolate genes involved in morphogenic aspects of testis development, and which may act in cell signaling pathways downstream of the testis-determining gene Sry, we have developed a modified mRNA differential display method named signal peptide differential display. It was used to target those genes that encode proteins having a signal peptide sequence. By using this method, we isolated a gene named testatin. This gene was found to be related to a group of genes that encodes cysteine protease inhibitors known as cystatins. Cystatins and their target proteases have been associated with tumor formation and metastasis, but also are involved in natural tissue remodeling events such as bone resorption and embryo implantation. We show that testatin expression is restricted to fetal gonads and adult testis. Furthermore, testatin is expressed during testis cord formation in pre-Sertoli cells, believed to be the site of Sry action, at a time immediately after the peak of Sry expression. This finding suggests that testatin might be activated by transcription factors that are known to orchestrate the early testis development pathway. This gene therefore represents one of the putative downstream targets likely to have an essential role in tissue reorganization during early testis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Töhönen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gachon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale, Unité INSERM U 384, Clermont Ferrand, France
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