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Zhu Y, Zerdes I, Matikas A, Cruz IR, Bergqvist M, Elinder E, Bosch A, Lindman H, Einbeigi Z, Andersson A, Carlsson L, Dreifaldt AC, Isaksson-Friman E, Hellstrom M, Johansson H, Wang K, Bergh JCS, Hatschek T, Foukakis T. The role of serum thymidine kinase 1 activity in neoadjuvant-treated HER2-positive breast cancer: biomarker analysis from the Swedish phase II randomized PREDIX HER2 trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024; 204:299-308. [PMID: 38175448 PMCID: PMC10948570 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-023-07200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) plays a pivotal role in DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation. TK1 has been studied as a prognostic marker and as an early indicator of treatment response in human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-negative early and metastatic breast cancer (BC). However, the prognostic and predictive value of serial TK1 activity in HER2-positive BC remains unknown. METHODS In the PREDIX HER2 trial, 197 HER2-positive BC patients were randomized to neoadjuvant trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and docetaxel (DPH) or trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), followed by surgery and adjuvant epirubicin and cyclophosphamide. Serum samples were prospectively collected from all participants at multiple timepoints: at baseline, after cycle 1, 2, 4, and 6, at end of adjuvant therapy, annually for a total period of 5 years and/or at the time of recurrence. The associations of sTK1 activity with baseline characteristics, pathologic complete response (pCR), event-free survival (EFS), and disease-free survival (DFS) were evaluated. RESULTS No association was detected between baseline sTK1 levels and all the baseline clinicopathologic characteristics. An increase of TK1 activity from baseline to cycle 2 was seen in all cases. sTK1 level at baseline, after 2 and 4 cycles was not associated with pCR status. After a median follow-up of 58 months, 23 patients had EFS events. There was no significant effect between baseline or cycle 2 sTK1 activity and time to event. A non-significant trend was noted among patents with residual disease (non-pCR) and high sTK1 activity at the end of treatment visit, indicating a potentially worse long-term prognosis. CONCLUSION sTK1 activity increased following neoadjuvant therapy for HER2-positive BC but was not associated with patient outcomes or treatment benefit. However, the post-surgery prognostic value in patients that have not attained pCR warrants further investigation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02568839. Registered on 6 October 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Zhu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Vägen A2:07, Solna, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ioannis Zerdes
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Vägen A2:07, Solna, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexios Matikas
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Vägen A2:07, Solna, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivette Raices Cruz
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ana Bosch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Lindman
- Department of Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zakaria Einbeigi
- Department of Oncology, Southern Älvsborg Hospital, Borås, Sweden
| | | | - Lena Carlsson
- Department of Oncology, Sundsvall Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | | | | | - Mats Hellstrom
- Centre for Clinical Cancer Studies, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hemming Johansson
- Centre for Clinical Cancer Studies, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Vägen A2:07, Solna, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas C S Bergh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Vägen A2:07, Solna, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hatschek
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Vägen A2:07, Solna, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theodoros Foukakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Vägen A2:07, Solna, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sharif H, Saellström S, Kolli B, Jagarlamudi KK, Wang L, Rönnberg H, Eriksson S. A monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA for measuring canine Thymidine kinase 1 protein and its role as biomarker in canine lymphoma. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1243853. [PMID: 37808109 PMCID: PMC10557065 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1243853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dogs play an important role in society, which increased during the covid epidemics. This has led to a much higher workload for the veterinarians. Therefore, there is a need for efficient diagnostic tools to identify risk of malignant diseases. Here the development of a new test that can solve some of these problems is presented. It is based on serum Thymidine Kinase 1 (TK1), which is a biomarker for cell proliferation and cell lysis. Methods Anti-TK1 monoclonal antibodies were produced against two different epitopes, the active site of the TK1 protein and the C-terminal region of canine TK1. The antibodies were developed with hybridoma technology and validated using dot blot, Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) technology, western blots, immunoprecipitation (IP), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinical evaluation of Canine TK1 ELISA was done by using sera from 131 healthy dogs and 93 dogs with lymphoma. The two selected Anti-TK1 monoclonal antibodies have Kd values in the range of 10-9 M and further analysis with dot and western blots confirmed the high affinity binding of these antibodies. A sandwich Canine TK1 ELISA was developed using the anti-TK1 antibodies, and TK1 concentrations in serum samples were determined using dog recombinant TK1 as a standard. Results Serum TK1 protein levels were significantly higher in dogs with lymphoma compared to those in healthy dogs (p < 0.0001). Receiver operating curve analysis showed that the canine TK1-ELISA obtain a sensitivity of 0.80, at a specificity of 0.95. Moreover, the Canine TK1 ELISA has a positive predictive value (PPV) of 97%, and the negative predictive value (NPV) of 83%, reflecting the proportion of test results that are truly positive and negative. Furthermore, Canine TK1 ELISA had significantly higher capacity to differentiate dogs with T-cell lymphoma from those with B-cell lymphoma compared to earlier used TK1 activity assays. Discussion These results demonstrate that the Canine TK1 ELISA can serve as an efficient tool in the diagnosis and management of dogs with lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Sharif
- Alertix Veterinary Diagnostics AB, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Saellström
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bhavya Kolli
- Alertix Veterinary Diagnostics AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Rönnberg
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Center of Clinical Comparative Oncology (C3O), Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Alertix Veterinary Diagnostics AB, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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Osredkar J, Jagarlamudi KK, Cviič D, Škof E, Cvjetićanin B, Zore A, Lukanović D, Eriksson S, Meglič L. Clinical Significance of the TK1-Specific Activity in the Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer. Oncology 2023; 102:17-29. [PMID: 37673047 DOI: 10.1159/000533428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer is the eighth most common cause of cancer death in women. One of the major concerns is almost two-thirds of cases are typically diagnosed in the late stage as the symptoms are unspecific in the early stage of ovarian cancer. It is known that the combination of TK1 protein with CA 125 or HE4 showed better performance than either of them alone. That is why, the aim of the study was to investigate whether the TK1-specific activity (TK1 SA) could function as a complement marker for early-stage diagnosis of ovarian cancer. METHODS The study included a set of 198 sera consisting of 134 patients with ovarian tumors (72 benign and 62 malignant) and 64 healthy age-matched controls. The TK1 SA was determined using TK1 activity by TK-Liaison and TK1 protein by AroCell TK 210 ELISA. Further, CA 125, HE4, as well as risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm index were also determined in the same set of clinical samples. RESULTS The TK1 SA was significantly different between healthy compared to ovarian cancer patients (p < 0.0001). Strikingly, TK1 SA has higher sensitivity (55%) compared to other biomarkers in the detection of benign ovarian tumors. Further, the highest sensitivity was achieved by the combination of TK1 SA with CA 125 and HE4 for the detection of benign tumors as well as malignant ovarian tumors (72.2% and 88.7%). In addition, TK1 SA could significantly differentiate FIGO stage I/II from stage III/IV malignancies (p = 0.026). Follow-up of patients after surgery and chemotherapy showed a significant difference compared to TK1 SA at the time of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that TK1 SA is a promising blood-based biomarker that could complement CA 125 and HE4 for the detection of early stages of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joško Osredkar
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kiran Kumar Jagarlamudi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
- Research and Development Division, AroCell AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diana Cviič
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Erik Škof
- Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University Ljubljana, Medical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branko Cvjetićanin
- Division of Gynecology, Department of Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Zore
- Division of Gynecology, Department of Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Lukanović
- Division of Gynecology, Department of Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
- Research and Development Division, AroCell AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leon Meglič
- University Ljubljana, Medical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Division of Gynecology, Department of Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Elias K, Smyczynska U, Stawiski K, Nowicka Z, Webber J, Kaplan J, Landen C, Lubinski J, Mukhopadhyay A, Chakraborty D, Connolly DC, Symecko H, Domchek SM, Garber JE, Konstantinopoulos P, Fendler W, Chowdhury D. Identification of BRCA1/2 mutation female carriers using circulating microRNA profiles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3350. [PMID: 37291133 PMCID: PMC10250543 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38925-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying germline BRCA1/2 mutation carriers is vital for reducing their risk of breast and ovarian cancer. To derive a serum miRNA-based diagnostic test we used samples from 653 healthy women from six international cohorts, including 350 (53.6%) with BRCA1/2 mutations and 303 (46.4%) BRCA1/2 wild-type. All individuals were cancer-free before and at least 12 months after sampling. RNA-sequencing followed by differential expression analysis identified 19 miRNAs significantly associated with BRCA mutations, 10 of which were ultimately used for classification: hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-19b-3p, hsa-let-7b-5p, hsa-miR-320b, hsa-miR-139-3p, hsa-miR-30d-5p, hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-182-5p, hsa-miR-421, hsa-miR-375-3p. The final logistic regression model achieved area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.89 (95% CI: 0.87-0.93), 93.88% sensitivity and 80.72% specificity in an independent validation cohort. Mutated gene, menopausal status or having preemptive oophorectomy did not affect classification performance. Circulating microRNAs may be used to identify BRCA1/2 mutations in patients of high risk of cancer, offering an opportunity to reduce screening costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Elias
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Urszula Smyczynska
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Konrad Stawiski
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Nowicka
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - James Webber
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jakub Kaplan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles Landen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jan Lubinski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center of the Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Asima Mukhopadhyay
- Kolkata Gynecology Oncology Trials and Translational Research Group, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dona Chakraborty
- Kolkata Gynecology Oncology Trials and Translational Research Group, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Heather Symecko
- Basser Center for BRCA, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan M Domchek
- Basser Center for BRCA, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Judy E Garber
- Center for BRCA and Related Genes, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Panagiotis Konstantinopoulos
- Center for BRCA and Related Genes, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Dipanjan Chowdhury
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for BRCA and Related Genes, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Liu W, Meng Q, Du C, Sun C, Hou S, Li Y. TK1 is an early screening marker for uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma and promotes its progression. GENE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2023.101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Fanelli GN, Scarpitta R, Cinacchi P, Fuochi B, Szumera-Ciećkiewicz A, De Ieso K, Ferrari P, Fontana A, Miccoli M, Naccarato AG, Scatena C. Immunohistochemistry for Thymidine Kinase-1 (TK1): A Potential Tool for the Prognostic Stratification of Breast Cancer Patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10225416. [PMID: 34830698 PMCID: PMC8623797 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent non-cutaneous malignancy in women. Histological grade, expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PgR), overexpression/amplification of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) oncogene, and proliferative activity measured with ki-67 provide important information on the biological features of BC and guide treatment choices. However, a biomarker that allows a more accurate prognostic stratification is still lacking. Thymidine kinase-1 (TK1), a ubiquitous enzyme involved in the pyrimidine nucleotide recovery pathway, is a cell-proliferation marker with potential prognostic and predictive impacts in BC. Eighty (80) cases of invasive BC with a long-term follow-up were retrospectively selected, and clinicopathological data were collected for each patient. TK1 tissue expression was evaluated immunohistochemically. Data suggested that TK1 expression levels are positively correlated with ER and PgR expression, and negatively correlated with HER2 status and the impact on patients’ distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS): in detail, among patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy, lower TK1 levels are correlated with better DRFS. Therefore, these results contribute to furthering the knowledge of TK1, suggesting a possible and important role of this enzyme as a biomarker in the stratification of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Nicolò Fanelli
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.N.F.); (R.S.); (B.F.); (A.G.N.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Rosa Scarpitta
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.N.F.); (R.S.); (B.F.); (A.G.N.)
| | - Paola Cinacchi
- Unit of Oncology 1, Department of Medical and Oncological Area, Pisa University Hospital, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (P.C.); (P.F.)
- Unit of Oncology 2, Department of Medical and Oncological Area, Pisa University Hospital, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Beatrice Fuochi
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.N.F.); (R.S.); (B.F.); (A.G.N.)
| | - Anna Szumera-Ciećkiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katia De Ieso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Paola Ferrari
- Unit of Oncology 1, Department of Medical and Oncological Area, Pisa University Hospital, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (P.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Andrea Fontana
- Unit of Oncology 2, Department of Medical and Oncological Area, Pisa University Hospital, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Mario Miccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Antonio Giuseppe Naccarato
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.N.F.); (R.S.); (B.F.); (A.G.N.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Cristian Scatena
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.N.F.); (R.S.); (B.F.); (A.G.N.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Tribukait B. Dynamics of Serum Thymidine Kinase 1 at the First Cycle of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Predicts Outcome of Disease in Estrogen-Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215442. [PMID: 34771604 PMCID: PMC8582392 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chemotherapy before surgery (NAC) is an option for high-risk breast cancer (BC) patients. Pathologic complete response (pCR) predicts long-term outcome and has become a surrogate biomarker for survival. pCR is, however, reached in only <10% of hormone-receptor-positive (ER+) patients and is of limited prognostic value. Biomarkers able to predict outcome early during NAC would facilitate individualized therapy with the possibility to adjust or interrupt an ineffective therapy. Here, it is shown that differential response of the serum concentration of thymidine kinase 1, an enzyme involved in the DNA synthesis and released from the tumor into the blood, 48 h after the first cycle of NAC, predicts long-term outcome in localized advanced ER+/HER2-BC. The different reactions to chemotherapy could be used to guide this process early during NAC and utilized to identify mechanisms of tumor sensitivity that could provide a prediction of long-term outcome prior to chemotherapy. Abstract Pathologic complete response (pCR) predicts the long-term outcome of neoadjuvantly treated (NAC) breast cancer (BC) but is reached in <10% of hormone-receptor-positive patients. Biomarkers enabling adjustment or interruption of an ineffective therapy are desired. Here, we evaluated whether changes in the serum concentration of thymidine kinase 1 (sTK1) during NAC could be utilized as a biomarker. In the PROMIX trial, women with localized HER2- BC received neoadjuvant epirubicin/docetaxel in six cycles. sTK1 was measured with an ELISA in 54 patients at cycles 1–4 and in an additional 77 patients before and 48 h after treatment 1. Treatment resulted in a 2-fold increase of sTK1 before and a 3-fold increase 48 h after the cycles, except for the first cycle, where half of the patients reacted with a significant decrease and the other half with an increase of sTK1. In Kaplan–Meier estimates of ER+ patients divided by the median of the post/pre-treatment sTK1 ratio at the first treatment cycle, OS was 97.7% and 78% (p = 0.005), and DFS was 90.7% and 68% (p = 0.006), respectively. Thus, the response of sTK1 at the first cycle of chemotherapy could be used both as an early biomarker for the guidance of chemotherapy and for the study of inherent tumor chemo-sensitivity, which could predict long-term outcome prior to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Tribukait
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital Solna, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Cancer Centrum Karolinska, CCK, Plan 00, Visionsgatan 56, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Solna, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
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Matikas A, Wang K, Lagoudaki E, Acs B, Zerdes I, Hartman J, Azavedo E, Bjöhle J, Carlsson L, Einbeigi Z, Hedenfalk I, Hellström M, Lekberg T, Loman N, Saracco A, von Wachenfeldt A, Rotstein S, Bergqvist M, Bergh J, Hatschek T, Foukakis T. Prognostic role of serum thymidine kinase 1 kinetics during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer. ESMO Open 2021; 6:100076. [PMID: 33714010 PMCID: PMC7957142 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging data support the use of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) activity as a prognostic marker and for monitoring of response in breast cancer (BC). The long-term prognostic value of TK1 kinetics during neoadjuvant chemotherapy is unclear, which this study aimed to elucidate. Methods Material from patients enrolled to the single-arm prospective PROMIX trial of neoadjuvant epirubicin, docetaxel and bevacizumab for early BC was used. Ki67 in baseline biopsies was assessed both centrally and by automated digital imaging analysis. TK1 activity was measured from blood samples obtained at baseline and following two cycles of chemotherapy. The associations of TK1 and its kinetics as well as Ki67 with event-free survival and overall survival (OS) were evaluated using multivariable Cox regression models. Results Central Ki67 counting had excellent correlation with the results of digital image analysis (r = 0.814), but not with the diagnostic samples (r = 0.234), while it was independently prognostic for worse OS [adjusted hazard ratio (HRadj) = 2.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-6.21, P = 0.02]. Greater increase in TK1 activity after two cycles of chemotherapy resulted in improved event-free survival (HRadj = 0.50, 95% CI 0.26-0.97, P = 0.04) and OS (HRadj = 0.46, 95% CI 0.95, P = 0.04). There was significant interaction between the prognostic value of TK1 kinetics and Ki67 (pinteraction 0.04). Conclusion Serial measurement of serum TK1 activity during neoadjuvant chemotherapy provides long-term prognostic information in BC patients. The ease of obtaining serial samples for TK1 assessment motivates further evaluation in larger studies. This is a correlative analysis of a prospective phase II study on neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Serial measurement of serum TK1 activity during treatment provides independent long-term prognostic information. We demonstrate the validity and clinical utility of both central and automated image analysis-based Ki67 assessment. Finally, we explore the biologic correlations between TK1 and Ki67.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matikas
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - K Wang
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Lagoudaki
- Pathology Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - B Acs
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Zerdes
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Hartman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Azavedo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Bjöhle
- Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Carlsson
- Department of Oncology, Sundsvall General Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Z Einbeigi
- Department of Medicine and Department of Oncology, Southern Älvsborg Hospital, Borås, Sweden; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I Hedenfalk
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Hellström
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Lekberg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Loman
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Saracco
- Breast Center, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A von Wachenfeldt
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Rotstein
- Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Bergqvist
- Biovica International, Uppsala Science Park, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Bergh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Hatschek
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Foukakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Bitter EE, Townsend MH, Erickson R, Allen C, O'Neill KL. Thymidine kinase 1 through the ages: a comprehensive review. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:138. [PMID: 33292474 PMCID: PMC7694900 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation markers, such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki-67, and thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), have potential as diagnostic tools and as prognostic factors in assessing cancer treatment and disease progression. TK1 is involved in cellular proliferation through the recovery of the nucleotide thymidine in the DNA salvage pathway. TK1 upregulation has been found to be an early event in cancer development. In addition, serum levels of TK1 have been shown to be tied to cancer stage, so that higher levels of TK1 indicate a more serious prognosis. As a result of these findings and others, TK1 is not only a potentially viable biomarker for cancer recurrence, treatment monitoring, and survival, but is potentially more advantageous than current biomarkers. Compared to other proliferation markers, TK1 levels during S phase more accurately determine the rate of DNA synthesis in actively dividing tumors. Several reviews of TK1 elaborate on various assays that have been developed to measure levels in the serum of cancer patients in clinical settings. In this review, we include a brief history of important TK1 discoveries and findings, a comprehensive overview of TK1 regulation at DNA to protein levels, and recent findings that indicate TK1’s potential role in cancer pathogenesis and its growing potential as a tumor biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza E Bitter
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 701 E University Pkwy, LSB room 4007, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| | - Michelle H Townsend
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 701 E University Pkwy, LSB room 4007, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Rachel Erickson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 701 E University Pkwy, LSB room 4007, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Carolyn Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 701 E University Pkwy, LSB room 4007, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Kim L O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 701 E University Pkwy, LSB room 4007, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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Qiu B, Chu LY, Li XX, Peng YH, Xu YW, Xie JJ, Chen XY. Diagnostic Value of Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 7 (IGFBP7) in Colorectal Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:12131-12139. [PMID: 33262611 PMCID: PMC7699993 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s266478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE High serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-7 (IGFBP-7) has been found in several malignant tumors. Here, we aimed to assess the diagnostic potential of serum IGFBP7 in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). PATIENTS AND METHODS An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect IGFBP7 level in the serum of 115 CRC patients and 107 healthy controls, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) was used to evaluate the accuracy of diagnosis. RESULTS The levels of serum IGFBP7 were significantly higher in CRC than those in normal controls (P < 0.001). With optimized cutoff of 2.050 ng/mL, IGFBP7 showed certain diagnostic value with specificity of 93.9%, sensitivity of 64.5% and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.815 (95% CI: 0.754-0.877) in CRC. In early-stage CRC, IGFBP7 provided an AUC of 0.826 (95% CI: 0.757-0.896), a sensitivity of 64.5%, and a specificity of 95.8%. Furthermore, when compared with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), the accuracy of serum IGFBP7 in the diagnosis of CRC and early-stage CRC were significantly improved. Analysis of clinical data shows that there are no significant differences between IGFBP7 and clinical factors. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that serum IGFBP7 might serve as a potential biomarker for early-stage CRC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Jiaying University, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yu Chu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
- Precision Medicine Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hui Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
- Precision Medicine Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wei Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
- Precision Medicine Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jun Xie
- Precision Medicine Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiao-Yang Chen; Jian-Jun Xie Email
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11
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Overexpression of TK1 and CDK9 in plasma-derived exosomes is associated with clinical resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors in metastatic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 178:57-62. [PMID: 31346846 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) improve progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) advanced breast cancer. However, a better knowledge of predictive biomarkers of response and resistance to CDK4/6i is needed. Therefore, the present article addresses the role of the mRNA expression of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), CDK4, 6 and 9 in plasma-derived exosomes and their relevance in the pharmacologic activity of CDK4/6i. METHODS Blood samples of 40 HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer patients were collected before (T0) the administration of palbociclib plus hormonal therapy and after 3 months (T1). RNA was isolated from exosomes and analysed for the expression of TK1, CDK 4, 6 and 9 by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). RESULTS A higher value of TK1 copies/ml at baseline (T0) was significantly associated with the number of previous lines of chemotherapy (p = 0.009). In patients with PD, a significant increase was observed in the number of copies/ml of TK1 (p = 0.01) and CDK9 (p = 0.03) comparing T1 vs. T0 values. No significant correlations between response to treatment and clinical parameters were found at univariate analysis. High baseline CDK4 expression was significantly correlated with longer PFS in patients treated with fulvestrant + palbociclib (low versus high: 6.45 months vs. not reached, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that, in plasma-derived exosomes, high baseline CDK4 mRNA levels are associated with response to palbociclib plus hormonal therapy, while the increase in TK1 and CDK9 mRNA copies/ml is associated with clinical resistance.
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McCartney A, Migliaccio I, Bonechi M, Biagioni C, Romagnoli D, De Luca F, Galardi F, Risi E, De Santo I, Benelli M, Malorni L, Di Leo A. Mechanisms of Resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Potential Implications and Biomarkers for Clinical Practice. Front Oncol 2019; 9:666. [PMID: 31396487 PMCID: PMC6664013 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent arrival of CDK4/6 inhibitor agents, with an approximate doubling of progression-free survival (PFS) associated with their use in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer (BC), has radically changed the approach to managing this disease. However, resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors is considered a near-inevitability in most patients. Mechanisms of resistance to these agents are multifactorial, and research in this field is still evolving. Biomarkers with the ability to identify early resistance, or to predict the likelihood of successful treatment using CDK4/6 inhibitors are yet to be identified, and represent an area of unmet clinical need. Here we present selected mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors, largely focussing on roles of Rb, cyclin E1, and the PIK3CA pathway, with discussion of associated biomarkers which have been investigated and applied in recent pre-clinical and clinical studies. These biological drivers may furthermore influence clinical treatment strategies adopted beyond CDK4/6 resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia McCartney
- “Sandro Pitigliani” Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | - Ilenia Migliaccio
- “Sandro Pitigliani” Translational Research Unit, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | - Martina Bonechi
- “Sandro Pitigliani” Translational Research Unit, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca De Luca
- “Sandro Pitigliani” Translational Research Unit, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | - Francesca Galardi
- “Sandro Pitigliani” Translational Research Unit, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | - Emanuela Risi
- “Sandro Pitigliani” Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | - Irene De Santo
- “Sandro Pitigliani” Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | | | - Luca Malorni
- “Sandro Pitigliani” Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
- “Sandro Pitigliani” Translational Research Unit, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | - Angelo Di Leo
- “Sandro Pitigliani” Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
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Jagarlamudi KK, Zupan M, Kumer K, Fabjan T, Hlebič G, Eriksson S, Osredkar J, Smrkolj T. The combination of AroCell TK 210 ELISA with Prostate Health Index or prostate-specific antigen density can improve the ability to differentiate prostate cancer from noncancerous conditions. Prostate 2019; 79:856-863. [PMID: 30889628 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an established tumour marker for prostate cancer (PCa). Serum thymidine kinase 1 is a possible new marker for the detection of PCa. The aim of the study was to investigate the diagnostic value of the AroCell TK 210 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) together with free PSA, [-2]proPSA, and Prostate Health Index (PHI) in differentiating PCa from benign urological conditions. METHODS Serum samples from 140 patients with PSA values in the range between 2 and 10 µg/L were collected at the Ljubljana University Medical Centre and the Maribor University Medical Centre. Thymidine kinase (TK1) protein levels were determined using the AroCell TK 210 ELISA and PSA-related parameters analysed with commercial assays. RESULTS Serum TK1 protein, total and free PSA, proPSA, PSA density (PSAD), and PHI levels in patients with confirmed PCa were significantly higher than in patients with benign urological conditions (P < 0.05). Overall, the AroCell TK 210 ELISA results showed a significant correlation with PHI ( r = 0.25, P = 0.0031). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses were used to compare the area under the curve (AUC) of TK 210 ELISA, PHI, and PSA density. For PHI, the AUC was 0.73, comparable to those of TK 210 ELISA (0.67) and PSAD (0.66), with no significant differences in pairwise comparisons (PHI vs TK 210 ELISA P = 0.32, PHI vs PSAD P = 0.24, and TK 210 ELISA vs PSAD P = 0.95). The AUC for the combination of TK1 plus PSAD was significantly higher than those for the individual PSA-related biomarkers and marginally PHI, while the AUC for the combination of TK1 plus PHI was significantly higher than those for the individual PSA-related biomarkers except for PHI and marginally for PSAD. Total PSA concentration was the only marker, that was significantly higher in patients with an increasing Gleason grade. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TK1 protein determinations together with PHI or PSAD could be a valuable additional tool in PCa management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Jagarlamudi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Research and Development Division, AroCell AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mojca Zupan
- Department of Immunohematology, Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, Blood transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Kumer
- Research and Development Division, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Teja Fabjan
- Research and Development Division, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Hlebič
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Research and Development Division, AroCell AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joško Osredkar
- Research and Development Division, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Smrkolj
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Boyé P, Floch F, Serres F, Geeraert K, Clerson P, Siomboing X, Bergqvist M, Sack G, Tierny D. Evaluation of serum thymidine kinase 1 activity as a biomarker for treatment effectiveness and prediction of relapse in dogs with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1728-1739. [PMID: 31129922 PMCID: PMC6639481 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum thymidine kinase 1 (sTK1) activity is closely correlated with DNA synthesis. OBJECTIVES Evaluate sTK1 activity as a biomarker for treatment response and early detection of relapse in dogs with lymphoma. ANIMALS Ninety-seven client-owned dogs with naive or relapsed lymphoma and 23 healthy dogs. METHODS Prospective study. Serum TK1 activity measured by refined ELISA-based method (DiviTum assay, Biovica International) before treatment, at clinical response, and every 4 weeks until relapse or last follow-up. RESULTS Serum TK1 activity was ≤20 Du/L in 96% (22/23) of healthy dogs. Pretreatment sTK1 activity was >20 Du/L in 88% (85/97) dogs with lymphoma. At clinical response, sTK1 activity was significantly lower in dogs with complete (CR, n = 36) versus partial (PR, n = 29) response (P < .0001). Sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of sTK1 activity for detecting nonfully responders were 76% and 100%, respectively, with cutoff of 119.5 Du/L (AUC, 0.90; 95%-CI, 0.81-0.98; P < .0001). In dogs with CR, a 5-fold increase in sTK1 activity at a 4-week interval predicted relapse at the subsequent 4-week assessment with a Se 50% and Sp 94% (AUC, 0.72; 95%-CI, 0.55-0.90; P = .02). An increase of sTK1 activity (>2.7-fold value measured at clinical response) predicted relapse at subsequent 4-week assessment with a Se 61% and Sp 88% (AUC, 0.79; 95%-CI, 0.64-0.95; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Monitoring sTK1 activity could help to detect complete responders and early disease progression in dogs with lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Boyé
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncovet, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.,OCR (Oncovet-Clinical-Research), Loos, France
| | - Franck Floch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncovet, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - François Serres
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncovet, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.,OCR (Oncovet-Clinical-Research), Loos, France
| | - Kévyn Geeraert
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncovet, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Dominique Tierny
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncovet, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.,OCR (Oncovet-Clinical-Research), Loos, France
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15
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McCartney A, Biagioni C, Schiavon G, Bergqvist M, Mattsson K, Migliaccio I, Benelli M, Romagnoli D, Bonechi M, Boccalini G, Pestrin M, Galardi F, De Luca F, Biganzoli L, Piccart M, Gradishar WJ, Chia S, Di Leo A, Malorni L. Prognostic role of serum thymidine kinase 1 activity in patients with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer: Analysis of the randomised phase III Evaluation of Faslodex versus Exemestane Clinical Trial (EFECT). Eur J Cancer 2019; 114:55-66. [PMID: 31059974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) plays a critical role in DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Recent studies have shown potential for serum TK1 activity (sTKa) as a prognostic marker and indicator of early response to endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancer. The aim of this study is to assess the correlation between sTKa and patient outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS The Evaluation of Faslodex versus Exemestane Clinical Trial (EFECT) was a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised trial of fulvestrant versus exemestane after progression on non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor therapy, in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Retrospective analyses of serum archived from EFECT were conducted. sTKa was assessed using the DiviTum® assay on samples collected at baseline, after three and six months of endocrine therapy, and at disease progression. RESULTS The median time to progression (mTTP) for patients with low baseline sTKa levels was 5.03 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.91-5.89) versus 2.57 months (95% CI: 2.04-3.52) in patients with high sTKa baseline levels (P < 0.0001). On treatment, patients whose sTKa increased from baseline had a significantly shorter mTTP (3.39 months, 95% CI: 2.14-4.11) than those without an sTKa increase (5.39 months, 95% CI: 4.01-6.68) (P = 0.0045). Similar results were observed in the separate EFECT treatment arms. After adjusting for major prognostic factors, sTKa remained an independent marker. CONCLUSION sTKa is a potential circulating prognostic marker in patients with advanced breast cancer treated with endocrine therapy. It may also represent a tool for upfront identification of endocrine therapy resistance and early positive response to therapy. Independent validation of these results is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia McCartney
- "Sandro Pitigliani" Medical Oncology Department, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | - Chiara Biagioni
- "Sandro Pitigliani" Medical Oncology Department, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy; Bioinformatics Unit, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Martina Bonechi
- Translational Research Unit, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | | | - Marta Pestrin
- "Sandro Pitigliani" Medical Oncology Department, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy; Translational Research Unit, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Biganzoli
- "Sandro Pitigliani" Medical Oncology Department, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | - Martine Piccart
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Stephen Chia
- Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Angelo Di Leo
- "Sandro Pitigliani" Medical Oncology Department, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | - Luca Malorni
- "Sandro Pitigliani" Medical Oncology Department, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy; Translational Research Unit, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy.
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16
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Jagarlamudi KK, Shaw M. Thymidine kinase 1 as a tumor biomarker: technical advances offer new potential to an old biomarker. Biomark Med 2018; 12:1035-1048. [PMID: 30039979 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a key enzyme in DNA precursor synthesis. It is upregulated during the S phase of the cell cycle and its presence in cells is an indicator of active cell proliferation. In studies since the 1980s, TK1 has been shown as a clinically valuable biomarker for the management of hematological malignancies. However, TK1 activity assays may underestimate serum TK1 in subjects with solid tumors limiting its sensitivity. The development of TK1 immunoassays has made the assay of TK1 more widely available and increased its applicability to solid tumor diseases. This paper will review TK1 as a tumor biomarker with emphasis on recent studies and technologies plus highlight its potential in drug discovery and as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Jagarlamudi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, PO Box 7011, SE 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.,AroCell AB, Virdings Allé 32B, SE-754 50 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Shaw
- AroCell AB, Virdings Allé 32B, SE-754 50 Uppsala, Sweden
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Townsend MH, Robison RA, O'Neill KL. A review of HPRT and its emerging role in cancer. Med Oncol 2018; 35:89. [PMID: 29730818 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-018-1144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) is a common salvage housekeeping gene with a historically important role in cancer as a mutational biomarker. As an established and well-known human reporter gene for the evaluation of mutational frequency corresponding to cancer development, HPRT is most commonly used to evaluate cancer risk within individuals and determine potential carcinogens. In addition to its use as a reporter gene, HPRT also has important functionality in the body in relation to purine regulation as demonstrated by Lesch-Nyhan patients whose lack of functional HPRT leads to significant purine overproduction and further neural complications. This regulatory role, in addition to an established connection between other salvage enzymes and cancer development, points to HPRT as an emerging influence in cancer. Recent work has shown that not only is the enzyme upregulated within malignant tumors, it also has significant surface localization within some cancer cells. With this is mind, HPRT has the potential to become a significant biomarker not only for the characterization of cancer, but also for its potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H Townsend
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Richard A Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Kim L O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
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18
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Plasma thymidine kinase-1 activity predicts outcome in patients with hormone receptor positive and HER2 negative metastatic breast cancer treated with endocrine therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16389-16399. [PMID: 29662653 PMCID: PMC5893248 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if thymidine kinase-1 (TK1), a well-known proliferation marker, could represent a valid circulating biomarker to identify hormone receptor positive (HR+)/HER2 negative (HER2neg) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients most likely to benefit from endocrine therapy (ET). We used the DiviTum™ assay to analyze TK1 activity in cell lysates of three HR+/HER2neg BC cell lines and in plasma of 31 HR+/HER2neg MBC patients receiving ET. Blood samples were collected at treatment initiation, after one month and at disease progression. CTCs count and ESR1/PIK3CA mutations in circulating tumor DNA were performed and correlated with TK1 activity. TK1 activity was reduced in the two endocrine-sensitive cell lines after 2 days of treatment. In patients, high baseline TK1 activity correlated with CTCs positivity (p-value=0.014). Patients with low baseline levels of TK1 activity had a significantly better PFS compared to those with high baseline TK1 activity (p-value=0.012). Patients with an early drop of TK1 activity after one month of treatment had a significantly better PFS compared to those who experienced an increase (p-value=0.0026). Our study suggests that TK1 could be a potential prognostic, predictive and monitoring marker of early ET response in HR+/HER2neg MBC patients.
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Li Y, Wei R, Song S. Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Serum Thymidine Kinase 1 in Cancer Patients. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2018; 34:168-170. [DOI: 10.1007/s12288-017-0812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Preoperative Serum Thymidine Kinase Activity as Novel Monitoring, Prognostic, and Predictive Biomarker in Pancreatic Cancer. Pancreas 2018; 47:72-79. [PMID: 29189449 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate serum thymidine kinase 1 (S-TK) activity as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS Using the sensitive TK activity assay DiviTum, preoperative serum samples from 404 PDAC, 28 chronic pancreatitis, and 25 autoimmune pancreatitis patients and 83 healthy volunteers were analyzed. The preoperative S-TK activities of 54 PDAC patients who received neoadjuvant therapy (nTx) were also compared with those of 258 PDAC patients who did not receive nTx. RESULTS The preoperative S-TK activities of PDAC patients were significantly higher and discriminatory from autoimmune and chronic pancreatitis patients and control groups. The S-TK activity in PDAC patients was associated with overall survival. Patients with S-TK activity of less than 80 Du (DiviTum units)/L demonstrated median survival of 20.3 months with an estimated 18.0% 5-year survival rate; for S-TK activity of 80 Du/L or greater, median survival was 15.1 months with a 6.8% 5-year survival rate. For early-stage PDAC, these differences were even more pronounced. The S-TK activity in the nTx group was significantly higher than that in the group not receiving nTx. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas reveal a significant increase in S-TK activity, which is associated with overall survival, especially in early tumor stages. Serum thymidine kinase 1 activity may be a useful parameter for monitoring nTx efficacy.
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Bagegni N, Thomas S, Liu N, Luo J, Hoog J, Northfelt DW, Goetz MP, Forero A, Bergqvist M, Karen J, Neumüller M, Suh EM, Guo Z, Vij K, Sanati S, Ellis M, Ma CX. Serum thymidine kinase 1 activity as a pharmacodynamic marker of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibition in patients with early-stage breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant palbociclib. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:123. [PMID: 29162134 PMCID: PMC5699111 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a cell cycle-regulated enzyme with peak expression in the S phase during DNA synthesis, and it is an attractive biomarker of cell proliferation. Serum TK1 activity has demonstrated prognostic value in patients with early-stage breast cancer. Because cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors prevent G1/S transition, we hypothesized that serum TK1 could be a biomarker for CDK4/6 inhibitors. We examined the drug-induced change in serum TK1 as well as its correlation with change in tumor Ki-67 levels in patients enrolled in the NeoPalAna trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01723774). METHODS Patients with clinical stage II/III estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/HER2-negative breast cancer enrolled in the NeoPalAna trial received an initial 4 weeks of anastrozole, followed by palbociclib on cycle 1, day 1 (C1D1) for four 28-day cycles, unless C1D15 tumor Ki-67 was > 10%, in which case patients went off study owing to inadequate response. Surgery occurred following 3-5 weeks of washout from the last dose of palbociclib, except in eight patients who received palbociclib (cycle 5) continuously until surgery. Serum TK1 activity was determined at baseline, C1D1, C1D15, and time of surgery, and we found that it was correlated with tumor Ki-67 and TK1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. RESULTS Despite a significant drop in tumor Ki-67 with anastrozole monotherapy, there was no statistically significant change in TK1 activity. However, a striking reduction in TK1 activity was observed 2 weeks after initiation of palbociclib (C1D15), which then rose significantly with palbociclib washout. At C1D15, TK1 activity was below the detection limit (<20 DiviTum units per liter Du/L) in 92% of patients, indicating a profound effect of palbociclib. There was high concordance, at 89.8% (95% CI: 79.2% - 96.2%), between changes in serum TK1 and tumor Ki-67 in the same direction from C1D1 to C1D15 and from C1D15 to surgery time points. The sensitivity and specificity for the tumor Ki-67-based response by palbociclib-induced decrease in serum TK1 were 94.1% (95% CI 86.2% - 100%) and 84% (95% CI 69.6% -98.4%), respectively. The κ-statistic was 0.76 (p < 0.001) between TK1 and Ki-67, indicating substantial agreement. CONCLUSIONS Serum TK1 activity is a promising pharmacodynamic marker of palbociclib in ER+ breast cancer, and its value in predicting response to CDK4/6 inhibitors warrants further investigation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01723774. Registered on 6 November 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusayba Bagegni
- Division of Oncology, Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Shana Thomas
- Division of Oncology, Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Division of Oncology, Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Division of Oncology, Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jeremy Hoog
- Division of Oncology, Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | | | - Andres Forero
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhanfang Guo
- Division of Oncology, Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kiran Vij
- Division of Oncology, Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Souzan Sanati
- Division of Oncology, Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Cynthia X Ma
- Division of Oncology, Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Kumar JK, Aronsson AC, Pilko G, Zupan M, Kumer K, Fabjan T, Osredkar J, Eriksson S. A clinical evaluation of the TK 210 ELISA in sera from breast cancer patients demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity in all stages of disease. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11937-11945. [PMID: 27079872 PMCID: PMC5080325 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine kinase (TK1) is an enzyme involved in DNA synthesis that leaks into the blood as a result of high cell turnover, particularly in the case of cancer. Serum TK1 activity has been used for prognosis and monitoring of leukemia and lymphoma patients for many years. Here, we describe the first clinical results with the newly developed TK 210 ELISA from AroCell AB. Sera from 124 breast cancer patients with known TNM classification along with sera from 53 healthy females were analyzed by TK 210 ELISA for TK1 protein and TK1 activity levels by the 3[H]-deoxythymidine (dThd) phosphorylation assay. The limit of detection for the TK 210 ELISA was 0.17 ng/ml, and 60 % of the sera from female blood donors were below this value. The median TK1 levels found in sera from breast cancer patients with T1 to T4 stage disease were 0.31, 0.46, 0.47, and 0.55 ng/ml, and these levels significantly differed from healthy controls. The median values of the biomarker CA 15-3 were also increased in patient sera from T1 to T4 patients (16, 34, 36, 40 U/ml, respectively). TK 210 ELISA showed significantly higher sensitivity for the T1 and T2 breast cancer patients compared to the TK activity assay. The combination of the TK1 ELISA and CA 15-3 biomarkers demonstrated a significant increase in sensitivity up to 15 % compared to each marker alone. This evaluation of the TK 210 ELISA strongly suggests that it can provide independent and complementary information for patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kiran Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, PO Box 7011, SE 75007, Uppsala, Sweden. .,AroCell AB, Virdings Allé 32B, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A C Aronsson
- AroCell AB, Virdings Allé 32B, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Pilko
- Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Zupan
- Blood transfusion Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - K Kumer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - T Fabjan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J Osredkar
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, PO Box 7011, SE 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.,AroCell AB, Virdings Allé 32B, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
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Serum thymidine kinase 1 activity in the prognosis and monitoring of chemotherapy in lung cancer patients: a brief report. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 9:1568-72. [PMID: 25521401 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a metabolic enzyme involved in DNA synthesis. Most standard treatment protocols for lung cancer (LC) include cytotoxic agents, which are potential modulators of TK1. We aimed to assess the prognostic significance of serum TK1 activity and its role in monitoring chemotherapy in LC patients. METHODS TK1 activity was measured using the DiviTum (Biovica) assay in sera from 233 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 91 with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), and 90 with benign lung disease. RESULTS TK1 activity was significantly associated with age, performance status, and stage in NSCLC and with stage and weight loss in SCLC. In multivariate analysis, pretreatment TK1 activity, adjusted for performance status, stage, and weight loss, independently affected survival in NSCLC (relative risk =1.45, p = 0.031) and SCLC (relative risk = 2.49, p = 0.001). In NSCLC patients, adjusted elevated TK1 activity (>100 Du/L) at pretreatment was a significant predictor of treatment failure (odds ratio = 2.55, p = 0.01). A small (less than twofold) increase in TK1 activity after the first and second cycle of chemotherapy was significantly associated with treatment failure and poor overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Elevated pretreatment serum TK1 activity was an independent, adverse prognostic factor, based on survival, in the two main histological types of LC. A small (less than twofold) increase in TK1 activity after the first and second cycle of chemotherapy was associated with treatment failure and poor overall survival.
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24
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Jagarlamudi KK, Hansson LO, Eriksson S. Breast and prostate cancer patients differ significantly in their serum Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) specific activities compared with those hematological malignancies and blood donors: implications of using serum TK1 as a biomarker. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:66. [PMID: 25881026 PMCID: PMC4336758 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a cellular enzyme involved in DNA precursor synthesis, and its activity has been used as a proliferation marker for monitoring malignant diseases. Here, for the first time, we evaluated both TK1 activity and protein levels in sera from patients with different malignancies. Methods Serum samples from patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS, n = 22), breast cancer (n = 42), prostate cancer (n = 47) and blood donors (n = 30) were analyzed for TK1 protein and activity levels, using a serum TK1 (STK1) protein assay based on antibodies and an activity assay that measured [3H]-deoxythymidine (dThd) phosphorylation. The molecular forms of TK1 in sera from some of these patients were analyzed using size-exclusion chromatography. Results Mean STK1 activities in sera from MDS, breast and prostate cancer were 11 ± 17.5, 6.7 ± 19 and 1.8 ± 1.4 pmol/min/mL, differing significantly from blood donors (mean ± standard deviation (SD) = 1.1 ± 0.9 pmol/min/mL). Serum TK1 protein (25 kDa polypeptide) levels were also significantly higher in MDS, breast, prostate cancer compared to blood donors (mean ± SD = 19 ± 9, 22 ± 11, 20 ± 12, and 5 ± 3.5 ng/mL, respectively). The STK1 specific activities of sera from patients with MDS and blood donors were significantly higher when compared with activities in sera from breast and prostate cancer patients. Size-exclusion analysis of sera from breast and prostate cancer showed that the detected active TK1 was primarily a high molecular weight complex, similar to the forms found in sera from MDS patients and blood donors. However, Western blotting demonstrated high TK1 25 kDa protein levels in fractions lacking TK1 activity in sera from cases with breast and prostate cancer. Conclusions These results demonstrate that there are differences in the specific activities and the subunit compositions of STK1 in hematological malignancies compared with breast and prostate cancer. This fact has several important implications for the use of STK1 as a tumor biomarker. One is that STK1 protein assays may differentiate early-stage tumor development in breast and prostate cancer more effectively than STK1 activity assays. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1073-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Jagarlamudi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, , S-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lars Olof Hansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, , S-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Bolayirli M, Papila C, Korkmaz GG, Papila B, Aydoğan F, Karataş A, Uzun H. Serum thymidine kinase 1 activity in solid tumor (breast and colorectal cancer) patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 27:220-6. [PMID: 23686779 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the changing of TK1 (where TK is thymidine kinase) activity before and after adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast and colorectal cancer. METHODS The study included 16 breast cancer, 25 colorectal cancer, and 38 healthy volunteers as the control group. Blood samples were taken twice from each patient; first at the beginning of the chemotherapy and second after six cycles of chemotherapy. TK1 activity was measured enzyme immunoassay method. RESULTS The mean TK1 activity in the breast and colorectal cancer was significantly higher than the controls. TK1 activity in the colorectal cancer was higher than the breast cancer but this difference was not significant. TK1 activity after six doses of chemotherapy was lower than baseline TK1 activity before the start of chemotherapy in breast and colorectal cancer. TK1 activity was positively correlated with CA15-3, before and after chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. TK1 activity in the colorectal cancer was also positively correlated with CA19-9, before and after chemotherapy. The values for the cutoff point, sensitivity, specificity, and the area under curve were determined for TK1 as >44.36 Du/L, 68.29%, 100% and 0.819, respectively in all subjects. CONCLUSION Our results showed that serum TK1 activity in patients with breast and colorectal cancer was significantly higher than that of the healthy controls. Moreover, after the completion of chemotherapy the values were lower than baseline. Pretreatment TK1 activity should be considered as a useful marker for assessment tumor cell proliferation in breast and colorectal cancer. Further work is needed to understand TK1 activity better in large populations of patients with solid tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bolayirli
- Central Biochemistry Laboratory, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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26
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Szánthó E, Bhattoa HP, Csobán M, Antal-Szalmás P, Újfalusi A, Kappelmayer J, Hevessy Z. Serum thymidine kinase activity: analytical performance, age-related reference ranges and validation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91647. [PMID: 24621590 PMCID: PMC3951402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date no age-related reference ranges are available for serum thymidine kinase (TK1) activity. Being a proliferation marker, it may be used as a prognostic marker in malignant diseases, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Our aim was to establish age-specific reference ranges for TK1 and examine its utility as a screening marker in CLL, a disease of the elderly. Methods Serum TK1 activity was measured by a competitive chemiluminescent immunoassay in 369 healthy adults and 115 de novo CLL patients. Results We observed a statistically significant decline in TK1 activity from young (18–35 years) to middle-aged (36–60 years) and further on to elderly (60–86 years) healthy individuals. Age-related reference range was: <30 U/L for young, <25 U/L for middle-aged and <19 U/L for elderly. There was no difference in TK1 activity between the studied healthy men and women. In CLL patients, TK1 activity was the highest in the advanced Rai stages. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) for TK1 was 0.840 (95% CI: 0.787–0.892), for differentiating CLL patients from age and sex matched healthy controls, with a cut-off value of 10.5 U/L (sensitivity: 80.9%, specificity: 73.4%). TK1 was significantly elevated in CD38+/Zap70+ CLL patients, and showed significant correlation with WBC and absolute B-cell count. Conclusion In the healthy, serum TK1 activity does not differ in the two sexes but declines significantly with age. As such, use of age-related reference ranges is warranted, especially when evaluating CLL patients who generally belong to the elderly age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szánthó
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Harjit Pal Bhattoa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mária Csobán
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Antal-Szalmás
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anikó Újfalusi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Kappelmayer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Hevessy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Nisman B, Kadouri L, Allweis T, Maly B, Hamburger T, Gronowitz S, Peretz T. Increased proliferative background in healthy women with BRCA1/2 haploinsufficiency is associated with high risk for breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:2110-5. [PMID: 23966579 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that BRCA haploinsufficiency was associated with activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway and increased proliferative activity in mammary epithelial cells of healthy women. We hypothesized that these processes might be reflected in the expression of serologic soluble EGFR (sEGFR) and thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) activity, which signal the initial and final steps of the proliferative pathway, respectively. We found that healthy carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations (n = 80) showed a significantly higher TK1 activity than age-matched controls (P = 0.0003), and TK1 activity was similar in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations (P = 0.74). The sEGFR concentration was significantly higher in women with BRCA1 than in controls and BRCA2 mutation (P = 0.013 and 0.002, respectively). During follow-up, four of 80 BRCA1/2 mutation carriers developed breast cancer. These women showed a significantly higher TK1 activity and somewhat higher sEGFR concentrations than the other 76 BRCA1/2 carriers (P = 0.04 and 0.09, respectively). All tumors were negative for ovarian hormone receptors, but showed a high EGFR expression. This study was limited by the short-term follow-up (mean, 27 months; range, 5-45), which resulted in a small sample size. Women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations that had undergone risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) showed significantly lower sEGFR compared with those without surgery (P = 0.007 and 0.038, respectively). Larger, prospective studies are warranted to investigate whether TK1 and sEGFR measurements may be useful for identifying healthy BRCA1/2 carriers with high risk of developing breast cancer; moreover, sEGFR measurements may serve as effective tools for assessing risk before and after BSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Nisman
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Oncology, Surgery, and Pathology, Hadassah and Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel; and Group of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Chen F, Tang L, Xia T, He E, Hu G, Li Y, Zhang M, Zhou J, Eriksson S, Skog S. Serum thymidine kinase 1 levels predict cancer-free survival following neoadjuvant, surgical and adjuvant treatment of patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:894-902. [PMID: 24649267 PMCID: PMC3915673 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the use of serum thymidine kinase 1 protein (STK1p) concentration for the prognosis of the overall survival of patients with locally advanced breast cancer (n=51) following routine treatment (neoadjuvant treatment, surgery and chemotherapy) was investigated. The patients were followed up for 44 months and the STK1p values were determined by a high-sensitivity enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) dot blot assay. The variables investigated in relation to metastasis and survival were STK1p, clinical stage, tumor size and age, by the Kaplan-Meier method, the log-rank test and Cox uni- and multivariate analyses. Patients with high STK1p values (≥2.0 pM) 3–6 months after surgery exhibited a positive correlation to clinical stage, tumor size, occurrence of metastasis and survival. The hazard risk for the development of metastatic disease and mortality among breast cancer patients was 11–12 times higher in patients with high compared to those with low STK1p values (<2.0 pM). Notably, patients with stage III/IV disease and low STK1p values exhibited statistically significantly improved survival compared to patients with high STK1p values. A multivariate Cox analysis demonstrated that the STK1p levels 6 months after surgery was the only independent prognostic factor for metastasis and survival. In conclusion, STK1p is a prognostic marker in patients with locally advanced breast cancer and it may help identify a subgroup of stage III/IV patients with improved cancer-free survival expectancy, enabling personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xia
- Department of Breast Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ellen He
- Sino-Swedish Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Guozhu Hu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Sino-Swedish Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Sino-Swedish Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Department of Breast Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Uppland, Sweden
| | - Sven Skog
- Sino-Swedish Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Bjöhle J, Bergqvist J, Gronowitz JS, Johansson H, Carlsson L, Einbeigi Z, Linderholm B, Loman N, Malmberg M, Söderberg M, Sundquist M, Walz TM, Fernö M, Bergh J, Hatschek T. Serum thymidine kinase activity compared with CA 15-3 in locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer within a randomized trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 139:751-8. [PMID: 23736998 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective was to estimate serum thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) activity, reflecting total body cell proliferation rate including cancer cell proliferation, in women with loco regional inoperable or metastatic breast cancer participating in a prospective and randomized study. Secondary objectives were to analyze TK1 in relation to progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), therapy response and other tumour characteristics, including CA 15-3, widely used as a standard serum marker for disease progression. TK1 and CA 15-3 were analysed in 198 serum samples collected prospectively from women included in the randomized TEX trial between December 2002 and June 2007. TK1 activity was determined by the ELISA based DiviTum™ assay, and CA 15-3 analyses was generated with the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay Cobas Elecsys CA 15-3 II. High pre-treatment TK1 activity predicted shorter PFS (10 vs. 15 months p = 0.02) and OS (21 vs. 38 months, p < 0.0001), respectively. After adjustment for age, metastatic site and study treatment TK1 showed a trend as predictor of PFS (p = 0.059) and was an independent prognostic factor for OS, (HR 1.81, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.26-2.61, p = 0.001). There was a trend of shortened OS for women with high CA 15-3 (p = 0.054) in univariate analysis, but not after adjustment for the above mentioned covariates. Both TK1 (p = 0.0011) and CA 15-3 (p = 0.0004) predicted response to treatment. There were statistically different distributions of TK1 and CA 15-3 in relation to the site of metastases. TK1 activity measured by DiviTum™ predicted therapy response, PFS and OS in loco regional inoperable or disseminated breast cancer. These results suggest that this factor is a useful serum marker. In the present material, a prognostic value of CA 15-3 could not be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bjöhle
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Radiumhemmet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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