Variations in laboratory parameters in prechronic disease to determine disease occurrence at the molecular level

Aim: Change at a molecular level should occur before histopathological impairments. We refer to these changes as 'prechronic disease state.' Methods: Two blood samples were taken 1 day apart, 1 month apart and 2 years apart to determine the contribution of genetic and biological variations. Results: The 95% CI calculated quantitatively by the variability of genetic variation was very similar to the reference interval provided by the laboratory for most indicators, indicating that pathological variability had occurred without consideration of biological variation if an indicator's value lies outside of the reference interval. Conclusion: The physiological or predisease state can be distinguished directly using the laboratory reference interval.

Measured Versus Calculated Small Dense LDL-Cholesterol and Cardiometabolic Traits in a South African Population

Small-dense low density lipoprotein (sdLDL) is increasingly viewed as a marker for evaluating atherogenic risk, however its clinical uptake is hampered by the cumbersomeness of available methods. Consequently, a number of alternative methods for the estimation of sdLDL have been developed and none have been tested in a population from Africa. We evaluated an equation to estimate sdLDL-C from classic lipid parameters in South Africans. This is a cross-sectional study involving 1550 participants in which direct measurement of sdLDL in 237 participants was performed using a homogeneous enzymatic assay. Their mean age (standard deviation, SD) was 54.2 (14.7) years. 156 (65.8%) were normotolerant, 29 (12.2%) prediabetes, 17 (7.2%) screen detected diabetes and 35 (14.8%) known diabetes. Measured sdLDL values ranged from 0.17 to 3.39 versus-1.85 to 2.52 mmol/L calculated sdLDL. There was a significant positive correlation between the two measurements with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.659 (95%CI: 0.581-0.726). In a regression model, the adjusted R² was 0.440 after adding age, 0.441 after further adding gender, then 0.443 with dysglycemia and lastly 0.447 upon adding body mass index. With the exception of HDL-cholesterol levels that decreased across increasing quintiles of calculated sdLDL, our data showed significant correlations between sdLDL and cardiometabolic risk factors, all p values < 0.0001. In conclusion, this study has shown that calculated sdLDL can be efficiently used to approximate population levels of sdLDL; however the modest correlation indicate that at the individual level, it will poorly approximate true sdLDL levels, with possible implications for risk stratification.

Diabetes susceptibility in Mayas: Evidence for the involvement of polymorphisms in HHEX, HNF4α, KCNJ11, PPARγ, CDKN2A/2B, SLC30A8, CDC123/CAMK1D, TCF7L2, ABCA1 and SLC16A11 genes

Association of type 2 diabetes (T2D) with common variants in HHEX, HNF4α, KCNJ11, PPARγ, CDKN2A/2B, SLC30A8, CDC123/CAMK1D, TCF7L2, ABCA1 and SLC16A11 genes have been reported, mainly in populations of European and Asian ancestry and to a lesser extent in Latin Americans. Thus, we aimed to investigate the contribution of rs1111875 (HHEX), rs1800961 (HNF4α), rs5219 (KCNJ11), rs1801282 (PPARγ), rs10811661 (CDKN2A/2B), rs13266634 (SLC30A8), rs12779790 (CDC123/CAMK1D), rs7903146 (TCF7L2), rs9282541 (ABCA1) and rs13342692 (SLC16A11) polymorphisms in the genetic background of Maya population to associate their susceptibility to develop T2D. This is one of the first studies designed specifically to investigate the inherited component of T2D in the indigenous population of Mexico. SNPs were genotyped by allelic discrimination method in 575 unrelated Maya individuals. Two SNPs rs10811661 and rs928254 were significantly associated with T2D after adjusting for BMI; rs10811661 in a recessive and rs9282541 in a dominant model. Additionally, we found phenotypical alterations associated with genetic variants: HDL to rs9282541 and insulin to rs13342692. In conclusion, these findings support an association of genetic polymorphisms to develop T2D in Maya population.