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Luo YC, Lv YL, He RX, Shi XX, Jiang T. Kallikrein-related peptidase 10 predicts prognosis and mediates tumor immunomodulation in colorectal cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 689:149217. [PMID: 37972446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) have significantly increased in recent years. It has been shown that early diagnosis of CRC improves the five-year survival of patients compared to late diagnosis, as patients with stage I disease have a five-year survival rate as high as 90 %. Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified Kallikrein 10 (KLK10), a member of the Kallikrein family, as a reliable predictor of CRC progression, particularly in patients with early-stage CRC. Furthermore, single-cell analysis revealed that KLK10 was highly expressed in tumor and partial immune cells. Analysis of the biological functions of KLK10 using the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes and gene ontology indicated that KLK10 plays a role in the proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells, along with the maintenance of tumor function and immune regulation, explicitly by T cells and macrophages. EdU cell proliferation staining, plate clone formation assay, and cell scratch assay demonstrated that KLK10 inhibition by siRNA affected the proliferation and migration of CRC cells. Cell cycle detection by flow cytometry demonstrated that KLK10 inhibition led to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. In addition, the proportion of M1 and M2 macrophages in 45 tumor specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, the proportion of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in plasma was identified by flow cytometry, and their correlation with KLK10 was analyzed. The effects of KLK10 on T cells and macrophages were verified in independent cell experiments. The results revealed that KLK10 also activates CD4+ T cells, mediating M2-type macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Luo
- Hunan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan-Lin Lv
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruo-Xu He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shi
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Zhang J, Yang K, Bu J, Yan J, Hu X, Liu K, Gao S, Tang S, Gao L, Chen W. IGF2BP3 promotes progression of gallbladder carcinoma by stabilizing KLK5 mRNA in N6-methyladenosine-dependent binding. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1035871. [PMID: 36313631 PMCID: PMC9606626 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1035871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have reported that IGF2BP3 is linked to the pathogenesis of various malignancies. Since IGF2BP3 is associated with poor outcomes of gallbladder carcinoma (GBC), we aimed to explore the association between its N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation and GBC progression. Methods Bioinformatic analysis of GSE136982, GSE104165, and RNA-seq was performed. In vitro and in vivo gain- and loss-of-function assays were done. qPCR, Western blotting, and IHC were conducted in cells or in collected clinical tissue samples. RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA stability measurement, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation, and dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed in this study. Results The expression of IGF2BP3 was higher in GBC tissues than in peritumoral tissues. Functions such as cell proliferation and migration, both in vitro and in vivo, were inhibited by downregulation of IGF2BP3. The analysis of RNA-seq indicated that KLK5 was a downstream target of IGF2BP3. The expression of KLK5 was measured in GBC cells and tumor samples. It was found to be positively correlated with IGF2BP3 level. Upon IGF2BP3 depletion, ectopic expression of KLK5 could rescue cell function in part. Mechanistically, we found that IGF2BP3 directly binds to KLK5 mRNA and regulates its stability in an m6A-dependent manner. As a result, inhibition of KLK5 decreased the expression of PAR2, and deregulated phospho-Akt. Using bioinformatic prediction combined with miRNA microarray analysis, we identified that let-7g-5p is an inhibitor of IGF2BP3, and let-7g-5p expression was negatively correlated with IGF2BP3. Overexpression of let-7g-5p affected the aggressive phenotype of GBC cells by deregulating IGF2BP3, and inhibiting the KLK5/PAR2/AKT axis. Conclusions Our data showed that IGF2BP3 is associated with the aggressive phenotype of GBC. Mechanistically, IGF2BP3 activated the PAR2/AKT axis by stabilizing KLK5 mRNA in an m6A-dependent manner. The loss of let-7g-5p enhanced the expression of IGF2BP3 and improved GBC progression. Thus, IGF2BP3 plays a crucial role in GBC, and the let-7g-5p/IGF2BP3/KLK5/PAR2 axis may be a therapeutic target for GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhe Zhang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaini Yang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Bu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayan Yan
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Hu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Gao
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuibin Tang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Gao
- Department of Pathology, Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Chen, ; Lili Gao,
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Chen, ; Lili Gao,
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Zhou S, Liu S, Tian G, Zhao L, Wang H, Li Y, Shen Y, Han L. KLK5 is associated with the radioresistance, aggression, and progression of cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2022; 166:138-147. [PMID: 35595569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of kallikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5) has been studied in several diseases, including skin and ovarian cancers. However, its role in cervical cancer remains unclear, particularly in regulating the radiation resistance and growth of cervical cancer cells. Radiation resistance of cervical cancer is associated with local recurrence, distant metastasis, and reduced survival. METHODS We first analyzed radiotherapy-naive samples and relevant clinical data from patients with cervical cancer who received radiotherapy without surgery or other antitumor treatment from 2014 to 2016. Subsequently, biopsied tissues, in vitro cells, and transplanted tumors in nude mice were investigated. RESULTS Gene sequencing and clinical data analysis showed that KLK5 overexpression was associated with a poor prognosis post-radiotherapy. In in vitro cell and tumor transplantation experiments, KLK5 overexpression significantly increased radiation resistance. However, downregulating KLK5 expression increased radiosensitivity. CONCLUSION Our results confirm that KLK5 is vital to the radioresistance of cervical cancer, and provide a new target and marker for the treatment of radioresistance in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunqing Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Geng Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The People's Hospital of LIAONING PROVINCE, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Haichen Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yannan Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Liying Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China.
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Liao C, Wang Q, An J, Zhang M, Chen J, Li X, Xiao L, Wang J, Long Q, Liu J, Guan X. SPINKs in Tumors: Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Oncol 2022; 12:833741. [PMID: 35223512 PMCID: PMC8873584 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.833741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease inhibitor Kazal type (SPINK) family includes SPINK1-14 and is the largest branch in the serine protease inhibitor family. SPINKs play an important role in pancreatic physiology and disease, sperm maturation and capacitation, Nager syndrome, inflammation and the skin barrier. Evidence shows that the unregulated expression of SPINK1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 13 is closely related to human tumors. Different SPINKs exhibit various regulatory modes in different tumors and can be used as tumor prognostic markers. This article reviews the role of SPINK1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 13 in different human cancer processes and helps to identify new cancer treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liao
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Microbial Resources and Drug Development Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, Life Sciences Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiaxing An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Minglin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Baiyun Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Microbial Resources and Drug Development Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, Life Sciences Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Linlin Xiao
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Long
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Long, ; Xiaoyan Guan, ; Jianguo Liu,
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Long, ; Xiaoyan Guan, ; Jianguo Liu,
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Long, ; Xiaoyan Guan, ; Jianguo Liu,
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Lenga Ma Bonda W, Lavergne M, Vasseur V, Brisson L, Roger S, Legras A, Guillon A, Guyétant S, Hiemstra PS, Si-Tahar M, Iochmann S, Reverdiau P. Kallikrein-related peptidase 5 contributes to the remodeling and repair of bronchial epithelium. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21838. [PMID: 34582061 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002649r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, oxidative stress, and protease/protease inhibitor imbalance with excessive production of proteases are factors associated with pathogenesis of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, we report that kallikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5) is a crucial protease involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and bronchial epithelial repair after injury. First, we showed that KLK5 degrades the basal layer formed by culture of primary bronchial epithelial cells from COPD or non-COPD patients. Also, exogenous KLK5 acted differently on BEAS-2B cells already engaged in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or on 16HBE 14o- cells harboring epithelial characteristics. Indeed, by inducing EMT, KLK5 reduced BEAS-2B cell adherence to the ECM. This effect, neutralized by tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2, a kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor, was due to a direct proteolytic activity of KLK5 on E-cadherin, β-catenin, fibronectin, and α5β1 integrin. Thus, KLK5 may strengthen EMT mechanisms and promote the migration of cells by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway required for this function. In contrast, knockdown of endogenous KLK5 in 16HBE14o- cells, accelerated wound healing repair after injury, and exogenous KLK5 addition delayed the closure repair. These data suggest that among proteases, KLK5 could play a critical role in airway remodeling events associated with COPD during exposure of the pulmonary epithelium to inhaled irritants or smoking and the inflammation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woodys Lenga Ma Bonda
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), INSERM, UMR 1100, Tours, France
| | - Marion Lavergne
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), INSERM, UMR 1100, Tours, France
| | - Virginie Vasseur
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), INSERM, UMR 1100, Tours, France
| | - Lucie Brisson
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer (N2C), INSERM, UMR 1069, Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Roger
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,EA 4245 "Transplantation, Immunologie, Inflammation", Tours, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Legras
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Département de chirurgie thoracique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Antoine Guillon
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), INSERM, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Service de médecine intensive et réanimation, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Serge Guyétant
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Département d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), INSERM, UMR 1100, Tours, France
| | - Sophie Iochmann
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), INSERM, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Tours, France
| | - Pascale Reverdiau
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), INSERM, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Tours, France
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da Silva EZM, Fraga-Silva TFDC, Yuan Y, Alves MG, Publio GA, da Fonseca CK, Kodama MH, Vieira GV, Candido MF, Innocentini LMAR, Miranda MG, da Silva AR, Alves-Filho JC, Bonato VLD, Iglesias-Bartolome R, Sales KU. Kallikrein 5 Inhibition by the Lympho-Epithelial Kazal-Type Related Inhibitor Hinders Matriptase-Dependent Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174395. [PMID: 34503205 PMCID: PMC8431081 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma remains challenging to treat with no improvement in survival rates over the past 50 years. Thus, there is an urgent need to discover more reliable therapeutic targets and biomarkers for HNSCC. Matriptase, a type-II transmembrane serine protease, induces malignant transformation in epithelial stem cells through proteolytic activation of pro-HGF and PAR-2, triggering PI3K-AKT-mTOR and NFKB signaling. The serine protease inhibitor lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI) inhibits the matriptase-driven proteolytic pathway, directly blocking kallikreins in epithelial differentiation. Hence, we hypothesized LEKTI could inhibit matriptase-dependent squamous cell carcinogenesis, thus implicating kallikreins in this process. Double-transgenic mice with simultaneous expression of matriptase and LEKTI under the keratin-5 promoter showed a prominent rescue of K5-Matriptase+/0 premalignant phenotype. Notably, in DMBA-induced SCC, heterotopic co-expression of LEKTI and matriptase delayed matriptase-driven tumor incidence and progression. Co-expression of LEKTI reverted altered Kallikrein-5 expression observed in the skin of K5-Matriptase+/0 mice, indicating that matriptase-dependent proteolytic pathway inhibition by LEKTI occurs through kallikreins. Moreover, we showed that Kallikrein-5 is necessary for PAR-2-mediated IL-8 release, YAP1-TAZ/TEAD activation, and matriptase-mediated oral squamous cell carcinoma migration. Collectively, our data identify a third signaling pathway for matriptase-dependent carcinogenesis in vivo. These findings are critical for the identification of more reliable biomarkers and effective therapeutic targets in Head and Neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Zayas Marcelino da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (E.Z.M.d.S.); (M.G.A.); (C.K.d.F.); (M.H.K.); (G.V.V.); (M.F.C.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Thais Fernanda de Campos Fraga-Silva
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (T.F.d.C.F.-S.); (V.L.D.B.)
| | - Yao Yuan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.Y.); (R.I.-B.)
| | - Márcia Gaião Alves
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (E.Z.M.d.S.); (M.G.A.); (C.K.d.F.); (M.H.K.); (G.V.V.); (M.F.C.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Gabriel Azevedo Publio
- Departament of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (G.A.P.); (J.C.A.-F.)
| | - Carol Kobori da Fonseca
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (E.Z.M.d.S.); (M.G.A.); (C.K.d.F.); (M.H.K.); (G.V.V.); (M.F.C.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Márcio Hideki Kodama
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (E.Z.M.d.S.); (M.G.A.); (C.K.d.F.); (M.H.K.); (G.V.V.); (M.F.C.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Gabriel Viliod Vieira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (E.Z.M.d.S.); (M.G.A.); (C.K.d.F.); (M.H.K.); (G.V.V.); (M.F.C.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Marina Ferreira Candido
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (E.Z.M.d.S.); (M.G.A.); (C.K.d.F.); (M.H.K.); (G.V.V.); (M.F.C.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Lara Maria Alencar Ramos Innocentini
- Dentistry and Stomatology Division, Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Clinical Hospital of Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Mateus Gonçalves Miranda
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (E.Z.M.d.S.); (M.G.A.); (C.K.d.F.); (M.H.K.); (G.V.V.); (M.F.C.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Alfredo Ribeiro da Silva
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Jose Carlos Alves-Filho
- Departament of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (G.A.P.); (J.C.A.-F.)
| | - Vania Luiza Deperon Bonato
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (T.F.d.C.F.-S.); (V.L.D.B.)
| | - Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.Y.); (R.I.-B.)
| | - Katiuchia Uzzun Sales
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (E.Z.M.d.S.); (M.G.A.); (C.K.d.F.); (M.H.K.); (G.V.V.); (M.F.C.); (M.G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3315-9113
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Abstract
A crucial step for tumor cell extravasation and metastasis is the migration through the extracellular matrix, which requires proteolytic activity. Hence, proteases, particularly matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), have been discussed as therapeutic targets and their inhibition should diminish tumor growth and metastasis. The metalloproteases meprin α and meprin β are highly abundant on intestinal enterocytes and their expression was associated with different stages of colorectal cancer. Due to their ability to cleave extracellular matrix (ECM) components, they were suggested as pro-tumorigenic enzymes. Additionally, both meprins were shown to have pro-inflammatory activity by cleaving cytokines and their receptors, which correlates with chronic intestinal inflammation and associated conditions. On the other hand, meprin β was identified as an essential enzyme for the detachment and renewal of the intestinal mucus, important to prevent bacterial overgrowth and infection. Considering this, it is hard to estimate whether high activity of meprins is generally detrimental or if these enzymes have also protective functions in certain cancer types. For instance, for colorectal cancer, patients with high meprin β expression in tumor tissue exhibit a better survival prognosis, which is completely different to prostate cancer. This demonstrates that the very same enzyme may have contrary effects on tumor initiation and growth, depending on its tissue and subcellular localization. Hence, precise knowledge about proteolytic enzymes is required to design the most efficient therapeutic options for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the current findings on meprins' functions, expression, and cancer-associated variants with possible implications for tumor progression and metastasis.
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