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Diniz BL, Deconte D, Gadelha KA, Glaeser AB, Guaraná BB, de Moura AÁ, Rosa RFM, Zen PRG. Congenital Heart Defects and 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A 20-Year Update and New Insights to Aid Clinical Diagnosis. J Pediatr Genet 2023; 12:113-122. [PMID: 37090828 PMCID: PMC10118709 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1763258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are one of the most prevalent clinical features described in individuals diagnosed with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). Therefore, cardiac malformations may be the main finding to refer for syndrome investigation, especially in individuals with a mild phenotype. Nowadays, different cytogenetic methodologies have emerged and are used routinely in research laboratories. Hence, choosing an efficient technology and providing an accurate interpretation of clinical findings is crucial for 22q11.2DS patient's diagnosis. This systematic review provides an update of the last 20 years of research on 22q11.2DS patients with CHD and the investigation process behind each diagnosis. A search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and LILACS using all entry terms to DiGeorge syndrome, CHDs, and cytogenetic analysis. After screening, 60 papers were eligible for review. We present a new insight of ventricular septal defect as a possible pivotal cardiac finding in individuals with 22q11.2DS. Also, we describe molecular technologies and cardiac evaluation as valuable tools in order to guide researchers in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Lixinski Diniz
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Desirée Deconte
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kerolainy Alves Gadelha
- Underdegree Program in Biomedicine, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Barreto Glaeser
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Baierle Guaraná
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Genetics Service, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) and Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andreza Ávila de Moura
- Underdegree Program in Biomedicine, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Fabiano Machado Rosa
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Genetics Service, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) and Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Gazzola Zen
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Genetics Service, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) and Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Mosley TJ, Johnston HR, Cutler DJ, Zwick ME, Mulle JG. Sex-specific recombination patterns predict parent of origin for recurrent genomic disorders. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:154. [PMID: 34107974 PMCID: PMC8190997 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-00999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural rearrangements of the genome, which generally occur during meiosis and result in large-scale (> 1 kb) copy number variants (CNV; deletions or duplications ≥ 1 kb), underlie genomic disorders. Recurrent pathogenic CNVs harbor similar breakpoints in multiple unrelated individuals and are primarily formed via non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR). Several pathogenic NAHR-mediated recurrent CNV loci demonstrate biases for parental origin of de novo CNVs. However, the mechanism underlying these biases is not well understood. METHODS We performed a systematic, comprehensive literature search to curate parent of origin data for multiple pathogenic CNV loci. Using a regression framework, we assessed the relationship between parental CNV origin and the male to female recombination rate ratio. RESULTS We demonstrate significant association between sex-specific differences in meiotic recombination and parental origin biases at these loci (p = 1.07 × 10-14). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that parental origin of CNVs is largely influenced by sex-specific recombination rates and highlight the need to consider these differences when investigating mechanisms that cause structural variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenell J Mosley
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead Building Suite 300, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - H Richard Johnston
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead Building Suite 300, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Emory Integrated Computational Core, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead Building Suite 300, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Michael E Zwick
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead Building Suite 300, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jennifer G Mulle
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead Building Suite 300, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Cárdenas-Nieto D, Forero-Castro M, Esteban-Pérez C, Martínez-Lozano J, Briceño-Balcázar I. The 22q11.2 Microdeletion in Pediatric Patients with Cleft Lip, Palate, or Both and Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Genet 2020; 9:1-8. [PMID: 31976137 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1698804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is present in approximately 5 to 8% of patients with cleft lip, palate, or both (CL/P) and 75 to 80% of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). In a literature review, we consider this association of 22q11.2DS in pediatric patients with CL/P and CHD. Early diagnosis of 22q11.2DS in pediatric patients with CL/P and CHD helps to optimize a multidisciplinary treatment approach for 22q11DS. Early diagnosis, thereby, can improve quality of life for these patients and awareness of other potential clinical implications that may require attention throughout the patient's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cárdenas-Nieto
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (GICBUPTC), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia.,Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (GICBUPTC), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Maribel Forero-Castro
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (GICBUPTC), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Clara Esteban-Pérez
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (GICBUPTC), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Julio Martínez-Lozano
- Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de investigación en Genética Humana, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Ignacio Briceño-Balcázar
- Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de investigación en Genética Humana, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
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Heike CL, Avellino AM, Mirza SK, Kifle Y, Perkins J, Sze R, Egbert M, Hing AV. Sleep Disturbances in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Case with Obstructive and Central Sleep Apnea. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2017; 44:340-6. [PMID: 17477750 DOI: 10.1597/05-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is characterized by wide phenotypic variability, frequently involving characteristic craniofacial features, cardiac malformations, and learning difficulties. Skeletal anomalies are also common and include an obtuse angle of the cranial base, retrognathia, and cervical spine abnormalities. Despite these anomalies, sleep-disturbed breathing is not reported frequently in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. We describe a patient with an obstructive sleep disturbance that was successfully treated with a tonsillectomy followed by mandibular distraction osteogenesis. She also had central sleep apnea, initially attributed to spinal cord impingement from cervical instability. Posterior cervical fusion was associated with a decrease in the number of central apneic events.
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MESH Headings
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Cleft Lip/genetics
- Cleft Lip/surgery
- Cleft Palate/genetics
- Cleft Palate/surgery
- Craniofacial Abnormalities/complications
- Craniofacial Abnormalities/genetics
- Craniofacial Abnormalities/therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Mandibular Advancement/methods
- Micrognathism/complications
- Micrognathism/genetics
- Micrognathism/surgery
- Odontoid Process/abnormalities
- Odontoid Process/diagnostic imaging
- Odontoid Process/surgery
- Osteogenesis, Distraction/methods
- Polysomnography
- Radiography
- Sleep Apnea, Central/etiology
- Sleep Apnea, Central/genetics
- Sleep Apnea, Central/therapy
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/etiology
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/genetics
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/therapy
- Spinal Cord Compression/complications
- Spinal Cord Compression/diagnostic imaging
- Spinal Cord Compression/surgery
- Syndrome
- Tonsillectomy
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Heike
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of Washington and Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Long-Term Effects of Maternal Deprivation on Redox Regulation in Rat Brain: Involvement of NADPH Oxidase. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7390516. [PMID: 28408971 PMCID: PMC5376945 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7390516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Maternal deprivation (MD) causes perinatal stress, with subsequent behavioral changes which resemble the symptoms of schizophrenia. The NADPH oxidase is one of the major generators of reactive oxygen species, known to play a role in stress response in different tissues. The aim of this study was to elucidate the long-term effects of MD on the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits (gp91phox, p22phox, p67phox, p47phox, and p40phox). Activities of cytochrome C oxidase and respiratory chain Complex I, as well as the oxidative stress parameters using appropriate spectrophotometric techniques were analyzed. Nine-day-old Wistar rats were exposed to a 24 h maternal deprivation and sacrificed at young adult age. The structures affected by perinatal stress, cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and caudate nuclei were investigated. The most prominent findings were increased expressions of gp91phox in the cortex and hippocampus, increased expression of p22phox and p40phox, and decreased expression of gp91phox, p22phox, and p47phox in the caudate nuclei. Complex I activity was increased in all structures except cortex. Content of reduced glutathione was decreased in all sections while region-specific changes of other oxidative stress parameters were found. Our results indicate the presence of long-term redox alterations in MD rats.
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Agergaard P, Olesen C, Østergaard JR, Christiansen M, Sørensen KM. The prevalence of chromosome 22q11.2 deletions in 2,478 children with cardiovascular malformations. A population-based study. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 158A:498-508. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Heike CL, Starr JR, Rieder MJ, Cunningham ML, Edwards KL, Stanaway IB, Crawford DC. Single nucleotide polymorphism discovery in TBX1 in individuals with and without 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:54-63. [PMID: 19645056 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) have a wide range of clinical features. TBX1 has been proposed as a candidate gene for some of the features in this condition. Polymorphisms in the nondeleted TBX1, which may affect the function of the sole TBX1 gene in individuals with the 22q11.2DS, may be a key to understanding the phenotypic variability among individuals with a shared deletion. Comprehensive single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery by resequencing candidate genes can identify genetic variants that influence a given phenotype. The purpose of this study was to further characterize the sequence variability in TBX1 by identifying all common SNPs in this gene. METHODS We resequenced TBX1 in 29 children with a documented 22q11.2 deletion and 95 nondeleted, healthy individuals. We estimated allele frequencies, performed tagSNP selection, and inferred haplotypes. We also compared SNP frequencies between 22q11.2DS and control samples. RESULTS We identified 355 biallelic markers among the 190 chromosomes resequenced in the control panel. The vast majority of the markers identified were SNPs (n = 331), and the remainder indels (n = 24). We did not identify SNPs or indels in the cis- regulatory element (FOX-binding site) upstream of TBX1. In children with 22q11.2DS we detected 187 biallelic markers, six of which were indels. Four of the seven coding SNPs identified in the controls were identified in children with 22q11.2DS. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive SNP discovery data can be used to select SNPs to genotype for future association studies assessing the role of TBX1 and phenotypic variability in individuals with 22q11.2DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Heike
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington 98105-5371, USA.
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Lee CL, Hsieh KS, Chen YL, Shiue YL. Identification of candidate genes for congenital ventricular septal defects with HSA22q11 loss of heterozygosity. Rev Esp Cardiol 2009; 62:263-72. [PMID: 19268070 DOI: 10.1016/s1885-5857(09)71555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is one of the major forms of congenital heart disease (CHD) in individuals with Homo sapiens chromosome 22q11 (HSA22q11) deletion syndrome. The objective was to identify candidate genes associated with VSD located within HSA22q11 by analyzing loss of heterozygosity (LOH) using microsatellite genotyping and by gene dosage analysis in seven candidate genes. METHODS The study involved 82 families with CHD, which included 261 individuals (85 patients and 176 siblings and parents). All were screened for LOH in the HSA22q11 region by microsatellite (n=10) genotyping. Bioinformatic strategies were used to characterize seven candidate genes located within this region in greater detail. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to determine the dosages of the seven candidate genes in 16 patients with LOH of HSA22q11. RESULTS Overall, 42 out of 85 patients (49.4%) with CHD had at least one LOH in the HSA22q11 region. Moreover, LOH of HSA22q11 was found in 17 out of 29 patients with a VSD and in three out of four families with two offspring affected by CHD. Dosage analysis of the seven candidate genes showed recurrent heterozygous deletion of HIRA, GNB1L and TUBA8 genes in 16 VSD patients with a LOH of HSA22q11. CONCLUSIONS Microsatellite genotyping identified LOH of HSA22q11 in several types of CHD. Heterozygous deletion of HIRA, GNB1L or TUBA8 genes might play an important role in ventricular septum development. Since CHD can be a familial disease, screening the siblings of a proband for LOH of HSA22q could be valuable for early diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Liang Lee
- Department of Pediatricsk, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Lee CL, Hsieh KS, Chen YL, Shiue YL. Identificación de genes candidatos en las comunicaciones interventriculares congénitas con pérdida de heterocigosis de HSA22q11. Rev Esp Cardiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-8932(09)70369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Association between a common haplotype in the COMT gene region and psychiatric disorders in individuals with 22q11.2DS. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 11:351-63. [PMID: 17949513 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145707008085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common hemizygous deletion syndrome in humans. In addition to a wide range of physical abnormalities 22q11.2DS subjects show high prevalence of several psychiatric disorders. In our previous study we showed that the low-activity allele (158Met) of the COMT gene is a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in 22q11.2DS individuals. In the present study we have genotyped fifty-five 22q11.2DS individuals and 95 of their parents for eight SNPs in and around the COMT gene. A haplotype composed of three SNPs [rs2097603; rs4680 (158Val/Met); rs165599] representing the major linkage disequilibrium blocks in COMT and previously implicated in functional variation, was found to be associated with ADHD and OCD in 22q11.2DS individuals. A common risk haplotype (G-A-A) was significantly associated with both ADHD (OR 3.13, chi2=4.38, p=0.036) and OCD (OR 4.00, chi2=6.41, p=0.011) in 22q11.2DS individuals. Interestingly, the same haplotype was recently found to be associated with efficient prefrontal performance in the general population. The risk haplotype was not found to be associated with IQ scores in our 22q11.2DS sample. Parental origin of the deletion did not affect the susceptibility to ADHD and OCD in the 22q11.2DS subjects. This study demonstrated the association of a particular COMT haplotype with susceptibility to both ADHD and OCD in 22q11.2DS and supports the hypothesis that COMT gene variations contribute to genetic predisposition to psychiatric disorders in the general population.
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Torres-Juan L, Rosell J, Sánchez-de-la-Torre M, Fibla J, Heine-Suñer D. Analysis of meiotic recombination in 22q11.2, a region that frequently undergoes deletions and duplications. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 8:14. [PMID: 17397557 PMCID: PMC1855045 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-8-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the most frequent genomic disorder with an estimated frequency of 1/4000 live births. The majority of patients (90%) have the same deletion of 3 Mb (Typically Deleted Region, TDR) that results from aberrant recombination at meiosis between region specific low-copy repeats (LCRs). Methods As a first step towards the characterization of recombination rates and breakpoints within the 22q11.2 region we have constructed a high resolution recombination breakpoint map based on pedigree analysis and a population-based historical recombination map based on LD analysis. Results Our pedigree map allows the location of recombination breakpoints with a high resolution (potential recombination hotspots), and this approach has led to the identification of 5 breakpoint segments of 50 kb or less (8.6 kb the smallest), that coincide with historical hotspots. It has been suggested that aberrant recombination leading to deletion (and duplication) is caused by low rates of Allelic Homologous Recombination (AHR) within the affected region. However, recombination rate estimates for 22q11.2 region show that neither average recombination rates in the 22q11.2 region or within LCR22-2 (the LCR implicated in most deletions and duplications), are significantly below chromosome 22 averages. Furthermore, LCR22-2, the repeat most frequently implicated in rearrangements, is also the LCR22 with the highest levels of AHR. In addition, we find recombination events in the 22q11.2 region to cluster within families. Within this context, the same chromosome recombines twice in one family; first by AHR and in the next generation by NAHR resulting in an individual affected with the del22q11.2 syndrome. Conclusion We show in the context of a first high resolution pedigree map of the 22q11.2 region that NAHR within LCR22 leading to duplications and deletions cannot be explained exclusively under a hypothesis of low AHR rates. In addition, we find that AHR recombination events cluster within families. If normal and aberrant recombination are mechanistically related, the fact that LCR22s undergo frequent AHR and that we find familial differences in recombination rates within the 22q11.2 region would have obvious health-related implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Torres-Juan
- Secció de Genètica, Hospital Universitari Son Dureta, Andrea Doria 55, Palma de Mallorca 07014, Balears, Spain
| | - Jordi Rosell
- Secció de Genètica, Hospital Universitari Son Dureta, Andrea Doria 55, Palma de Mallorca 07014, Balears, Spain
| | | | - Joan Fibla
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Irblleida, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Damià Heine-Suñer
- Secció de Genètica, Hospital Universitari Son Dureta, Andrea Doria 55, Palma de Mallorca 07014, Balears, Spain
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Weksberg R, Stachon AC, Squire JA, Moldovan L, Bayani J, Meyn S, Chow E, Bassett AS. Molecular characterization of deletion breakpoints in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. Hum Genet 2006; 120:837-45. [PMID: 17028864 PMCID: PMC3139629 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
22q11 Deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a common microdeletion syndrome with variable expression, including congenital and later onset conditions such as schizophrenia. Most studies indicate that expression does not appear to be related to length of the deletion but there is limited information on the endpoints of even the common deletion breakpoint regions in adults. We used a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) approach to fine map 22q11.2 deletions in 44 adults with 22q11DS, 22 with schizophrenia (SZ; 12 M, 10 F; mean age 35.7 SD 8.0 years) and 22 with no history of psychosis (NP; 8 M, 14 F; mean age 27.1 SD 8.6 years). QPCR data were consistent with clinical FISH results using the TUPLE1 or N25 probes. Two subjects (one SZ, one NP) negative for clinical FISH had atypical 22q11.2 deletions confirmed by FISH using the RP11-138C22 probe. Most (n = 34; 18 SZ, 16 NP) subjects shared a common 3 Mb hemizygous 22q11.2 deletion. However, eight subjects showed breakpoint variability: a more telomeric proximal breakpoint (n = 2), or more centromeric (n = 3) or more telomeric distal breakpoint (n = 3). One NP subject had a proximal nested 1.4 Mb deletion. COMT and TBX1 were deleted in all 44 subjects, and PRODH in 40 subjects (19 SZ, 21 NP). The results delineate proximal and distal breakpoint variants in 22q11DS. Neither deletion extent nor PRODH haploinsufficiency appeared to explain the clinical expression of schizophrenia in the present study. Further studies are needed to elucidate the molecular basis of schizophrenia and clinical heterogeneity in 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Weksberg
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., M5G 1X8, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Thomas NS, Durkie M, Potts G, Sandford R, Van Zyl B, Youings S, Dennis NR, Jacobs PA. Parental and chromosomal origins of microdeletion and duplication syndromes involving 7q11.23, 15q11-q13 and 22q11. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:831-7. [PMID: 16617304 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-allelic homologous recombination between chromosome-specific LCRs is the most common mechanism leading to recurrent microdeletions and duplications. To look for locus-specific differences, we have used microsatellites to determine the parental and chromosomal origins of a large series of patients with de novo deletions of chromosome 7q11.23 (Williams syndrome), 15q11-q13 (Angelman syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome) and 22q11 (Di George syndrome) and duplications of 15q11-q13. Overall the majority of rearrangements were interchromosomal, so arising from unequal meiotic exchange, and there were approximately equal numbers of maternal and paternal deletions. Duplications and deletions of 15q11-q13 appear to be reciprocal products that arise by the same mechanisms. The proportion arising from interchromosomal exchanges varied among deletions with 22q11 the highest and 15q11-q13 the lowest. However, parental and chromosomal origins were not always independent. For 15q11-q13, maternal deletions tended to be interchromosomal while paternal deletions tended to be intrachromosomal; for 22q11 there was a possible excess of maternal cases among intrachromosomal deletions. Several factors are likely to be involved in the formation of recurrent rearrangements and the relative importance of these appear to be locus-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Simon Thomas
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK.
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Jiang L, Duan C, Chen B, Hou Z, Chen Z, Li Y, Huan Y, Wu KK. Association of 22q11 deletion with isolated congenital heart disease in three Chinese ethnic groups. Int J Cardiol 2006; 105:216-23. [PMID: 16243116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Revised: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of heart disease among children. About 75% of DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) and velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) includes CHD. A deletion within chromosome 22q11.2 has been identified in the majority of patients with DGS and VCFS. And 22q11.2 deletion has become one of the markers used to study CHD in these syndromes. Whether 22q11.2 deletion is associated with isolated CHD is not known and was the topic of this study. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied the 22q11.2 deletion in three Chinese ethnic groups (Tai, Bai and Han people) with 19 sporadic, isolated CHD by genotype and haplotype analysis with D22S420 etc. 11 consecutive polymorphic microsatellite markers. Among 19 isolated CHD patients, four had Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), five exhibited Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), five showed Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) and 5 had Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA). In some isolated CHD patients, 3 Mb and 1.5 Mb deletion to chromosome 22q11.2 was found. 2 of 4 TOF (50%) and 1 of 5 VSD (20%) and 1 of 5 PDA (20%) respectively were found to have deletions at D22S944. CONCLUSIONS 22q11.2 deletion can be detected in isolated TOF, VSD and PDA of three Chinese ethnic groups, without detectable 22q11.2 deletion in those isolated ASD patients examined thus far. Our finding may be the first to show the 22q11.2 deletion in sporadic, isolated PDA/VSD patients whose family members are without CHD. In addition, D22S420 etc. 11 consecutive polymorphic microsatellite markers are very useful for the determination of 22q11.2 deletion in isolated CHD in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Jiang
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, P.R. China.
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Horowitz A, Shifman S, Rivlin N, Pisanté A, Darvasi A. A survey of the 22q11 microdeletion in a large cohort of schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2005; 73:263-7. [PMID: 15653270 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2004.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Revised: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of a microdeletion at 22q11 has long been considered to constitute a risk factor for schizophrenia. Higher rates of 22q11 deletions have been reported in cohorts of patients with schizophrenia. In order to estimate the prevalence of the 22q11 deletion in schizophrenia patients more accurately, a screening for 22q11 deletions was conducted on a cohort of 634 schizophrenia patients, the largest sample size screened to date. Seven microsatellites and three SNPs were used to assess the deletion genotype. In cases where all markers were found to be homozygous (hemizygous), the individual was assumed to carry the deletion. The method used here is simple and efficient in comparison with hybridization technologies. Moreover, the rate of false positives is very low (P-value in the range of 10(-4) to 10(-3)). Approximately 1% of the patient cohort was found to carry 22q11 deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Horowitz
- The Life Science Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Dakhale G, Khanzode S, Khanzode S, Saoji A, Khobragade L, Turankar A. Oxidative damage and schizophrenia: the potential benefit by atypical antipsychotics. Neuropsychobiology 2004; 49:205-9. [PMID: 15154399 DOI: 10.1159/000077368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence to suggest the derangement of the oxidant and antioxidant defense system in schizophrenia. The present study examined the effect of atypical antipsychotics on lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbic acid. For this purpose, a prospective, open-label, 8-week study design was utilized. Serum SOD, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and plasma ascorbic acid were estimated. Schizophrenic patients (n = 48) were compared with age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (n = 40). There was a significant increase in serum SOD, serum MDA and a decrease in plasma ascorbic acid in schizophrenic patients as compared to control subjects. The trend altered significantly after the treatment with atypical antipsychotics. The results of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for schizophrenia also improved with the treatment. The findings indicate an involvement of free radicals in schizophrenia and its modification by treatment with atypical antipsychotics. This study can also be used as a predictor of drug response by atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Dakhale
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
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