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Zhang J, Xiao X, Guo Q, Wei Z, Hua W. Identification of Four Metabolic Subtypes of Glioma Based on Glycolysis-Cholesterol Synthesis Genes. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9448144. [PMID: 35242216 PMCID: PMC8886743 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9448144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on alterations in gene expression associated with the production of glycolysis and cholesterol, this research classified glioma into prognostic metabolic subgroups. In this study, data from the CGGA325 and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets were utilized to extract single nucleotide variants (SNVs), RNA-seq expression data, copy number variation data, short insertions and deletions (InDel) mutation data, and clinical follow-up information from glioma patients. Glioma metabolic subtypes were classified using the ConsensusClusterPlus algorithm. This study determined four metabolic subgroups (glycolytic, cholesterogenic, quiescent, and mixed). Cholesterogenic patients had a higher survival chance. Genome-wide investigation revealed that inappropriate amplification of MYC and TERT was associated with improper cholesterol anabolic metabolism. In glioma metabolic subtypes, the mRNA levels of mitochondrial pyruvate carriers 1 and 2 (MPC1/2) presented deletion and amplification, respectively. Differentially upregulated genes in the glycolysis group were related to pathways, including IL-17, HIF-1, and TNF signaling pathways and carbon metabolism. Downregulated genes in the glycolysis group were enriched in terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, butanoate metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism pathway. Cox analysis of univariate and multivariate survival showed that risks of glycolysis subtypes were significantly higher than other subtypes. Those results were validated in the CGGA325 dataset. The current findings greatly contribute to a comprehensive understanding of glioma and personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xing Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zixuan Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200040, China
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Zhu Z, Qin J, Dong C, Yang J, Yang M, Tian J, Zhong X. Identification of four gastric cancer subtypes based on genetic analysis of cholesterogenic and glycolytic pathways. Bioengineered 2021; 12:4780-4793. [PMID: 34346836 PMCID: PMC8806458 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1956247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Warburg phenomenon refers to the development of unique metabolic patterns during the growth of tumor cells. This study stratified gastric cancer into prognostic metabolic subgroups according to changes in gene expressions related to glycolysis and cholesterol synthesis. The RNA-seq expression data, single nucleotide variants (SNV), short insertions and deletions (InDel) mutation data, copy number variation (CNV) data and clinical follow-up information data of gastric cancer tissues were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. ConsensusClusterPlus was used to stratify the metabolic subtypes of gastric cancer. Four metabolic subtypes (Cholesterogenic, Glycolytic, Mixed and Quiescent) of gastric cancer were identified, and patients with cholesterogenic tumors had the longest disease-specific survival (DSS). Genome-wide analysis showed that aberrant amplification of TP53 and MYC in gastric cancer was associated with abnormal cholesterol anabolic metabolism. The mRNA levels of mitochondrial pyruvate carriers 1 and 2 (MPC1/2) differed among the four subtypes. Tumors in the glycolytic group showed a higher PDCD1. A genomic signature based on tumor metabolism of different cancer types was established. This study showed that genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism play an important role in gastric cancer and facilitate a personalized treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology of Clinical Cancer Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Chencheng Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Strategic Operations Department, YuceBio Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maughan Yang
- Strategy DevelopmentDepartment, Meta Health Sector of Yuanzhi Technology Group, Beijing, China
| | - Jana Tian
- Strategy DevelopmentDepartment, Meta Health Sector of Yuanzhi Technology Group, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
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3
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Huang ZB, Zhang HT, Yu B, Yu DH. Cell-free DNA as a liquid biopsy for early detection of gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:3. [PMID: 33240409 PMCID: PMC7681206 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with poor prognosis worldwide, mainly due to the lack of suitable modalities for population-based screening and early detection of this disease. Therefore, novel and less invasive tests with improved clinical utility are urgently required. The remarkable advances in genomics and proteomics, along with emerging new technologies for highly sensitive detection of genetic alterations, have shown the potential to map the genomic makeup of a tumor in liquid biopsies, in order to assist with early detection and clinical management. The present review summarize the current status in the identification and development of cell-free DNA (cfDNA)-based biomarkers in GC, and also discusses their potential utility and the technical challenges in developing practical cfDNA-based liquid biopsy for early detection of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Bin Huang
- Department of Surgery, Hanchuan Renmin Hospital, Hanchuan, Hubei 431600, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Tao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518037, P.R. China
| | - Benjamin Yu
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - De-Hua Yu
- Shenzhen USK Bioscience Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China
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4
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Anauate AC, Leal MF, Calcagno DQ, Gigek CO, Karia BTR, Wisnieski F, dos Santos LC, Chen ES, Burbano RR, Smith MAC. The Complex Network between MYC Oncogene and microRNAs in Gastric Cancer: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051782. [PMID: 32150871 PMCID: PMC7084225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advancements in cancer treatments, gastric cancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In this context, it is of great interest to discover new and more effective ways of treating this disease. Accumulated evidences have demonstrated the amplification of 8q24.21 region in gastric tumors. Furthermore, this is the region where the widely known MYC oncogene and different microRNAs are located. MYC deregulation is key in tumorigenesis in various types of tissues, once it is associated with cell proliferation, survival, and drug resistance. microRNAs are a class of noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate the protein translation, and which deregulation is related with gastric cancer development. However, little is understood about the interactions between microRNAs and MYC. Here, we overview the MYC role and its relationship with the microRNAs network in gastric cancer aiming to identify potential targets useful to be used in clinic, not only as biomarkers, but also as molecules for development of promising therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Anauate
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ferreira Leal
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
| | - Danielle Queiroz Calcagno
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA 66075-110, Brazil; (D.Q.C.); (R.R.B.)
| | - Carolina Oliveira Gigek
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Bruno Takao Real Karia
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
| | - Fernanda Wisnieski
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
- Disciplina de Gastroenterologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Caires dos Santos
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
| | - Elizabeth Suchi Chen
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
| | - Rommel Rodríguez Burbano
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA 66075-110, Brazil; (D.Q.C.); (R.R.B.)
- Laboratório de Citogenética Humana, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA 66075-110, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém PA 66063-240, Brazil
| | - Marília Arruda Cardoso Smith
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-5576-4848
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5
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Wu J, Yang Y, Cheng L, Wu J, Xi L, Ma Y, Zhang P, Xu X, Zhang D, Li S. GCdiscrimination: identification of gastric cancer based on a milliliter of blood. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:536-544. [PMID: 32010933 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) continues to be one of the major causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Meanwhile, liquid biopsies have received extensive attention in the screening and detection of cancer along with better understanding and clinical practice of biomarkers. In this work, 58 routine blood biochemical indices were tentatively used as integrated markers, which further expanded the scope of liquid biopsies and a discrimination system for GC consisting of 17 top-ranked indices, elaborated by random forest method was constructed to assist in preliminary assessment prior to histological and gastroscopic diagnosis based on the test data of a total of 2951 samples. The selected indices are composed of eight routine blood indices (MO%, IG#, IG%, EO%, P-LCR, RDW-SD, HCT and RDW-CV) and nine blood biochemical indices (TP, AMY, GLO, CK, CHO, CK-MB, TG, ALB and γ-GGT). The system presented a robust classification performance, which can quickly distinguish GC from other stomach diseases, different cancers and healthy people with sensitivity, specificity, total accuracy and area under the curve of 0.9067, 0.9216, 0.9138 and 0.9720 for the cross-validation set, respectively. Besides, this system can not only provide an innovative strategy to facilitate rapid and real-time GC identification, but also reveal the remote correlation between GC and these routine blood biochemical parameters, which helped to unravel the hidden association of these parameters with GC and serve as the basis for subsequent studies of the clinical value in prevention program and surveillance management for GC. The identification system, called GC discrimination, is now available online at http://lishuyan.lzu.edu.cn/GC/.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lili Xi
- First Hospital of Lanzhou University
| | - Ying Ma
- physician in Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital
| | | | - Xiaoying Xu
- physician of First Hospital of Lanzhou University
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6
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Cervena K, Vodicka P, Vymetalkova V. Diagnostic and prognostic impact of cell-free DNA in human cancers: Systematic review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 781:100-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Zandvakili I, Lazaridis KN. Cell-free DNA testing: future applications in gastroenterology and hepatology. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2019; 12:1756284819841896. [PMID: 31019553 PMCID: PMC6466469 DOI: 10.1177/1756284819841896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of next-generation sequencing in clinical practice is increasing as accuracy and interpretation have improved and the cost continues to decline rapidly. Cell-free DNA is a unique source for next-generation sequencing that could change routine clinical practice in gastroenterology and hepatology. Testing of cell-free DNA in blood and fecal samples is an easy, rapid, and noninvasive method to assess for premalignant, malignant, metabolic, infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune gastrointestinal and liver diseases. In this review, we describe cell-free DNA technologies, current applications of cell-free DNA testing, and proposed cell-free DNA targets for gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases, with a specific focus on malignancy. In addition, we provide commentary on how cell-free DNA can be integrated into clinical practice and help guide diagnosis, prognosis, disease management, and therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inuk Zandvakili
- Division of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Konstantinos N. Lazaridis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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8
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Potential Utility of Liquid Biopsy as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for the Assessment of Solid Tumors: Implications in the Precision Oncology. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8030373. [PMID: 30889786 PMCID: PMC6463095 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is a technique that utilizes circulating biomarkers in the body fluids of cancer patients to provide information regarding the genetic landscape of the cancer. It is emerging as an alternative and complementary diagnostic and prognostic tool to surgical biopsy in oncology. Liquid biopsy focuses on the detection and isolation of circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA and exosomes, as a source of genomic and proteomic information in cancer patients. Liquid biopsy is expected to provide the necessary acceleratory force for the implementation of precision oncology in clinical settings by contributing an enhanced understanding of tumor heterogeneity and permitting the dynamic monitoring of treatment responses and genomic variations. However, widespread implementation of liquid biopsy based biomarker-driven therapy in the clinical practice is still in its infancy. Technological advancements have resolved many of the hurdles faced in the liquid biopsy methodologies but sufficient clinical and technical validation for specificity and sensitivity has not yet been attained for routine clinical implementation. This article provides a comprehensive review of the clinical utility of liquid biopsy and its effectiveness as an important diagnostic and prognostic tool in colorectal, breast, hepatocellular, gastric and lung carcinomas which were the five leading cancer related mortalities in 2018.
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9
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Koldby KM, Mortensen MB, Detlefsen S, Pfeiffer P, Thomassen M, Kruse TA. Tumor-specific genetic aberrations in cell-free DNA of gastroesophageal cancer patients. J Gastroenterol 2019; 54:108-121. [PMID: 30242476 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-018-1508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of liquid biopsies is studied intensively in all types of cancer and analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has recently been implemented clinically for mutation detection in lung cancer. ctDNA may provide information about tumor quantity and mutations present in the tumor, and as such have many potential applications in diagnosis and treatment of cancer. It has been suggested that ctDNA analysis may overcome the issue of intra-tumor heterogeneity faced by tissue biopsies and serve as an additional diagnostic tool. Furthermore, liquid biopsies are potentially helpful for monitoring of treatment response as well as detection of minimal residual disease and relapse. Gastroesophageal cancers (GEC) have high mortality rates and the majority of patients present with advanced stage at diagnosis or succumb due to disease recurrence even after radical resection of the primary tumor. Biomarkers that can help optimize treatment strategy are thus highly desirable. The present study is a review of published data on ctDNA in GEC patients. We identified 25 studies in which tumor-specific genetic aberrations were investigated in plasma or serum and discuss these in relation to the methods applied for ctDNA analysis. The methods used for ctDNA detection greatly influence the sensitivity of the analysis and, therefore, the potential clinical applications. We found that studies of ctDNA in GEC, although limited in number, are promising for several applications such as genetic profiling of tumors and monitoring of disease progression. However, more studies are needed to establish if and how this analysis can be clinically implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Magaard Koldby
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense, Denmark. .,Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Michael Bau Mortensen
- Department of Surgery, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sönke Detlefsen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløws Vej 15, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Pfeiffer
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Odense, Denmark
| | - Torben A Kruse
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Odense, Denmark
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10
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Li TT, Liu H, Yu J, Shi GY, Zhao LY, Li GX. Prognostic and predictive blood biomarkers in gastric cancer and the potential application of circulating tumor cells. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2236-2246. [PMID: 29881233 PMCID: PMC5989238 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i21.2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC), with its high incidence and mortality rates, is a highly fatal cancer that is common in East Asia particularly in China. Its recurrence and metastasis are the main causes of its poor prognosis. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or other blood biomarkers that are released into the circulating blood stream by tumors are thought to play a crucial role in the recurrence and metastasis of gastric cancer. Therefore, the detection of CTCs and other blood biomarkers has an important clinical significance; in fact, they can help predict the prognosis, assess the staging, monitor the therapeutic effects and determine the drug susceptibility. Recent research has identified many blood biomarkers in GC, such as various serum proteins, autoantibodies against tumor associated antigens, and cell-free DNAs. The analysis of CTCs and circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) in the peripheral blood of patients with gastric cancer is called as liquid biopsy. These blood biomarkers provide the disease status for individuals and have clinical meaning. In this review, we focus on the recent scientific advances regarding CTCs and other blood biomarkers, and discuss their origins and clinical meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guang-Yao Shi
- Division of Cardiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Ying Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guo-Xin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
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11
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Implementing liquid biopsies into clinical decision making for cancer immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48507-48520. [PMID: 28501851 PMCID: PMC5564665 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, novel immunotherapeutic strategies, in particular antibodies directed against immune checkpoint inhibitors, have revolutionized the treatment of different malignancies leading to an improved survival of patients. Identification of immune-related biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring of immune responses and selection of patients for specific cancer immunotherapies is urgently required and therefore areas of intensive research. Easily accessible samples in particular liquid biopsies (body fluids), such as blood, saliva or urine, are preferred for serial tumor biopsies. Although monitoring of immune and tumor responses prior, during and post immunotherapy has led to significant advances of patients’ outcome, valid and stable prognostic biomarkers are still missing. This might be due to the limited capacity of the technologies employed, reproducibility of results as well as assay stability and validation of results. Therefore solid approaches to assess immune regulation and modulation as well as to follow up the nature of the tumor in liquid biopsies are urgently required to discover valuable and relevant biomarkers including sample preparation, timing of the collection and the type of liquid samples. This article summarizes our knowledge of the well-known liquid material in a new context as liquid biopsy and focuses on collection and assay requirements for the analysis and the technical developments that allow the implementation of different high-throughput assays to detect alterations at the genetic and immunologic level, which could be used for monitoring treatment efficiency, acquired therapy resistance mechanisms and the prognostic value of the liquid biopsies.
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12
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Kalniņa Z, Meistere I, Kikuste I, Tolmanis I, Zayakin P, Linē A. Emerging blood-based biomarkers for detection of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11636-11653. [PMID: 26556992 PMCID: PMC4631966 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection and efficient monitoring of tumor dynamics are prerequisites for reducing disease burden and mortality, and for improving the management of patients with gastric cancer (GC). Blood-based biomarker assays for the detection of early-stage GC could be of great relevance both for population-wide or risk group-based screening programs, while circulating biomarkers that reflect the genetic make-up and dynamics of the tumor would allow monitoring of treatment efficacy, predict recurrences and assess the genetic heterogeneity of the tumor. Recent research to identify blood-based biomarkers of GC has resulted in the identification of a wide variety of cancer-associated molecules, including various proteins, autoantibodies against tumor associated antigens, cell-free DNA fragments, mRNAs and various non-coding RNAs, circulating tumor cells and cancer-derived extracellular vesicles. Each type of these biomarkers provides different information on the disease status, has different advantages and disadvantages, and distinct clinical usefulness. In the current review, we summarize the recent developments in blood-based GC biomarker discovery, discuss the origin of various types of biomarkers and their clinical usefulness and the technological challenges in the development of biomarker assays for clinical use.
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13
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Shoda K, Masuda K, Ichikawa D, Arita T, Miyakami Y, Watanabe M, Konishi H, Imoto I, Otsuji E. HER2 amplification detected in the circulating DNA of patients with gastric cancer: a retrospective pilot study. Gastric Cancer 2015; 18:698-710. [PMID: 25322965 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-014-0432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rqPCR) to detect human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification in the circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of patients with gastric cancer (GC), which shows the spatial and temporal intrinsic heterogeneity of HER2 expression/copy number during progression, for liquid biopsy and treatment monitoring. METHODS We first enrolled 52 patients with advanced GC who underwent surgery and 40 healthy volunteers. For patients with GC, plasma cfDNA was obtained before surgery (43 patients) and during postoperative treatment (nine of 43 patients). After ribonuclease P RNA component H1 (RPPH1) had been selected as a reference gene for HER2 CN assessment by rqPCR in GC tumours and plasma, plasma HER2-to-RPPH1 ratios were determined retrospectively in a development cohort and an additional independent validation cohort. RESULTS The HER2-to-RPPH1 ratio of GC tissues determined by rqPCR was concordant with routinely determined HER2 status. The plasma HER2-to-RPPH1 ratio was significantly higher for patients with HER2-positive tumours than for those with HER2-negative tumours. The sensitivity and specificity of the plasma HER2-to-RPPH1 ratio test were 0.539 and 0.967, respectively, in the development cohort, and 0.667 and 1.000, respectively, in the validation cohort. HER2 amplifications acquired and lost during tumour progression and treatment, respectively, were apparently detected by repeated assessments of plasma HER2-to-RPPH1 ratios during postoperative treatment. CONCLUSION Our preliminary data demonstrated the potential clinical use of circulating cfDNA to detect HER2 amplification as a therapeutic marker to detect and monitor HER2 CN status for effective molecular targeted therapy in patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Shoda
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kawaramach Hirokoji Kajiicho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Masuda
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ichikawa
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kawaramach Hirokoji Kajiicho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Arita
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kawaramach Hirokoji Kajiicho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyakami
- Student Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Miki Watanabe
- Student Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Konishi
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kawaramach Hirokoji Kajiicho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Eigo Otsuji
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kawaramach Hirokoji Kajiicho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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Hamakawa T, Kukita Y, Kurokawa Y, Miyazaki Y, Takahashi T, Yamasaki M, Miyata H, Nakajima K, Taniguchi K, Takiguchi S, Mori M, Doki Y, Kato K. Monitoring gastric cancer progression with circulating tumour DNA. Br J Cancer 2014; 112:352-6. [PMID: 25490524 PMCID: PMC4453461 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) is an emerging candidate biomarker for malignancies and may be useful for monitoring the disease status of gastric cancer. Methods: We performed targeted deep sequencing of plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) by massively parallel sequencing in patients with tumours harbouring TP53 mutations. The quantitative values of TP53-ctDNA during the clinical course were compared with the tumour status. Results: Three out of ten patients with TP53 mutations in primary tumours showed detectable TP53 mutation levels in preoperative cfDNA. Although the cfDNA concentrations were not always reflective of the disease course, the ctDNA fraction correlated with the disease status. Conclusions: ctDNA may serve as a useful biomarker to monitor gastric cancer progression and residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hamakawa
- 1] Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-E2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Y Kukita
- Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Y Kurokawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-E2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y Miyazaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-E2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-E2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Yamasaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-E2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - H Miyata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-E2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-E2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Taniguchi
- Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - S Takiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-E2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-E2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-E2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Kato
- Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
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15
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Tsujiura M, Ichikawa D, Konishi H, Komatsu S, Shiozaki A, Otsuji E. Liquid biopsy of gastric cancer patients: Circulating tumor cells and cell-free nucleic acids. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3265-3286. [PMID: 24696609 PMCID: PMC3964398 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i12.3265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the clinical outcomes of cancer patients, early detection and accurate monitoring of diseases are necessary. Numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations contribute to oncogenesis and cancer progression, and analyses of these changes have been increasingly utilized for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes in malignant diseases including gastric cancer (GC). Surgical and/or biopsy specimens are generally used to understand the tumor-associated alterations; however, those approaches cannot always be performed because of their invasive characteristics and may fail to reflect current tumor dynamics and drug sensitivities, which may change during the therapeutic process. Therefore, the importance of developing a non-invasive biomarker with the ability to monitor real-time tumor dynamics should be emphasized. This concept, so called “liquid biopsy”, would provide an ideal therapeutic strategy for an individual cancer patient and would facilitate the development of “tailor-made” cancer management programs. In the blood of cancer patients, the presence and potent utilities of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cell-free nucleic acids (cfNAs) such as DNA, mRNA and microRNA have been recognized, and their clinical relevance is attracting considerable attention. In this review, we discuss recent developments in this research field as well as the relevance and future perspectives of CTCs and cfNAs in cancer patients, especially focusing on GC.
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16
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Calcagno DQ, Freitas VM, Leal MF, de Souza CRT, Demachki S, Montenegro R, Assumpção PP, Khayat AS, Smith MDAC, dos Santos AKCR, Burbano RR. MYC, FBXW7 and TP53 copy number variation and expression in gastric cancer. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:141. [PMID: 24053468 PMCID: PMC3851138 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MYC deregulation is a common event in gastric carcinogenesis, usually as a consequence of gene amplification, chromosomal translocations, or posttranslational mechanisms. FBXW7 is a p53-controlled tumor-suppressor that plays a role in the regulation of cell cycle exit and reentry via MYC degradation. METHODS We evaluated MYC, FBXW7, and TP53 copy number, mRNA levels, and protein expression in gastric cancer and paired non-neoplastic specimens from 33 patients and also in gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines. We also determined the invasion potential of the gastric cancer cell lines. RESULTS MYC amplification was observed in 51.5% of gastric tumor samples. Deletion of one copy of FBXW7 and TP53 was observed in 45.5% and 21.2% of gastric tumors, respectively. MYC mRNA expression was significantly higher in tumors than in non-neoplastic samples. FBXW7 and TP53 mRNA expression was markedly lower in tumors than in paired non-neoplastic specimens. Moreover, deregulated MYC and FBXW7 mRNA expression was associated with the presence of lymph node metastasis and tumor stage III-IV. Additionally, MYC immunostaining was more frequently observed in intestinal-type than diffuse-type gastric cancers and was associated with MYC mRNA expression. In vitro studies showed that increased MYC and reduced FBXW7 expression is associated with a more invasive phenotype in gastric cancer cell lines. This result encouraged us to investigate the activity of the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 in both cell lines. Both gelatinases are synthesized predominantly by stromal cells rather than cancer cells, and it has been proposed that both contribute to cancer progression. We observed a significant increase in MMP-9 activity in ACP02 compared with ACP03 cells. These results confirmed that ACP02 cells have greater invasion capability than ACP03 cells. CONCLUSION In conclusion, FBXW7 and MYC mRNA may play a role in aggressive biologic behavior of gastric cancer cells and may be a useful indicator of poor prognosis. Furthermore, MYC is a candidate target for new therapies against gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Queiroz Calcagno
- Laboratório de Citogenética Humana, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil.
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17
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de Souza CRT, Leal MF, Calcagno DQ, Costa Sozinho EK, Borges BDN, Montenegro RC, Dos Santos AKCR, Dos Santos SEB, Ribeiro HF, Assumpção PP, de Arruda Cardoso Smith M, Burbano RR. MYC deregulation in gastric cancer and its clinicopathological implications. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64420. [PMID: 23717612 PMCID: PMC3661519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study investigated the relationship between MYC alterations and clinicopathological features in gastric cancers. We evaluated the effect of MYC mRNA expression and its protein immunoreactivity, as well as copy number variation, promoter DNA methylation, and point mutations, in 125 gastric adenocarcinoma and 67 paried non-neoplastic tissues. We observed that 77% of the tumors presented MYC immunoreactivity which was significantly associated with increased mRNA expression (p<0.05). These observations were associated with deeper tumor extension and the presence of metastasis (p<0.05). MYC protein expression was also more frequently observed in intestinal-type than in diffuse-type tumors (p<0.001). Additionally, MYC mRNA and protein expression were significantly associated with its copy number (p<0.05). The gain of MYC copies was associated with late-onset, intestinal-type, advanced tumor stage, and the presence of distant metastasis (p<0.05). A hypomethylated MYC promoter was detected in 86.4% of tumor samples. MYC hypomethylation was associated with diffuse-type, advanced tumor stage, deeper tumor extension, and the presence of lymph node metastasis (p<0.05). Moreover, eighteen tumor samples presented at least one known mutation. The presence of MYC mutations was associated with diffuse-type tumor (p<0.001). Our results showed that MYC deregulation was mainly associated with poor prognostic features and also reinforced the presence of different pathways involved in intestinal-type and diffuse-type gastric carcinogenesis. Thus, our findings suggest that MYC may be a useful marker for clinical stratification and prognosis.
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Jung K, Fleischhacker M, Rabien A. Cell-free DNA in the blood as a solid tumor biomarker--a critical appraisal of the literature. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1611-24. [PMID: 20688053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has been suggested as a cancer biomarker. Several studies assessed the usefulness of quantitative and qualitative tumor-specific alterations of cfDNA, such as DNA strand integrity, frequency of mutations, abnormalities of microsatellites, and methylation of genes, as diagnostic, prognostic, and monitoring markers in cancer patients. Most of the papers that could be evaluated in this review resulted in a positive conclusion. However, methodical diversity without the traceability of data and differently designed and often underpowered studies resulted in divergent results between studies. In addition, the limited diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of cfDNA alterations temper the effusive hope of novel tumor markers, raising similar issues as those for other tumor markers. To validate the actual clinical validity of various cfDNA alterations as potential cancer biomarkers in practice for individual tumor types, the main problems of the observed uncertainties must be considered in future studies. These include methodical harmonization concerning sample collection, processing, and analysis with the traceability of measurement results as well as the realization of well-designed prospective studies based on power analysis and sample size calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Research Division, University Hospital Charité, Schumannstr. 20/21, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Cell-free plasma DNA and purine nucleotide degradation markers following weightlifting exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:695-701. [PMID: 20577758 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the acute effects of a single bout of high-intensive strength training on the production of cell-free plasma DNA (cf-DNA), as well as on the degradation of purine nucleotides as assessed by the concentration of xanthine (XA) and hypoxanthine (HX) in urine and serum. Twelve trained weightlifters performed six sets of six lifting exercises with 90-95% of the one repetition maximum. Blood samples and urine were obtained 1 h before training, immediately after finishing the exercise session and following 2 h of recovery. Cf-DNA, HX, and XA (in serum) significantly increased (P < 0.05-P < 0.001) immediately after heavy lifting exercise when compared with baseline levels, and significantly decreased (P < 0.05-P < 0.001) after 2 h of recovery. These results indicate that, cf-DNA and oxypurines might be relevant biomarkers for cellular damage, mechanical, energetic, and/or ischemic stress in context with exercise.
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Takeshita H, Ichikawa D, Komatsu S, Tsujiura M, Kosuga T, Deguchi K, Konishi H, Morimura R, Shiozaki A, Fujiwara H, Okamoto K, Otsuji E. Prediction of CCND1 amplification using plasma DNA as a prognostic marker in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:1378-83. [PMID: 20389301 PMCID: PMC2865765 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to develop a new biomarker to predict cyclin D1 (CCND1) status using plasma DNA in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients. Methods: We evaluated the ratio of the CCND1 (11q13) dosage to the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2; 11q22-23) dosage (C/D ratio) as CCND1 copy number. This study was divided into three steps: (1) Determination of a cutoff value for the C/D ratio in test scale; (2) Comparison of the C/D ratio in between plasma samples and cancer tissues in ESCC patients showing high plasma C/D ratio; (3) Validation study of the clinical application of the plasma C/D ratio as a diagnostic and prognostic marker, by comparing with clinicopathologic factors in 96 ESCC patients. Results: The plasma C/D ratio was significantly higher in the ESCC group than the controls (P=0.0134). A high plasma C/D ratio reflected the tumour C/D ratio, and significantly correlated with a poorer prognosis (P=0.0186). Moreover, the high C/D ratio was found to be an independent prognostic factor on multivariate analysis (P=0.0266; hazard ratio 5.988). Conclusion: Prediction of CCND1 amplification using plasma DNA is thought to be a promising prognostic biomarker in ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takeshita
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachihirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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