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Tao Y, Zhang Y, Xia T, Lin N. Melt Compounding of Poly(lactic acid)-Based Composites: Blending Strategies, Process Conditions, and Mechanical Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400380. [PMID: 39012274 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA), derived from renewable resources, has the advantages of rigidity, thermoplasticity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, and is widely used in many fields such as packaging, agriculture, and biomedicine. The excellent processability properties allow for melt processing treatments such as extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, and thermoforming in the preparation of PLA-based materials. However, the low toughness and poor thermal stability of PLA limit its practical applications. Compared with pure PLA, conditions such as processing technology, filler, and crystallinity affect the mechanical properties of PLA-based materials, including tensile strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break. This review systematically summarizes various technical parameters for melt processing of PLA-based materials and further discusses the mechanical properties of PLA homopolymers, filler-reinforced PLA-based composites, PLA-based multiphase composites, and reactive composite strategies for PLA-based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Tao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xia
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ning Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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Chen PH, Chen CW, Mao HI, Dai CA, Su CS, Tsai JC, Lin FH. Bio-Based PLA/PBS/PBAT Ternary Blends with Added Nanohydroxyapatite: A Thermal, Physical, and Mechanical Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4585. [PMID: 38232012 PMCID: PMC10708084 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The physical and mechanical properties of novel bio-based polymer blends of polylactic acid (PLA), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with various added amounts of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) were investigated in this study. The formulations of PLA/PBS/PBAT/nHA blends were divided into two series, A and B, containing 70 or 80 wt% PLA, respectively. Samples of four specimens per series were prepared using a twin-screw extruder, and different amounts of nHA were added to meet the regeneration needs of bone graft materials. FTIR and XRD analyses were employed to identify the presence of each polymer and nHA in the various blends. The crystallization behavior of these blends was examined using DSC. Tensile and impact strength tests were performed on all samples to screen feasible formulations of polymer blends for bone graft material applications. Surface morphology analyses were conducted using SEM, and the dispersion of nHA particles in the blends was further tested using TEM. The added nHA also served as a nucleating agent aimed at improving the crystallinity and mechanical properties of the blends. Through the above analyses, the physical and mechanical properties of the polymer blends are reported and the most promising bone graft material formulations are suggested. All blends were tested for thermal degradation analysis using TGA and thermal stability was confirmed. The water absorption experiments carried out in this study showed that the addition of nHA could improve the hydrophilicity of the blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hua Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wen Chen
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan;
| | - Hsu-I Mao
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-An Dai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
| | - Chie-Shaan Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan;
| | - Jung-Chin Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan;
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
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Tangnorawich B, Magmee A, Roungpaisan N, Toommee S, Parcharoen Y, Pechyen C. Effect of Polybutylene Succinate Additive in Polylactic Acid Blend Fibers via a Melt-Blown Process. Molecules 2023; 28:7215. [PMID: 37894694 PMCID: PMC10608906 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to study the influence of the polybutylene succinate (PBS) content on the physical, thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties of the obtained polylactic acid (PLA)/PBS composite fibers. PLA/PBS blend fibers were prepared by a simple melt-blown process capable of yielding nanofibers. Morphological analysis revealed that the fiber size was irregular and discontinuous in length. Including PBS affected the fiber size distribution, and the fibers had a smoother surface with increased amounts of added PBS. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC) revealed that the crystallization temperature of the PLA sheet (105.8 °C) was decreased with increasing PBS addition levels down to 91.7 °C at 10 wt.% PBS. This suggests that the addition of PBS may affect PLA crystallization, which is consistent with the X-ray diffraction analysis that revealed that the crystallinity of PLA (19.2%) was increased with increasing PBS addition up to 28.1% at 10 wt% PBS. Moreover, adding PBS increased the tensile properties while the % elongation at break was significantly decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchamaporn Tangnorawich
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Center of Excellence in Modern Technology and Advanced Manufacturing for Medical Innovation, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Areerut Magmee
- Department of Materials and Textile Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Nanjaporn Roungpaisan
- Department of Textile Chemistry Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Surachet Toommee
- Industrial Arts Program, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Kamphaeng Phet Rajabhat University, Mueang 62000, Thailand
| | - Yardnapar Parcharoen
- Thammasat University Center of Excellence in Modern Technology and Advanced Manufacturing for Medical Innovation, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Chiravoot Pechyen
- Thammasat University Center of Excellence in Modern Technology and Advanced Manufacturing for Medical Innovation, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
- Department of Materials and Textile Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
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Jariyasakoolroj P, Makyarm K, Klairasamee K, Sane A, Jarupan L. Crystallization behavior analysis and reducing thermal shrinkage of poly(lactic acid) miscibilized with poly(butylene succinate) film for food packaging. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piyawanee Jariyasakoolroj
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro‐Industry Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), KU Institute for Advanced Studies Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Kanyanut Makyarm
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro‐Industry Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Kanyapat Klairasamee
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro‐Industry Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Amporn Sane
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro‐Industry Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), KU Institute for Advanced Studies Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Lerpong Jarupan
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro‐Industry Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
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Superior Toughened Biodegradable Poly(L-lactic acid)-based Blends with Enhanced Melt Strength and Excellent Low-temperature Toughness via In situ Reaction Compatibilization. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2862-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Development and Characterization of Polylactide Blends with Improved Toughness by Reactive Extrusion with Lactic Acid Oligomers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091874. [PMID: 35567043 PMCID: PMC9104828 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report the development and characterization of polylactide (PLA) blends with improved toughness by the addition of 10 wt.% lactic acid oligomers (OLA) and assess the feasibility of reactive extrusion (REX) and injection moulding to obtain high impact resistant injection moulded parts. To improve PLA/OLA interactions, two approaches are carried out. On the one hand, reactive extrusion of PLA/OLA with different dicumyl peroxide (DCP) concentrations is evaluated and, on the other hand, the effect of maleinized linseed oil (MLO) is studied. The effect of DCP and MLO content used in the reactive extrusion process is evaluated in terms of mechanical, thermal, dynamic mechanical, wetting and colour properties, as well as the morphology of the obtained materials. The impact strength of neat PLA (39.3 kJ/m2) was slightly improved up to 42.4 kJ/m2 with 10 wt.% OLA. Nevertheless, reactive extrusion with 0.3 phr DCP (parts by weight of DCP per 100 parts by weight of PLA–OLA base blend 90:10) led to a noticeable higher impact strength of 51.7 kJ/m2, while the reactive extrusion with 6 phr MLO gave an even higher impact strength of 59.5 kJ/m2, thus giving evidence of the feasibility of these two approaches to overcome the intrinsic brittleness of PLA. Therefore, despite MLO being able to provide the highest impact strength, reactive extrusion with DCP led to high transparency, which could be an interesting feature in food packaging, for example. In any case, these two approaches represent environmentally friendly strategies to improve PLA toughness.
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Yu S, Zhang Y, Hu H, Li J, Zhou W, Zhao X, Peng S. Effect of maleic anhydride grafted poly(lactic acid) on rheological behaviors and mechanical performance of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA/PEG) blends. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31629-31638. [PMID: 36380964 PMCID: PMC9632605 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03513h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of polylactic acid (PLA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) blends was prepared by melt blending using PEG as a plasticizer to address the disadvantages of PLA brittleness. PEG can weaken the intermolecular chain interactions of PLA and improve its processing properties. PLA-grafted maleic anhydride (GPLA) was reactively blended with PLA/PEG to obtain a high tenacity PLA/PEG/GPLA blend. GPLA was prepared by melt grafting using diisopropyl peroxide as the initiator and maleic anhydride as the graft. The effects of different PEG molecular weights (1000–10 000 g mol−1) on the properties of PLA/PEG/GPLA blends were investigated. GPLA reacted with PEG1000 (Mw = 1000 g mol−1) to form short PLA branched chains and reacted with PEG10000 (Mw = 10 000 g mol−1) to form a small number of PLA branched chains, which was unconducive to increasing the intermolecular chain entanglement. The branched PLA formed by the reaction between PEG6000 (Mw = 6000 g mol−1) and GPLA had a remarkable effect on increasing intermolecular chain entanglement. The complex viscosity, modulus, and melt strength values of PLA/PEG6000/GPLA blends were relatively large. The elongation at break of the blends reached 526.9%, and the tensile strength was 30.91 MPa. It provides an effective way to prepare PLA materials with excellent comprehensive properties. Preparation of PLA/PEG/GPLA blends with high toughness by reactive blending of PLA grafted maleic anhydride (GPLA).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Songting Yu
- Hubei Provincial Key Ldaboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yiting Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Key Ldaboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Huan Hu
- Hubei Provincial Key Ldaboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Juncheng Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Ldaboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Weiyi Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Ldaboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Xipo Zhao
- Hubei Provincial Key Ldaboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Shaoxian Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Ldaboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
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