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Zhang L, Zhao J, Lam SM, Chen L, Gao Y, Wang W, Xu Y, Tan T, Yu H, Zhang M, Liao X, Wu M, Zhang T, Huang J, Li B, Zhou QD, Shen N, Lee HJ, Ye C, Li D, Shui G, Zhang J. Low-input lipidomics reveals lipid metabolism remodelling during early mammalian embryo development. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:278-293. [PMID: 38302721 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Lipids are indispensable for energy storage, membrane structure and cell signalling. However, dynamic changes in various categories of endogenous lipids in mammalian early embryonic development have not been systematically characterized. Here we comprehensively investigated the dynamic lipid landscape during mouse and human early embryo development. Lipid signatures of different developmental stages are distinct, particularly for the phospholipid classes. We highlight that the high degree of phospholipid unsaturation is a conserved feature as embryos develop to the blastocyst stage. Moreover, we show that lipid desaturases such as SCD1 are required for in vitro blastocyst development and blastocyst implantation. One of the mechanisms is through the regulation of unsaturated fatty-acid-mediated fluidity of the plasma membrane and apical proteins and the establishment of apical-basal polarity during development of the eight-cell embryo to the blastocyst. Overall, our study provides an invaluable resource about the remodelling of the endogenous lipidome in mammalian preimplantation embryo development and mechanistic insights into the regulation of embryogenesis and implantation by lipid unsaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- LipidALL Technologies, Changzhou, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingzhuo Gao
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Advanced Reproductive Medicine and Fertility (China Medical University), National Health Commission, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Xu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Tan
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xufeng Liao
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengchen Wu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyun Zhang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Huang
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Li
- LipidALL Technologies, Changzhou, China
| | - Quan D Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Surgical Oncology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Shen
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hyeon Jeong Lee
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cunqi Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Da Li
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Advanced Reproductive Medicine and Fertility (China Medical University), National Health Commission, Shenyang, China.
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Center of Gene and Cell Therapy and Genome Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Zheng X, Zhang C, Cao H, Zhou X, Liu Z, Wang J. Zinc Cations Uniquely Stabilize Cell Membrane for Cell Cryopreservation. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9920-9927. [PMID: 37847595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
We report, for the first time, merely using a small amount of (0.039% w/w) Zn(II) instead of very high concentration (25%-50% w/w) of conventional cryoprotective agents (CPAs), i.e., glycerol, during the cryopreservation of red blood cells (RBCs) can lead to a comparable post-thaw recovery rate of ∼95% while avoiding the tedious gradient washout process for the removal of CPA afterward. The result is remarkable, since Zn(II) does not have the ice-controlling ability reported to be critical for CPA. It benefits from its moderate interaction with lipid molecules, facilitating the formation of small and dynamic lipid clusters. Consequently, the membrane fluidity is maintained, and the cells are resilient to osmotic and mechanical stresses during cryopreservation. This study first reports the ion-specific effect on stabilizing the cell membrane; meanwhile, reversibly tuning the structure of biological samples against injuries during the cooling and rewarming provides a new strategy for cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbiao Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong 274015, P. R. China
| | - Huimei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Liu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P. R. China
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Zhang S, Lowe L, Anees P, Krishnan Y, Fai T, Szostak J, Wang A. Passive endocytosis in model protocells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221064120. [PMID: 37276401 PMCID: PMC10268330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221064120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Semipermeable membranes are a key feature of all living organisms. While specialized membrane transporters in cells can import otherwise impermeable nutrients, the earliest cells would have lacked a mechanism to import nutrients rapidly under nutrient-rich circumstances. Using both experiments and simulations, we find that a process akin to passive endocytosis can be recreated in model primitive cells. Molecules that are too impermeable to be absorbed can be taken up in a matter of seconds in an endocytic vesicle. The internalized cargo can then be slowly released over hours, into the main lumen or putative cytoplasm. This work demonstrates a way by which primitive life could have broken the symmetry of passive permeation prior to the evolution of protein transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA02114
| | - Lauren A. Lowe
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales Sydney, Bedegal Country, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, University of New South Wales Sydney, Bedegal Country, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, University of New South Wales Sydney, Bedegal Country, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
| | - Palapuravan Anees
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
| | - Yamuna Krishnan
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
- Institute of Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
| | - Thomas G. Fai
- Department of Mathematics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA02453
| | - Jack W. Szostak
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA02114
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
- HHMI, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA02114
| | - Anna Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales Sydney, Bedegal Country, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, University of New South Wales Sydney, Bedegal Country, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, University of New South Wales Sydney, Bedegal Country, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
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Zhang SJ, Lowe LA, Anees P, Krishnan Y, Fai TG, Szostak JW, Wang A. Passive endocytosis in model protocells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.07.522792. [PMID: 37205531 PMCID: PMC10187163 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.07.522792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Semipermeable membranes are a key feature of all living organisms. While specialized membrane transporters in cells can import otherwise impermeable nutrients, the earliest cells would have lacked a mechanism to import nutrients rapidly under nutrient-rich circumstances. Using both experiments and simulations, we find that a process akin to passive endocytosis can be recreated in model primitive cells. Molecules that are too impermeable to be absorbed can be taken up in a matter of seconds in an endocytic vesicle. The internalized cargo can then be slowly released over hours, into the main lumen or putative cytoplasm. This work demonstrates a way by which primitive life could have broken the symmetry of passive permeation prior to the evolution of protein transporters.
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5
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Cholesterol depletion affects caveolin-1 expression, migration and invasion of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 150:105675. [PMID: 36989864 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholesterol is a key lipid molecule within cell membranes. This is especially true in cavelolas, invaginated membrane nanodomains, which present the protein caveolin-1 (CAV-1). It is important to note that this structure is involved in many cell signalling pathways. Additionally, high cholesterol is seen in different tumor types but little is known in regards to oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cholesterol depletion on primary (SCC-25) and metastatic (HSC-3) OTSCC cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell membrane fluidity, cell viability, gene and protein expression of CAV-1 and of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, cell migration in Myogel and invasion-myoma assay were evaluated after cholesterol depletion with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD - 7.5, 10 or 15 mM) RESULTS: Decreased cell viability and increased membrane fluidity of SCC-25 cells was seen with cholesterol depletion but cell viability was less affected and there was no effect on membrane fluidity in HSC-3. Cholesterol depletion also decreased CAV-1 at 6 h but increased it after 24 h.; both epithelial and mesenchymal EMT genes were upregulated after 6 h, followed by downregulation at 24 h in SCC-25. In HSC-3, CAV-1 was downregulated, and E-cadherin gene (ECAD) was upregulated at 6 h. Only the protein β-catenin in SCC-25 was affected, and cell migration of both cell lines was decreased, affecting SCC-25 more intensely. The invasive capacity within human myoma organotypic model was increased in SCC-25 and decreased in HSC-3. CONCLUSION Cholesterol depletion affects CAV-1 and ECAD inversely. This affect also depends on cell type since the invasive capacity was augmented in primary cells while decreased in metastatic cells.
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6
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Lipowsky R. Remodeling of Biomembranes and Vesicles by Adhesion of Condensate Droplets. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:223. [PMID: 36837726 PMCID: PMC9965763 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Condensate droplets are formed in aqueous solutions of macromolecules that undergo phase separation into two liquid phases. A well-studied example are solutions of the two polymers PEG and dextran which have been used for a long time in biochemical analysis and biotechnology. More recently, phase separation has also been observed in living cells where it leads to membrane-less or droplet-like organelles. In the latter case, the condensate droplets are enriched in certain types of proteins. Generic features of condensate droplets can be studied in simple binary mixtures, using molecular dynamics simulations. In this review, I address the interactions of condensate droplets with biomimetic and biological membranes. When a condensate droplet adheres to such a membrane, the membrane forms a contact line with the droplet and acquires a very high curvature close to this line. The contact angles along the contact line can be observed via light microscopy, lead to a classification of the possible adhesion morphologies, and determine the affinity contrast between the two coexisting liquid phases and the membrane. The remodeling processes generated by condensate droplets include wetting transitions, formation of membrane nanotubes as well as complete engulfment and endocytosis of the droplets by the membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Lipowsky
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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7
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Chelladurai R, Debnath K, Jana NR, Basu JK. Spontaneous formation and growth kinetics of lipid nanotubules induced by passive nanoparticles. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7082-7090. [PMID: 36043324 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00900e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanotubules (LNTs) are conduits that form on the membranes of cells and organelles, and they are ubiquitous in all forms of life from archaea and bacteria to plants and mammals. The formation, shape and dynamics of these LNTs are critical for cellular functions, supporting the transport of myriad cellular cargoes as well as communication within and between cells, and they are also widely believed to be responsible for exploitation of host cells by pathogens for the spread of infection and diseases. In vitro kinetic control of LNT formation can considerably enhance the scope of utilization of these structures for disease control and therapy. Here we report a new paradigm for spontaneous lipid nanotubulation, capturing the dynamical regimes of growth, stabilization and retraction of the tubes through the binding of synthetic nanoparticles on supported lipid bilayers (SLBs). The tubulation is determined by the spontaneous binding-unbinding of nanoparticles on the LNTs. The presented methodology could be used to rectify malfunctioning cellular tubules or to prevent the pathogenic spread of diseases through inhibition of cell-to-cell nanotubule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koushik Debnath
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Nikhil R Jana
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
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Zhu S, Liu Q, Xiang X, Cui K, Zhao F, Mai K, Ai Q. Docosahexaenoic Acid Ameliorates the Toll-Like Receptor 22-Triggered Inflammation in Fish by Disrupting Lipid Raft Formation. J Nutr 2022; 152:1991-2002. [PMID: 35679100 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although dietary DHA alleviates Toll-like receptor (TLR)-associated chronic inflammation in fish, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the role of Tlr22 in the innate immunity of large yellow croaker and investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of DHA on Tlr22-triggered inflammation. METHODS Head kidney-derived macrophages of croaker and HEK293T cells were or were not pretreated with 100 μM DHA for 10 h prior to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) stimulation. We executed qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, and lipidomic analysis to examine the impact of DHA on Tlr22-triggered inflammation and membrane lipid composition. In vivo, croakers (12.03 ± 0.05 g) were fed diets containing 0.2% [control (Ctrl)], 0.8%, and 1.6% DHA for 8 wk before injection with poly I:C. Inflammatory genes expression and rafts-related lipids and protein expression were measured in the head kidney. Data were analyzed by ANOVA or Student t test. RESULTS The activation of Tlr22 by poly I:C induced inflammation, and DHA diminished Tlr22-targeted inflammatory gene expression by 56-73% (P ≤ 0.05). DHA reduced membrane sphingomyelin (SM) and SFA-containing phosphatidylcholine (SFA-PC) contents, as well as lipid raft marker caveolin 1 amounts. Furthermore, lipid raft disruption suppressed Tlr22-induced Nf-κb and interferon h activation and p65 nuclear translocation. In vivo, expression of Tlr22 target inflammatory genes was 32-64% lower in the 1.6% DHA group than in the Ctrl group upon poly I:C injection (P ≤ 0.05). Also, the 1.6% DHA group showed a reduction in membrane SM and SFA-PC contents, accompanied by a decrease in caveolin 1 amounts, compared with the Ctrl group. CONCLUSIONS The activation of Tlr22 signaling depends on lipid rafts, and DHA ameliorates the Tlr22-triggered inflammation in both head kidney and head kidney-derived macrophages of croaker partially by altering membrane SMs and SFA-PCs that are required for lipid raft organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Qiangde Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Kun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Abbas M, Law JO, Grellscheid SN, Huck WTS, Spruijt E. Peptide-Based Coacervate-Core Vesicles with Semipermeable Membranes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202913. [PMID: 35796384 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coacervates droplets have long been considered as potential protocells to mimic living cells. However, these droplets lack a membrane and are prone to coalescence, limiting their ability to survive, interact, and organize into higher-order assemblies. This work shows that tyrosine-rich peptide conjugates can undergo liquid-liquid phase separation in a well-defined pH window and transform into stable membrane-enclosed protocells by enzymatic oxidation and cross-linking at the liquid-liquid interface. The oxidation of the tyrosine-rich peptides into dityrosine creates a semipermeable, flexible membrane around the coacervates with tunable thickness, which displays strong intrinsic fluorescence, and stabilizes the coacervate protocells against coalescence. The membranes have an effective molecular weight cut-off of 2.5 kDa, as determined from the partitioning of small dyes and labeled peptides, RNA, and polymers into the membrane-enclosed coacervate protocells. Flicker spectroscopy reveals a membrane bending rigidity of only 0.1kB T, which is substantially lower than phospholipid bilayers despite a larger membrane thickness. Finally, it is shown that enzymes can be stably encapsulated inside the protocells and be supplied with substrates from outside, which opens the way for these membrane-bound compartments to be used as molecularly crowded artificial cells capable of communication or as a vehicle for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzar Abbas
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Jack O Law
- Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Sushma N Grellscheid
- Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Wilhelm T S Huck
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Evan Spruijt
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
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10
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Klaiss-Luna MC, Manrique-Moreno M. Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Multi-Component Lipid Systems: A Closer Approximation to Biological Membrane Fluidity. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:534. [PMID: 35629860 PMCID: PMC9147058 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Membranes are essential to cellular organisms, and play several roles in cellular protection as well as in the control and transport of nutrients. One of the most critical membrane properties is fluidity, which has been extensively studied, using mainly single component systems. In this study, we used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to evaluate the thermal behavior of multi-component supported lipid bilayers that mimic the membrane composition of tumoral and non-tumoral cell membranes, as well as microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that, for tumoral and non-tumoral membrane models, the presence of cholesterol induced a loss of cooperativity of the transition. However, in the absence of cholesterol, the transitions of the multi-component lipid systems had sigmoidal curves where the gel and fluid phases are evident and where main transition temperatures were possible to determine. Additionally, the possibility of designing multi-component lipid systems showed the potential to obtain several microorganism models, including changes in the cardiolipin content associated with the resistance mechanism in Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, the potential use of multi-component lipid systems in the determination of the conformational change of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 was studied. The results showed that LL-37 underwent a conformational change when interacting with Staphylococcus aureus models, instead of with the erythrocyte membrane model. The results showed the versatile applications of multi-component lipid systems studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcela Manrique-Moreno
- Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, A.A. 1226, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
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11
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Lipowsky R. Multispherical shapes of vesicles highlight the curvature elasticity of biomembranes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 301:102613. [PMID: 35228127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Giant lipid vesicles form unusual multispherical or "multi-balloon" shapes consisting of several spheres that are connected by membrane necks. Such multispherical shapes have been recently observed when the two sides of the membranes were exposed to different sugar solutions. This sugar asymmetry induced a spontaneous curvature, the sign of which could be reversed by swapping the interior with the exterior solution. Here, previous studies of multispherical shapes are reviewed and extended to develop a comprehensive theory for these shapes. Each multisphere consists of large and small spheres, characterized by two radii, the large-sphere radius, Rl, and the small-sphere radius, Rs. For positive spontaneous curvature, the multisphere can be built up from variable numbers Nl and Ns of large and small spheres. In addition, multispheres consisting of N*=Nl+Ns equally sized spheres are also possible and provide examples for constant-mean-curvature surfaces. For negative spontaneous curvature, all multispheres consist of one large sphere that encloses a variable number Ns of small spheres. These general features of multispheres arise from two basic properties of curvature elasticity: the local shape equation for spherical membrane segments and the stability conditions for closed membrane necks. In addition, the (Nl+Ns)-multispheres can form several (Nl+Ns)-patterns that differ in the way, in which the spheres are mutually connected. These patterns may involve multispherical junctions consisting of individual spheres that are connected to more than two neighboring spheres. The geometry of the multispheres is governed by two polynomial equations which imply that (Nl+Ns)-multispheres can only be formed within a certain restricted range of vesicle volumes. Each (Nl+Ns)-pattern can be characterized by a certain stability regime that depends both on the stability of the closed necks and on the multispherical geometry. Interesting and challenging topics for future studies include the response of multispheres to locally applied external forces, membrane fusion between spheres to create multispherical shapes of higher-genus topology, and the enlarged morphological complexity of multispheres arising from lipid phase separation and intramembrane domains.
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12
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Kayal C, Tamayo-Elizalde M, Adam C, Ye H, Jerusalem A. Voltage-Driven Alterations to Neuron Viscoelasticity. Bioelectricity 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2021.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Kayal
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Miren Tamayo-Elizalde
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Casey Adam
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hua Ye
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Antoine Jerusalem
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Lipowsky R. Remodeling of Membrane Shape and Topology by Curvature Elasticity and Membrane Tension. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 6:e2101020. [PMID: 34859961 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular membranes exhibit a fascinating variety of different morphologies, which are continuously remodeled by transformations of membrane shape and topology. This remodeling is essential for important biological processes (cell division, intracellular vesicle trafficking, endocytosis) and can be elucidated in a systematic and quantitative manner using synthetic membrane systems. Here, recent insights obtained from such synthetic systems are reviewed, integrating experimental observations and molecular dynamics simulations with the theory of membrane elasticity. The study starts from the polymorphism of biomembranes as observed for giant vesicles by optical microscopy and small nanovesicles in simulations. This polymorphism reflects the unusual elasticity of fluid membranes and includes the formation of membrane necks or fluid 'worm holes'. The proliferation of membrane necks generates stable multi-spherical shapes, which can form tubules and tubular junctions. Membrane necks are also essential for the remodeling of membrane topology via membrane fission and fusion. Neck fission can be induced by fine-tuning of membrane curvature, which leads to the controlled division of giant vesicles, and by adhesion-induced membrane tension as observed for small nanovesicles. Challenges for future research include the interplay of curvature elasticity and membrane tension during membrane fusion and the localization of fission and fusion processes within intramembrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Lipowsky
- Theory & Biosystems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
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14
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Razza N, Lavino AD, Fadda G, Lairez D, Impagnatiello A, Marchisio D, Sangermano M, Rizza G. Nanoprobes to investigate nonspecific interactions in lipid bilayers: from defect-mediated adhesion to membrane disruption. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4979-4989. [PMID: 36132337 PMCID: PMC9418973 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00360g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
When a lipid membrane approaches a material/nanomaterial, nonspecific adhesion may occur. The interactions responsible for nonspecific adhesion can either preserve the membrane integrity or lead to its disruption. Despite the importance of the phenomenon, there is still a lack of clear understanding of how and why nonspecific adhesion may originate different resulting scenarios and how these interaction scenarios can be investigated. This work aims at bridging this gap by investigating the role of the interplay between cationic electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions in modulating the membrane stability during nonspecific adhesion phenomena. Here, the stability of the membrane has been studied employing anisotropic nanoprobes in zwitterionic lipid membranes with the support of coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to interpret the experimental observations. Lipid membrane electrical measurements and nanoscale visualization in combination with molecular dynamics simulations revealed the phenomena driving nonspecific adhesion. Any interaction with the lipidic bilayer is defect-mediated involving cationic electrostatically driven lipid extraction and hydrophobically-driven chain protrusion, whose interplay determines the existence of a thermodynamic optimum for the membrane structural integrity. These findings unlock unexplored routes to exploit nonspecific adhesion in lipid membranes. The proposed platform can act as a straightforward probing tool to locally investigate interactions between synthetic materials and lipid membranes for the design of antibacterials, antivirals, and scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Razza
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Alessio D Lavino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Giulia Fadda
- CSPAT UMR 7244, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord 74 rue Marcel Cachin 93017 Bobigny France
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Didier Lairez
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
- Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés (LSI), Institut Polytechnique de Paris, CEA/DRF/IRAMIS, CNRS 91128 Palaiseau Cedex France
| | - Andrea Impagnatiello
- Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés (LSI), Institut Polytechnique de Paris, CEA/DRF/IRAMIS, CNRS 91128 Palaiseau Cedex France
| | - Daniele Marchisio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Giancarlo Rizza
- Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés (LSI), Institut Polytechnique de Paris, CEA/DRF/IRAMIS, CNRS 91128 Palaiseau Cedex France
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15
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The Elucidation of the Molecular Mechanism of the Extrusion Process. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154278. [PMID: 34361472 PMCID: PMC8348501 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Extrusion is a popular method for producing homogenous population of unilamellar liposomes. The technique relies on forcing a lipid suspension through cylindrical pores in a polycarbonate membrane. The quantification of the extrusion and/or recalibration processes make possible the acquisition of experimental data, which can be correlated with the mechanical properties of the lipid bilayer. In this work, the force needed for the extrusion process was correlated with the mechanical properties of a lipid bilayer derived from other experiments. Measurements were performed using a home-made dedicated device capable of maintaining a stable volumetric flux of a liposome suspension through well-defined pores and to continuously measure the extrusion force. Based on the obtained results, the correlation between the lipid bilayer bending rigidity and extrusion force was derived. Specifically, it was found that the bending rigidity of liposomes formed from well-defined lipid mixtures agrees with data obtained by others using flicker-noise spectroscopy or micromanipulation. The other issue addressed in the presented studies was the identification of molecular mechanisms leading to the formation of unilamellar vesicles in the extrusion process. Finally, it was demonstrated that during the extrusion, lipids are not exchanged between vesicles, i.e., vesicles can divide but no membrane fusion or lipid exchange between bilayers was detected.
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16
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Kusumi A, Fujiwara TK, Tsunoyama TA, Kasai RS, Liu AA, Hirosawa KM, Kinoshita M, Matsumori N, Komura N, Ando H, Suzuki KGN. Defining raft domains in the plasma membrane. Traffic 2021; 21:106-137. [PMID: 31760668 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many plasma membrane (PM) functions depend on the cholesterol concentration in the PM in strikingly nonlinear, cooperative ways: fully functional in the presence of physiological cholesterol levels (35~45 mol%), and nonfunctional below 25 mol% cholesterol; namely, still in the presence of high concentrations of cholesterol. This suggests the involvement of cholesterol-based complexes/domains formed cooperatively. In this review, by examining the results obtained by using fluorescent lipid analogs and avoiding the trap of circular logic, often found in the raft literature, we point out the fundamental similarities of liquid-ordered (Lo)-phase domains in giant unilamellar vesicles, Lo-phase-like domains formed at lower temperatures in giant PM vesicles, and detergent-resistant membranes: these domains are formed by cooperative interactions of cholesterol, saturated acyl chains, and unsaturated acyl chains, in the presence of >25 mol% cholesterol. The literature contains evidence, indicating that the domains formed by the same basic cooperative molecular interactions exist and play essential roles in signal transduction in the PM. Therefore, as a working definition, we propose that raft domains in the PM are liquid-like molecular complexes/domains formed by cooperative interactions of cholesterol with saturated acyl chains as well as unsaturated acyl chains, due to saturated acyl chains' weak multiple accommodating interactions with cholesterol and cholesterol's low miscibility with unsaturated acyl chains and TM proteins. Molecules move within raft domains and exchange with those in the bulk PM. We provide a logically established collection of fluorescent lipid probes that preferentially partition into raft and non-raft domains, as defined here, in the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Kusumi
- Membrane Cooperativity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro K Fujiwara
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taka A Tsunoyama
- Membrane Cooperativity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Rinshi S Kasai
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - An-An Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Koichiro M Hirosawa
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masanao Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Matsumori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoko Komura
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenichi G N Suzuki
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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17
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Urabe G, Shimada M, Ogata T, Katsuki S. Pulsed Electric Fields Promote Liposome Buddings. Bioelectricity 2021; 3:68-76. [PMID: 34476378 PMCID: PMC8390777 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2020.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Liposomes have been a useful tool to analyze membrane behavior. Various studies have attempted to induce biological activities, for example, buddings, divisions, and endocytosis, on liposomes, focusing on lipid rafts that move along electric fields. Materials and Methods: Liposomes consisting of soybean lecithin, phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol were prepared, with inner and outer liquid conductivities of 0.595 and 1.564 S/m, respectively. Results: We tried to induce buddings by pulsed electric fields (PEFs) on liposomes. Results demonstrated that 1.248 kV/cm, 400 μs PEF promoted postpulse liposome buddings, which were preceded by a membrane relaxation. Although a transient thick area (a lipid raft-like area) on the membrane just after PEF application preceded buddings, it was not the sufficient factor for buddings. Conclusion: We established a brief model as follows: 1.248 kV/cm, 400 μs PEF induced the lipid membrane relaxation without electroporation to trigger buddings. The current results could be a new frontier in bioelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Urabe
- Faculty of Science Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaharu Shimada
- Faculty of Science Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Ogata
- Faculty of Science Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sunao Katsuki
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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18
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Kostina NY, Wagner AM, Haraszti T, Rahimi K, Xiao Q, Klein ML, Percec V, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C. Unraveling topology-induced shape transformations in dendrimersomes. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:254-267. [PMID: 32789415 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vital functions of cell membranes require their ability to quickly change shape to perform complex tasks such as motion, division, endocytosis, and apoptosis. Membrane curvature in cells is modulated by very complex processes such as changes in lipid composition, the oligomerization of curvature-scaffolding proteins, and the reversible insertion of protein regions that act like wedges in the membrane. But, could much simpler mechanisms support membrane shape transformation? In this work, we demonstrate how the change of amphiphile topology in the bilayer can drive shape transformations of cell membrane models. To tackle this, we have designed and synthesized new types of amphiphiles-Janus dendrimers-that self-assemble into uni-, multilamellar, or smectic-ordered vesicles, named dendrimersomes. We synthesized Janus dendrimers containing a photo-labile bond that upon UV-Vis irradiation cleavage lose a part of the hydrophilic dendron. This leads to a change from a cylindrically to a wedge-shaped amphiphile. The high mobility of these dendrimers allows for the concentration of the wedge-shaped amphiphiles and the generation of transmembrane asymmetries. The concentration of the wedges and their rate of segregation allowed control of the budding and generation of structures such as tubules and high genus vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Yu Kostina
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Anna M Wagner
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tamás Haraszti
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA and Institute of Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Michael L Klein
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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19
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Differential flexibility leading to crucial microelastic properties of asymmetric lipid vesicles for cellular transfection: A combined spectroscopic and atomic force microscopy studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 196:111363. [PMID: 32992288 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of microscopic elasticity of nano-carriers in cellular uptake is an important aspect in biomedical research. Herein we have used AFM nano-indentation force spectroscopy and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements to probe microelastic properties of three novel cationic liposomes based on di-alkyl dihydroxy ethyl ammonium chloride based lipids having asymmetry in their hydrophobic chains (Lip1818, Lip1814 and Lip1810). AFM data reveals that symmetry in hydrophobic chains of a cationic lipid (Lip1818) imparts higher rigidity to the resulting liposomes than those based on asymmetric lipids (Lip1814 and Lip1810). The stiffness of the cationic liposomes is found to decrease with increasing asymmetry in the hydrophobic lipid chains in the order of Lip1818 > Lip1814 > lip1810. FRET measurements between Coumarin 500 (Donor) and Merocyanine 540 (Acceptor) have revealed that full width at half-maxima (hw) of the probability distribution (P(r)) of donor-acceptor distance (r), increases in an order Lip1818 < Lip1814 < Lip1810 with increasing asymmetry of the hydrophobic lipid chains. This increase in width (hw) of the donor-acceptor distance distributions is reflective of increasing flexibility of the liposomes with increasing asymmetry of their constituent lipids. Thus, the results from AFM and FRET studies are complementary to each other and indicates that an increase in asymmetry of the hydrophobic lipid chains increases elasticity and or flexibility of the corresponding liposomes. Cell biology experiments confirm that liposomal flexibility or rigidity directly influences their cellular transfection efficiency, where Lip1814 is found to be superior than the other two liposomes manifesting that a critical balance between flexibility and rigidity of the cationic liposomes is key to efficient cellular uptake. Taken together, our studies reveal how asymmetry in the molecular architecture of the hydrophobic lipid chains influences the microelastic properties of the liposomes, and hence, their cellular uptake efficiency.
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20
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Schuck S. Microautophagy - distinct molecular mechanisms handle cargoes of many sizes. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/17/jcs246322. [PMID: 32907930 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is fundamental for cell and organismal health. Two types of autophagy are conserved in eukaryotes: macroautophagy and microautophagy. During macroautophagy, autophagosomes deliver cytoplasmic constituents to endosomes or lysosomes, whereas during microautophagy lytic organelles take up cytoplasm directly. While macroautophagy has been investigated extensively, microautophagy has received much less attention. Nonetheless, it has become clear that microautophagy has a broad range of functions in biosynthetic transport, metabolic adaptation, organelle remodeling and quality control. This Review discusses the selective and non-selective microautophagic processes known in yeast, plants and animals. Based on the molecular mechanisms for the uptake of microautophagic cargo into lytic organelles, I propose to distinguish between fission-type microautophagy, which depends on ESCRT proteins, and fusion-type microautophagy, which requires the core autophagy machinery and SNARE proteins. Many questions remain to be explored, but the functional versatility and mechanistic diversity of microautophagy are beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schuck
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Roy D, Steinkühler J, Zhao Z, Lipowsky R, Dimova R. Mechanical Tension of Biomembranes Can Be Measured by Super Resolution (STED) Microscopy of Force-Induced Nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3185-3191. [PMID: 32320255 PMCID: PMC7304919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Membrane tension modulates the morphology of plasma-membrane tubular protrusions in cells but is difficult to measure. Here, we propose to use microscopy imaging to assess the membrane tension. We report direct measurement of membrane nanotube diameters with unprecedented resolution using stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. For this purpose, we integrated an optical tweezers setup in a commercial microscope equipped for STED imaging and established micropipette aspiration of giant vesicles. Membrane nanotubes were pulled from the vesicles at specific membrane tension imposed by the aspiration pipet. Tube diameters calculated from the applied tension using the membrane curvature elasticity model are in excellent agreement with data measured directly with STED. Our approach can be extended to cellular membranes and will then allow us to estimate the mechanical membrane tension within the force-induced nanotubes.
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22
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Xu Z, Gao L, Chen P, Yan LT. Diffusive transport of nanoscale objects through cell membranes: a computational perspective. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3869-3881. [PMID: 32236197 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02338k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion is an essential and fundamental means of transport of substances on cell membranes, and the dynamics of biomembranes plays a crucial role in the regulation of numerous cellular processes. The understanding of the complex mechanisms and the nature of particle diffusion have a bearing on establishing guidelines for the design of efficient transport materials and unique therapeutic approaches. Herein, this review article highlights the most recent advances in investigating diffusion dynamics of nanoscale objects on biological membranes, focusing on the approaches of tailored computer simulations and theoretical analysis. Due to the presence of the complicated and heterogeneous environment on native cell membranes, the diffusive transport behaviors of nanoparticles exhibit unique and variable characteristics. The general aspects and basic theories of normal diffusion and anomalous diffusion have been introduced. In addition, the influence of a series of external and internal factors on the diffusion behaviors is discussed, including particle size, membrane curvature, particle-membrane interactions or particle-inclusion, and the crowding degree of membranes. Finally, we seek to identify open problems in the existing experimental, simulation, and theoretical research studies, and to propose challenges for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Lijuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Pengyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Li-Tang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
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23
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Wang X, Eagen WJ, Lee JC. Orchestration of human macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation by Staphylococcus aureus extracellular vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3174-3184. [PMID: 31988111 PMCID: PMC7022218 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915829117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a common feature among eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria. However, the biogenesis and downstream biological effects of EVs released from gram-positive bacteria remain poorly characterized. Here, we report that EVs purified from a community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain were internalized into human macrophages in vitro and that this process was blocked by inhibition of the dynamin-dependent endocytic pathway. Human macrophages responded to S. aureus EVs by TLR2 signaling and activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes through K+ efflux, leading to the recruitment of ASC and activation of caspase-1. Cleavage of pro-interleukin (IL)-1β, pro-IL-18, and gasdermin-D by activated caspase-1 resulted in the cellular release of the mature cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 and induction of pyroptosis. Consistent with this result, a dose-dependent cytokine response was detected in the extracellular fluids of mice challenged intraperitoneally with S. aureus EVs. Pore-forming toxins associated with S. aureus EVs were critical for NLRP3-dependent caspase-1 activation of human macrophages, but not for TLR2 signaling. In contrast, EV-associated lipoproteins not only mediated TLR2 signaling to initiate the priming step of NLRP3 activation but also modulated EV biogenesis and the toxin content of EVs, resulting in alterations in IL-1β, IL-18, and caspase-1 activity. Collectively, our study describes mechanisms by which S. aureus EVs induce inflammasome activation and reveals an unexpected role of staphylococcal lipoproteins in EV biogenesis. EVs may serve as a novel secretory pathway for S. aureus to transport protected cargo in a concentrated form to host cells during infections to modulate cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - William J Eagen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jean C Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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24
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Sibold J, Tewaag VE, Vagedes T, Mey I, Steinem C. Phase separation in pore-spanning membranes induced by differences in surface adhesion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:9308-9315. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A porous scaffold providing different adhesion energies alters the behaviour of coexisting phases in lipid membranes considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias Sibold
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry
- University of Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Vera E. Tewaag
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry
- University of Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Thomas Vagedes
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry
- University of Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Ingo Mey
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry
- University of Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry
- University of Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization
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25
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Dai Z, Yu M, Yi X, Wu Z, Tian F, Miao Y, Song W, He S, Ahmad E, Guo S, Zhu C, Zhang X, Li Y, Shi X, Wang R, Gan Y. Chain-Length- and Saturation-Tuned Mechanics of Fluid Nanovesicles Direct Tumor Delivery. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7676-7689. [PMID: 31187973 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs), ubiquitous in organisms, play key and active roles in various biological processes. Although the physical properties of the constituent lipid molecules (i.e., the acyl chain length and saturation) are known to affect the mechanical properties of SUVs and consequently regulate their biological behaviors and functions, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we combined theoretical modeling and experimental investigation to probe the mechanical behaviors of SUVs with different lipid compositions. The membrane bending rigidity of SUVs increased with increasing chain length and saturation, resulting in differences in the vesicle rigidity and deformable capacity. Furthermore, we tested the tumor delivery capacity of liposomes with low, intermediate, and high rigidity as typical models for SUVs. Interestingly, liposomes with intermediate rigidity exhibited better tumor extracellular matrix diffusion and multicellular spheroid (MCS) penetration and retention than that of their stiffer or softer counterparts, contributing to improved tumor suppression. Stiff SUVs had superior cellular internalization capacity but intermediate tumor delivery efficacy. Stimulated emission depletion microscopy directly showed that the optimal formulation was able to transform to a rod-like shape in MCSs, which stimulated fast transport in tumor tissues. In contrast, stiff liposomes hardly deformed, whereas soft liposomes changed their shape irregularly, which slowed their MCS penetration. Our findings introduce special perspectives from which to map the detailed mechanical properties of SUVs with different compositions, provide clues for understanding the biological functions of SUVs, and suggest that liposome mechanics may be a design parameter for enhancing drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Dai
- School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai 201203 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Miaorong Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xin Yi
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, and Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Zeming Wu
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, and Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Falin Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yunqiu Miao
- School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai 201203 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Wenyi Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Shufang He
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Ejaj Ahmad
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Shiyan Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Chunliu Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Xinghua Shi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Yong Gan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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26
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Liu Y, Lipowsky R, Dimova R. Giant Vesicles Encapsulating Aqueous Two-Phase Systems: From Phase Diagrams to Membrane Shape Transformations. Front Chem 2019; 7:213. [PMID: 31024898 PMCID: PMC6465328 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize recent studies on giant unilamellar vesicles enclosing aqueous polymer solutions of dextran and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), highlighting recent results from our groups. Phase separation occurs for these polymer solutions with concentration above a critical value at room temperature. We introduce approaches used for constructing the phase diagram of such aqueous two-phase system by titration, density and gel permeation chromatography measurements of the coexisting phases. The ultralow interfacial tension of the resulting water-water interface is investigated over a broad concentration range close to the critical point. The scaling exponent of the interfacial tension further away from the critical point agrees well with mean field theory, but close to this point, the behavior disagrees with the Ising value of 1.26. The latter discrepancy arises from the molar mass fractionation of dextran between coexisting phases. Upon encapsulation of the PEG–dextran system into giant vesicles followed by osmotic deflation, the vesicle membrane becomes completely or partially wetted by the aqueous phases, which is controlled by the phase behavior of the polymer mixture and the lipid composition. Deflation leads to a reduction of the vesicle volume and generates excess area of the membrane, which can induce interesting transformations of the vesicle morphology such as vesicle budding. More dramatically, the spontaneous formation of many membrane nanotubes protruding into the interior vesicle compartment reveals a substantial asymmetry and spontaneous curvature of the membrane segments in contact with the PEG-rich phase, arising from the asymmetric adsorption of polymer molecules onto the two leaflets of the bilayers. These membrane nanotubes explore the whole PEG-rich phase for the completely wetted membrane but adhere to the liquid-liquid interface as the membrane becomes partially wetted. Quantitative estimates of the spontaneous curvature are obtained by analyzing different aspects of the tubulated vesicles, which reflect the interplay between aqueous phase separation and spontaneous curvature. The underlying mechanism for the curvature generation is provided by the weak adsorption of PEG onto the lipid bilayers, with a small binding affinity of about 1.6 kBT per PEG chain. Our study builds a bridge between nanoscopic membrane shapes and membrane-polymer interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Reinhard Lipowsky
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
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Singh P, Sharma VK, Singha S, García Sakai V, Mukhopadhyay R, Das R, Pal SK. Unraveling the Role of Monoolein in Fluidity and Dynamical Response of a Mixed Cationic Lipid Bilayer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4682-4692. [PMID: 30807692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of cell membrane fluidity is of critical importance for various cellular functions. At lower temperatures when membrane fluidity decreases, plants and cyanobacteria react by introducing unsaturation in the lipids, so that the membranes return to a more fluidic state. To probe how introduction of unsaturation leads to reduced membrane fluidity, a model cationic lipid dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) has been chosen, and the effects of an unsaturated lipid monoolein (MO) on the structural dynamics and phase behavior of DODAB have been monitored by quasielastic neutron scattering and time-resolved fluorescence measurements. In the coagel phase, fluidity of the lipid bilayer increases significantly in the presence of MO relative to pure DODAB vesicles and becomes manifest in significantly enhanced dynamics of the constituent lipids along with faster hydration and orientational relaxation dynamics of a fluorophore. On the contrary, MO restricts both lateral and internal motions of the lipid molecules in the fluid phase (>330 K), which is consistent with relatively slow hydration and orientational relaxation dynamics of the fluorophore embedded in the mixed lipid bilayer. The present study illustrates how incorporation of an unsaturated lipid at lower temperatures (below the phase transition) assists the model lipid (DODAB) in regulating fluidity via enhancement of dynamics of the constituent lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Singh
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences , S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences , Block JD, Sector III , Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106 , India
| | | | - Subhankar Singha
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-Ro , Nam-Gu, Pohang , Gyungbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Victoria García Sakai
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Science and Technology Facilities Council , Didcot OX11 0DE , U.K
| | | | - Ranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry , West Bengal State University , Barasat, Kolkata 700126 , India
| | - Samir Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences , S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences , Block JD, Sector III , Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106 , India
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28
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Zhang Z, He G, Filipowicz NA, Randall G, Belov GA, Kopek BG, Wang X. Host Lipids in Positive-Strand RNA Virus Genome Replication. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:286. [PMID: 30863375 PMCID: PMC6399474 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane association is a hallmark of the genome replication of positive-strand RNA viruses [(+)RNA viruses]. All well-studied (+)RNA viruses remodel host membranes and lipid metabolism through orchestrated virus-host interactions to create a suitable microenvironment to survive and thrive in host cells. Recent research has shown that host lipids, as major components of cellular membranes, play key roles in the replication of multiple (+)RNA viruses. This review focuses on how (+)RNA viruses manipulate host lipid synthesis and metabolism to facilitate their genomic RNA replication, and how interference with the cellular lipid metabolism affects viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Guijuan He
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - George A. Belov
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | | | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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29
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Agudo-Canalejo J, Knorr RL. Formation of Autophagosomes Coincides with Relaxation of Membrane Curvature. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1880:173-188. [PMID: 30610696 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8873-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that employs complex membrane dynamics to isolate and break down cellular components. However, many unanswered questions remain concerning remodeling of autophagic membranes. Here, we focus on the advantages of theoretical modeling to study the formation of autophagosomes and to understand the origin of autophagosomal membranes. Starting from the well-defined geometry of final autophagosomes, we ask the question of how these organelles can be formed by combining various pre-autophagosomal membranes such as vesicles, membrane tubules, or sheets. We analyze the geometric constraints of autophagosome formation by taking the area of the precursor membranes and their internal volume into account. Our results suggest that vesicle fusion contributes little to the formation of autophagosomes. In the second part, we quantify the curvature of the precursors and report that the formation of autophagosomes is associated with a strong relaxation of membrane curvature energy. This effect we find for a wide range of membrane asymmetries. It is especially strong for small distances between both autophagosomal membranes, as observed in vivo. We quantify the membrane bending energies of all precursors by considering membrane asymmetries. We propose that the generation and supply of pre-autophagosomal membranes is one limiting step for autophagosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Agudo-Canalejo
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Roland L Knorr
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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30
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Eiriksson FF, Rolfsson O, Ogmundsdottir HM, Haraldsson GG, Thorsteinsdottir M, Halldorsson S. Altered plasmalogen content and fatty acid saturation following epithelial to mesenchymal transition in breast epithelial cell lines. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 103:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Startek JB, Talavera K, Voets T, Alpizar YA. Differential interactions of bacterial lipopolysaccharides with lipid membranes: implications for TRPA1-mediated chemosensation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12010. [PMID: 30104600 PMCID: PMC6089920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activate the TRPA1 cation channels in sensory neurons, leading to acute pain and inflammation in mice and to aversive behaviors in fruit flies. However, the precise mechanisms underlying this effect remain elusive. Here we assessed the hypothesis that TRPA1 is activated by mechanical perturbations induced upon LPS insertion in the plasma membrane. We asked whether the effects of different LPS on TRPA1 relate to their ability to induce mechanical alterations in artificial and cellular membranes. We found that LPS from E. coli, but not from S. minnesota, activates TRPA1. We then assessed the effects of these LPS on lipid membranes using dyes whose fluorescence properties change upon alteration of the local lipid environment. E. coli LPS was more effective than S. minnesota LPS in shifting Laurdan’s emission spectrum towards lower wavelengths, increasing the fluorescence anisotropy of diphenylhexatriene and reducing the fluorescence intensity of merocyanine 540. These data indicate that E. coli LPS induces stronger changes in the local lipid environment than S. minnesota LPS, paralleling its distinct ability to activate TRPA1. Our findings indicate that LPS activate TRPA1 by producing mechanical perturbations in the plasma membrane and suggest that TRPA1-mediated chemosensation may result from primary mechanosensory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna B Startek
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Voets
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yeranddy A Alpizar
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
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32
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Steinkühler J, De Tillieux P, Knorr RL, Lipowsky R, Dimova R. Charged giant unilamellar vesicles prepared by electroformation exhibit nanotubes and transbilayer lipid asymmetry. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11838. [PMID: 30087440 PMCID: PMC6081385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are increasingly used as a versatile research tool to investigate membrane structure, morphology and phase state. In these studies, GUV preparation is typically enhanced by an externally applied electric field, a process called electroformation. We find that upon osmotic deflation, GUVs electroformed from charged and neutral lipids exhibit inward pointing lipid nanotubes, suggesting negative spontaneous curvature of the membrane. By quenching a fluorescent analog of the charged lipid, zeta potential measurements and experiments with the lipid marker annexin A5, we show that electroformed GUVs exhibit an asymmetric lipid distribution across the bilayer leaflets. The asymmetry is lost either after storing electroformed GUVs at room temperature for one day or by applying higher voltages and temperatures during electroformation. GUVs having the same lipid composition but grown via gel-assisted swelling do not show asymmetric lipid distribution. We discuss possible mechanisms for the generation and relaxation of lipid asymmetry, as well as implications for studies using electroformed vesicles. The observed effects allow to control the molecular assembly of lipid bilayer leaflets. Vesicle tubulation as reported here is an example of protein-free reshaping of membranes and is caused by compositional lipid asymmetry between leaflets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Steinkühler
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Philippe De Tillieux
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Roland L Knorr
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Reinhard Lipowsky
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424, Potsdam, Germany.
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33
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Georgiev VN, Grafmüller A, Bléger D, Hecht S, Kunstmann S, Barbirz S, Lipowsky R, Dimova R. Area Increase and Budding in Giant Vesicles Triggered by Light: Behind the Scene. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800432. [PMID: 30128249 PMCID: PMC6096984 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomembranes are constantly remodeled and in cells, these processes are controlled and modulated by an assortment of membrane proteins. Here, it is shown that such remodeling can also be induced by photoresponsive molecules. The morphological control of giant vesicles in the presence of a water-soluble ortho-tetrafluoroazobenzene photoswitch (F-azo) is demonstrated and it is shown that the shape transformations are based on an increase in membrane area and generation of spontaneous curvature. The vesicles exhibit budding and the buds can be retracted by using light of a different wavelength. In the presence of F-azo, the membrane area can increase by more than 5% as assessed from vesicle electrodeformation. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism and the partitioning of F-azo in the membrane, molecular dynamics simulations are employed. Comparison with theoretically calculated shapes reveals that the budded shapes are governed by curvature elasticity, that the spontaneous curvature can be decomposed into a local and a nonlocal contribution, and that the local spontaneous curvature is about 1/(2.5 µm). The results show that exo- and endocytotic events can be controlled by light and that these photoinduced processes provide an attractive method to change membrane area and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasil N. Georgiev
- Department of Theory and Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Andrea Grafmüller
- Department of Theory and Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14424PotsdamGermany
| | - David Bléger
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBrook‐Taylor‐Str. 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBrook‐Taylor‐Str. 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Sonja Kunstmann
- Department of Theory and Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14424PotsdamGermany
- Physikalische BiochemieUniversität PotsdamKarl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24‐2514476PotsdamGermany
| | - Stefanie Barbirz
- Physikalische BiochemieUniversität PotsdamKarl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24‐2514476PotsdamGermany
| | - Reinhard Lipowsky
- Department of Theory and Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Department of Theory and Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14424PotsdamGermany
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34
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Duan Y, Liu Y, Li J, Wang H, Wen S. Investigation on the Nanomechanics of Liposome Adsorption on Titanium Alloys: Temperature and Loading Effects. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10040383. [PMID: 30966418 PMCID: PMC6415199 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of liposomes, determined by the lipid phase state at ambient temperature, have a close relationship with their physiological activities. Here, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to produce images and perform force measurements on titanium alloys at two adsorbed temperatures. The mechanical properties were evaluated under repeated loading and unloading, suggesting a better reversibility and resistance of gel phase liposomes. The liquid phase liposomes were irreversibly damaged during the first approach while the gel phase liposomes could bear more iterations, resulting from water flow reversibly going across the membranes. The statistical data offered strong evidence that the lipid membranes in the gel phase are robust enough to resist the tip penetration, mainly due to their orderly organization and strong hydrophobic interactions between lipid molecules. This work regarding the mechanical properties of liposomes with different phases provides guidance for future clinical applications, such as artificial joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yuhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jinjin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hongdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Shizhu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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35
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Steinkühler J, Agudo-Canalejo J, Lipowsky R, Dimova R. Modulating Vesicle Adhesion by Electric Fields. Biophys J 2017; 111:1454-1464. [PMID: 27705768 PMCID: PMC5052469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce an experimental setup for modulating adhesion of giant unilamellar vesicles to a planar substrate. Adhesion is induced by the application of an external potential to a transparent indium tin oxide-coated electrode (the substrate), which enables single-vesicle studies. We demonstrate tunable and reversible adhesion of negatively charged vesicles. The adhesion energy at different potentials is calculated from the vesicle shape assessed with confocal microscopy. Two approaches for these estimates are employed: one based on the whole contour of the vesicle and a second based on the contact curvature of the membrane in the vicinity of the substrate. Both approaches agree well with each other and show that the adhering vesicles are in the weak adhesion regime for the range of explored external potentials. Using fluorescence quenching assays, we detect that, in the adhering membrane segment, only the outer bilayer leaflet of the vesicle is depleted of negatively charged fluorescent lipids, while the inner leaflet remains unaffected. We show that depletion of negatively charged lipids is consistent Poisson-Boltzmann theory, taking into account charge regulation from lipid mobility. Finally, we also show that lipid diffusion is not significantly affected in the adhering membrane segment. We believe that the approaches introduced here for modulating and assessing vesicle adhesion have many potential applications in the field of single-vesicle studies and research on membrane adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Steinkühler
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jaime Agudo-Canalejo
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Reinhard Lipowsky
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany.
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36
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Et-Thakafy O, Delorme N, Gaillard C, Mériadec C, Artzner F, Lopez C, Guyomarc'h F. Mechanical Properties of Membranes Composed of Gel-Phase or Fluid-Phase Phospholipids Probed on Liposomes by Atomic Force Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:5117-5126. [PMID: 28475345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In many liposome applications, the nanomechanical properties of the membrane envelope are essential to ensure, e.g., physical stability, protection, or penetration into tissues. Of all factors, the lipid composition and its phase behavior are susceptible to tune the mechanical properties of membranes. To investigate this, small unilamellar vesicles (SUV; diameter < 200 nm), referred to as liposomes, were produced using either unsaturated 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) or saturated 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) in aqueous buffer at pH 6.7. The respective melting temperatures of these phospholipids were -20 and 41 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that at 20 °C DOPC was in the fluid phase and DPPC was in the gel phase. After adsorption of the liposomes onto flat silicon substrates, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to image and probe the mechanical properties of the liposome membrane. The resulting force-distance curves were treated using an analytical model based on the shell theory to yield the Young's modulus (E) and the bending rigidity (kC) of the curved membranes. The mechanical investigation showed that DPPC membranes were much stiffer (E = 116 ± 45 MPa) than those of DOPC (E = 13 ± 9 MPa) at 20 °C. The study demonstrates that the employed methodology allows discrimination of the respective properties of gel- or fluid-phase membranes when in the shape of liposomes. It opens perspectives to map the mechanical properties of liposomes containing both fluid and gel phases or of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Delorme
- UMR CNRS 6283 Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, Université du Maine, Université Bretagne-Loire, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - Cédric Gaillard
- UR BIA 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Cristelle Mériadec
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR 6251, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Av. Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Franck Artzner
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR 6251, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Av. Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
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37
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Pezeshkian W, Gao H, Arumugam S, Becken U, Bassereau P, Florent JC, Ipsen JH, Johannes L, Shillcock JC. Mechanism of Shiga Toxin Clustering on Membranes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:314-324. [PMID: 27943675 PMCID: PMC5348102 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial Shiga toxin interacts with its cellular receptor, the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3 or CD77), as a first step to entering target cells. Previous studies have shown that toxin molecules cluster on the plasma membrane, despite the apparent lack of direct interactions between them. The precise mechanism by which this clustering occurs remains poorly defined. Here, we used vesicle and cell systems and computer simulations to show that line tension due to curvature, height, or compositional mismatch, and lipid or solvent depletion cannot drive the clustering of Shiga toxin molecules. By contrast, in coarse-grained computer simulations, a correlation was found between clustering and toxin nanoparticle-driven suppression of membrane fluctuations, and experimentally we observed that clustering required the toxin molecules to be tightly bound to the membrane surface. The most likely interpretation of these findings is that a membrane fluctuation-induced force generates an effective attraction between toxin molecules. Such force would be of similar strength to the electrostatic force at separations around 1 nm, remain strong at distances up to the size of toxin molecules (several nanometers), and persist even beyond. This force is predicted to operate between manufactured nanoparticles providing they are sufficiently rigid and tightly bound to the plasma membrane, thereby suggesting a route for the targeting of nanoparticles to cells for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weria Pezeshkian
- Center
for Biomembrane Physics (MEMPHYS), Department of Physics, Chemistry
and Pharmacy (FKF), University of Southern
Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- TRANSPOL
Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Ruhr Universität
Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Haifei Gao
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM
U 1143, CNRS UMR 3666, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
- TRANSPOL
Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Ruhr Universität
Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Senthil Arumugam
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM
U 1143, CNRS UMR 3666, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
- Laboratoire
Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL
Research University, CNRS UMR16855216, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Ulrike Becken
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM
U 1143, CNRS UMR 3666, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire
Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL
Research University, CNRS UMR16855216, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
- Sorbonne
Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Florent
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM
U 1143, CNRS UMR 3666, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - John Hjort Ipsen
- Center
for Biomembrane Physics (MEMPHYS), Department of Physics, Chemistry
and Pharmacy (FKF), University of Southern
Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM
U 1143, CNRS UMR 3666, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
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Skočaj M, Yu Y, Grundner M, Resnik N, Bedina Zavec A, Leonardi A, Križaj I, Guella G, Maček P, Kreft ME, Frangež R, Veranič P, Sepčić K. Characterisation of plasmalemmal shedding of vesicles induced by the cholesterol/sphingomyelin binding protein, ostreolysin A-mCherry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1858:2882-2893. [PMID: 27591807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ostreolysin A (OlyA) is a 15-kDa protein that binds selectively to cholesterol/sphingomyelin membrane nanodomains. This binding induces the production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that comprise both microvesicles with diameters between 100nm and 1μm, and larger vesicles of around 10-μm diameter in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. In this study, we show that vesiculation of these cells by the fluorescent fusion protein OlyA-mCherry is not affected by temperature, is not mediated via intracellular Ca2+ signalling, and does not compromise cell viability and ultrastructure. Seventy-one proteins that are mostly of cytosolic and nuclear origin were detected in these shed EVs using mass spectroscopy. In the cells and EVs, 218 and 84 lipid species were identified, respectively, and the EVs were significantly enriched in lysophosphatidylcholines and cholesterol. Our collected data suggest that OlyA-mCherry binding to cholesterol/sphingomyelin membrane nanodomains induces specific lipid sorting into discrete patches, which promotes plasmalemmal blebbing and EV shedding from the cells. We hypothesize that these effects are accounted for by changes of local membrane curvature upon the OlyA-mCherry-plasmalemma interaction. We suggest that the shed EVs are a potentially interesting model for biophysical and biochemical studies of cell membranes, and larger vesicles could represent tools for non-invasive sampling of cytosolic proteins from cells and thus metabolic fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Skočaj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Yang Yu
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, Via Sommarive 14, University of Trento, Povo (TN), Italy.
| | - Maja Grundner
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Vrazov trg 2, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nataša Resnik
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Apolonija Bedina Zavec
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Adrijana Leonardi
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Graziano Guella
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, Via Sommarive 14, University of Trento, Povo (TN), Italy.
| | - Peter Maček
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Robert Frangež
- Institute of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Gerbičeva 60, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Peter Veranič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Nonenzymatic biomimetic remodeling of phospholipids in synthetic liposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8589-94. [PMID: 27439858 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605541113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membranes have a vast repertoire of phospholipid species whose structures can be dynamically modified by enzymatic remodeling of acyl chains and polar head groups. Lipid remodeling plays important roles in membrane biology and dysregulation can lead to disease. Although there have been tremendous advances in creating artificial membranes to model the properties of native membranes, a major obstacle has been developing straightforward methods to mimic lipid membrane remodeling. Stable liposomes are typically kinetically trapped and are not prone to exchanging diacylphospholipids. Here, we show that reversible chemoselective reactions can be harnessed to achieve nonenzymatic spontaneous remodeling of phospholipids in synthetic membranes. Our approach relies on transthioesterification/acyl shift reactions that occur spontaneously and reversibly between tertiary amides and thioesters. We demonstrate exchange and remodeling of both lipid acyl chains and head groups. Using our synthetic model system we demonstrate the ability of spontaneous phospholipid remodeling to trigger changes in vesicle spatial organization, composition, and morphology as well as recruit proteins that can affect vesicle curvature. Membranes capable of chemically exchanging lipid fragments could be used to help further understand the specific roles of lipid structure remodeling in biological membranes.
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40
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West A, Brummel BE, Braun AR, Rhoades E, Sachs JN. Membrane remodeling and mechanics: Experiments and simulations of α-Synuclein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1858:1594-609. [PMID: 26972046 PMCID: PMC5081225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We review experimental and simulation approaches that have been used to determine curvature generation and remodeling of lipid bilayers by membrane-bending proteins. Particular emphasis is placed on the complementary approaches used to study α-Synuclein (αSyn), a major protein involved in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent cellular and biophysical experiments have shown that the protein 1) deforms the native structure of mitochondrial and model membranes; and 2) inhibits vesicular fusion. Today's advanced experimental and computational technology has made it possible to quantify these protein-induced changes in membrane shape and material properties. Collectively, experiments, theory and multi-scale simulation techniques have established the key physical determinants of membrane remodeling and rigidity: protein binding energy, protein partition depth, protein density, and membrane tension. Despite the exciting and significant progress made in recent years in these areas, challenges remain in connecting biophysical insights to the cellular processes that lead to disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Proteins edited by J.C. Gumbart and Sergei Noskov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana West
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Benjamin E Brummel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Anthony R Braun
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rhoades
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan N Sachs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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41
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Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Décout JL. Bacterial lipid membranes as promising targets to fight antimicrobial resistance, molecular foundations and illustration through the renewal of aminoglycoside antibiotics and emergence of amphiphilic aminoglycosides. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00503e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane anionic lipids as attractive targets in the design of amphiphilic antibacterial drugs active against resistant bacteria: molecular foundations and examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq
- Louvain Drug Research Institute
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Unité de Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire
- Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Décout
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire
- Université Grenoble Alpes/CNRS
- UMR 5063
- ICMG FR 2607
- F-38041 Grenoble
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42
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Abstract
During the intracellular process of macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy), a membrane-bound organelle, the autophagosome, is generated de novo. The remodeling of the autophagic membrane during the life cycle of the organelle is a complex multistep process and involves several changes in the topology of the autophagic membrane. Here, we focus on the final step of autophagosome formation, the closure of the phagophore, during which the inner and outer autophagic membranes become separate entities. We argue that this topological membrane transformation is a membrane scission event. Surprisingly, not a single recent review describes this substep as membrane scission (or membrane fission). In contrast, a number of publications imply that membrane fusion is involved. We discuss the potential sources for misinterpretation and recommend to consistent use of the unambiguous term "membrane scission."
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland L Knorr
- a Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Science Park Golm ; Potsdam , Germany
| | - Reinhard Lipowsky
- a Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Science Park Golm ; Potsdam , Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- a Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Science Park Golm ; Potsdam , Germany
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Dawaliby R, Trubbia C, Delporte C, Noyon C, Ruysschaert JM, Van Antwerpen P, Govaerts C. Phosphatidylethanolamine Is a Key Regulator of Membrane Fluidity in Eukaryotic Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3658-67. [PMID: 26663081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.706523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate membrane fluidity is required for a variety of key cellular processes and in particular for proper function of membrane proteins. In most eukaryotic cells, membrane fluidity is known to be regulated by fatty acid desaturation and cholesterol, although some cells, such as insect cells, are almost devoid of sterol synthesis. We show here that insect and mammalian cells present similar microviscosity at their respective physiological temperature. To investigate how both sterols and phospholipids control fluidity homeostasis, we quantified the lipidic composition of insect SF9 and mammalian HEK 293T cells under normal or sterol-modified condition. As expected, insect cells show minimal sterols compared with mammalian cells. A major difference is also observed in phospholipid content as the ratio of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) is inverted (4 times higher in SF9 cells). In vitro studies in liposomes confirm that both cholesterol and PE can increase rigidity of the bilayer, suggesting that both can be used by cells to maintain membrane fluidity. We then show that exogenously increasing the cholesterol amount in SF9 membranes leads to a significant decrease in PE:PC ratio whereas decreasing cholesterol in HEK 293T cells using statin treatment leads to an increase in the PE:PC ratio. In all cases, the membrane fluidity is maintained, indicating that both cell types combine regulation by sterols and phospholipids to control proper membrane fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Dawaliby
- From the Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 206/02, Bd du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cataldo Trubbia
- From the Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 206/02, Bd du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Noyon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Ruysschaert
- From the Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 206/02, Bd du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Govaerts
- From the Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 206/02, Bd du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium,
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44
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Vadakkan KI. A pressure-reversible cellular mechanism of general anesthetics capable of altering a possible mechanism for consciousness. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:485. [PMID: 26380161 PMCID: PMC4561946 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Different anesthetics are known to modulate different types of membrane-bound receptors. Their common mechanism of action is expected to alter the mechanism for consciousness. Consciousness is hypothesized as the integral of all the units of internal sensations induced by reactivation of inter-postsynaptic membrane functional LINKs during mechanisms that lead to oscillating potentials. The thermodynamics of the spontaneous lateral curvature of lipid membranes induced by lipophilic anesthetics can lead to the formation of non-specific inter-postsynaptic membrane functional LINKs by different mechanisms. These include direct membrane contact by excluding the inter-membrane hydrophilic region and readily reversible partial membrane hemifusion. The constant reorganization of the lipid membranes at the lateral edges of the postsynaptic terminals (dendritic spines) resulting from AMPA receptor-subunit vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis can favor the effect of anesthetic molecules on lipid membranes at this location. Induction of a large number of non-specific LINKs can alter the conformation of the integral of the units of internal sensations that maintain consciousness. Anesthetic requirement is reduced in the presence of dopamine that causes enlargement of dendritic spines. Externally applied pressure can transduce from the middle ear through the perilymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and the recently discovered glymphatic pathway to the extracellular matrix space, and finally to the paravenular space. The pressure gradient reduce solubility and displace anesthetic molecules from the membranes into the paravenular space, explaining the pressure reversal of anesthesia. Changes in membrane composition and the conversion of membrane hemifusion to fusion due to defects in the checkpoint mechanisms can lead to cytoplasmic content mixing between neurons and cause neurodegenerative changes. The common mechanism of anesthetics presented here can operate along with the known specific actions of different anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunjumon I Vadakkan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room A4-08, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5 Canada
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45
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Schubert T, Römer W. How synthetic membrane systems contribute to the understanding of lipid-driven endocytosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015. [PMID: 26211452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic membrane systems, such as giant unilamellar vesicles and solid supported lipid bilayers, have widened our understanding of biological processes occurring at or through membranes. Artificial systems are particularly suited to study the inherent properties of membranes with regard to their components and characteristics. This review critically reflects the emerging molecular mechanism of lipid-driven endocytosis and the impact of model membrane systems in elucidating the complex interplay of biomolecules within this process. Lipid receptor clustering induced by binding of several toxins, viruses and bacteria to the plasma membrane leads to local membrane bending and formation of tubular membrane invaginations. Here, lipid shape, and protein structure and valency are the essential parameters in membrane deformation. Combining observations of complex cellular processes and their reconstitution on minimal systems seems to be a promising future approach to resolve basic underlying mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schubert
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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46
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Walde P, Umakoshi H, Stano P, Mavelli F. Emergent properties arising from the assembly of amphiphiles. Artificial vesicle membranes as reaction promoters and regulators. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:10177-97. [PMID: 24921467 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02812k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article deals with artificial vesicles and their membranes as reaction promoters and regulators. Among the various molecular assemblies which can form in an aqueous medium from amphiphilic molecules, vesicle systems are unique. Vesicles compartmentalize the aqueous solution in which they exist, independent on whether the vesicles are biological vesicles (existing in living systems) or whether they are artificial vesicles (formed in vitro from natural or synthetic amphiphiles). After the formation of artificial vesicles, their aqueous interior (the endovesicular volume) may become - or may be made - chemically different from the external medium (the exovesicular solution), depending on how the vesicles are prepared. The existence of differences between endo- and exovesicular composition is one of the features on the basis of which biological vesicles contribute to the complex functioning of living organisms. Furthermore, artificial vesicles can be formed from mixtures of amphiphiles in such a way that the vesicle membranes become molecularly, compositionally and organizationally highly complex, similarly to the lipidic matrix of biological membranes. All the various properties of artificial vesicles as membranous compartment systems emerge from molecular assembly as these properties are not present in the individual molecules the system is composed of. One particular emergent property of vesicle membranes is their possible functioning as promoters and regulators of chemical reactions caused by the localization of reaction components, and possibly catalysts, within or on the surface of the membranes. This specific feature is reviewed and highlighted with a few selected examples which range from the promotion of decarboxylation reactions, the selective binding of DNA or RNA to suitable vesicle membranes, and the reactivation of fragmented enzymes to the regulation of the enzymatic synthesis of polymers. Such type of emergent properties of vesicle membranes may have been important for the prebiological evolution of protocells, the hypothetical compartment systems preceding the first cells in those chemical and physico-chemical processes that led to the origin of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walde
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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47
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Różycki B, Lipowsky R. Spontaneous curvature of bilayer membranes from molecular simulations: Asymmetric lipid densities and asymmetric adsorption. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:054101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4906149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Różycki
- Theory and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Reinhard Lipowsky
- Theory and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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48
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Wolff J, Komura S, Andelman D. Budding of domains in mixed bilayer membranes. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:012708. [PMID: 25679643 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.012708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose a model that accounts for the budding behavior of domains in lipid bilayers, where each of the bilayer leaflets has a coupling between its local curvature and the local lipid composition. The compositional asymmetry between the two monolayers leads to an overall spontaneous curvature. The membrane free energy contains three contributions: the bending energy, the line tension, and a Landau free energy for a lateral phase separation. Within a mean-field treatment, we obtain various phase diagrams which contain fully budded, dimpled, and flat states. In particular, for some range of membrane parameters, the phase diagrams exhibit a tricritical behavior as well as a three-phase coexistence region. The global phase diagrams can be divided into three types and are analyzed in terms of the curvature-composition coupling parameter and domain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Wolff
- Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, B.P. 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France and Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shigeyuki Komura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - David Andelman
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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49
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Lipowsky R. Coupling of bending and stretching deformations in vesicle membranes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 208:14-24. [PMID: 24630342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic membranes are fluid and can undergo two different elastic deformations, bending and stretching. The bending of a membrane is primarily governed by two elastic parameters: its spontaneous (or preferred) curvature m and its bending rigidity κ. These two parameters define an intrinsic tension scale, the spontaneous tension 2 κm². Membrane stretching and compression, on the other hand, are determined by the mechanical tension acting within the membrane. For vesicle membranes, the two elastic deformations are coupled via the enclosed vesicle volume even in the absence of mechanical forces as shown here by minimizing the combined bending and stretching energy with respect to membrane area for fixed vesicle volume. As a consequence, the mechanical tension within a vesicle membrane depends on the spontaneous curvature and on the bending rigidity. This interdependence, which is difficult to grasp intuitively, is then illustrated for a variety of simple vesicle shapes. Depending on the vesicle morphology, the magnitude of the mechanical tension can be comparable to or can be much smaller than the spontaneous tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Lipowsky
- Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
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