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Suomalainen A, Nunnari J. Mitochondria at the crossroads of health and disease. Cell 2024; 187:2601-2627. [PMID: 38788685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria reside at the crossroads of catabolic and anabolic metabolism-the essence of life. How their structure and function are dynamically tuned in response to tissue-specific needs for energy, growth repair, and renewal is being increasingly understood. Mitochondria respond to intrinsic and extrinsic stresses and can alter cell and organismal function by inducing metabolic signaling within cells and to distal cells and tissues. Here, we review how the centrality of mitochondrial functions manifests in health and a broad spectrum of diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Suomalainen
- University of Helsinki, Stem Cells and Metabolism Program, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland; HiLife, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; HUS Diagnostics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jodi Nunnari
- Altos Labs, Bay Area Institute, Redwood Shores, CA, USA.
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2
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Braymer JJ, Stehling O, Stümpfig M, Rösser R, Spantgar F, Blinn CM, Mühlenhoff U, Pierik AJ, Lill R. Requirements for the biogenesis of [2Fe-2S] proteins in the human and yeast cytosol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400740121. [PMID: 38743629 PMCID: PMC11126956 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400740121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The biogenesis of iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins entails the synthesis and trafficking of Fe/S clusters, followed by their insertion into target apoproteins. In eukaryotes, the multiple steps of biogenesis are accomplished by complex protein machineries in both mitochondria and cytosol. The underlying biochemical pathways have been elucidated over the past decades, yet the mechanisms of cytosolic [2Fe-2S] protein assembly have remained ill-defined. Similarly, the precise site of glutathione (GSH) requirement in cytosolic and nuclear Fe/S protein biogenesis is unclear, as is the molecular role of the GSH-dependent cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxins (cGrxs). Here, we investigated these questions in human and yeast cells by various in vivo approaches. [2Fe-2S] cluster assembly of cytosolic target apoproteins required the mitochondrial ISC machinery, the mitochondrial transporter Atm1/ABCB7 and GSH, yet occurred independently of both the CIA system and cGrxs. This mechanism was strikingly different from the ISC-, Atm1/ABCB7-, GSH-, and CIA-dependent assembly of cytosolic-nuclear [4Fe-4S] proteins. One notable exception to this cytosolic [2Fe-2S] protein maturation pathway defined here was yeast Apd1 which used the CIA system via binding to the CIA targeting complex through its C-terminal tryptophan. cGrxs, although attributed as [2Fe-2S] cluster chaperones or trafficking proteins, were not essential in vivo for delivering [2Fe-2S] clusters to either CIA components or target apoproteins. Finally, the most critical GSH requirement was assigned to Atm1-dependent export, i.e. a step before GSH-dependent cGrxs function. Our findings extend the general model of eukaryotic Fe/S protein biogenesis by adding the molecular requirements for cytosolic [2Fe-2S] protein maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Braymer
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Fachbereich Medizin, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
- Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
| | - Oliver Stehling
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Fachbereich Medizin, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
- Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
| | - Martin Stümpfig
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Fachbereich Medizin, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
- Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
| | - Ralf Rösser
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Fachbereich Medizin, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
- Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
| | - Farah Spantgar
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Fachbereich Medizin, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
- Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
| | - Catharina M. Blinn
- Department of Chemistry, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern67663, Germany
| | - Ulrich Mühlenhoff
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Fachbereich Medizin, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
- Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
| | - Antonio J. Pierik
- Department of Chemistry, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern67663, Germany
| | - Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Fachbereich Medizin, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
- Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
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Zhou M, Hanschmann EM, Römer A, Linn T, Petry SF. The significance of glutaredoxins for diabetes mellitus and its complications. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103043. [PMID: 38377787 PMCID: PMC10891345 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable metabolic disease hallmarked by chronic hyperglycemia caused by beta-cell failure. Diabetic complications affect the vasculature and result in macro- and microangiopathies, which account for a significantly increased morbidity and mortality. The rising incidence and prevalence of diabetes is a major global health burden. There are no feasible strategies for beta-cell preservation available in daily clinical practice. Therefore, patients rely on antidiabetic drugs or the application of exogenous insulin. Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved members of the thioredoxin family of proteins. They have specific functions in redox-mediated signal transduction, iron homeostasis and biosynthesis of iron-sulfur (FeS) proteins, and the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, and function. The involvement of Grxs in chronic diseases has been a topic of research for several decades, suggesting them as therapeutic targets. Little is known about their role in diabetes and its complications. Therefore, this review summarizes the available literature on the significance of Grxs in diabetes and its complications. In conclusion, Grxs are differentially expressed in the endocrine pancreas and in tissues affected by diabetic complications, such as the heart, the kidneys, the eye, and the vasculature. They are involved in several pathways essential for insulin signaling, metabolic inflammation, glucose and fatty acid uptake and processing, cell survival, and iron and mitochondrial metabolism. Most studies describe significant changes in glutaredoxin expression and/or activity in response to the diabetic metabolism. In general, mitigated levels of Grxs are associated with oxidative distress, cell damage, and even cell death. The induced overexpression is considered a potential part of the cellular stress-response, counteracting oxidative distress and exerting beneficial impact on cell function such as insulin secretion, cytokine expression, and enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhou
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Hanschmann
- Experimental and Translational Research, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Axel Römer
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Linn
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Friedrich Petry
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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Hati D, Brault A, Gupta M, Fletcher K, Jacques JF, Labbé S, Outten CE. Iron homeostasis proteins Grx4 and Fra2 control activity of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe iron repressor Fep1 by facilitating [2Fe-2S] cluster removal. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105419. [PMID: 37923140 PMCID: PMC10704371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bol2 homolog Fra2 and monothiol glutaredoxin Grx4 together play essential roles in regulating iron homeostasis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In vivo studies indicate that Grx4 and Fra2 act as coinhibitory partners that inactivate the transcriptional repressor Fep1 in response to iron deficiency. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bol2 is known to form a [2Fe-2S]-bridged heterodimer with the monothiol Grxs Grx3 and Grx4, with the cluster ligands provided by conserved residues in Grx3/4 and Bol2 as well as GSH. In this study, we characterized this analogous [2Fe-2S]-bridged Grx4-Fra2 complex in S. pombe by identifying the specific residues in Fra2 that act as ligands for the Fe-S cluster and are required to regulate Fep1 activity. We present spectroscopic and biochemical evidence confirming the formation of a [2Fe-2S]-bridged Grx4-Fra2 heterodimer with His66 and Cys29 from Fra2 serving as Fe-S cluster ligands in S. pombe. In vivo transcription and growth assays confirm that both His66 and Cys29 are required to fully mediate the response of Fep1 to low iron conditions. Furthermore, we analyzed the interaction between Fep1 and Grx4-Fra2 using CD spectroscopy to monitor changes in Fe-S cluster coordination chemistry. These experiments demonstrate unidirectional [2Fe-2S] cluster transfer from Fep1 to Grx4-Fra2 in the presence of GSH, revealing the Fe-S cluster dependent mechanism of Fep1 inactivation mediated by Grx4 and Fra2 in response to iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debolina Hati
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ariane Brault
- Département de Biochimie et de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Malini Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kylie Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jean-François Jacques
- Département de Biochimie et de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Labbé
- Département de Biochimie et de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caryn E Outten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
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Motyčková A, Voleman L, Najdrová V, Arbonová L, Benda M, Dohnálek V, Janowicz N, Malych R, Šuťák R, Ettema TJG, Svärd S, Stairs CW, Doležal P. Adaptation of the late ISC pathway in the anaerobic mitochondrial organelles of Giardia intestinalis. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010773. [PMID: 37792908 PMCID: PMC10578589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolism is entirely dependent on the biosynthesis of the [4Fe-4S] clusters, which are part of the subunits of the respiratory chain. The mitochondrial late ISC pathway mediates the formation of these clusters from simpler [2Fe-2S] molecules and transfers them to client proteins. Here, we characterized the late ISC pathway in one of the simplest mitochondria, mitosomes, of the anaerobic protist Giardia intestinalis that lost the respiratory chain and other hallmarks of mitochondria. In addition to IscA2, Nfu1 and Grx5 we identified a novel BolA1 homologue in G. intestinalis mitosomes. It specifically interacts with Grx5 and according to the high-affinity pulldown also with other core mitosomal components. Using CRISPR/Cas9 we were able to establish full bolA1 knock out, the first cell line lacking a mitosomal protein. Despite the ISC pathway being the only metabolic role of the mitosome no significant changes in the mitosome biology could be observed as neither the number of the mitosomes or their capability to form [2Fe-2S] clusters in vitro was affected. We failed to identify natural client proteins that would require the [2Fe-2S] or [4Fe-4S] cluster within the mitosomes, with the exception of [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin, which is itself part of the ISC pathway. The overall uptake of iron into the cellular proteins remained unchanged as also observed for the grx5 knock out cell line. The pull-downs of all late ISC components were used to build the interactome of the pathway showing specific position of IscA2 due to its interaction with the outer mitosomal membrane proteins. Finally, the comparative analysis across Metamonada species suggested that the adaptation of the late ISC pathway identified in G. intestinalis occurred early in the evolution of this supergroup of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžběta Motyčková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Luboš Voleman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimíra Najdrová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Arbonová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Benda
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Dohnálek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Janowicz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ronald Malych
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Róbert Šuťák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Thijs J G Ettema
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Staffan Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Pavel Doležal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
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6
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Dong Q, Yan Q, Zhang B, Zhang LQ, Wu X. Regulation of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol biosynthesis and biocontrol capacity by the BolA family protein IbaG in Pseudomonas fluorescens 2P24. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0098523. [PMID: 37724877 PMCID: PMC10580914 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00985-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The monothiol glutaredoxin GrxD plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) and the biocontrol capacity of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens 2P24. However, the detailed mechanism underlying GrxD-mediated activation of the production of 2,4-DAPG remains unclear. Here, we found that GrxD directly interacted with IbaG, a BolA protein family member. The mutation of ibaG significantly decreased 2,4-DAPG production. Furthermore, expressing ibaG restored the production of 2,4-DAPG in the grxD ibaG double mutant to wild-type levels in the presence of dithiothreitol, suggesting that IbaG was required for GrxD-mediated regulation of 2,4-DAPG production. Transcriptome sequencing analyses revealed that IbaG plays a global role in gene regulation by affecting the expression of numerous genes throughout the genome. We also demonstrated that IbaG is an important regulator of several cellular processes, including swarming motility, biofilm formation, siderophore production, and acid resistance. Altogether, our data suggest that IbaG has an essential role in 2,4-DAPG production, motility, and biofilm formation. We also propose a regulatory mechanism linking GrxD to 2,4-DAPG production via IbaG. IMPORTANCE The production of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) is positively influenced by the monothiol glutaredoxin GrxD in Pseudomonas fluorescens 2P24. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying GrxD-mediated regulation of 2,4-DAPG biosynthesis is mostly uncharacterized. Here, we show the function of the BolA-like protein IbaG in 2,4-DAPG biosynthesis. We also demonstrate that GrxD directly interacts with IbaG and influences the redox state of IbaG. Altogether, this work provides new insights into the role of the highly conserved IbaG protein in regulating 2,4-DAPG synthesis, biofilm formation, and other biocontrol traits of P. fluorescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Dong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety/College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qing Yan
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety/College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Li-qun Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety/College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Mejia-Alvarado FS, Botero-Rozo D, Araque L, Bayona C, Herrera-Corzo M, Montoya C, Ayala-Díaz I, Romero HM. Molecular network of the oil palm root response to aluminum stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:346. [PMID: 37391695 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The solubilization of aluminum ions (Al3+) that results from soil acidity (pH < 5.5) is a limiting factor in oil palm yield. Al can be uptaken by the plant roots affecting DNA replication and cell division and triggering root morphological alterations, nutrient and water deprivation. In different oil palm-producing countries, oil palm is planted in acidic soils, representing a challenge for achieving high productivity. Several studies have reported the morphological, physiological, and biochemical oil palm mechanisms in response to Al-stress. However, the molecular mechanisms are just partially understood. RESULTS Differential gene expression and network analysis of four contrasting oil palm genotypes (IRHO 7001, CTR 3-0-12, CR 10-0-2, and CD 19 - 12) exposed to Al-stress helped to identify a set of genes and modules involved in oil palm early response to the metal. Networks including the ABA-independent transcription factors DREB1F and NAC and the calcium sensor Calmodulin-like (CML) that could induce the expression of internal detoxifying enzymes GRXC1, PER15, ROMT, ZSS1, BBI, and HS1 against Al-stress were identified. Also, some gene networks pinpoint the role of secondary metabolites like polyphenols, sesquiterpenoids, and antimicrobial components in reducing oxidative stress in oil palm seedlings. STOP1 expression could be the first step of the induction of common Al-response genes as an external detoxification mechanism mediated by ABA-dependent pathways. CONCLUSIONS Twelve hub genes were validated in this study, supporting the reliability of the experimental design and network analysis. Differential expression analysis and systems biology approaches provide a better understanding of the molecular network mechanisms of the response to aluminum stress in oil palm roots. These findings settled a basis for further functional characterization of candidate genes associated with Al-stress in oil palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernan Santiago Mejia-Alvarado
- Colombian Oil Palm Research Center - Cenipalma, Oil Palm Biology, and Breeding Research Program, Bogotá, 11121, Colombia
| | - David Botero-Rozo
- Colombian Oil Palm Research Center - Cenipalma, Oil Palm Biology, and Breeding Research Program, Bogotá, 11121, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Araque
- Colombian Oil Palm Research Center - Cenipalma, Oil Palm Biology, and Breeding Research Program, Bogotá, 11121, Colombia
| | - Cristihian Bayona
- Colombian Oil Palm Research Center - Cenipalma, Oil Palm Biology, and Breeding Research Program, Bogotá, 11121, Colombia
| | - Mariana Herrera-Corzo
- Colombian Oil Palm Research Center - Cenipalma, Oil Palm Biology, and Breeding Research Program, Bogotá, 11121, Colombia
| | - Carmenza Montoya
- Colombian Oil Palm Research Center - Cenipalma, Oil Palm Biology, and Breeding Research Program, Bogotá, 11121, Colombia
| | - Iván Ayala-Díaz
- Colombian Oil Palm Research Center - Cenipalma, Oil Palm Biology, and Breeding Research Program, Bogotá, 11121, Colombia
| | - Hernán Mauricio Romero
- Colombian Oil Palm Research Center - Cenipalma, Oil Palm Biology, and Breeding Research Program, Bogotá, 11121, Colombia.
- Department of Biology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 11132, Colombia.
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Domán A, Dóka É, Garai D, Bogdándi V, Balla G, Balla J, Nagy P. Interactions of reactive sulfur species with metalloproteins. Redox Biol 2023; 60:102617. [PMID: 36738685 PMCID: PMC9926313 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive sulfur species (RSS) entail a diverse family of sulfur derivatives that have emerged as important effector molecules in H2S-mediated biological events. RSS (including H2S) can exert their biological roles via widespread interactions with metalloproteins. Metalloproteins are essential components along the metabolic route of oxygen in the body, from the transport and storage of O2, through cellular respiration, to the maintenance of redox homeostasis by elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, heme peroxidases contribute to immune defense by killing pathogens using oxygen-derived H2O2 as a precursor for stronger oxidants. Coordination and redox reactions with metal centers are primary means of RSS to alter fundamental cellular functions. In addition to RSS-mediated metalloprotein functions, the reduction of high-valent metal centers by RSS results in radical formation and opens the way for subsequent per- and polysulfide formation, which may have implications in cellular protection against oxidative stress and in redox signaling. Furthermore, recent findings pointed out the potential role of RSS as substrates for mitochondrial energy production and their cytoprotective capacity, with the involvement of metalloproteins. The current review summarizes the interactions of RSS with protein metal centers and their biological implications with special emphasis on mechanistic aspects, sulfide-mediated signaling, and pathophysiological consequences. A deeper understanding of the biological actions of reactive sulfur species on a molecular level is primordial in H2S-related drug development and the advancement of redox medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Domán
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Dóka
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Garai
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, 1122, Budapest, Hungary,Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Virág Bogdándi
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Balla
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary,ELKH-UD Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, 11003, University of Debrecen, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary,ELKH-UD Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, 11003, University of Debrecen, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary,Department of Nephrology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Nagy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, 1122, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Anatomy and Histology, ELKH Laboratory of Redox Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078, Budapest, Hungary; Chemistry Institute, University of Debrecen, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary.
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9
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Schulz V, Freibert SA, Boss L, Mühlenhoff U, Stehling O, Lill R. Mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins: new functions for old dogs. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:102-121. [PMID: 36443530 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Ferredoxins (FDXs) comprise a large family of iron-sulfur proteins that shuttle electrons from NADPH and FDX reductases into diverse biological processes. This review focuses on the structure, function and specificity of mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] FDXs that are related to bacterial FDXs due to their endosymbiotic inheritance. Their classical function in cytochrome P450-dependent steroid transformations was identified around 1960, and is exemplified by mammalian FDX1 (aka adrenodoxin). Thirty years later the essential function in cellular Fe/S protein biogenesis was discovered for the yeast mitochondrial FDX Yah1 that is additionally crucial for the formation of haem a and ubiquinone CoQ6 . In mammals, Fe/S protein biogenesis is exclusively performed by the FDX1 paralog FDX2, despite the high structural similarity of both proteins. Recently, additional and specific roles of human FDX1 in haem a and lipoyl cofactor biosyntheses were described. For lipoyl synthesis, FDX1 transfers electrons to the radical S-adenosyl methionine-dependent lipoyl synthase to kickstart its radical chain reaction. The high target specificity of the two mammalian FDXs is contained within small conserved sequence motifs, that upon swapping change the target selection of these electron donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinzent Schulz
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.,Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sven-A Freibert
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.,Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Marburg, Germany
| | - Linda Boss
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.,Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Mühlenhoff
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.,Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Stehling
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.,Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.,Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Marburg, Germany
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10
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Jacobs LJHC, Riemer J. Maintenance of small molecule redox homeostasis in mitochondria. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:205-223. [PMID: 36030088 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalisation of eukaryotic cells enables fundamental otherwise often incompatible cellular processes. Establishment and maintenance of distinct compartments in the cell relies not only on proteins, lipids and metabolites but also on small redox molecules. In particular, small redox molecules such as glutathione, NAD(P)H and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) cooperate with protein partners in dedicated machineries to establish specific subcellular redox compartments with conditions that enable oxidative protein folding and redox signalling. Dysregulated redox homeostasis has been directly linked with a number of diseases including cancer, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, metabolic diseases and ageing. In this review, we will summarise mechanisms regulating establishment and maintenance of redox homeostasis in the mitochondrial subcompartments of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne J H C Jacobs
- Institute for Biochemistry and Center of Excellence for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Riemer
- Institute for Biochemistry and Center of Excellence for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany
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11
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Homeostasis of carbohydrates and reactive oxygen species is critically changed in the brain of middle-aged mice: molecular mechanisms and functional reasons. BBA ADVANCES 2023; 3:100077. [PMID: 37082254 PMCID: PMC10074963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2023.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is an organ that consumes a lot of energy. In the brain, energy is required for synaptic transmission, numerous biosynthetic processes and axonal transport in neurons, and for many supportive functions of glial cells. The main source of energy in the brain is glucose and to a lesser extent lactate and ketone bodies. ATP is formed at glucose catabolism via glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) within mitochondria being the main source of ATP. With age, brain's energy metabolism is disturbed, involving a decrease in glycolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction. The latter is accompanied by intensified generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ETC leading to oxidative stress. Recently, we have found that crucial changes in energy metabolism and intensity of oxidative stress in the mouse brain occur in middle age with minor progression in old age. In this review, we analyze the metabolic changes and functional causes that lead to these changes in the aging brain.
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12
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Ebrahim A, Alfwuaires MA, Abukhalil MH, Alasmari F, Ahmad F, Yao R, Luo Y, Huang Y. Schizosaccharomyces pombe Grx4, Fep1, and Php4: In silico analysis and expression response to different iron concentrations. Front Genet 2022; 13:1069068. [PMID: 36568394 PMCID: PMC9768344 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1069068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to iron's essential role in cellular metabolism, most organisms must maintain their homeostasis. In this regard, the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (sp) uses two transcription factors to regulate intracellular iron levels: spFep1 under iron-rich conditions and spPhp4 under iron-deficient conditions, which are controlled by spGrx4. However, bioinformatics analysis to understand the role of the spGrx4/spFep1/spPhp4 axis in maintaining iron homeostasis in S. pombe is still lacking. Our study aimed to perform bioinformatics analysis on S. pombe proteins and their sequence homologs in Aspergillus flavus (af), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (sc), and Homo sapiens (hs) to understand the role of spGrx4, spFep1, and spPhp4 in maintaining iron homeostasis. The three genes' expression patterns were also examined at various iron concentrations. A multiple sequence alignment analysis of spGrx4 and its sequence homologs revealed a conserved cysteine residue in each PF00085 domain. Blast results showed that hsGLRX3 is most similar to spGrx4. In addition, spFep1 is most closely related in sequence to scDal80, whereas scHap4 is most similar to spFep1. We also found two highly conserved motifs in spFep1 and its sequence homologs that are significant for iron transport systems because they contain residues involved in iron homeostasis. The scHap4 is most similar to spPhp4. Using STRING to analyze protein-protein interactions, we found that spGrx4 interacts strongly with spPhp4 and spFep1. Furthermore, spGrx4, spPhp4, and spFep1 interact with spPhp2, spPhp3, and spPhp5, indicating that the three proteins play cooperative roles in iron homeostasis. At the highest level of Fe, spgrx4 had the highest expression, followed by spfep1, while spphp4 had the lowest expression; a contrast occurred at the lowest level of Fe, where spgrx4 expression remained constant. Our findings support the notion that organisms develop diverse strategies to maintain iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Ebrahim
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manal A. Alfwuaires
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad H. Abukhalil
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan,Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawad Ahmad
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Ying Huang,
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13
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Genetic suppressors of Δgrx3 Δgrx4, lacking redundant multidomain monothiol yeast glutaredoxins, rescue growth and iron homeostasis. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231328. [PMID: 35593209 PMCID: PMC9202360 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Grx3 and Grx4 are multidomain monothiol glutaredoxins that are redundant with each other. They can be efficiently complemented by heterologous expression of their mammalian ortholog, PICOT, which has been linked to tumor development and embryogenesis. PICOT is now believed to act as a chaperone distributing Fe-S clusters, although the first link to iron metabolism was observed with its yeast counterparts. Like PICOT, yeast Grx3 and Grx4 reside in the cytosol and nucleus where they form unusual Fe-S clusters coordinated by two glutaredoxins with CGFS motifs and two molecules of glutathione. Depletion or deletion of Grx3/Grx4 leads to functional impairment of virtually all cellular iron-dependent processes and loss of cell viability, thus making these genes the most upstream components of the iron utilization system. Nevertheless, the Δgrx3/4 double mutant in the BY4741 genetic background is viable and exhibits slow but stable growth under hypoxic conditions. Upon exposure to air, growth of the double deletion strain ceases, and suppressor mutants appear. Adopting a high copy-number library screen approach, we discovered novel genetic interactions: overexpression of ESL1, ESL2, SOK1, SFP1 or BDF2 partially rescues growth and iron utilization defects of Δgrx3/4. This genetic escape from the requirement for Grx3/Grx4 has not been previously described. Our study shows that even a far-upstream component of the iron regulatory machinery (Grx3/4) can be bypassed, and cellular networks involving RIM101 pH sensing, cAMP signaling, mTOR nutritional signaling, or bromodomain acetylation, may confer the bypassing activities.
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14
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Kurt F, Kurt B, Filiz E, Yildiz K, Akbudak MA. Mitochondrial iron transporter (MIT) gene in potato (Solanum tuberosum): comparative bioinformatics, physiological and expression analyses in response to drought and salinity. Biometals 2022; 35:875-887. [PMID: 35764832 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial iron transporter (MIT) genes are essential for mitochondrial acquisition/import of iron and vital to proper functioning of mitochondria. Unlike other organisms, research on the MITs in plants is limited. The present study provides comparative bioinformatics assays for the potato MIT gene (StMIT) as well as gene expression analyses. The phylogenetic analyses revealed monocots-dicot divergence in MIT proteins and it was also found clade specific motif diversity. In addition, docking analyses indicated that Asp172 and Gly100 residues to be identified as the closest residues binding to ferrous iron. The percentage of structure overlap of the StMIT 3D protein model with Arabidopsis, maize and rice MIT proteins was found between 80.18% and 85.71%. The transcript analyses exhibited that the expression of StMIT was triggered under drought and salinity stresses. The findings of the present study would provide valuable leads for further studies targeting specifically the MIT gene and generally the plant iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firat Kurt
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Plant Production and Technologies, Mus Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey
| | - Baris Kurt
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Mus Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Filiz
- Department of Crop and Animal Production, Cilimli Vocational School, Duzce University, Cilimli, Duzce, Turkey.
| | - Kubra Yildiz
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - M Aydın Akbudak
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
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15
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Yien YY, Perfetto M. Regulation of Heme Synthesis by Mitochondrial Homeostasis Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:895521. [PMID: 35832791 PMCID: PMC9272004 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.895521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme plays a central role in diverse, life-essential processes that range from ubiquitous, housekeeping pathways such as respiration, to highly cell-specific ones such as oxygen transport by hemoglobin. The regulation of heme synthesis and its utilization is highly regulated and cell-specific. In this review, we have attempted to describe how the heme synthesis machinery is regulated by mitochondrial homeostasis as a means of coupling heme synthesis to its utilization and to the metabolic requirements of the cell. We have focused on discussing the regulation of mitochondrial heme synthesis enzymes by housekeeping proteins, transport of heme intermediates, and regulation of heme synthesis by macromolecular complex formation and mitochondrial metabolism. Recently discovered mechanisms are discussed in the context of the model organisms in which they were identified, while more established work is discussed in light of technological advancements.
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16
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Essential Protective Role of Catalytically Active Antibodies (Abzymes) with Redox Antioxidant Functions in Animals and Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073898. [PMID: 35409256 PMCID: PMC8999700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the life of aerobic organisms, the oxygen resulting from numerous reactions is converted into reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many ROS are dangerous due to their high reactivity; they are strong oxidants, and react with various cell components, leading to their damage. To protect against ROS overproduction, enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems are evolved in aerobic cells. Several known non-enzymatic antioxidants have a relatively low specific antioxidant activity. Superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, thioredoxin, and the peroxiredoxin families are the most important enzyme antioxidants. Artificial antibodies catalyzing redox reactions using different approaches have been created. During the past several decades, it has been shown that the blood and various biological fluids of humans and animals contain natural antibodies that catalyze different redox reactions, such as classical enzymes. This review, for the first time, summarizes data on existing non-enzymatic antioxidants, canonical enzymes, and artificial or natural antibodies (abzymes) with redox functions. Comparing abzymes with superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxide-dependent peroxidase, and H2O2-independent oxidoreductase activities with the same activities as classical enzymes was carried out. The features of abzymes with the redox activities are described, including their exceptional diversity in the optimal pH values, dependency and independence on various metal ions, and the reaction rate constants for healthy donors and patients with different autoimmune diseases. The entire body of evidence indicates that abzymes with redox antioxidant activities existing in the blood for a long time compared to enzymes are an essential part of the protection system of humans and animals from oxidative stress.
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17
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Perea-García A, Puig S, Peñarrubia L. The role of post-transcriptional modulators of metalloproteins in response to metal deficiencies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1735-1750. [PMID: 34849747 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper and iron proteins have a wide range of functions in living organisms. Metal assembly into metalloproteins is a complex process, where mismetalation is detrimental and energy consuming to cells. Under metal deficiency, metal distribution is expected to reach a metalation ranking, prioritizing essential versus dispensable metalloproteins, while avoiding interference with other metals and protecting metal-sensitive processes. In this review, we propose that post-transcriptional modulators of metalloprotein mRNA (ModMeR) are good candidates in metal prioritization under metal-limited conditions. ModMeR target high quota or redundant metalloproteins and, by adjusting their synthesis, ModMeR act as internal metal distribution valves. Inappropriate metalation of ModMeR targets could compete with metal delivery to essential metalloproteins and interfere with metal-sensitive processes, such as chloroplastic photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration. Regulation of ModMeR targets could increase or decrease the metal flow through interconnected pathways in cellular metal distribution, helping to achieve adequate differential metal requirements. Here, we describe and compare ModMeR that function in response to copper and iron deficiencies. Specifically, we describe copper-miRNAs from Arabidopsis thaliana and diverse iron ModMeR from yeast, mammals, and bacteria under copper and iron deficiencies, as well as the influence of oxidative stress. Putative functions derived from their role as ModMeR are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Perea-García
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut Universitari de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergi Puig
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lola Peñarrubia
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut Universitari de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Sági-Kazár M, Solymosi K, Solti Á. Iron in leaves: chemical forms, signalling, and in-cell distribution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1717-1734. [PMID: 35104334 PMCID: PMC9486929 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential transition metal. Based on its redox-active nature under biological conditions, various Fe compounds serve as cofactors in redox enzymes. In plants, the photosynthetic machinery has the highest demand for Fe. In consequence, the delivery and incorporation of Fe into cofactors of the photosynthetic apparatus is the focus of Fe metabolism in leaves. Disturbance of foliar Fe homeostasis leads to impaired biosynthesis of chlorophylls and composition of the photosynthetic machinery. Nevertheless, mitochondrial function also has a significant demand for Fe. The proper incorporation of Fe into proteins and cofactors as well as a balanced intracellular Fe status in leaf cells require the ability to sense Fe, but may also rely on indirect signals that report on the physiological processes connected to Fe homeostasis. Although multiple pieces of information have been gained on Fe signalling in roots, the regulation of Fe status in leaves has not yet been clarified in detail. In this review, we give an overview on current knowledge of foliar Fe homeostasis, from the chemical forms to the allocation and sensing of Fe in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Sági-Kazár
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ádám Solti
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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19
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Abstract
Cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid required for the synthesis of proteins and many important intracellular metabolites. Cysteine depletion can trigger iron-dependent nonapoptotic cell death-ferroptosis. Despite this, cysteine itself is normally maintained at relatively low levels within the cell, and many mechanisms that could act to buffer cysteine depletion do not appear to be especially effective or active, at least in cancer cells. How do we reconcile these seemingly paradoxical features? Here, we describe the regulation of cysteine and its contribution to ferroptosis and speculate about how the levels of this amino acid are controlled to govern nonapoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott J. Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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20
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Campos OA, Attar N, Cheng C, Vogelauer M, Mallipeddi NV, Schmollinger S, Matulionis N, Christofk HR, Merchant SS, Kurdistani SK. A pathogenic role for histone H3 copper reductase activity in a yeast model of Friedreich's ataxia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj9889. [PMID: 34919435 PMCID: PMC8682991 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Disruptions to iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters, essential cofactors for a broad range of proteins, cause widespread cellular defects resulting in human disease. A source of damage to Fe-S clusters is cuprous (Cu1+) ions. Since histone H3 enzymatically produces Cu1+ for copper-dependent functions, we asked whether this activity could become detrimental to Fe-S clusters. Here, we report that histone H3–mediated Cu1+ toxicity is a major determinant of cellular functional pool of Fe-S clusters. Inadequate Fe-S cluster supply, due to diminished assembly as occurs in Friedreich’s ataxia or defective distribution, causes severe metabolic and growth defects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Decreasing Cu1+ abundance, through attenuation of histone cupric reductase activity or depletion of total cellular copper, restored Fe-S cluster–dependent metabolism and growth. Our findings reveal an interplay between chromatin and mitochondria in Fe-S cluster homeostasis and a potential pathogenic role for histone enzyme activity and Cu1+ in diseases with Fe-S cluster dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A. Campos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Narsis Attar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chen Cheng
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maria Vogelauer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nathan V. Mallipeddi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Nedas Matulionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heather R. Christofk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sabeeha S. Merchant
- QB3-Berkeley, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Siavash K. Kurdistani
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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21
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Iron homeostasis in the absence of ferricrocin and its consequences in fungal development and insect virulence in Beauveria bassiana. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19624. [PMID: 34608174 PMCID: PMC8490459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The putative ferricrocin synthetase gene ferS in the fungal entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana BCC 2660 was identified and characterized. The 14,445-bp ferS encodes a multimodular nonribosomal siderophore synthetase tightly clustered with Fusarium graminearum ferricrocin synthetase. Functional analysis of this gene was performed by disruption with the bar cassette. ΔferS mutants were verified by Southern and PCR analyses. HPLC and TLC analyses of crude extracts indicated that biosynthesis of ferricrocin was abolished in ΔferS. Insect bioassays surprisingly indicated that ΔferS killed the Spodoptera exigua larvae faster (LT50 59 h) than wild type (66 h). Growth and developmental assays of the mutant and wild type demonstrated that ΔferS had a significant increase in germination under iron depletion and radial growth and a decrease in conidiation. Mitotracker staining showed that the mitochondrial activity was enriched in ΔferS under both iron excess and iron depletion. Comparative transcriptomes between wild type and ΔferS indicated that the mutant was increased in the expression of eight cytochrome P450 genes and those in iron homeostasis, ferroptosis, oxidative stress response, ergosterol biosynthesis, and TCA cycle, compared to wild type. Our data suggested that ΔferS sensed the iron excess and the oxidative stress and, in turn, was up-regulated in the antioxidant-related genes and those in ergosterol biosynthesis and TCA cycle. These increased biological pathways help ΔferS grow and germinate faster than the wild type and caused higher insect mortality than the wild type in the early phase of infection.
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22
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Zhang J, Bai Z, Ouyang M, Xu X, Xiong H, Wang Q, Grimm B, Rochaix JD, Zhang L. The DnaJ proteins DJA6 and DJA5 are essential for chloroplast iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106742. [PMID: 33855718 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fe-S clusters are ancient, ubiquitous and highly essential prosthetic groups for numerous fundamental processes of life. The biogenesis of Fe-S clusters is a multistep process including iron acquisition, sulfur mobilization, and cluster formation. Extensive studies have provided deep insights into the mechanism of the latter two assembly steps. However, the mechanism of iron utilization during chloroplast Fe-S cluster biogenesis is still unknown. Here we identified two Arabidopsis DnaJ proteins, DJA6 and DJA5, that can bind iron through their conserved cysteine residues and facilitate iron incorporation into Fe-S clusters by interactions with the SUF (sulfur utilization factor) apparatus through their J domain. Loss of these two proteins causes severe defects in the accumulation of chloroplast Fe-S proteins, a dysfunction of photosynthesis, and a significant intracellular iron overload. Evolutionary analyses revealed that DJA6 and DJA5 are highly conserved in photosynthetic organisms ranging from cyanobacteria to higher plants and share a strong evolutionary relationship with SUFE1, SUFC, and SUFD throughout the green lineage. Thus, our work uncovers a conserved mechanism of iron utilization for chloroplast Fe-S cluster biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Photosynthesis Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaption and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zechen Bai
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Photosynthesis Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaption and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Haibo Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Photosynthesis Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaption and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaption and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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23
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Gaballa A, Su TT, Helmann JD. The Bacillus subtilis monothiol bacilliredoxin BrxC (YtxJ) and the Bdr (YpdA) disulfide reductase reduce S-bacillithiolated proteins. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101935. [PMID: 33722570 PMCID: PMC8113031 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cytosol is generally a reducing environment with protein cysteine residues maintained in their thiol form. The low molecular weight thiol bacillithiol (BSH) serves as a general thiol reductant, analogous to glutathione, in a wide range of bacterial species. Proteins modified by disulfide bond formation with BSH (S-bacillithiolation) are reduced by the action of bacilliredoxins, BrxA and BrxB. Here, the YtxJ protein is identified as a monothiol bacilliredoxin, renamed BrxC, and is implicated in BSH removal from oxidized cytosolic proteins, including the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases GapA and GapB. BrxC can also debacillithiolate the mixed disulfide form of the bacilliredoxin BrxB. Bdr is a thioredoxin reductase-like flavoprotein with bacillithiol-disulfide (BSSB) reductase activity. Here, Bdr is shown to additionally function as a bacilliredoxin reductase. Bdr and BrxB function cooperatively to debacillithiolate OhrR, a transcription factor regulated by S-bacillithiolation on its sole cysteine residue. Collectively, these results expand our understanding of the BSH redox network comprised of three bacilliredoxins and a BSSB reductase that serve to counter the widespread protein S-bacillithiolation that results from conditions of disulfide stress. Bacillithiol is the major low molecular weight thiol in Bacillus subtilis. Oxidative stress leads to protein S-bacillithiolation. BrxC functions as a monothiol class bacilliredoxin. The Bdr bacillithiol disulfide reductase is also a bacilliredoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Gaballa
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Tina Tianjiao Su
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - John D Helmann
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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