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Oliveira J, Gentil P, Naves JP, Souza Filho LF, Silva L, Zamunér AR, de Lira CA, Rebelo A. Effects of High Intensity Interval Training versus Sprint Interval Training on Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Healthy Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12863. [PMID: 36232163 PMCID: PMC9566246 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, the practice of physical exercises is an effective strategy in improving or maintaining cardiorespiratory health; however, a lack of time is a barrier to access and interval training appears as possible facilitator. This study aims to compare the effects of two interval training protocols on cardiac autonomic modulation in healthy women. METHODS we conducted a randomized clinical trial with 43 women with a mean age of 29.96 ± 6.25 years, allocated into two groups; high-intensity interval training (HIIT) consisting of four four-minute high-intensity sprints interspersed with three minutes of active recovery and the Sprint interval training (SIT) with four 30-s sprints all-out, interspersed with four minutes of recovery (active or passive). RESULTS the HIIT group presented better results for the patterns without variation (0V) variables (p = 0.022); Shannon entropy (p = 0.004) Conditional Entropy (p = 0.025). However, there was a significant group effect for some variables, Oxygen Volume (VO2) (p = 0.004), Square root of the mean quadratic differences between the adjacent normal R-R intervals (p = 0.002) and standard deviation of all normal R-R intervals recorded in a time interval (p = 0.003), demonstrating an improvement independent of the protocol. CONCLUSION we conclude that eight weeks of interval training were able to produce positive effects on cardiac autonomic modulation in healthy women, with better results for HIIT in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Oliveira
- Department of Physiotherapy, Araguaia University Center, Goiania 74223-060, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Goias Federal University, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Goias Federal University, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Naves
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Goias Federal University, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Souza Filho
- Faculty of Medicine, Goias Federal University, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil
- Department of Physiotherapy, Estacio de Sá de Goias University Center, Goiania 74063-010, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva
- Department of Physiotherapy, Araguaia University Center, Goiania 74223-060, Brazil
| | - Antonio Roberto Zamunér
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Kinesiology, Department of Kinesiology, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 34809112, Chile
| | - Claudio Andre de Lira
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Goias Federal University, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Rebelo
- Faculty of Medicine, Goias Federal University, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil
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Zaki S, Moiz J, Bhati P, Menon G. Efficacy of high-intensity interval training on cardiac autonomic modulation in cardiovascular diseases and lifestyle disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep210009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to investigate the literature on the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiac autonomic function in individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and lifestyle disorders. We performed electronic database search from CENTRAL, WoS, Scopus, Pubmed, and PEDro up to 25th February 2021. Randomised control trials/quasi-experimental trials/cross-over trials that assessed the effects of HIIT with control/alternative treatment on cardiac autonomic control were included in this review. A total of 11 studies were included for qualitative analysis and among them, 8 were quantitatively analysed. A random-effect model of standardised mean difference (SMD) and mean difference of the respective outcome measures for cardiac autonomic control was determined. The findings of the qualitative analysis revealed the beneficial effects of HIIT on cardiac autonomic modulation. However, the majority of the studies had an unclear or high risk of bias for randomisation, concealment methods, and blinding of participants to the intervention that could have influenced the interpretation of the findings. The SMD revealed a significant effect of HIIT on standard deviation of N-N intervals (SDNN) (ms) [SMD: 0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.001 to 0.80, P=0.05], high frequency power (HF) (ms2) [0.46, 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.76, P=0.002], and ratio of low and high frequency power, (LF/HF) [-0.80, 95% CI: -1.27 to -0.33, P=0.0008]. In conclusion, HIIT may effectively modulate cardiac autonomic function by increasing parasympathetic dominance, sympathetic withdrawal, and sympathovagal balance in individuals with CVD and lifestyle disorders. The study has a PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021231225
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Zaki
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, 110025, New Delhi, India
| | - J.A. Moiz
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, 110025, New Delhi, India
| | - P. Bhati
- Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, 122505, Haryana, India
| | - G.R. Menon
- National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, 110029, New Delhi, India
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Soltani M, Baluchi MJ, Boullosa D, Daraei A, Doyle-Baker PK, Saeidi A, Knechtle B, Dehbaghi KM, Mollabashi SS, VanDusseldorp TA, Zouhal H. Effect of Intensity on Changes in Cardiac Autonomic Control of Heart Rate and Arterial Stiffness After Equated Continuous Running Training Programs. Front Physiol 2021; 12:758299. [PMID: 34955880 PMCID: PMC8696079 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.758299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It is well known that exercise training has positive effects on both cardiac autonomic function and arterial stiffness (AS). However, it is not clear that which exercise training variables, intensity or volume, or both, play a crucial role in this regard. This study investigates the chronic effects of high-volume moderate-intensity training (HVMIT) and low-volume high-intensity training (LVHIT) on heart rate variability (HRV) and AS in sedentary adult men. Materials and Methods: Notably, 45 males (age: 42 ± 5.7 years) were randomly assigned to a control (n = 15), HVMIT (n = 15), or LVHIT (n = 15). The HVMIT group ran three times per week on a treadmill at 50–60% of VO2max for 45–60 min, while the LVHIT trained at 70–85% of VO2max for 25–40 min. Both training protocols were equated by caloric expenditure. HRV, pulse wave velocity (PWV), hemodynamic variables, and body composition were measured before and after 12 weeks. Results: Both protocols (i.e., HVMIT and LVHIT) significantly increased the SD of normal sinus beat intervals (SDNN) and high-frequency (HF) bands (p < 0.05) after 12 weeks. Whereas the low-frequency (LF)-HF ratio decreased significantly in both training protocols (p < 0.05); however, these changes were significantly greater in the LVHIT protocol (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) significantly increased only in the LVHIT (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant decrease in LF and PWV was only observed following the LVHIT protocol (p < 0.05). Some measures of HRV and PWV were significantly correlated (r = 0.275–0.559; p < 0.05). Conclusion: These results show that the LVHIT protocol was more efficient for improving HRV variables and PWV than the HVMIT protocol after 12 weeks of continuous running training. Interestingly, changes in some HRV parameters were related to changes in PWV. Further studies should elaborate on the link between central and peripheral cardiovascular adaptations after continuous and intermittent training regimens differing in intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Soltani
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Jokar Baluchi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Ali Daraei
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | | | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Institute of Primary Care, University of Zūrich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé - EA 1274, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), Irodouer, France
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Zabriskie HA, Kerksick CM, Jagim AR. Active women demonstrate acute autonomic and hemodynamic shifts following exercise in heat and humidity: A pilot study. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 8:64-79. [PMID: 33553506 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2020.1796242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess autonomic and hemodynamic recovery in women who performed moderate-intensity exercise in heat. Seven women (31.7 ± 7.6 years, 67.5 ± 4.4 kg, 25.7 ± 5.6% Fat, 43.9 ± 5.1 mL/kg/min) completed two identical bouts of graded treadmill walking (~60% VO2peak). One bout was hot (37.5 ± 1.4°C, 46.5 ± 4.6% relative humidity (RH)), and the other was moderate (20.7 ± 1.1°C, 29.9 ± 4.1% RH). For 24 h before and one h after each bout, participants had heart rate variability monitored. After each exercise bout HR and BP were measured during 30 min of supine recovery and 10 min of orthostatic challenge. HF power and RMSSD were lower and LF power and LF:HF ratio greater following exercise in the heat and remained different from the moderate condition for 30 min (p < 0.05). During supine recovery, heat exposure led to higher HR (p = 0.002) and lower DBP (p = 0.016). SBP (p = 0.037) and DBP (p = 0.008) were both lower after 10 min of supine recovery following hot exercise than after moderate temperature. Average response did not reveal orthostatic hypotension despite heat causing a higher HR (p = 0.011) and lower SBP (p = 0.026) after 10 min of orthostatic exposure. Trained women exhibit an autonomic shift toward sympathetic dominance for at least 30 min after exercise in heat. Women who exercise in heat should be wary of an exacerbated HR response after exercise and low recovery blood pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Sports Medicine Research, Mayo Clinic Health Systems, Onalaska, WI, USA
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Dupuit M, Maillard F, Pereira B, Marquezi ML, Lancha AH, Boisseau N. Effect of high intensity interval training on body composition in women before and after menopause: a meta-analysis. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1470-1490. [PMID: 32613697 DOI: 10.1113/ep088654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? A meta-analysis of the efficacy of high intensity interval training (HIIT) in reducing weight, total fat mass (FM) and (intra)-abdominal FM in normal-weight and overweight/obese women before and after menopause. What advances does it highlight? HIIT programmes in women significantly decrease body weight and total and abdominal FM. Their effects are more evident in pre- than in postmenopausal women. Cycling HIIT seems more effective than running, especially in postmenopausal women, and training interventions longer than 8 weeks comprising three sessions a week should be promoted. ABSTRACT High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a stimulating modality for reducing body weight and adipose tissue. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy of HIIT in reducing weight, total fat mass (FM) and (intra)-abdominal FM in normal-weight and overweight/obese women before and after menopause. A structured electronic search was performed to find all publications relevant to our review. Stratified analyses were made of hormonal status (pre- vs. postmenopausal state), weight, HIIT modalities (cycling vs. running), programme duration (< or ≥8 weeks) and the methods used to measure body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry vs. computed tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and others). A total of 38 studies involving 959 subjects were included. Our meta-analysis showed that overall HIIT programmes significantly decrease weight, total and abdominal FM in women. Both normal weight and overweight/obese women lost total FM after HIIT protocols whereas HIIT was only effective in decreasing abdominal FM in women with excess adiposity. When pre- and postmenopausal women were considered separately, the effect of HIIT on weight, total and abdominal FM were only significant before menopause. Cycling HIIT seemed more effective than running, especially in postmenopausal women, and training interventions longer than 8 weeks comprising three sessions were more efficient. HIIT is a successful strategy to lose weight and FM in normal weight and overweight/obese women. However, further studies are still needed to draw meaningful conclusions about the real effectiveness of HIIT protocols in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Dupuit
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA 3533, Clermont-Ferrand, 63171, France
| | - Florie Maillard
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA 3533, Clermont-Ferrand, 63171, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Biostatistics Unit (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Boisseau
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA 3533, Clermont-Ferrand, 63171, France.,CRNH - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (CNRH-AURA), Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
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Low-Volume High-Intensity Aerobic Interval Training Is an Efficient Method to Improve Cardiorespiratory Fitness After Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2020; 40:48-54. [DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0000000000000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cabral DAR, da Costa KG, Tavares VDDO, Rêgo MLDM, Faro HKC, Fontes EB. Cardiorespiratory Fitness Predicts Greater Vagal Autonomic Activity in Drug Users Under Stress. Subst Abuse 2019; 13:1178221819862283. [PMID: 31384127 PMCID: PMC6664628 DOI: 10.1177/1178221819862283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
While drug use has been shown to impair cardiac autonomic regulation, exercise might overcome some of the damage. Herein, we describe how individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) have their heart rate variability (HRV) and drug-related behaviors negatively affected in response to a stressor. However, we show how cardiorespiratory fitness may attenuate those impairments in autonomic control. Fifteen individuals with SUD were matched with 15 non-SUD individuals by age, weight, height, and fitness level, and had their HRV responses under stress induced by the Cold Pressor Test (CPT). The SUD group had lower mean of R-R intervals before and after the CPT when compared with the non-SUD group. In addition, in individuals with SUD, higher cardiorespiratory fitness level predicted greater vagal activity before, during, and after CPT. Moreover, for individuals with SUD, days of abstinence predicted greater mean of R-R intervals during recovery from the CPT. Finally, years of drug use negatively predicted mean of R-R intervals during recovery. Thus, our results suggest that chronic drug use impairs cardiac autonomic regulation at rest and after a physical stress. However, cardiorespiratory fitness might attenuate these impairments by increasing vagal autonomic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aranha Rego Cabral
- NEUROex - Research Group in Physical
Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal,
Brazil
| | - Kell Grandjean da Costa
- NEUROex - Research Group in Physical
Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal,
Brazil
| | | | - Maria Luiza de Medeiros Rêgo
- NEUROex - Research Group in Physical
Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal,
Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Bodnariuc Fontes
- NEUROex - Research Group in Physical
Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal,
Brazil
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Wen D, Utesch T, Wu J, Robertson S, Liu J, Hu G, Chen H. Effects of different protocols of high intensity interval training for VO 2max improvements in adults: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:941-947. [PMID: 30733142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of different protocols of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on VO2max improvements in healthy, overweight/obese and athletic adults, based on the classifications of work intervals, session volumes and training periods. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Medline, and Web of Science databases were searched up to April 2018. Inclusion criteria were randomised controlled trials; healthy, overweight/obese or athletic adults; examined pre- and post-training VO2max/peak; HIIT in comparison to control or moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) groups. RESULTS Fifty-three studies met the eligibility criteria. Overall, the degree of change in VO2max induced by HIIT varied by populations (SMD=0.41-1.81, p<0.05). When compared to control groups, even short-intervals (≤30s), low-volume (≤5min) and short-term HIIT (≤4weeks) elicited clear beneficial effects (SMD=0.79-1.65, p<0.05) on VO2max/peak. However, long-interval (≥2min), high-volume (≥15min) and moderate to long-term (≥4-12weeks) HIIT displayed significantly larger effects on VO2max (SMD=0.50-2.48, p<0.05). When compared to MICT, only long-interval (≥2min), high-volume (≥15min) and moderate to long-term (≥4-12weeks) HIIT showed beneficial effects (SMD=0.65-1.07, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Short-intervals (≤30s), low-volume (≤5min) and short-term (≤4weeks) HIIT represent effective and time-efficient strategies for developing VO2max, especially for the general population. To maximize the training effects on VO2max, long-interval (≥2min), high-volume (≥15min) and moderate to long-term (≥4-12weeks) HIIT are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daizong Wen
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, China; Physical Education and Health Science Research Center, HuaQiao University, China
| | - Till Utesch
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Jun Wu
- Fujian Research Institute of Sports Science, China
| | - Samuel Robertson
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Australia
| | - John Liu
- Department of Physical Education and Health Education, Springfield College, USA
| | - Guopeng Hu
- Physical Education and Health Science Research Center, HuaQiao University, China; Department of Physical Education, HuaQiao University, China
| | - Haichun Chen
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, China.
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Nikolaidis PT, Kintziou E, Georgoudis G, Afonso J, Vancini RL, Knechtle B. The Effect of Body Mass Index on Acute Cardiometabolic Responses to Graded Exercise Testing in Children: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:E103. [PMID: 30241337 PMCID: PMC6316372 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the beneficial role of exercise for health is widely recognized, it is not clear to what extent the acute physiological responses (e.g., heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (VO₂)) to a graded exercise test are influenced by nutritional status (i.e., overweight vs. normal-weight). Therefore, the main objectives of the present narrative review were to examine the effect of nutritional status on acute HR, and VO₂ responses of children to exercise testing. For this purpose, we examined existing literature using PubMed, ISI, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engines. Compared with their normal-body mass index (BMI) peers, a trend of higher HRrest, higher HR during submaximal exercise testing, and lower HRmax was observed among overweight and obese children (according to BMI). Independent from exercise mode (walking, running, cycling, or stepping), exercise testing was metabolically more demanding (i.e., higher VO₂) for obese and overweight children than for their normal-weight peers. Considering these cardiometabolic differences according to BMI in children might help exercise specialists to evaluate the outcome of a graded exercise test (GXT) (e.g., VO2max, HRmax) and to prescribe optimal exercise intensity in the context of development of exercise programs for the management of body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleni Kintziou
- School of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece.
| | | | - José Afonso
- Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rodrigo L Vancini
- Center of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Espírito Santo, 29075-910 Vitória, Brazil.
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 9001 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Bhati P, Moiz JA, Menon GR, Hussain ME. Does resistance training modulate cardiac autonomic control? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Auton Res 2018; 29:75-103. [PMID: 30141031 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-018-0558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically evaluate the literature on the effects of resistance training (RT) on cardiac autonomic control in healthy and diseased individuals. METHODS Electronic databases Pubmed, PEDro, and Scopus were systematically searched from their inception up to June 2018. Randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental trials, and cross-over controlled trials investigating the effect of RT (of at least 4 weeks duration) on cardiac autonomic control assessed either by linear or non-linear measures of heart rate variability (HRV), baroreflex sensitivity, or post-exercise heart rate recovery were included. Of the studies retrieved, 28 were included in the systematic review. Meta-analysis was performed on 21 studies of the total 28 studies. RESULTS Quality and characteristic assessment revealed fair quality evidence. The majority of literature on healthy humans suggested no change in cardiac autonomic control following RT. Standardized mean differences (SMD) showed a significant effect of RT on root mean square of successive differences between adjacent inter-beat (R-R) intervals (RMSSD) [SMD 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20-1.73; p = 0.01], ratio of low- to high-frequency power of HRV (LF/HF ratio; SMD -0.72, 95% CI -1.03 to -0.42; p < 0.00001), standard deviation of the instantaneous beat-to-beat variability (SD1; SMD 1.78, 95% CI 1.07-2.49, p < 0.00001), and sample entropy (SMD 1.17, 95% CI 0.36-1.97, p = 0.005) in diseased individuals. CONCLUSION This rigorous systematic analysis revealed that RT has no or minimal effects on cardiac autonomic control of healthy individuals, but RT leads to improvement in cardiac autonomic control of diseased individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Bhati
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Jamal Ali Moiz
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Geetha R Menon
- National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - M Ejaz Hussain
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India.
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