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Zhu Y, Lam MY, Wang N, Zhang X. Optofluidic tunable filters using ionic liquid electrolyte capacitors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:4698-4708. [PMID: 38297664 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Tunable optical filter is a basic component for most optical systems. This study reports a unique design of Fabry-Pérot (FP) tunable filter by using an ionic liquid solution. The tunable filter consists of two neighboring regions: capacitor region and FP region. The former is in the form of electrolyte capacitor and the latter remains transparent as an FP cavity for light transmission. When the capacitor region is applied with a bias voltage, it attracts the ions from the FP region and thus reduces the ion concentration of the FP region, resulting in a change of the refractive index and eventually a shift of transmission peak of the FP cavity. Among four electrolyte solutions studied, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6) exhibits the best overall performance, such as low insertion loss (3.2 dB), large side mode suppression ratio (23 dB) and high stability (drift <0.2 nm). Additionally, a wavelength tuning of 0.17 nm/V is achieved over 0-17 V, providing a tunable range of 3 nm. This device features low bias voltage, no mechanical movement, easy fabrication and seamless integration with microfluidics systems, and may find potential applications in spectral analyzers and lab-on-a-chip biosensing systems.
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MacHugh E, Antony G, Mallik AK, Kaworek A, McCormack D, Duffy B, Oubaha M. Development and Characterisation of a Whole Hybrid Sol-Gel Optofluidic Platform for Biosensing Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4192. [PMID: 36500816 PMCID: PMC9740286 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This work outlines, for the first time, the fabrication of a whole hybrid sol-gel optofluidic platform by integrating a microfluidic biosensor platform with optical waveguides employing a standard photolithography process. To demonstrate the suitability of this new hybrid sol-gel optofluidic platform, optical and bio-sensing proof-of-concepts are proposed. A photoreactive hybrid sol-gel material composed of a photopolymerisable organically modified silicon alkoxide and a transition metal complex was prepared and used as the fabrication material for the entire optofluidic platform, including the optical waveguides, the sensing areas, and the microfluidic device. The most suitable sol-gel materials chosen for the fabrication of the cladding and core of the waveguides showed a RIC of 3.5 × 10-3 and gave thicknesses between 5.5 and 7 μm. The material was optimised to simultaneously meet the photoreactive properties required for the photolithography fabrication process and the optical properties needed for the effective optical operability of the microstructured waveguides at 532 and 633 nm with an integrated microfluidic device. The optical proof-of-concept was performed using a fluorescent dye (Atto 633) and recording its optical responses while irradiated with a suitable optical excitation. The biosensing capability of the platform was assessed using a polyclonal primary IgG mouse antibody and a fluorescent labelled secondary IgG anti-mouse antibody. A limit of detection (LOD) of 50 ug/mL was achieved. A correlation between the concentration of the dye and the emission fluorescence was evidenced, thus clearly demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed hybrid sol-gel optofluidic platform concept. The successful integration and operability of optical and microfluidic components in the same optofluidic platform is a novel concept, particularly where the sol-gel fabrication material is concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma MacHugh
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST), FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, 13 Camden Row, D02 HW71 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Graceson Antony
- School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics (IEO), FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, Camden Row, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arun Kumar Mallik
- Photonics Research Centre, Technological University Dublin, City Campus Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alicja Kaworek
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST), FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, 13 Camden Row, D02 HW71 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Declan McCormack
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST), FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, 13 Camden Row, D02 HW71 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan Duffy
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST), FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, 13 Camden Row, D02 HW71 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mohamed Oubaha
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST), FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, 13 Camden Row, D02 HW71 Dublin, Ireland
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Rahman M, Islam KR, Islam MR, Islam MJ, Kaysir MR, Akter M, Rahman MA, Alam SMM. A Critical Review on the Sensing, Control, and Manipulation of Single Molecules on Optofluidic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:968. [PMID: 35744582 PMCID: PMC9229244 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule techniques have shifted the paradigm of biological measurements from ensemble measurements to probing individual molecules and propelled a rapid revolution in related fields. Compared to ensemble measurements of biomolecules, single-molecule techniques provide a breadth of information with a high spatial and temporal resolution at the molecular level. Usually, optical and electrical methods are two commonly employed methods for probing single molecules, and some platforms even offer the integration of these two methods such as optofluidics. The recent spark in technological advancement and the tremendous leap in fabrication techniques, microfluidics, and integrated optofluidics are paving the way toward low cost, chip-scale, portable, and point-of-care diagnostic and single-molecule analysis tools. This review provides the fundamentals and overview of commonly employed single-molecule methods including optical methods, electrical methods, force-based methods, combinatorial integrated methods, etc. In most single-molecule experiments, the ability to manipulate and exercise precise control over individual molecules plays a vital role, which sometimes defines the capabilities and limits of the operation. This review discusses different manipulation techniques including sorting and trapping individual particles. An insight into the control of single molecules is provided that mainly discusses the recent development of electrical control over single molecules. Overall, this review is designed to provide the fundamentals and recent advancements in different single-molecule techniques and their applications, with a special focus on the detection, manipulation, and control of single molecules on chip-scale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmudur Rahman
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Kazi Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Md. Rashedul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Md. Jahirul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Rejvi Kaysir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Masuma Akter
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Md. Arifur Rahman
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - S. M. Mahfuz Alam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
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Riesen N, Peterkovic ZQ, Guan B, François A, Lancaster DG, Priest C. Caged-Sphere Optofluidic Sensors: Whispering Gallery Resonators in Wicking Microfluidics. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114135. [PMID: 35684755 PMCID: PMC9185560 DOI: 10.3390/s22114135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of optofluidic technologies in recent years has seen the need for sensing platforms with ease-of-use, simple sample manipulation, and high performance and sensitivity. Herein, an integrated optofluidic sensor consisting of a pillar array-based open microfluidic chip and caged dye-doped whispering gallery mode microspheres is demonstrated and shown to have potential for simple real-time monitoring of liquids. The open microfluidic chip allows for the wicking of a thin film of liquid across an open surface with subsequent evaporation-driven flow enabling continuous passive flow for sampling. The active dye-doped whispering gallery mode microspheres placed between pillars, avoid the use of cumbersome fibre tapers to couple light to the resonators as is required for passive microspheres. The performance of this integrated sensor is demonstrated using glucose solutions (0.05–0.3 g/mL) and the sensor response is shown to be dynamic and reversible. The sensor achieves a refractive index sensitivity of ~40 nm/RIU, with Q-factors of ~5 × 103 indicating a detection limit of ~3 × 10−3 RIU (~20 mg/mL glucose). Further enhancement of the detection limit is expected by increasing the microsphere Q-factor using high-index materials for the resonators, or alternatively, inducing lasing. The integrated sensors are expected to have significant potential for a host of downstream applications, particularly relating to point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Riesen
- Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (Z.Q.P.); (B.G.); (A.F.); (D.G.L.); (C.P.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Devices for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Zane Q. Peterkovic
- Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (Z.Q.P.); (B.G.); (A.F.); (D.G.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Bin Guan
- Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (Z.Q.P.); (B.G.); (A.F.); (D.G.L.); (C.P.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Devices for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Alexandre François
- Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (Z.Q.P.); (B.G.); (A.F.); (D.G.L.); (C.P.)
| | - David G. Lancaster
- Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (Z.Q.P.); (B.G.); (A.F.); (D.G.L.); (C.P.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Devices for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Craig Priest
- Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (Z.Q.P.); (B.G.); (A.F.); (D.G.L.); (C.P.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Devices for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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Hengoju S, Shvydkiv O, Tovar M, Roth M, Rosenbaum MA. Advantages of optical fibers for facile and enhanced detection in droplet microfluidics. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 200:113910. [PMID: 34974260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics offers a unique opportunity for ultrahigh-throughput experimentation with minimal sample consumption and thus has obtained increasing attention, particularly for biological applications. Detection and measurements of analytes or biomarkers in tiny droplets are essential for proper analysis of biological and chemical assays like single-cell studies, cytometry, nucleic acid detection, protein quantification, environmental monitoring, drug discovery, and point-of-care diagnostics. Current detection setups widely use microscopes as a central device and other free-space optical components. However, microscopic setups are bulky, complicated, not flexible, and expensive. Furthermore, they require precise optical alignments, specialized optical and technical knowledge, and cumbersome maintenance. The establishment of efficient, simple, and cheap detection methods is one of the bottlenecks for adopting microfluidic strategies for diverse bioanalytical applications and widespread laboratory use. Together with great advances in optofluidic components, the integration of optical fibers as a light guiding medium into microfluidic chips has recently revolutionized analytical possibilities. Optical fibers embedded in a microfluidic platform provide a simpler, more flexible, lower-cost, and sensitive setup for the detection of several parameters from biological and chemical samples and enable widespread, hands-on application much beyond thriving point-of-care developments. In this review, we examine recent developments in droplet microfluidic systems using optical fiber as a light guiding medium, primarily focusing on different optical detection methods such as fluorescence, absorbance, light scattering, and Raman scattering and the potential applications in biochemistry and biotechnology that are and will be arising from this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundar Hengoju
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Oksana Shvydkiv
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Miguel Tovar
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Roth
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Miriam A Rosenbaum
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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6
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Wu J, Dai B, Li Z, Pan T, Zhang D, Lin F. Emerging optofluidic technologies for biodiagnostic applications. VIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wu
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China
| | - Bo Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhenqing Li
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California Davis California USA
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
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7
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Stambaugh A, Stott MA, Meena GG, Tamhankar M, Carrion R, Patterson JL, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H. Optofluidic Amplification-free Multiplex Detection of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2021; 27:7200206. [PMID: 33390686 PMCID: PMC7774596 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2020.3024239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease outbreaks such as Ebola and other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) require low-complexity, specific, and differentiated diagnostics as illustrated by the recent outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Here, we describe amplification-free spectrally multiplex detection of four different VHF total RNA samples using multi-spot excitation on a multimode interference waveguide platform along with combinatorial fluorescence labeling of target nucleic acids. In these experiments, we observed an average of 8-fold greater fluorescence signal amplitudes for the Ebola total RNA sample compared to three other total RNA samples: Lake Victoria Marburg Virus, Ravn Marburg Virus, and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever. We have attributed this amplitude amplification to an increased amount of RNA during synthesis of soluble glycoprotein in infection. This hypothesis is confirmed by single molecule detection of the total RNA sample after heat-activated release from the carrier microbeads. From these experiments, we observed at least a 5.3x higher RNA mass loading on the Ebola carrier microbeads compared to the Lake Victoria Marburg carrier microbeads, which is consistent with the known production of soluble glycoprotein during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stambaugh
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Matthew A Stott
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Gopikrishnan G Meena
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Manasi Tamhankar
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Jean L Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Holger Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
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Shi Y, Li Z, Liu PY, Nguyen BTT, Wu W, Zhao Q, Chin LK, Wei M, Yap PH, Zhou X, Zhao H, Yu D, Tsai DP, Liu AQ. On-Chip Optical Detection of Viruses: A Review. ADVANCED PHOTONICS RESEARCH 2021; 2:2000150. [PMID: 33786535 PMCID: PMC7994989 DOI: 10.1002/adpr.202000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The current outbreak of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide has caused millions of fatalities and imposed a severe impact on our daily lives. Thus, the global healthcare system urgently calls for rapid, affordable, and reliable detection toolkits. Although the gold-standard nucleic acid amplification tests have been widely accepted and utilized, they are time-consuming and labor-intensive, which exceedingly hinder the mass detection in low-income populations, especially in developing countries. Recently, due to the blooming development of photonics, various optical chips have been developed to detect single viruses with the advantages of fast, label-free, affordable, and point of care deployment. Herein, optical approaches especially in three perspectives, e.g., flow-free optical methods, optofluidics, and surface-modification-assisted approaches, are summarized. The future development of on-chip optical-detection methods in the wave of emerging new ideas in nanophotonics is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Shi
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Zhenyu Li
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano FabricationInstitute of MicroelectronicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Patricia Yang Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Binh Thi Thanh Nguyen
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Wenshuai Wu
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Qianbin Zhao
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Lip Ket Chin
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02141USA
| | - Minggui Wei
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Peng Huat Yap
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore308232Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPCSchool of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization of South China SeaHainan UniversityHaikou570228China
| | - Dan Yu
- Beijing Pediatric Research InstituteBeijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children's HealthBeijing100045China
| | - Din Ping Tsai
- Department of Electronic and Information EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Ai Qun Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
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9
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Towards the Development of Portable and In Situ Optical Devices for Detection of Micro and Nanoplastics in Water: A Review on the Current Status. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050730. [PMID: 33673495 PMCID: PMC7956778 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalent nature of micro and nanoplastics (MP/NPs) on environmental pollution and health-related issues has led to the development of various methods, usually based on Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies, for their detection. Unfortunately, most of the developed techniques are laboratory-based with little focus on in situ detection of MPs. In this review, we aim to give an up-to-date report on the different optical measurement methods that have been exploited in the screening of MPs isolated from their natural environments, such as water. The progress and the potential of portable optical sensors for field studies of MPs are described, including remote sensing methods. We also propose other optical methods to be considered for the development of potential in situ integrated optical devices for continuous detection of MPs and NPs. Integrated optical solutions are especially necessary for the development of robust portable and in situ optical sensors for the quantitative detection and classification of water-based MPs.
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Yan R, Yang J, Yang Y, Tu X, Huang T, Ge MF, Liu Y, Song C. Cloaking object on an optofluidic chip: its theory and demonstration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:18283-18295. [PMID: 32680027 DOI: 10.1364/oe.394486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the design of metamaterial guided by transformation optics (TO) has emerged as an effective method to hide objects from optical detection, based on arranging a bended light beam to detour. However, this TO-based solution involves fabrication of material with complicated distribution of permittivity and permeability, and the device falls short of tunability after fabrication. In this work, we propose an optofluidic model employing the method of streamline tracing-based transformation optofluidics (STTOF) to hydrodynamically reconfigure light propagation in a given flow field for object-cloaking purposes. The proof-of-concept is demonstrated and tested on an optofluidic chip to validate our proposed theory. Experimental results show that our proposed STTOF method can be used to successfully detour the light path from the object under cloaking in a mathematically pre-defined manner.
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Fohlerova Z, Zhu H, Hubalek J, Ni S, Yobas L, Podesva P, Otahal A, Neuzil P. Rapid Characterization of Biomolecules' Thermal Stability in a Segmented Flow-Through Optofluidic Microsystem. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6925. [PMID: 32332774 PMCID: PMC7181606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Optofluidic devices combining optics and microfluidics have recently attracted attention for biomolecular analysis due to their high detection sensitivity. Here, we show a silicon chip with tubular microchannels buried inside the substrate featuring temperature gradient (∇T) along the microchannel. We set up an optical fluorescence system consisting of a power-modulated laser light source of 470 nm coupled to the microchannel serving as a light guide via optical fiber. Fluorescence was detected on the other side of the microchannel using a photomultiplier tube connected to an optical fiber via a fluorescein isothiocyanate filter. The PMT output was connected to a lock-in amplifier for signal processing. We performed a melting curve analysis of a short dsDNA - SYBR Green I complex with a known melting temperature (TM) in a flow-through configuration without gradient to verify the functionality of the proposed detection system. We then used the segmented flow configuration and measured the fluorescence amplitude of a droplet exposed to ∇T of ≈ 2.31 °C mm-1, determining the heat transfer time as ≈ 554 ms. The proposed platform can be used as a fast and cost-effective system for performing either MCA of dsDNAs or for measuring protein unfolding for drug-screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Fohlerova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, 61600, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hanliang Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P.R. China
| | - Jaromir Hubalek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, 61600, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sheng Ni
- Hong Kong, University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Levent Yobas
- Hong Kong, University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Pavel Podesva
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Otahal
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, 61600, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Neuzil
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, 61600, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P.R. China.
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Hamilton ES, Ganjalizadeh V, Wright JG, Schmidt H, Hawkins AR. 3D Hydrodynamic Focusing in Microscale Optofluidic Channels Formed with a Single Sacrificial Layer. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E349. [PMID: 32230783 PMCID: PMC7230747 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optofluidic devices are capable of detecting single molecules, but greater sensitivity and specificity is desired through hydrodynamic focusing (HDF). Three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing was implemented in 10-μm scale microchannel cross-sections made with a single sacrificial layer. HDF is achieved using buffer fluid to sheath the sample fluid, requiring four fluid ports to operate by pressure driven flow. A low-pressure chamber, or pit, formed by etching into a substrate, enables volumetric flow ratio-induced focusing at a low flow velocity. The single layer design simplifies surface micromachining and improves device yield by 1.56 times over previous work. The focusing design was integrated with optical waveguides and used in order to analyze fluorescent signals from beads in fluid flow. The implementation of the focusing scheme was found to narrow the distribution of bead velocity and fluorescent signal, giving rise to 33% more consistent signal. Reservoir effects were observed at low operational vacuum pressures and a balance between optofluidic signal variance and intensity was achieved. The implementation of the design in optofluidic sensors will enable higher detection sensitivity and sample specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S. Hamilton
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.G.W.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Vahid Ganjalizadeh
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; (V.G.); (H.S.)
| | - Joel G. Wright
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.G.W.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Holger Schmidt
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; (V.G.); (H.S.)
| | - Aaron R. Hawkins
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.G.W.); (A.R.H.)
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Abstract
Plasmonic photocatalytic reactions have been substantially developed. However, the mechanism underlying the enhancement of such reactions is confusing in relevant studies. The plasmonic enhancements of photocatalytic reactions are hard to identify by processing chemically or physically. This review discusses the noteworthy experimental setups or designs for reactors that process various energy transformation paths for enhancing plasmonic photocatalytic reactions. Specially designed experimental setups can help characterize near-field optical responses in inducing plasmons and transformation of light energy. Electrochemical measurements, dark-field imaging, spectral measurements, and matched coupling of wavevectors lead to further understanding of the mechanism underlying plasmonic enhancement. The discussions herein can provide valuable ideas for advanced future studies.
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Badman RP, Ye F, Caravan W, Wang MD. High Trap Stiffness Microcylinders for Nanophotonic Trapping. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:25074-25080. [PMID: 31274286 PMCID: PMC6946062 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonic waveguides have enabled on-chip optical trap arrays for high-throughput manipulation and measurements. However, the realization of the full potential of these devices requires trapping enhancement for applications that need large trapping force. Here, we demonstrate a solution via fabrication of high refractive index cylindrical trapping particles. Using two different fabrication processes, a cleaving method and a novel lift-off method, we produced cylindrical silicon nitride (Si3N4) particles and characterized their trapping properties using the recently developed nanophotonic standing-wave array trap (nSWAT) platform. Relative to conventionally used polystyrene microspheres, the fabricated Si3N4 microcylinders attain an approximately 3- to 6-fold trap stiffness enhancement. Furthermore, both fabrication processes permit tunable microcylinder geometry, and the lift-off method also results in ultrasmooth surface termination of the ends of the microcylinders. These combined features make the Si3N4 microcylinders uniquely suited for a broad range of high-throughput, high-force, nanophotonic waveguide-based optical trapping applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Badman
- Department of Physics - LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Physics - LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Wagma Caravan
- Department of Physics - LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Current address: Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530
| | - Michelle D. Wang
- Department of Physics - LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- corresponding author:
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15
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Black JA, Hamilton E, Hueros RAR, Parks JW, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H. Enhanced Detection of Single Viruses On-Chip via Hydrodynamic Focusing. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2019; 25:7201206. [PMID: 30686911 PMCID: PMC6345258 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2018.2854574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Planar optofluidics provide a powerful tool for facilitating chip-scale light-matter interactions. Silicon-based liquid core waveguides have been shown to offer single molecule sensitivity for efficient detection of bioparticles. Recently, a PDMS based planar optofluidic platform was introduced that opens the way to rapid development and prototyping of unique structures, taking advantage of the positive attributes of silicon dioxide-based optofluidics and PDMS based microfluidics. Here, hydrodynamic focusing is integrated into a PDMS based optofluidic chip to enhance the detection of single H1N1 viruses on-chip. Chip-plane focusing is provided by a system of microfluidic channels to force the particles towards a region of high optical collection efficiency. Focusing is demonstrated and enhanced detection is quantified using fluorescent polystyrene beads where the coefficient of variation is found to decrease by a factor of 4 with the addition of hydrodynamic focusing. The mean signal amplitude of fluorescently tagged single H1N1 viruses is found to increase with the addition of focusing by a factor of 1.64.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Black
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Erik Hamilton
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Raúl A Reyes Hueros
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Joshua W Parks
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Holger Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
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Stott MA, Ganjalizadeh V, Meena G, McMurray J, Olsen M, Orfila M, Schmidt H, Hawkins AR. Buried Rib SiO 2 Multimode Interference Waveguides for Optofluidic Multiplexing. IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASER AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2018; 30:1487-1490. [PMID: 30618484 PMCID: PMC6319872 DOI: 10.1109/lpt.2018.2858258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used to create wavelength-dependent spot patterns which enables simultaneous analyte detection on a single optofluidic chip, useful for disease diagnostics. The fidelity of such multi-spot patterns is important for high sensitivity and accurate target identification. Buried rib structures have been incorporated into these SiO2-based waveguides to improve environmental stability. Through experiments and simulation, this letter explores design parameters for a buried MMI rib waveguide based on anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides in order to produce high-fidelity spot patterns. Optimal rib heights and widths are reported in the context of available microfabrication etch technology and performance for an optimized biosensor is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Stott
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Vahid Ganjalizadeh
- School of Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Gopikrishnan Meena
- School of Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Johnny McMurray
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Maclain Olsen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Marcos Orfila
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Holger Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 USA
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BLACK JENNIFERA, GANJALIZADEH VAHID, PARKS JOSHUAW, SCHMIDT HOLGER. Multi-channel velocity multiplexing of single virus detection on an optofluidic chip. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4425-4428. [PMID: 30211881 PMCID: PMC6309855 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-core waveguide-based optofluidic devices have proven to be valuable tools for analysis of biological samples in fluid. They have enabled single bioparticle sensitivity while maintaining in-plane detection via light-induced fluorescence. The incorporation of multi-spot excitation with multimode interference (MMI) waveguides has enabled spatially and spectrally multiplexed detection of single viruses on an oxide-based optofluidic platform. Here, we introduce a new way of MMI-based multiplexing where multiple analysis channels are placed within a single multi-spot pattern. This stacked channel design enables both velocity and spectral multiplexing of single particles. The principle is demonstrated with differentiated detection of single H3N2 and H1N1 viruses on a polydimethylsiloxane platform.
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Stambaugh A, Parks JW, Stott MA, Meena GG, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H. Optofluidic detection of Zika nucleic acid and protein biomarkers using multimode interference multiplexing. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:3725-3730. [PMID: 30338150 PMCID: PMC6191625 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.003725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The recent massive Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak illustrates the need for rapid and specific diagnostic techniques. Detecting ZIKV in biological samples poses unique problems: antibody detection of ZIKV is insufficient due to cross-reactivity of Zika antibodies with other flaviviruses, and nucleic acid and protein biomarkers for ZIKV are detectable at different stages of infection. Here, we describe a new optofluidic approach for the parallel detection of different molecular biomarkers using multimode interference (MMI) waveguides. We report differentiated, multiplex detection of both ZIKV biomarker types using multi-spot excitation at two visible wavelengths with over 98% fidelity by combining several analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stambaugh
- School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Joshua W. Parks
- School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Matthew A. Stott
- ECEn Department, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Gopikrishnan G. Meena
- School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Aaron R. Hawkins
- ECEn Department, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Holger Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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