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Massoumi S, Rizvi Z, Cázares U, Maibach H. Overcoming False-Negative Patch Tests: A Systematic Literature Review. Dermatitis 2024; 35:345-354. [PMID: 38181174 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Exogenous allergens, found in cosmetic products, jewelry items, antiseptics and antibacterials, plants, and solvents, can cause clinical allergic contact Dermatitis (ACD). To help identify and discern which allergen is causing ACD, clinicians use patch tests, but they can yield false-negative results at times. Examining potential reasoning for false negatives is particularly helpful when a patient's history and physical examination strongly suggest ACD, and the patch test is negative. A strong history and physical presentation suggestive of ACD warrants additional patch testing or other methods to verify a false-negative patch test result. We conducted a literature review to compile various reasonings and solutions for false-negative patch tests in suspected ACD patients. Utilizing EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholars, 49 articles were included by using search terms such as "False negative patch test" or "False-negative patch test" and "allergic contact Dermatitis," or "ACD." Common factors that led to false-negative patch test results include low allergen concentration, inadequate percutaneous penetration, technique error, immunosuppressive therapy, and ultraviolet exposure. Potential solutions include using different vehicles, concentration, increasing reading time, repeating the patch test, intradermal testing, and repeat open application testing. If a false-negative patch test is suspected, then intradermal testing can be administered to ensure the specificity of the patch test result. Considering the main contributing factors and solutions to false-negative patch tests, clinicians can accurately diagnose ACD and administer proper treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Massoumi
- From the Department of Dermatology, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, California, USA
| | - Zehra Rizvi
- From the Department of Dermatology, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, California, USA
| | - Ulysses Cázares
- School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Howard Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Li Q, Wang C, Li X, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Yang K, Ouyang J, Zha S, Sha L, Ge J, Chen Z, Gu Z. Epidermis-on-a-chip system to develop skin barrier and melanin mimicking model. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231168529. [PMID: 37114033 PMCID: PMC10126702 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231168529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro skin models are rapidly developing and have been widely used in various fields as an alternative to traditional animal experiments. However, most traditional static skin models are constructed on Transwell plates without a dynamic three-dimensional (3D) culture microenvironment. Compared with native human and animal skin, such in vitro skin models are not completely biomimetic, especially regarding their thickness and permeability. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an automated biomimetic human microphysiological system (MPS), which can be used to construct in vitro skin models and improve bionic performance. In this work, we describe the development of a triple-well microfluidic-based epidermis-on-a-chip (EoC) system, possessing epidermis barrier and melanin-mimicking functions, as well as being semi-solid specimen friendly. The special design of our EoC system allows pasty and semi-solid substances to be effectively utilized in testing, as well as allowing for long-term culturing and imaging. The epidermis in this EoC system is well-differentiated, including basal, spinous, granular, and cornified layers with appropriate epidermis marker (e.g. keratin-10, keratin-14, involucrin, loricrin, and filaggrin) expression levels in corresponding layers. We further demonstrate that this organotypic chip can prevent permeation of over 99.83% of cascade blue (a 607 Da fluorescent molecule), and prednisone acetate (PA) was applied to test percutaneous penetration in the EoC. Finally, we tested the whitening effect of a cosmetic on the proposed EoC, thus demonstrating its efficacy. In summary, we developed a biomimetic EoC system for epidermis recreation, which could potentially serve as a useful tool for skin irritation, permeability, cosmetic evaluation, and drug safety tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Chinese Astronaut Science Researching and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Avatarget Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Avatarget Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Suzhou, China
| | - Zilin Zhang
- Jiangsu Avatarget Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Suzhou, China
| | - Keyu Yang
- Jiangsu Avatarget Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Jiangsu Avatarget Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Suzhou, China
| | - Shaohui Zha
- Jiangsu Avatarget Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Suzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Sha
- Jiangsu Avatarget Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Suzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Ge
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Avatarget Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Suzhou, China
| | - Zaozao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou, China
- Zaozao Chen, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, SiPaiLou #2, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou, China
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3
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Jang HM, Kim H, Park SY, An EJ, Sung CY, Jeong DH, Lee G. Dissolvable Microneedle Patch Increases the Therapeutic Effect of Jawoongo on DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in Mice. Complement Med Res 2022; 30:1-10. [PMID: 35728517 DOI: 10.1159/000525451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jawoongo (JW) is a topical herbal ointment that has been used as an alternative treatment option for atopic dermatitis. Topical ointments are known to have less bioavailability because the stratum corneum allows only lipophilic and low molecular weight drugs to pass across it. This study aimed to investigate whether applying microneedle patches (MNP) increases the therapeutic effect of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)+JW for atopic dermatitis by enhancing transdermal delivery. METHODS Atopic dermatitis was induced by DNCB in BALB/c mice. The combination treatment of JW and MNP was estimated to study the effect of MNP in improving transdermal delivery. Histological analysis, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and immunofluorescence were performed to verify the effect of MNP in enhancing the therapeutic effects of DNCB+JW on atopic dermatitis in mice. RESULTS Both combination treatment and DNCB+JW treatment ameliorated histological alterations and reduced skin thickness and infiltration of CD4+ T cells in atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in DNCB-exposed BALB/c mice. However, the improvement of histological alterations was better in the combination treatment, which was almost normal. Furthermore, the combination treatment exhibited a larger decrease in mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, iNOS, and TNF-α, compared to DNCB+JW only. In addition, skin thickness and infiltration of CD4+ T cells in the sensitized skin were significantly lower using the combination treatment than using DNCB+JW only. CONCLUSION Combination treatment with JW and MNP further decreased skin thickness and several inflammatory cytokines in atopic dermatitis like skin lesions compared to treatment using JW alone. These findings suggest that applying a dissolvable MNP after JW application could be useful for treating atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Min Jang
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si, Republic of Korea,
| | - Haejoong Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology & Dermatology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin An
- Raphas Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Gihyun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si, Republic of Korea
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4
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Tefera YM, Gaskin S, Thredgold L, Pisaniello D. The role of formulation co-ingredients in skin and glove barrier protection against organophosphate insecticides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:177-183. [PMID: 34464493 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercially formulated pesticide products are complex mixtures of one or more active ingredients and several co-ingredients. However, the modifying effect of co-ingredients on skin uptake and glove barrier protection has been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to understand the role of formulation co-ingredients in skin and glove barrier protection performance against organophosphate insecticides. RESULTS We adapted standard in vitro diffusion cell methods to test permeation kinetics of two commonly used organophosphate insecticides: dimethoate and omethoate. For spray dilutions, dimethoate and omethoate did not reach breakthrough glove permeation rate (1 μg·cm-2 ·min-1 ) and no or little skin permeation was observed for up to 8 h, regardless of formulation. For exposure conditions involving highly concentrated products, significant differences in glove permeation were observed between different formulations of dimethoate (about 1.5-fold, P < 0.05) and of omethoate (184-fold, P < 0.001). In contrast, no difference (P > 0.05) was observed between formulations in terms of skin permeation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that co-ingredients play a critical role in glove barrier protection against undiluted organophosphate insecticides, whereas their influence on skin uptake was insignificant within the exposure time tested. This implies that dermal exposure risk may vary between handling different formulated products of the same active ingredient hence recommending a common glove material for different formulations of the same chemical without careful consideration of co-ingredients and their permeation properties may not necessarily be appropriate. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatal M Tefera
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Sharyn Gaskin
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leigh Thredgold
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dino Pisaniello
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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5
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Chiang C, Kashetsky N, Feschuk A, Burli A, Law RM, Maibach HI. Efficacy of water-only or soap and water skin decontamination of chemical warfare agents or simulants using in vitro human models: A systematic review. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:930-941. [PMID: 34665468 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Water-only or water and soap are widely recommended as preferred solutions for dermal decontamination. However, limited efficacy data exist. We summarized experimental studies evaluating in vitro efficacy of water-only or soap and water in decontaminating chemical warfare agents (CWA) or their simulants from human skin models. Embase, Covidence®, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for articles using water-only or soap and water decontamination methods for removal of CWA/CWA simulants in in vitro human skin models. Data extraction was completed from seven studies, yielding seven contaminants. Water-only decontamination led to partial decontamination in all skin samples (100%, n = 81/81). Soap and water decontamination led to partial decontamination in all skin samples (100%, n = 143/143). Four studies found decontamination to either paradoxically enhance absorption of contaminants or their penetration rates, known as the "wash-in" effect. Despite recommendations, water-only or water and soap decontamination were found to yield partial decontamination of CWA or their simulants in all human in vitro studies. Thus, more effective decontaminating agents are needed. Some studies demonstrated increased or faster penetration of chemicals following decontamination, which could prove deadly for agents such as VX, although these findings require in vivo validation. Heterogeneity in experimental setups limits interstudy comparison, and it remains unclear when water-only or water and soap are ideal decontaminants, which requires more studies. Pending manuscripts will summarize in vivo human and animal efficacy data. International harmonized efficacy protocol should enable more efficient public health decisions for evidence-based public health decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavy Chiang
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Nadia Kashetsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada
| | - Aileen Feschuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada
| | - Anuk Burli
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca M Law
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada.,School of Pharmacy, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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6
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Chiang C, Kashetsky N, Feschuk A, Burli A, Law R, Maibach H. Efficacy of water-based skin decontamination of occupational chemicals using in vitro human skin models: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2021; 24:337-353. [PMID: 34308791 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.1957048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous absorption of chemicals is a potential route of topical and systemic toxicity. Skin decontamination interrupts this process by removing contaminants from the skin surface. Decontamination using water-only or soap and water solutions is the current gold standard despite limited efficacy data. A summary of studies evaluating their efficacy in decontaminating occupational contaminants from in vitro human skin models is presented. Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles and data extracted from 15 investigations that reported on 21 occupational contaminants, which were further classified as industrial chemicals, drugs, or pesticides. Water-only decontamination yielded no response in 4.3% (n = 6/140) and partial decontamination in 95.7% (n = 134/140) of skin samples. Soap and water decontamination yielded complete decontamination in 4.9% (n = 13/264) and partial decontamination in 95.1% (n = 251/264) of skin samples. Four studies (26.7%, n = 4/15) reported increased penetration rates or skin concentration of contaminants following decontamination, demonstrating a "wash-in" effect. Varying study methodologies hinder our ability to compare data and determine when water alone or soap and water are best used. International harmonized efficacy protocol might enhance our decontamination understanding and enable a more customized approach to decontamination clinical practice and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavy Chiang
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States
| | | | - Aileen Feschuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, Canada
| | - Anuk Burli
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States
| | - Rebecca Law
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, Canada
- School of Pharmacy, Memorial University, St. John's, Canada
| | - Howard Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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7
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Burli A, Law RM, Maibach HI. Ability of mathematical models to predict human in vivo percutaneous penetration of steroids. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 126:105041. [PMID: 34499979 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human skin is a common route for topical steroids to enter the body. To aid with risk management of therapeutic steroid usage, the US Environmental Protection Agency estimates percutaneous penetration using mathematical models. However, it is unclear how accurate are mathematical models in estimating percutaneous penetration/absorption of steroids. In this study, accuracy of predicted flux (penetration/absorption) by the main mathematical model used by the EPA, the Potts and Guy model based on in vitro data is compared to actual human in vivo data from our laboratory of percutaneous absorption of topical steroids. We focused on steroids due to the availability of steroid in vivo human data in our laboratory. For most steroids the flux was underestimated by a factor 10-60. However, within the group itself, there was an association between the Potts and Guy model and experimental human in vivo data (Pearson Correlation = 0.8925, p = 0.000041). Additionally, some physiochemical parameters used in the Potts and Guy equation, namely log Kp (Pearson Correlation = 0.7307, p = 0.0046) and molecular weight (Pearson correlation = -0.6807, p = 0.0105) correlated significantly with in vivo flux. Current mathematical models used in estimating percutaneous penetration/absorption did not accurately predict in vivo flux of steroids. Why? Proposed limitations to mathematical models currently used include: not accounting for volatility, lipid solubility, hydrogen bond effects, drug metabolism, as well as protein binding. Further research is needed in order to increase the predictive nature of such models for in vivo flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuk Burli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA; University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Rebecca M Law
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA; Memorial University of Newfoundland School of Pharmacy H3440, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada.
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.
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8
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Organic compounds percutaneous penetration in vivo in man: Relationship to mathematical predictive model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 112:104614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Eleftheriadou D, Luette S, Kneuer C. In silico prediction of dermal absorption of pesticides - an evaluation of selected models against results from in vitro testing. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 30:561-585. [PMID: 31535949 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2019.1644533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Current guidance for the estimation of dermal absorption (DA) of pesticides recommends the use of default values, read-across of information between formulations and in vitro testing. While QSARs exist to estimate percutaneous absorption, their use is currently not encouraged. Therefore, the potential of publicly available models for DA estimation was investigated based on data from 564 human in vitro DA experiments on pesticides. The classic Potts Guy model, the correction of Cleek Bunge for highly lipophilic chemicals, the mechanistic model of Mitragotri, and the COSMOS model were used to estimate the permeability coefficient kp. Different approaches were explored to calculate the percentage of external dose absorbed. IH SkinPerm was examined as stand-alone model. The models generally failed to accurately predict experimental values. For 30-40% of the predictions, there was overestimation by one order of magnitude. Three models underpredicted >10% of the cases, the remaining models <5%. DA of hydrophilic substances was typically underpredicted. Overprediction was more prominent for solid preparations and suspensions. The molecular weight, irritation potential and skin thickness did not correlate with the models' predictivity. Of the models investigated, IH SkinPerm performed best with 38% of the predictions within one order of magnitude and 2% underpredicted cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Eleftheriadou
- Department for Pesticide Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - S Luette
- Department for Pesticide Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - C Kneuer
- Department for Pesticide Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
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10
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Keurentjes AJ, Maibach HI. Percutaneous penetration of drugs applied in transdermal delivery systems: an in vivo based approach for evaluating computer generated penetration models. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104428. [PMID: 31326435 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is a viable pathway for administration of therapeutics. Transdermal delivery systems (TDS) have been approved by the US-FDA since 1981. To enable the risk assessment of dermal exposure, predictive mathematical models are used. In this work the accuracy of predicted flux of the models is compared to experimental human in vivo data of drugs applied in US-FDA approved TDS. A database of pharmacokinetic data of drugs applied in TDS was used and updated. Three mathematical models (QSAR) were used to calculate predicted fluxes, and compared to the human in vivo data. For more than half of the drugs applied in TDS, the predicted flux by the mathematical models was an underestimation compared to the flux calculated with the experimental in vivo data. The flux was over- or underestimated by a factor 10-100. All mathematical models were significantly correlated with the experimental in vivo data. The process of percutaneous penetration has several influencing factors, TDS minimize some of these factors. Limitations are discussed. Further research is needed, with a focus on validation and standardization of the permeability coefficient. This work offers observations that should give a stimulus for refinement on the appropriate usage and limitations of mathematical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Keurentjes
- Department of Dermatology, Maibach Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, Maibach Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Microneedle patches (MNPs) contain arrays of solid needles measuring hundreds of microns in length that deliver drugs and vaccines into skin in a painless, easy-to-use manner. Optimal MNP design balances multiple interdependent parameters that determine mechanical strength, skin-insertion reliability, drug delivery efficiency, painlessness, manufacturability, and other features of MNPs that affect their performance. MNPs can be made by adapting various microfabrication technologies for delivery of small-molecule drugs, biologics, and vaccines targeted to the skin, which can have pharmacokinetic and immunologic advantages. A small number of human clinical trials, as well as a large and growing market for MNP products for cosmetics, indicate that MNPs can be used safely, efficaciously, and with strong patient acceptance. More advanced clinical trials and commercial-scale manufacturing will facilitate development of MNPs to realize their potential to dramatically increase patient access to otherwise-injectable drugs and to improve drug performance via skin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100;
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12
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Planz V, Lehr CM, Windbergs M. In vitro models for evaluating safety and efficacy of novel technologies for skin drug delivery. J Control Release 2016; 242:89-104. [PMID: 27612408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For preclinical testing of novel therapeutics, predictive in vitro models of the human skin are required to assess efficacy, absorption and safety. Simple as well as more sophisticated three-dimensional organotypic models of the human skin emerged as versatile and powerful tools simulating healthy as well as diseased skin states. Besides addressing the demands of research and industry, such models serve as valid alternative to animal testing. Recently, the acceptance of several models by regulatory authorities corroborates their role as important building block for preclinical development. However, valid assessment of readout parameters derived from these models requires suitable analytical techniques. Standard analytical methods are mostly destructive and limited regarding in-depth investigation on molecular level. The combination of adequate in vitro models with modern non-invasive analytical modalities bears a great potential to address important skin drug delivery related questions. Topics of interest are for instance the assessment of repeated dosing effects and xenobiotic biotransformation, which cannot be analyzed by destructive techniques. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current in vitro skin models differing in functional complexity and mimicking healthy as well as diseased skin states. Further, benefits and limitations regarding analytical evaluation of efficacy, absorption and safety of novel drug carrier systems applied to such models are discussed along with a prospective view of anticipated future directions. In addition, emerging non-invasive imaging modalities are introduced and their significance and potential to advance current knowledge in the field of skin drug delivery is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Planz
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Maike Windbergs
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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13
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Lin ZC, Lee CW, Tsai MH, Ko HH, Fang JY, Chiang YC, Liang CJ, Hsu LF, Hu SCS, Yen FL. Eupafolin nanoparticles protect HaCaT keratinocytes from particulate matter-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:3907-26. [PMID: 27570454 PMCID: PMC4986973 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s109062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM), a major form of air pollution, can induce oxidative stress and inflammation and may lead to many diseases in various organ systems including the skin. Eupafolin, a flavonoid compound derived from Phyla nodiflora, has been previously shown to exhibit various pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Unfortunately, eupafolin is characterized by poor water solubility and skin penetration, which limits its clinical applications. To address these issues, we successfully synthesized a eupafolin nanoparticle delivery system (ENDS). Our findings showed that ENDS could overcome the physicochemical drawbacks of raw eupafolin with respect to water solubility and skin penetration, through reduction of particle size and formation of an amorphous state with hydrogen bonding. Moreover, ENDS was superior to raw eupafolin in attenuating PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT keratinocytes, by mediating the antioxidant pathway (decreased reactive oxygen species production and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity) and anti-inflammation pathway (decreased cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production through downregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB signaling). In summary, ENDS shows better antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities than raw eupafolin through improvement of water solubility and skin penetration. Therefore, ENDS may potentially be used as a medicinal drug and/or cosmeceutical product to prevent PM-induced skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zih-Chan Lin
- Graduate Institute of BioMedical Sciences, Chang Gung University
| | - Chiang-Wen Lee
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan; Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Institute of Technology and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chiayi
| | - Ming-Horng Tsai
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin
| | - Horng-Huey Ko
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Graduate Institute of BioMedical Sciences, Chang Gung University; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan
| | - Yao-Chang Chiang
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital; Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Chan-Jung Liang
- Center for Lipid and Glycomedicine Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital
| | - Lee-Fen Hsu
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi Campus, Chiayi
| | - Stephen Chu-Sung Hu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital
| | - Feng-Lin Yen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Center for Lipid and Glycomedicine Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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14
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Sanz MT, Campos C, Milani M, Foyaca M, Lamy A, Kurdian K, Trullas C. Biorevitalizing effect of a novel facial serum containing apple stem cell extract, pro‐collagen lipopeptide, creatine, and urea on skin aging signs. J Cosmet Dermatol 2015; 15:24-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Sanz
- Isdin Medical Department R&D and Isdin Innovation Department Barcelona Spain
| | - Celia Campos
- Isdin Medical Department R&D and Isdin Innovation Department Barcelona Spain
| | - Massimo Milani
- Isdin Medical Department R&D and Isdin Innovation Department Barcelona Spain
| | - Monica Foyaca
- Isdin Medical Department R&D and Isdin Innovation Department Barcelona Spain
| | - Amandine Lamy
- Laboratoire Dermscan Lyon/Villeurbanne Lyon/Villeurbanne France
| | - Karine Kurdian
- Laboratoire Dermscan Lyon/Villeurbanne Lyon/Villeurbanne France
| | - Carles Trullas
- Isdin Medical Department R&D and Isdin Innovation Department Barcelona Spain
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15
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Identifying present challenges to reliable future transdermal drug delivery products. Ther Deliv 2015; 6:1033-41. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal systems have become an accepted means of drug delivery, offering clinical benefits over other dosage forms. Although transdermal delivery has been very successful as a controlled release technology platform, there are a number of challenges that prevent this delivery route from achieving its fullest commercial potential. Additionally, beginning in 1997, transdermal drug delivery companies aligned with life science industries to deliver large molecules, peptides and proteins through the skin, which is difficult due to the skin barrier properties. A number of methods and technologies have been conceived to overcome the skin barrier. Among these are mechanical, chemical and thermal permeation enhancement techniques. These methods are briefly discussed as well as future directions for transdermal therapies.
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16
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Nesvadbova M, Crosera M, Maina G, Larese Filon F. Povidone iodine skin absorption: An ex-vivo study. Toxicol Lett 2015; 235:155-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Dumont C, Prieto P, Asturiol D, Worth A. Review of the Availability ofIn VitroandIn SilicoMethods for Assessing Dermal Bioavailability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2015.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Dumont
- The European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Pilar Prieto
- The European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - David Asturiol
- The European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Andrew Worth
- The European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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