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Cicali KA, Tapia-Rojas C. Synaptic Mitochondria: a crucial factor in the aged hippocampus. Ageing Res Rev 2024:102524. [PMID: 39369797 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Aging is a multifaceted biological process characterized by progressive molecular and cellular damage accumulation. The brain hippocampus undergoes functional deterioration with age, caused by cellular deficits, decreased synaptic communication, and neuronal death, ultimately leading to memory impairment. One of the factors contributing to this dysfunction is the loss of mitochondrial function. In neurons, mitochondria are categorized into synaptic and non-synaptic pools based on their location. Synaptic mitochondria, situated at the synapses, play a crucial role in maintaining neuronal function and synaptic plasticity, whereas non-synaptic mitochondria are distributed throughout other neuronal compartments, supporting overall cellular metabolism and energy supply. The proper function of synaptic mitochondria is essential for synaptic transmission as they provide the energy required and regulate calcium homeostasis at the communication sites between neurons. Maintaining the structure and functionality of synaptic mitochondria involves intricate processes, including mitochondrial dynamics such as fission, fusion, transport, and quality control mechanisms. These processes ensure that mitochondria remain functional, replace damaged organelles, and sustain cellular homeostasis at synapses. Notably, deficiencies in these mechanisms have been increasingly associated with aging and the onset of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Synaptic mitochondria from the hippocampus are particularly vulnerable to age-related changes, including alterations in morphology and a decline in functionality, which significantly contribute to decreased synaptic activity during aging. This review comprehensively explores the critical roles that mitochondrial dynamics and quality control mechanisms play in preserving synaptic activity and neuronal function. It emphasizes the emerging evidence linking the deterioration of synaptic mitochondria to the aging process and the development of neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the importance of these organelles from hippocampal neurons as potential therapeutic targets for mitigating cognitive decline and synaptic degeneration associated with aging. The novelty of this review lies in its focus on the unique vulnerability of hippocampal synaptic mitochondria to aging, underscoring their importance in maintaining brain function across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina A Cicali
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580702, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Santiago 7510157, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580702, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Santiago 7510157, Chile.
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2
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Khaliulin I, Hamoudi W, Amal H. The multifaceted role of mitochondria in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02725-z. [PMID: 39223276 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Normal brain functioning relies on high aerobic energy production provided by mitochondria. Failure to supply a sufficient amount of energy, seen in different brain disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), may have a significant negative impact on brain development and support of different brain functions. Mitochondrial dysfunction, manifested in the abnormal activities of the electron transport chain and impaired energy metabolism, greatly contributes to ASD. The aberrant functioning of this organelle is of such high importance that ASD has been proposed as a mitochondrial disease. It should be noted that aerobic energy production is not the only function of the mitochondria. In particular, these organelles are involved in the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, different mechanisms of programmed cell death, autophagy, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) production. Several syndromes originated from mitochondria-related mutations display ASD phenotype. Abnormalities in Ca2+ handling and ATP production in the brain mitochondria affect synaptic transmission, plasticity, and synaptic development, contributing to ASD. ROS and Ca2+ regulate the activity of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). The prolonged opening of this pore affects the redox state of the mitochondria, impairs oxidative phosphorylation, and activates apoptosis, ultimately leading to cell death. A dysregulation between the enhanced mitochondria-related processes of apoptosis and the inhibited autophagy leads to the accumulation of toxic products in the brains of individuals with ASD. Although many mitochondria-related mechanisms still have to be investigated, and whether they are the cause or consequence of this disorder is still unknown, the accumulating data show that the breakdown of any of the mitochondrial functions may contribute to abnormal brain development leading to ASD. In this review, we discuss the multifaceted role of mitochondria in ASD from the various aspects of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Khaliulin
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Wajeha Hamoudi
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Haitham Amal
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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3
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Cardanho-Ramos C, Simões RA, Wang YZ, Faria-Pereira A, Bomba-Warczak E, Craessaerts K, Spinazzi M, Savas JN, Morais VA. Local mitochondrial replication in the periphery of neurons requires the eEF1A1 protein and thetranslation of nuclear-encoded proteins. iScience 2024; 27:109136. [PMID: 38510136 PMCID: PMC10951640 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In neurons, it is commonly assumed that mitochondrial replication only occurs in the cell body, after which the mitochondria must travel to the neuron's periphery. However, while mitochondrial DNA replication has been observed to occur away from the cell body, the specific mechanisms involved remain elusive. Using EdU-labelling in mouse primary neurons, we developed a tool to determine the mitochondrial replication rate. Taking of advantage of microfluidic devices, we confirmed that mitochondrial replication also occurs locally in the periphery of neurons. To achieve this, mitochondria require de novo nuclear-encoded, but not mitochondrial-encoded protein translation. Following a proteomic screen comparing synaptic with non-synaptic mitochondria, we identified two elongation factors - eEF1A1 and TUFM - that were upregulated in synaptic mitochondria. We found that mitochondrial replication is impaired upon the downregulation of eEF1A1, and this is particularly relevant in the periphery of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cardanho-Ramos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rúben Alves Simões
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yi-Zhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andreia Faria-Pereira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ewa Bomba-Warczak
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Katleen Craessaerts
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium
- Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Spinazzi
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium
- Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Neuromuscular Reference Center, Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jeffrey N. Savas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vanessa A. Morais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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4
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Brenneman DE, Kinney WA, McDonnell ME, Ippolito MJ, Ward SJ. Knockdown siRNA Targeting GPR55 Reveals Significant Differences Between the Anti-inflammatory Actions of KLS-13019 and Cannabidiol. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:41. [PMID: 38602576 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
KLS-13019 was reported previously to reverse paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Recent studies demonstrated that paclitaxel-induced increases in inflammatory markers (GPR55, NLRP3, and IL-1β) of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures were shown to be reversed by KLS-13019 treatment. The mechanism of action for KLS-13019-mediated reversal of paclitaxel-induced neuroinflammation now has been explored using GPR55 siRNA. Pre-treatment of DRG cultures with GPR55 siRNA produced a 21% decrease of immunoreactive (IR) area for GPR55 in cell bodies and a 59% decrease in neuritic IR area, as determined by high-content imaging. Using a 24-h reversal treatment paradigm, paclitaxel-induced increases in the inflammatory markers were reversed back to control levels after KLS-3019 treatment. Decreases in these inflammatory markers produced by KLS-13019 were significantly attenuated by GPR55 siRNA co-treatment, with mean IR area responses being attenuated by 56% in neurites and 53% in cell bodies. These data indicate that the percentage decreases in siRNA-mediated attenuation of KLS-13019-related efficacy on the inflammatory markers were similar to the percentage knockdown observed for neuritic GPR55 IR area. Similar studies conducted with cannabidiol (CBD), the parent compound of KLS-13019, produced low efficacy (25%) reversal of all inflammatory markers that were poorly attenuated (29%) by GPR55 siRNA. CBD was shown previously to be ineffective in reversing paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia. The present studies indicated significant differences between the anti-inflammatory properties of KLS-13019 and CBD which may play a role in their observed differences in the reversibility of mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Brenneman
- Kannalife Sciences, Inc, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
| | - William A Kinney
- Kannalife Sciences, Inc, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Mark E McDonnell
- Kannalife Sciences, Inc, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Michael J Ippolito
- Department of Neural Science, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Sara Jane Ward
- Department of Neural Science, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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5
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Brenneman DE, Kinney WA, McDonnell ME, Ippolito MJ, Ward SJ. Knockdown siRNA targeting GPR55 reveals significant differences between the anti-inflammatory actions of KLS-13019 and cannabidiol. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3982851. [PMID: 38464007 PMCID: PMC10925471 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3982851/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
KLS-13019 was reported previously to reverse paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Recent studies demonstrated that paclitaxel-induced increases in inflammatory markers (GPR55, NLRP3 and IL-1b) of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures were shown to be reversed by KLS-13019 treatment. The mechanism of action for KLS-13019-mediated reversal of paclitaxel-induced neuroinflammation now has been explored using GPR55 siRNA. Pretreatment of DRG cultures with GPR55 siRNA produced a 21% decrease of immunoreactive (IR) area for GPR55 in cell bodies and a 59% decrease in neuritic IR area, as determined by high content imaging. Using a 24-hour reversal treatment paradigm, paclitaxel-induced increases in the inflammatory markers were reversed back to control levels after KLS-3019 treatment. Decreases in these inflammatory markers produced by KLS-13019 were significantly attenuated by GPR55 siRNA co-treatment, with mean IR area responses being attenuated by 56% in neurites and 53% in cell bodies. These data indicate that the percentage decreases in siRNA-mediated attenuation of KLS-13019-related efficacy on the inflammatory markers were similar to the percentage knockdown observed for neuritic GPR55 IR area. Similar studies conducted with cannabidiol (CBD), the parent compound of KLS-13019, produced low efficacy (25%) reversal of all inflammatory markers that were poorly attenuated (29%) by GPR55 siRNA. CBD was shown previously to be ineffective in reversing paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia. The present studies indicated significant differences between the anti-inflammatory properties of KLS-13019 and CBD which may play a role in their observed differences in the reversibility of mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of CIPN.
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6
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Duarte FV, Ciampi D, Duarte CB. Mitochondria as central hubs in synaptic modulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:173. [PMID: 37266732 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are present in the pre- and post-synaptic regions, providing the energy required for the activity of these very specialized neuronal compartments. Biogenesis of synaptic mitochondria takes place in the cell body, and these organelles are then transported to the synapse by motor proteins that carry their cargo along microtubule tracks. The transport of mitochondria along neurites is a highly regulated process, being modulated by the pattern of neuronal activity and by extracellular cues that interact with surface receptors. These signals act by controlling the distribution of mitochondria and by regulating their activity. Therefore, mitochondria activity at the synapse allows the integration of different signals and the organelles are important players in the response to synaptic stimulation. Herein we review the available evidence regarding the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics by neuronal activity and by neuromodulators, and how these changes in the activity of mitochondria affect synaptic communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe V Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- III - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniele Ciampi
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Ahmad F, Ramamorthy S, Areeshi MY, Ashraf GM, Haque S. Isolated Mitochondrial Preparations and In organello Assays: A Powerful and Relevant Ex vivo Tool for Assessment of Brain (Patho)physiology. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1433-1449. [PMID: 36872352 PMCID: PMC10324330 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230303123555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria regulate multiple aspects of neuronal development, physiology, plasticity, and pathology through their regulatory roles in bioenergetic, calcium, redox, and cell survival/death signalling. While several reviews have addressed these different aspects, a comprehensive discussion focussing on the relevance of isolated brain mitochondria and their utilities in neuroscience research has been lacking. This is relevant because the employment of isolated mitochondria rather than their in situ functional evaluation, offers definitive evidence of organelle-specificity, negating the interference from extra mitochondrial cellular factors/signals. This mini-review was designed primarily to explore the commonly employed in organello analytical assays for the assessment of mitochondrial physiology and its dysfunction, with a particular focus on neuroscience research. The authors briefly discuss the methodologies for biochemical isolation of mitochondria, their quality assessment, and cryopreservation. Further, the review attempts to accumulate the key biochemical protocols for in organello assessment of a multitude of mitochondrial functions critical for neurophysiology, including assays for bioenergetic activity, calcium and redox homeostasis, and mitochondrial protein translation. The purpose of this review is not to examine each and every method or study related to the functional assessment of isolated brain mitochondria, but rather to assemble the commonly used protocols of in organello mitochondrial research in a single publication. The hope is that this review will provide a suitable platform aiding neuroscientists to choose and apply the required protocols and tools to address their particular mechanistic, diagnostic, or therapeutic question dealing within the confines of the research area of mitochondrial patho-physiology in the neuronal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Siva Ramamorthy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Mohammed Y. Areeshi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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8
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Petersen MH, Willert CW, Andersen JV, Madsen M, Waagepetersen HS, Skotte NH, Nørremølle A. Progressive Mitochondrial Dysfunction of Striatal Synapses in R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2022; 11:121-140. [PMID: 35311711 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-210518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by synaptic dysfunction and loss of white matter volume especially in the striatum of the basal ganglia and to a lesser extent in the cerebral cortex. Studies investigating heterogeneity between synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria have revealed a pronounced vulnerability of synaptic mitochondria, which may lead to synaptic dysfunction and loss. OBJECTIVE As mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of HD pathogenesis, we investigated synaptic mitochondrial function from striatum and cortex of the transgenic R6/2 mouse model of HD. METHODS We assessed mitochondrial volume, ROS production, and antioxidant levels as well as mitochondrial respiration at different pathological stages. RESULTS Our results reveal that striatal synaptic mitochondria are more severely affected by HD pathology than those of the cortex. Striatal synaptosomes of R6/2 mice displayed a reduction in mitochondrial mass coinciding with increased ROS production and antioxidants levels indicating prolonged oxidative stress. Furthermore, synaptosomal oxygen consumption rates were significantly increased during depolarizing conditions, which was accompanied by a marked increase in mitochondrial proton leak of the striatal synaptosomes, indicating synaptic mitochondrial stress. CONCLUSION Overall, our study provides new insight into the gradual changes of synaptic mitochondrial function in HD and suggests compensatory mitochondrial actions to maintain energy production in the HD brain, thereby supporting that mitochondrial dysfunction do indeed play a central role in early disease progression of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hvidberg Petersen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Velde Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Madsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Henning Skotte
- Proteomics Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Nørremølle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhang S, Sun Y, Liu W, Feng W, Zhang M, Li Z, Yu M. Coumarin-based fluorescent probes toward viscosity in mitochondrion/lysosome. Anal Biochem 2022; 652:114752. [PMID: 35654133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Viscosity is an important microenvironmental indicator that plays an important role in the process of information transmission in various regions. Herein, two coumarin-based viscosity-sensitive fluorescent probes (CHB, CHN) were synthesized and the photophysical properties of the two probes were studied. The fluorescence quantum yields of CHB and CHN in glycerol can be as high as 25.2% and 18.3% respectively. The two probes can linearly detect viscosity in the viscosity logarithm range of 0.83-2.07, which is not interfered with pH, metal ions, anions and biomolecules. Fluorescent confocal cell experiments show CHB and CHN have good targeting ability to mitochondrion, lysosome, Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and can be used to detect viscosity in mitochondrion/lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yishuo Sun
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Zhanxian Li
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mingming Yu
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Faria-Pereira A, Morais VA. Synapses: The Brain's Energy-Demanding Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3627. [PMID: 35408993 PMCID: PMC8998888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is one of the most energy-consuming organs in the mammalian body, and synaptic transmission is one of the major contributors. To meet these energetic requirements, the brain primarily uses glucose, which can be metabolized through glycolysis and/or mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The relevance of these two energy production pathways in fulfilling energy at presynaptic terminals has been the subject of recent studies. In this review, we dissect the balance of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to meet synaptic energy demands in both resting and stimulation conditions. Besides ATP output needs, mitochondria at synapse are also important for calcium buffering and regulation of reactive oxygen species. These two mitochondrial-associated pathways, once hampered, impact negatively on neuronal homeostasis and synaptic activity. Therefore, as mitochondria assume a critical role in synaptic homeostasis, it is becoming evident that the synaptic mitochondria population possesses a distinct functional fingerprint compared to other brain mitochondria. Ultimately, dysregulation of synaptic bioenergetics through glycolytic and mitochondrial dysfunctions is increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, as one of the first hallmarks in several of these diseases are synaptic energy deficits, followed by synapse degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa A. Morais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;
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11
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Villa RF, Gorini A, Ferrari F. Clonidine and Brain Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism: Pharmacodynamic Insights Beyond Receptorial Effects. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1429-1441. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Neurons: How and Where. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313059. [PMID: 34884861 PMCID: PMC8657637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons rely mostly on mitochondria for the production of ATP and Ca2+ homeostasis. As sub-compartmentalized cells, they have different pools of mitochondria in each compartment that are maintained by a constant mitochondrial turnover. It is assumed that most mitochondria are generated in the cell body and then travel to the synapse to exert their functions. Once damaged, mitochondria have to travel back to the cell body for degradation. However, in long cells, like motor neurons, this constant travel back and forth is not an energetically favourable process, thus mitochondrial biogenesis must also occur at the periphery. Ca2+ and ATP levels are the main triggers for mitochondrial biogenesis in the cell body, in a mechanism dependent on the Peroxisome-proliferator-activated γ co-activator-1α-nuclear respiration factors 1 and 2-mitochondrial transcription factor A (PGC-1α-NRF-1/2-TFAM) pathway. However, even though of extreme importance, very little is known about the mechanisms promoting mitochondrial biogenesis away from the cell body. In this review, we bring forward the evoked mechanisms that are at play for mitochondrial biogenesis in the cell body and periphery. Moreover, we postulate that mitochondrial biogenesis may vary locally within the same neuron, and we build upon the hypotheses that, in the periphery, local protein synthesis is responsible for giving all the machinery required for mitochondria to replicate themselves.
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13
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Torres AK, Jara C, Park-Kang HS, Polanco CM, Tapia D, Alarcón F, de la Peña A, Llanquinao J, Vargas-Mardones G, Indo JA, Inestrosa NC, Tapia-Rojas C. Synaptic Mitochondria: An Early Target of Amyloid-β and Tau in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:1391-1414. [PMID: 34719499 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the brain. Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, while senile plaques are formed by amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. The amyloid hypothesis proposes that Aβ accumulation is primarily responsible for the neurotoxicity in AD. Multiple Aβ-mediated toxicity mechanisms have been proposed including mitochondrial dysfunction. However, it is unclear if it precedes Aβ accumulation or if is a consequence of it. Aβ promotes mitochondrial failure. However, amyloid β precursor protein (AβPP) could be cleaved in the mitochondria producing Aβ peptide. Mitochondrial-produced Aβ could interact with newly formed ones or with Aβ that enter the mitochondria, which may induce its oligomerization and contribute to further mitochondrial alterations, resulting in a vicious cycle. Another explanation for AD is the tau hypothesis, in which modified tau trigger toxic effects in neurons. Tau induces mitochondrial dysfunction by indirect and apparently by direct mechanisms. In neurons mitochondria are classified as non-synaptic or synaptic according to their localization, where synaptic mitochondrial function is fundamental supporting neurotransmission and hippocampal memory formation. Here, we focus on synaptic mitochondria as a primary target for Aβ toxicity and/or formation, generating toxicity at the synapse and contributing to synaptic and memory impairment in AD. We also hypothesize that phospho-tau accumulates in mitochondria and triggers dysfunction. Finally, we discuss that synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction occur in aging and correlates with age-related memory loss. Therefore, synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction could be a predisposing factor for AD or an early marker of its onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie K Torres
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Jara
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Han S Park-Kang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina M Polanco
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Tapia
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Alarcón
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adely de la Peña
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jesus Llanquinao
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Vargas-Mardones
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera A Indo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Dubovskaya TG, Hrynevich SV, Fedorovich SV. Regulation of the Synaptic Vesicle Cycle and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Synaptosomes after Lactate Treatment. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350921040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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Microglial Pruning: Relevance for Synaptic Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Experimental Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030686. [PMID: 33804596 PMCID: PMC8003660 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, besides being able to react rapidly to a wide range of environmental changes, are also involved in shaping neuronal wiring. Indeed, they actively participate in the modulation of neuronal function by regulating the elimination (or “pruning”) of weaker synapses in both physiologic and pathologic processes. Mounting evidence supports their crucial role in early synaptic loss, which is emerging as a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and its preclinical models. MS is an inflammatory, immune-mediated pathology of the white matter in which demyelinating lesions may cause secondary neuronal death. Nevertheless, primitive grey matter (GM) damage is emerging as an important contributor to patients’ long-term disability, since it has been associated with early and progressive cognitive decline (CD), which seriously worsens the quality of life of MS patients. Widespread synapse loss even in the absence of demyelination, axon degeneration and neuronal death has been demonstrated in different GM structures, thus raising the possibility that synaptic dysfunction could be an early and possibly independent event in the neurodegenerative process associated with MS. This review provides an overview of microglial-dependent synapse elimination in the neuroinflammatory process that underlies MS and its experimental models.
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16
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Huntington TE, Srinivasan R. Astrocytic mitochondria in adult mouse brain slices show spontaneous calcium influx events with unique properties. Cell Calcium 2021; 96:102383. [PMID: 33676316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes govern critical aspects of brain function via spontaneous calcium signals in their soma and processes. A significant proportion of these spontaneous astrocytic calcium events are associated with mitochondria, however, the extent, sources, or kinetics of astrocytic mitochondrial calcium influx have not been studied in the adult mouse brain. To measure calcium influx into astrocytic mitochondria in situ, we generated an adeno-associated virus (AAV) with the astrocyte-specific GfaABC1D promoter driving expression of the genetically encoded calcium indicator, GCaMP6f tagged to mito7, a mitochondrial matrix targeted signal sequence. Using this construct, we observed AAV-mediated expression of GCaMP6f in adult mouse astrocytic mitochondria that co-localized with MitoTracker deep red (MTDR) in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) and in the hippocampal stratum radiatum (HPC). Astrocytic mitochondria co-labeled with MTDR and GCaMP6f displayed robust, spontaneous calcium influx events in situ, with subcellular differences in calcium influx kinetics between somatic, branch, and branchlet mitochondria, and inter-regional differences between mitochondria in DLS and HPC astrocytes. Calcium influx into astrocytic mitochondria was strongly dependent on endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores, but did not require the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, MCU. Exposure to either glutamate, D1 or D2 dopamine receptor agonists increased calcium influx in some mitochondria, while simultaneously decreasing calcium influx in other mitochondria from the same astrocyte. These findings show that astrocytic mitochondria possess unique properties with regard to their subcellular morphology, mechanisms of calcium influx, and responses to neurotransmitter receptor agonists. Our results have important implications for understanding the role of astrocytic mitochondria during pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Huntington
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rahul Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Mitochondria are signaling hubs responsible for the generation of energy through oxidative phosphorylation, the production of key metabolites that serve the bioenergetic and biosynthetic needs of the cell, calcium (Ca2+) buffering and the initiation/execution of apoptosis. The ability of mitochondria to coordinate this myriad of functions is achieved through the exquisite regulation of fundamental dynamic properties, including remodeling of the mitochondrial network via fission and fusion, motility and mitophagy. In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms by which these dynamic properties of the mitochondria support mitochondrial function, review their impact on human cortical development and highlight areas in need of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tierney Baum
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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18
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Cieślik M, Gassowska-Dobrowolska M, Zawadzka A, Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Gewartowska M, Dominiak A, Czapski GA, Adamczyk A. The Synaptic Dysregulation in Adolescent Rats Exposed to Maternal Immune Activation. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:555290. [PMID: 33519375 PMCID: PMC7840660 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.555290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring, but the pathomechanism is largely unknown. The aim of our study was to analyse the molecular mechanisms contributing to synaptic alterations in hippocampi of adolescent rats exposed prenatally to MIA. MIA was evoked in pregnant female rats by i.p. administration of lipopolysaccharide at gestation day 9.5. Hippocampi of offspring (52-53-days-old rats) were analysed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), qPCR and Western blotting. Moreover, mitochondrial membrane potential, activity of respiratory complexes, and changes in glutathione system were measured. It was found that MIA induced changes in hippocampi morphology, especially in the ultrastructure of synapses, including synaptic mitochondria, which were accompanied by impairment of mitochondrial electron transport chain and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. These phenomena were in agreement with increased generation of reactive oxygen species, which was evidenced by a decreased reduced/oxidised glutathione ratio and an increased level of dichlorofluorescein (DCF) oxidation. Activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5, and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β on Ser9 occurred, leading to its inhibition and, accordingly, to hypophosphorylation of microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT). Abnormal phosphorylation and dysfunction of MAPT, the manager of the neuronal cytoskeleton, harmonised with changes in synaptic proteins. In conclusion, this is the first study demonstrating widespread synaptic changes in hippocampi of adolescent offspring prenatally exposed to MIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Zawadzka
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Gewartowska
- Electron Microscopy Platform, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dominiak
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz A Czapski
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Ren F, Guo R. Synaptic Microenvironment in Depressive Disorder: Insights from Synaptic Plasticity. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:157-165. [PMID: 33519203 PMCID: PMC7838013 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s268012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a major disease that can affect both mental and physical health, limits psychosocial functioning and diminishes the quality of life. But its complex pathogenesis remains poorly understood. The dynamic changes of synaptic structure and function, known as synaptic plasticity, occur with the changes of different cellular microenvironment and are closely related to learning and memory function. Accumulating evidence implies that synaptic plasticity is integrally involved in the pathological changes of mood disorders, especially in depressive disorder. However, the complex dynamic process of synaptic plasticity is influenced by many factors. Here, we reviewed and discussed various factors affecting synaptic plasticity in depression, and proposed a specific framework named synaptic microenvironment, which may be critical for synaptic plasticity under pathological conditions. Based on this concept, we will show how we understand the balance between the synaptic microenvironment and the synaptic plasticity network in depression. Finally, we point out the clinical significance of the synaptic microenvironment in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Ren
- Second Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjuan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, People's Republic of China
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20
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Abnormalities of synaptic mitochondria in autism spectrum disorder and related neurodevelopmental disorders. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 99:161-178. [PMID: 33340060 PMCID: PMC7819932 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition primarily characterized by an impairment of social interaction combined with the occurrence of repetitive behaviors. ASD starts in childhood and prevails across the lifespan. The variability of its clinical presentation renders early diagnosis difficult. Mutations in synaptic genes and alterations of mitochondrial functions are considered important underlying pathogenic factors, but it is obvious that we are far from a comprehensive understanding of ASD pathophysiology. At the synapse, mitochondria perform diverse functions, which are clearly not limited to their classical role as energy providers. Here, we review the current knowledge about mitochondria at the synapse and summarize the mitochondrial disturbances found in mouse models of ASD and other ASD-related neurodevelopmental disorders, like DiGeorge syndrome, Rett syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis complex, and Down syndrome.
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21
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Ahmad F, Liu P. Synaptosome as a tool in Alzheimer's disease research. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147009. [PMID: 32659233 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Synapse dysfunction is an integral feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. In fact, prodromal manifestation of structural and functional deficits in synapses much prior to appearance of overt pathological hallmarks of the disease indicates that AD might be considered as a degenerative disorder of the synapses. Several research instruments and techniques have allowed us to study synaptic function and plasticity and their alterations in pathological conditions, such as AD. One such tool is the biochemically isolated preparations of detached and resealed synaptic terminals, the "synaptosomes". Because of the preservation of many of the physiological processes such as metabolic and enzymatic activities, synaptosomes have proved to be an indispensable ex vivo model system to study synapse physiology both when isolated from fresh or cryopreserved tissues, and from animal or human post-mortem tissues. This model system has been tremendously successful in the case of post-mortem tissues because of their accessibility relative to acute brain slices or cultures. The current review details the use of synaptosomes in AD research and its potential as a valuable tool in furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis and in devising and testing of therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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22
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Menacho C, Prigione A. Tackling mitochondrial diversity in brain function: from animal models to human brain organoids. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 123:105760. [PMID: 32339638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria exhibit high degree of heterogeneity within various tissues, including differences in terms of morphology, quantity, or function. Mitochondria can even vary among distinct sub-compartments of the same cell. Emerging evidence suggest that the molecular diversity of mitochondria can influence the identity and functionality of a given cell type. Human pathologies affecting mitochondria typically cause tissue and cell-type-specific impairment. Mitochondrial diversity could thus play a contributing role not only in physiological cell fate specification but also during pathological disease development. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondrial diversity in brain function during health and disease. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) research and the derivation of cerebral organoids could provide novel opportunities to unveil the role of mitochondrial heterogeneity for the function of the human brain. Mitochondrial diversity might be at the bases of the cell-type-specific vulnerability of mitochondrial disorders and may represent an underappreciated target of disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Menacho
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Cardanho-Ramos C, Faria-Pereira A, Morais VA. Orchestrating mitochondria in neurons: Cytoskeleton as the conductor. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 77:65-75. [PMID: 31782907 PMCID: PMC7187307 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are crucial to support synaptic activity, particularly through ATP production and Ca2+ homeostasis. This implies that mitochondria need to be well distributed throughout the different neuronal sub-compartments. To achieve this, a tight and precise regulation of several neuronal cytoskeleton players is necessary to transport and dock mitochondria. As post-mitotic cells, neurons are highly dependent on mitochondrial quality control mechanisms and several cytoskeleton proteins have been implicated in mitophagy. Therefore, all of these processes are orchestrated by the crosstalk between mitochondria and the neuronal cytoskeleton to form a coordinated and tuned symphony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cardanho-Ramos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Faria-Pereira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Alexandra Morais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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24
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Brenneman DE, Kinney WA, Ward SJ. Knockdown siRNA Targeting the Mitochondrial Sodium-Calcium Exchanger-1 Inhibits the Protective Effects of Two Cannabinoids Against Acute Paclitaxel Toxicity. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:603-619. [PMID: 31077084 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Treatment with cannabidiol (CBD) or KLS-13019 (novel CBD analog), has previously been shown to prevent paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). The mechanism of action for CBD- and KLS-13019-mediated protection now has been explored with dissociated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures using small interfering RNA (siRNA) to the mitochondrial Na+ Ca2+ exchanger-1 (mNCX-1). Treatment with this siRNA produced a 50-55% decrease in the immunoreactive (IR) area for mNCX-1 in neuronal cell bodies and a 72-80% decrease in neuritic IR area as determined with high-content image analysis. After treatment with 100 nM KLS-13019 and siRNA, DRG cultures exhibited a 75 ± 5% decrease in protection from paclitaxel-induced toxicity; whereas siRNA studies with 10 μM CBD produced a 74 ± 3% decrease in protection. Treatment with mNCX-1 siRNA alone did not produce toxicity. The protective action of cannabidiol and KLS-13019 against paclitaxel-induced toxicity during a 5-h test period was significantly attenuated after a 4-day knockdown of mNCX-1 that was not attributable to toxicity. These data indicate that decreases in neuritic mNCX-1 corresponded closely with decreased protection after siRNA treatment. Pharmacological blockade of mNCX-1 with CGP-37157 produced complete inhibition of cannabinoid-mediated protection from paclitaxel in DRG cultures, supporting the observed siRNA effects on mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Brenneman
- Advanced Neural Dynamics, Inc, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA. .,Kannalife Sciences, Inc, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
| | - William A Kinney
- Kannalife Sciences, Inc, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Sara Jane Ward
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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25
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Barna J, Dimén D, Puska G, Kovács D, Csikós V, Oláh S, Udvari EB, Pál G, Dobolyi Á. Complement component 1q subcomponent binding protein in the brain of the rat. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4597. [PMID: 30872665 PMCID: PMC6418184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement component 1q subcomponent binding protein (C1qbp) is a multifunctional protein involved in immune response, energy homeostasis of cells as a plasma membrane receptor, and a nuclear, cytoplasmic or mitochondrial protein. Recent reports suggested its neuronal function, too, possibly in axon maintenance, synaptic function, and neuroplasticity. Therefore, we addressed to identify C1qbp in the rat brain using in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunolabelling at light and electron microscopic level. C1qbp has a topographical distribution in the brain established by the same pattern of C1qbp mRNA-expressing and protein-containing neurons with the highest abundance in the cerebral cortex, anterodorsal thalamic nucleus, hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and arcuate nuclei, spinal trigeminal nucleus. Double labelling of C1qbp with the neuronal marker NeuN, with the astrocyte marker S100, and the microglia marker Iba1 demonstrated the presence of C1qbp in neurons but not in glial cells in the normal brain, while C1qbp appeared in microglia following their activation induced by focal ischemic lesion. Only restricted neurons expressed C1qbp, for example, in the PVN, magnocellular neurons selectively contained C1qbp. Further double labelling by using the mitochondria marker Idh3a antibody suggested the mitochondrial localization of C1qbp in the brain, confirmed by correlated light and electron microscopy at 3 different brain regions. Post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy also suggested uneven C1qbp content of mitochondria in different brain areas but also heterogeneity within single neurons. These data suggest a specific function of C1qbp in the brain related to mitochondria, such as the regulation of local energy supply in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Barna
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diána Dimén
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gina Puska
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Kovács
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vivien Csikós
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Oláh
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edina B Udvari
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Pál
- Hungarian Defence Forces Military Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Árpád Dobolyi
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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26
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Petersen MH, Willert CW, Andersen JV, Waagepetersen HS, Skotte NH, Nørremølle A. Functional Differences between Synaptic Mitochondria from the Striatum and the Cerebral Cortex. Neuroscience 2019; 406:432-443. [PMID: 30876983 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to play a major role in neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In these and other neurodegenerative disorders, disruption of synaptic connectivity and impaired neuronal signaling are among the early signs. When looking for potential causes of neurodegeneration, specific attention is drawn to the function of synaptic mitochondria, as the energy supply from mitochondria is crucial for normal synaptic function. Mitochondrial heterogeneity between synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria has been described, but very little is known about possible differences between synaptic mitochondria from different brain regions. The striatum and the cerebral cortex are often affected in neurodegenerative disorders. In this study we therefore used isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) from female mice, striatum and cerebral cortex, to investigate differences in synaptic mitochondrial function between these two brain regions. We analyzed mitochondrial mass, citrate synthase activity, general metabolic activity and mitochondrial respiration in resting as well as veratridine-activated synaptosomes using glucose and/or pyruvate as substrate. We found higher mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate in both resting and activated cortical synaptosomes compared to striatal synaptosomes, especially when using pyruvate as a substrate. The higher oxygen consumption rate was not caused by differences in mitochondrial content, but instead corresponded with a higher proton leak in the cortical synaptic mitochondria compared to the striatal synaptic mitochondria. Our results show that the synaptic mitochondria of the striatum and cortex differently regulate respiration both in response to activation and variations in substrate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hvidberg Petersen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Velde Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Henning Skotte
- Proteomics Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Nørremølle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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27
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Donato A, Kagias K, Zhang Y, Hilliard MA. Neuronal sub-compartmentalization: a strategy to optimize neuronal function. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1023-1037. [PMID: 30609235 PMCID: PMC6617802 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells that consist of three main structural and functional domains: a cell body or soma, an axon, and dendrites. These domains contain smaller compartments with essential roles for proper neuronal function, such as the axonal presynaptic boutons and the dendritic postsynaptic spines. The structure and function of these compartments have now been characterized in great detail. Intriguingly, however, in the last decade additional levels of compartmentalization within the axon and the dendrites have been identified, revealing that these structures are much more complex than previously thought. Herein we examine several types of structural and functional sub-compartmentalization found in neurons of both vertebrates and invertebrates. For example, in mammalian neurons the axonal initial segment functions as a sub-compartment to initiate the action potential, to select molecules passing into the axon, and to maintain neuronal polarization. Moreover, work in Drosophila melanogaster has shown that two distinct axonal guidance receptors are precisely clustered in adjacent segments of the commissural axons both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting a cell-intrinsic mechanism underlying the compartmentalized receptor localization. In Caenorhabditis elegans, a subset of interneurons exhibits calcium dynamics that are localized to specific sections of the axon and control the gait of navigation, demonstrating a regulatory role of compartmentalized neuronal activity in behaviour. These findings have led to a number of new questions, which are important for our understanding of neuronal development and function. How are these sub-compartments established and maintained? What molecular machinery and cellular events are involved? What is their functional significance for the neuron? Here, we reflect on these and other key questions that remain to be addressed in this expanding field of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Donato
- Clem Jones Centre for Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Konstantinos Kagias
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
| | - Massimo A Hilliard
- Clem Jones Centre for Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Leanza L, Checchetto V, Biasutto L, Rossa A, Costa R, Bachmann M, Zoratti M, Szabo I. Pharmacological modulation of mitochondrial ion channels. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4258-4283. [PMID: 30440086 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of mitochondrial ion channels has undergone a rapid development during the last three decades, due to the molecular identification of some of the channels residing in the outer and inner membranes. Relevant information about the function of these channels in physiological and pathological settings was gained thanks to genetic models for a few, mitochondria-specific channels. However, many ion channels have multiple localizations within the cell, hampering a clear-cut determination of their function by pharmacological means. The present review summarizes our current knowledge about the ins and outs of mitochondrial ion channels, with special focus on the channels that have received much attention in recent years, namely, the voltage-dependent anion channels, the permeability transition pore (also called mitochondrial megachannel), the mitochondrial calcium uniporter and some of the inner membrane-located potassium channels. In addition, possible strategies to overcome the difficulties of specifically targeting mitochondrial channels versus their counterparts active in other membranes are discussed, as well as the possibilities of modulating channel function by small peptides that compete for binding with protein interacting partners. Altogether, these promising tools along with large-scale chemical screenings set up to identify new, specific channel modulators will hopefully allow us to pinpoint the actual function of most mitochondrial ion channels in the near future and to pharmacologically affect important pathologies in which they are involved, such as neurodegeneration, ischaemic damage and cancer. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Featured Mechanisms and Approaches for Therapy Translation. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rossa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Mario Zoratti
- CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Metabolic regulation of synaptic activity. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:825-835. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Brain tissue is bioenergetically expensive. In humans, it composes approximately 2% of body weight and accounts for approximately 20% of calorie consumption. The brain consumes energy mostly for ion and neurotransmitter transport, a process that occurs primarily in synapses. Therefore, synapses are expensive for any living creature who has brain. In many brain diseases, synapses are damaged earlier than neurons start dying. Synapses may be considered as vulnerable sites on a neuron. Ischemic stroke, an acute disturbance of blood flow in the brain, is an example of a metabolic disease that affects synapses. The associated excessive glutamate release, called excitotoxicity, is involved in neuronal death in brain ischemia. Another example of a metabolic disease is hypoglycemia, a complication of diabetes mellitus, which leads to neuronal death and brain dysfunction. However, synapse function can be corrected with “bioenergetic medicine”. In this review, a ketogenic diet is discussed as a curative option. In support of a ketogenic diet, whereby carbohydrates are replaced for fats in daily meals, epileptic seizures can be terminated. In this review, we discuss possible metabolic sensors in synapses. These may include molecules that perceive changes in composition of extracellular space, for instance, ketone body and lactate receptors, or molecules reacting to changes in cytosol, for instance, KATP channels or AMP kinase. Inhibition of endocytosis is believed to be a universal synaptic mechanism of adaptation to metabolic changes.
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Ahmad F, Salahuddin M, Alamoudi W, Acharya S. Dysfunction of cortical synapse-specific mitochondria in developing rats exposed to lead and its amelioration by ascorbate supplementation. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:813-824. [PMID: 29606875 PMCID: PMC5868605 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s148248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) is a widespread environmental neurotoxin and its exposure even in minute quantities can lead to compromised neuronal functions. A developing brain is particularly vulnerable to Pb mediated toxicity and early-life exposure leads to permanent alterations in brain development and neuronal signaling and plasticity, culminating into cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions and elevated risk of neuropsychiatric disorders later in life. Nevertheless, the underlying biochemical mechanisms have not been completely discerned. METHODS Because of their ability to fulfill high energy needs and to act as calcium buffers in events of high intensity neuronal activity as well as their adaptive regulatory capability to match the requirements of the dynamicity of synaptic signaling, synapse-specific or synaptic mitochondria (SM) are critical for synaptic development, function and plasticity. Our aim for the present study hence was to characterize the effects of early-life Pb exposure on the functions of SM of prepubertal rats. For this purpose, employing a chronic model of Pb neurotoxicity, we exposed rat pups perinatally and postnatally to Pb and used a plethora of colorimetric and fluorometric assays for assessing redox and bioenergetic properties of SM. In addition, taking advantage of its ability as an antioxidant and as a metal chelator, we employed ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation as an ameliorative therapeutic strategy against Pb-induced neurotoxicity and dysfunction of SM. RESULTS Our results suggest that early-life exposure to Pb leads to elevated oxidative stress in cortical SM with consequent compromises in its energy metabolism activity. Ascorbate supplementation resulted in significant recovery of Pb-induced oxidative stress and functional compromise of SM. CONCLUSION Alterations in redox status and bioenergetic properties of SM could potentially contribute to the synaptic dysfunction observed in events of Pb neurotoxicity. Additionally, our study provides evidence for suitability of ascorbate as a significant ameliorative agent in tacking Pb neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Neuroscience Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Salahuddin
- Animal House Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Widyan Alamoudi
- Neuroscience Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadananda Acharya
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Dubouskaya TG, Hrynevich SV, Waseem TV, Fedorovich SV. Calcium release from intracellular stores is involved in mitochondria depolarization after lowering extracellular pH in rat brain synaptosomes. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2018. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2018-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Single Cell Oxygen Mapping (SCOM) by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Uncovers Heterogeneous Intracellular Oxygen Consumption. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11428. [PMID: 28900258 PMCID: PMC5596008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11956-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a highly sensitive oxygen consumption scanning microscopy system using platinized platinum disc microelectrodes. The system is capable of reliably detecting single-cell respiration, responding to classical regulators of mitochondrial oxygen consumption activity as expected. Comparisons with commercial multi-cell oxygen detection systems show that the system has comparable errors (if not smaller), with the advantage of being able to monitor inter and intra-cell heterogeneity in oxygen consumption characteristics. Our results uncover heterogeneous oxygen consumption characteristics between cells and within the same cell´s microenvironments. Single Cell Oxygen Mapping (SCOM) is thus capable of reliably studying mitochondrial oxygen consumption characteristics and heterogeneity at a single-cell level.
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Wang D, Liu X, Liu Y, Li S, Wang C. The Effects of Cardiotrophin-1 on Early Synaptic Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Synaptic Pathology in APPswe/PS1dE9 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:1255-1267. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luolong District, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaozhuan Liu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luolong District, Luoyang, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luolong District, Luoyang, China
| | - Sanqiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luolong District, Luoyang, China
| | - Chenying Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luolong District, Luoyang, China
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