1
|
De Bartolo MI, Belvisi D, Mancinelli R, Costanzo M, Caturano C, Leodori G, Berardelli A, Fabbrini G, Vivacqua G. A systematic review of salivary biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2613-2625. [PMID: 38595280 PMCID: PMC11168506 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for reliable and easily accessible biomarkers in Parkinson's disease is receiving a growing emphasis, to detect neurodegeneration from the prodromal phase and to enforce disease-modifying therapies. Despite the need for non-invasively accessible biomarkers, the majority of the studies have pointed to cerebrospinal fluid or peripheral biopsies biomarkers, which require invasive collection procedures. Saliva represents an easily accessible biofluid and an incredibly wide source of molecular biomarkers. In the present study, after presenting the morphological and biological bases for looking at saliva in the search of biomarkers for Parkinson's disease, we systematically reviewed the results achieved so far in the saliva of different cohorts of Parkinson's disease patients. A comprehensive literature search on PubMed and SCOPUS led to the discovery of 289 articles. After screening and exclusion, 34 relevant articles were derived for systematic review. Alpha-synuclein, the histopathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease, has been the most investigated Parkinson's disease biomarker in saliva, with oligomeric alpha-synuclein consistently found increased in Parkinson's disease patients in comparison to healthy controls, while conflicting results have been reported regarding the levels of total alpha-synuclein and phosphorylated alpha-synuclein, and few studies described an increased oligomeric alpha-synuclein/total alpha-synuclein ratio in Parkinson's disease. Beyond alpha-synuclein, other biomarkers targeting different molecular pathways have been explored in the saliva of Parkinson's disease patients: total tau, phosphorylated tau, amyloid-β1-42 (pathological protein aggregation biomarkers); DJ-1, heme-oxygenase-1, metabolites (altered energy homeostasis biomarkers); MAPLC-3beta (aberrant proteostasis biomarker); cortisol, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (inflammation biomarkers); DNA methylation, miRNA (DNA/RNA defects biomarkers); acetylcholinesterase activity (synaptic and neuronal network dysfunction biomarkers); Raman spectra, proteome, and caffeine. Despite a few studies investigating biomarkers targeting molecular pathways different from alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease, these results should be replicated and observed in studies on larger cohorts, considering the potential role of these biomarkers in determining the molecular variance among Parkinson's disease subtypes. Although the need for standardization in sample collection and processing, salivary-based biomarkers studies have reported encouraging results, calling for large-scale longitudinal studies and multicentric assessments, given the great molecular potentials and the non-invasive accessibility of saliva.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Belvisi
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Caturano
- Department of Experimental Morphology and Microscopy -Integrated Research Center (PRAAB) -Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Leodori
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fabbrini
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Vivacqua
- Department of Experimental Morphology and Microscopy -Integrated Research Center (PRAAB) -Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shu H, Zhang P, Gu L. Alpha-synuclein in peripheral body fluid as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:831-842. [PMID: 38170418 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whether alpha-synuclein in peripheral body fluids can be used for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains in controversy. This study evaluates diagnostic potential of alpha-synuclein for PD in various peripheral body fluids using a meta-analysis approach. METHODS Studies published before October 2022 were searched in Web of Science and PubMed databases. The results were computed using the STATA 12.0 statistical software. RESULTS In plasma, PD patients exhibited elevated alpha-synuclein levels relative to healthy controls (HCs) [standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.42 to 1.15] with a sensitivity of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.64-0.89) and a specificity of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.90-0.98). Higher plasma alpha-synuclein levels were correlated with longer disease durations, higher Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores, and higher Hoehn and Yahr stages in PD patients. Plasma neural-derived exosomal alpha-synuclein levels (SMD = 1.82, 95% CI = 0.30 to 3.35), ratio of plasma neural-derived exosomal alpha-synuclein to total alpha-synuclein (SMD = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.19 to 2.33), and erythrocytic alpha-synuclein levels were also increased in PD patients (SMD = 6.57, 95% CI = 3.55 to 9.58). In serum, there was no significant difference in alpha-synuclein levels between PD patients and HCs (SMD = 0.54, 95% CI = - 0.27 to 1.34). In saliva, reduced alpha-synuclein levels were observed in PD patients (SMD = - 0.85, 95% CI = - 1.67 to - 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Alpha-synuclein levels in plasma, plasma neural-derived exosome, erythrocyte, and saliva may serve as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300041, China
| | - Lihua Gu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, No. 6 Jizhao Road, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Soni R, Mathur K, Shah J. An update on new-age potential biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102208. [PMID: 38296162 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that deals with dopaminergic deficiency in Substantia nigra pars compact (SNpc) region of the brain. Dopaminergic deficiency manifests into motor dysfunction. Alpha-synuclein protein aggregation is the source for inception of the pathology. Motor symptoms include rigidity, akinesia, tremor and gait dysfunction. Pre-motor symptoms are also seen in early stage of the disease; however, they are not distinguishable. Lack of early diagnosis in PD pathology poses a major challenge for development of disease modifying therapeutics. Substantial neuronal loss has already been occurred before the clinical manifestations appear and hence, it becomes impossible to halt the disease progression. Current diagnostics are majorly based on the clinical symptoms and thus fail to detect early progression of the disease. Thus, there is need for early diagnosis of PD, for detection of the disease at its inception. This will facilitate the effective use of therapies that halt the progression and will make remission possible. Many novel biomarkers are being developed that include blood-based biomarker, CSF biomarker. Other than that, there are non-invasive techniques that can detect biomarkers. We aim to discuss potential role of these new age biomarkers and their association with PD pathogenesis in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Kirti Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Jigna Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alborghetti M, Bianchini E, De Carolis L, Galli S, Pontieri FE, Rinaldi D. Type-B monoamine oxidase inhibitors in neurological diseases: clinical applications based on preclinical findings. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:16-21. [PMID: 37488838 PMCID: PMC10479837 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-B monoamine oxidase inhibitors, encompassing selegiline, rasagiline, and safinamide, are available to treat Parkinson's disease. These drugs ameliorate motor symptoms and improve motor fluctuation in the advanced stages of the disease. There is also evidence supporting the benefit of type-B monoamine oxidase inhibitors on non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as mood deflection, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, and fatigue. Preclinical studies indicate that type-B monoamine oxidase inhibitors hold a strong neuroprotective potential in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases for reducing oxidative stress and stimulating the production and release of neurotrophic factors, particularly glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, which support dopaminergic neurons. Besides, safinamide may interfere with neurodegenerative mechanisms, counteracting excessive glutamate overdrive in basal ganglia motor circuit and reducing death from excitotoxicity. Due to the dual mechanism of action, the new generation of type-B monoamine oxidase inhibitors, including safinamide, is gaining interest in other neurological pathologies, and many supporting preclinical studies are now available. The potential fields of application concern epilepsy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, and above all, ischemic brain injury. The purpose of this review is to investigate the preclinical and clinical pharmacology of selegiline, rasagiline, and safinamide in Parkinson's disease and beyond, focusing on possible future therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Alborghetti
- Neurology Unit, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Bianchini
- Neurology Unit, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS—Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Lanfranco De Carolis
- Neurology Unit, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Galli
- Neurology Unit, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco E. Pontieri
- Neurology Unit, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS—Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Domiziana Rinaldi
- Neurology Unit, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS—Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang N, Yan Z, Xin H, Shao S, Xue S, Cespuglio R, Wang S. Relationship among α‑synuclein, aging and inflammation in Parkinson's disease (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:23. [PMID: 38125364 PMCID: PMC10728906 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative pathology whose major clinical symptoms are movement disorders. The main pathological characteristics of PD are the selective death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein (α-Syn) within these neurons. PD is associated with numerous risk factors, including environmental factors, genetic mutations and aging. In many cases, the complex interplay of numerous risk factors leads to the onset of PD. The mutated α-Syn gene, which expresses pathologicalα-Syn protein, can cause PD. Another important feature of PD is neuroinflammation, which is conducive to neuronal death. α-Syn is able to interact with certain cell types in the brain, including through phagocytosis and degradation of α-Syn by glial cells, activation of inflammatory pathways by α-Syn in glial cells, transmission of α-Syn between glial cells and neurons, and interactions between peripheral immune cells and α-Syn. In addition to the aforementioned risk factors, PD may also be associated with aging, as the prevalence of PD increases with advancing age. The aging process impairs the cellular clearance mechanism, which leads to chronic inflammation and the accumulation of intracellular α-Syn, which results in DA neuronal death. In the present review, the age-associated α-Syn pathogenicity and the interactions between α-Syn and certain types of cells within the brain are discussed to facilitate understanding of the mechanisms of PD pathogenesis, which may potentially provide insight for the future clinical treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nianping Zhang
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoli Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Hua Xin
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276800, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Jingmen People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Song Xue
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Raymond Cespuglio
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon (CNRL), Claude-Bernard Lyon-1 University, 69500 Lyon, France
| | - Shijun Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kang SY, Yun JY, Kang YK, Moon BS, Yoon HJ, Yoo MY, Kim BS. Salivary Gland Uptake on 18F-FP-CIT PET as a New Biomarker in Patients With Parkinsonism. Korean J Radiol 2023; 24:690-697. [PMID: 37404111 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2023.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 18F-FP-CIT positron emission tomography (PET) is known for its high sensitivity and specificity for evaluating striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) binding. Recently, for the early diagnose of Parkinson's disease, many researchers focused on the diagnosis of synucleinopathy in organs involved in non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. We investigated the feasibility of salivary gland uptake on 18F-FP-CIT PET as a new biomarker in patients with parkinsonism. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 219 participants with confirmed or presumed parkinsonism, including 54 clinically diagnosed idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD), 59 suspected and yet undiagnosed, and 106 with secondary parkinsonism, were enrolled. The standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) of the salivary glands was measured on both early and delayed 18F-FP-CIT PET scans using the cerebellum as the reference region. Additionally, the delayed-to-early ratio (DE_ratio) of salivary gland was obtained. The results were compared between patients with different PET patterns. RESULTS The SUVR in early 18F-FP-CIT PET scan was significantly higher in patients with IPD pattern compared that in the non-dopaminergic degradation group (0.5 ± 0.19 vs. 0.6 ± 0.21, P < 0.001). Compared with the non-dopaminergic degradation group, the DE_ratio was significantly lower in patients with IPD (5.05 ± 1.7 vs. 4.0 ± 1.31, P < 0.001) or atypical parkinsonism patterns (5.05 ± 1.7 vs. 3.76 ± 0.96, P < 0.05). The DE_ratio was moderately and positively correlated with striatal DAT availability in both the whole striatum (r = 0.37, P < 0.001) and posterior putamen (r = 0.36, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Parkinsonism patients with an IPD pattern exhibited a significant increase in uptake on early 18F-FP-CIT PET and a decrease in the DE_ratio in the salivary gland. Our findings suggest that salivary gland uptake of dual-phase 18F-FP-CIT PET can provide diagnostic information on DAT availability in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seo Young Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Yun
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Koo Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Seok Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hai-Jeon Yoon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Young Yoo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bom Sahn Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ike RW, McCoy SS. Bedside labial salivary gland biopsy (LSGBx: Lip biopsy): An update for rheumatologists. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2023; 37:101839. [PMID: 37271612 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2023.101839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Retrieval of minor salivary glands from a labial submucosal site through a minimally invasive bedside procedure was first described nearly 60 years ago and remains an attractive alternative to more invasive surgical procedures to obtain salivary gland tissue for pathologic examination. Examination of glands for features of Sjögren's has constituted the primary use of this procedure but other systemic disorders can affect minor salivary glands and their diagnoses can be supported by biopsy. Performance of the procedure does not require specialized training in head and neck surgery or dentistry, only simple wound closure skills. Skill in performing the procedure enables the clinician to acquire potentially diagnostic material without the need for referral while offering immediate expert feedback to the patient being biopsied. Material obtained at biopsy can also be the focus of research investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Ike
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
| | - Sara S McCoy
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Division, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li S, Yue L, Chen S, Wu Z, Zhang J, Hong R, Xie L, Peng K, Wang C, Lin A, Jin L, Guan Q. High clinical diagnostic accuracy of combined salivary gland and myocardial metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1066331. [PMID: 36711204 PMCID: PMC9875016 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1066331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Decreased myocardial uptake of 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is known to be an important feature to diagnose Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the diagnosis accuracy of myocardial MIBG scintigraphy alone is often unsatisfying. Recent studies have found that the MIBG uptake of the major salivary glands was reduced in PD patients as well. Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic value of major salivary gland MIBG scintigraphy in PD, and explore the potential role of myocardial MIBG scintigraphy combined with salivary gland MIBG scintigraphy in distinguishing PD from non-PD (NPD). Methods Thirty-seven subjects were performed with 131I-MIBG scintigraphy. They were classified into the PD group (N = 18) and the NPD group (N = 19), based on clinical diagnostic criteria, DAT PET and 18F-FDG PET imaging findings. Images of salivary glands and myocardium were outlined to calculated the MIBG uptake ratios. Results The combination of left parotid and left submandibular gland early images had a good performance in distinguishing PD from NPD, with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 50.00, 94.74, and 72.37%, respectively. Combining the major salivary gland and myocardial scintigraphy results in the early period showed a good diagnostic value with AUC, sensitivity and specificity of 0.877, 77.78, and 94.74%, respectively. Meanwhile, in the delayed period yield an excellent diagnostic value with AUC, sensitivity and specificity of 0.904, 88.89, and 84.21%, respectively. Conclusion 131I-MIBG salivary gland scintigraphy assisted in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of PD. The combination of major salivary gland and myocardial 131I-MIBG scintigraphy further increased the accuracy of PD diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangfang Li
- Neurotoxin Research Center of Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Yue
- Neurotoxin Research Center of Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuang Wu
- Neurotoxin Research Center of Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxing Zhang
- Neurotoxin Research Center of Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronghua Hong
- Neurotoxin Research Center of Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ludi Xie
- Neurotoxin Research Center of Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kangwen Peng
- Neurotoxin Research Center of Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghong Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Lin
- Neurotoxin Research Center of Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingjing Jin
- Neurotoxin Research Center of Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai, China,Lingjing Jin,
| | - Qiang Guan
- Neurotoxin Research Center of Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Qiang Guan,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abdelmoaty MM, Machhi J, Yeapuri P, Shahjin F, Kumar V, Olson KE, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Monocyte biomarkers define sargramostim treatment outcomes for Parkinson's disease. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e958. [PMID: 35802825 PMCID: PMC9270000 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity heralds both the development and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Deficits in innate immunity in PD are defined by impairments in monocyte activation, function, and pro‐inflammatory secretory factors. Each influences disease pathobiology. Methods and Results To define monocyte biomarkers associated with immune transformative therapy for PD, changes in gene and protein expression were evaluated before and during treatment with recombinant human granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF, sargramostim, Leukine®). Monocytes were recovered after leukapheresis and isolation by centrifugal elutriation, before and 2 and 6 months after initiation of treatment. Transcriptome and proteome biomarkers were scored against clinical motor functions. Pathway enrichments from single cell‐RNA sequencing and proteomic analyses from sargramostim‐treated PD patients demonstrate a neuroprotective signature, including, but not limited to, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and autophagy genes and proteins (LRRK2, HMOX1, TLR2, TLR8, RELA, ATG7, and GABARAPL2). Conclusions This monocyte profile provides an “early” and unique biomarker strategy to track clinical immune‐based interventions, but requiring validation in larger case studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Abdelmoaty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Pravin Yeapuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Farah Shahjin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Srivastava A, Alam P, Caughey B. RT-QuIC and Related Assays for Detecting and Quantifying Prion-like Pathological Seeds of α-Synuclein. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040576. [PMID: 35454165 PMCID: PMC9030929 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Various disease-associated forms or strains of α-synuclein (αSynD) can spread and accumulate in a prion-like fashion during synucleinopathies such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Lewy body dementia (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). This capacity for self-propagation has enabled the development of seed amplification assays (SAAs) that can detect αSynD in clinical samples. Notably, α-synuclein real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) assays have evolved as ultrasensitive, specific, and relatively practical methods for detecting αSynD in a variety of biospecimens including brain tissue, CSF, skin, and olfactory mucosa from synucleinopathy patients. However, αSyn SAAs still lack concordance in detecting MSA and familial forms of PD/DLB, and the assay parameters show poor correlations with various clinical measures. End-point dilution analysis in αSyn RT-QuIC assays allows for the quantitation of relative amounts of αSynD seeding activity that may correlate moderately with clinical measures and levels of other biomarkers. Herein, we review recent advancements in α-synuclein SAAs for detecting αSynD and describe in detail the modified Spearman–Karber quantification algorithm used with end-point dilutions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kharel S, Ojha R, Bist A, Joshi SP, Rauniyar R, Yadav JK. Salivary alpha‐synuclein as a potential fluid biomarker in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Aging Med (Milton) 2022; 5:53-62. [PMID: 35309157 PMCID: PMC8917264 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kharel
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Rajeev Ojha
- Department of Neurology Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Anil Bist
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Surya Prakash Joshi
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Robin Rauniyar
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Jayant Kumar Yadav
- Department of Internal Medicine Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Kathmandu Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
De Miranda BR, Goldman SM, Miller GW, Greenamyre JT, Dorsey ER. Preventing Parkinson's Disease: An Environmental Agenda. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 12:45-68. [PMID: 34719434 PMCID: PMC8842749 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fueled by aging populations and continued environmental contamination, the global burden of Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasing. The disease, or more appropriately diseases, have multiple environmental and genetic influences but no approved disease modifying therapy. Additionally, efforts to prevent this debilitating disease have been limited. As numerous environmental contaminants (e.g., pesticides, metals, industrial chemicals) are implicated in PD, disease prevention is possible. To reduce the burden of PD, we have compiled preclinical and clinical research priorities that highlight both disease prediction and primary prevention. Though not exhaustive, the "PD prevention agenda" builds upon many years of research by our colleagues and proposes next steps through the lens of modifiable risk factors. The agenda identifies ten specific areas of further inquiry and considers the funding and policy changes that will be necessary to help prevent the world's fastest growing brain disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Briana R De Miranda
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama atBirmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Samuel M Goldman
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, San Francisco VeteransAffairs Health Care System, School of Medicine, University ofCalifornia-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmnetal Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Universityof Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E Ray Dorsey
- Center for Health+Technology and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bell R, Vendruscolo M. Modulation of the Interactions Between α-Synuclein and Lipid Membranes by Post-translational Modifications. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661117. [PMID: 34335440 PMCID: PMC8319954 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterised by the presence in brain tissue of aberrant inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are deposits composed by α-synuclein and a variety of other cellular components, including in particular lipid membranes. The dysregulation of the balance between lipid homeostasis and α-synuclein homeostasis is therefore likely to be closely involved in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies. As our understanding of this balance is increasing, we describe recent advances in the characterisation of the role of post-translational modifications in modulating the interactions of α-synuclein with lipid membranes. We then discuss the impact of these advances on the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools for synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Disease, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Du T, Wang L, Liu W, Zhu G, Chen Y, Zhang J. Biomarkers and the Role of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:645996. [PMID: 33833675 PMCID: PMC8021696 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.645996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of α-synuclein (α-Syn)-rich Lewy bodies (LBs) and the preferential loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta (SNpc). However, the widespread involvement of other central nervous systems (CNS) structures and peripheral tissues is now widely documented. The onset of the molecular and cellular neuropathology of PD likely occurs decades before the onset of the motor symptoms characteristic of PD, so early diagnosis of PD and adequate tracking of disease progression could significantly improve outcomes for patients. Because the clinical diagnosis of PD is challenging, misdiagnosis is common, which highlights the need for disease-specific and early-stage biomarkers. This review article aims to summarize useful biomarkers for the diagnosis of PD, as well as the biomarkers used to monitor disease progression. This review article describes the role of α-Syn in PD and how it could potentially be used as a biomarker for PD. Also, preclinical and clinical investigations encompassing genetics, immunology, fluid and tissue, imaging, as well as neurophysiology biomarkers are discussed. Knowledge of the novel biomarkers for preclinical detection and clinical evaluation will contribute to a deeper understanding of the disease mechanism, which should more effectively guide clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Du
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Wang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory for Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanyu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Caminati G, Procacci P. Mounting evidence of FKBP12 implication in neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2195-2202. [PMID: 32594030 PMCID: PMC7749462 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.284980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins, such as tau or α-synuclein, have long been associated with a dysfunctional role in neurodegenerative diseases. In Alzheimer's and Parkinson's' diseases, these proteins, sharing a common chemical-physical pattern with alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains rich in prolines, abnormally aggregate in tangles in the brain leading to progressive loss of neurons. In this review, we present an overview linking the studies on the implication of the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase domain of immunophilins, and notably FKBP12, to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the molecular origin of such a role. The involvement of FKBP12 dysregulation in the aberrant aggregation of disordered proteins pinpoints this protein as a possible therapeutic target and, at the same time, as a predictive biomarker for early diagnosis in neurodegeneration, calling for the development of reliable, fast and cost-effective detection methods in body fluids for community-based screening campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Caminati
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Piero Procacci
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lamotte G, Holmes C, Sullivan P, Lenka A, Goldstein DS. Cardioselective peripheral noradrenergic deficiency in Lewy body synucleinopathies. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:2450-2460. [PMID: 33216462 PMCID: PMC7732242 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Lewy body (LB) synucleinopathies such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) entail profound cardiac norepinephrine deficiency. The status of sympathetic noradrenergic innervation at other extracranial sites has been unclear. Although in vivo neuroimaging studies have indicated a cardioselective noradrenergic lesion, no previous study has surveyed peripheral organs for norepinephrine contents in LB diseases. We reviewed 18F‐dopamine (18F‐DA) positron emission tomographic images and postmortem neurochemical data across several body organs of controls and patients with the LB synucleinopathies PD and pure autonomic failure (PAF) and the non‐LB synucleinopathy multiple system atrophy (MSA). Methods 18F‐DA–derived radioactivity in the heart, liver, spleen, pancreas, stomach, kidneys, thyroid, and submandibular glands were analyzed from 145 patients with LB synucleinopathies (112 PD, 33 PAF), 74 controls, and 85 MSA patients. In largely separate cohorts, postmortem tissue norepinephrine data were reviewed for heart, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney, thyroid, submandibular gland, and sympathetic ganglion tissue from 38 PD, 2 PAF, and 5 MSA patients and 35 controls. Results Interventricular septal 18F‐DA–derived radioactivity was decreased in the LB synucleinopathy group compared to the control and MSA groups (P < 0.0001 each). The LB and non‐LB groups did not differ in liver, spleen, pancreas, stomach, or kidney 18F‐DA–derived radioactivity. The LB synucleinopathy group had markedly decreased apical myocardial norepinephrine, but normal tissue norepinephrine in other organs. The MSA group had normal tissue norepinephrine in all examined organs. Interpretation By in vivo sympathetic neuroimaging and postmortem neurochemistry peripheral noradrenergic deficiency in LB synucleinopathies is cardioselective. MSA does not involve peripheral noradrenergic deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lamotte
- Clinical Neurosciences Program (CNP), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Autonomic Medicine Section, CNP/DIR/NINDS/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Courtney Holmes
- Autonomic Medicine Section, CNP/DIR/NINDS/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Sullivan
- Autonomic Medicine Section, CNP/DIR/NINDS/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Abhishek Lenka
- Department of Neurology, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - David S Goldstein
- Autonomic Medicine Section, CNP/DIR/NINDS/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chahine LM, Beach TG, Brumm MC, Adler CH, Coffey CS, Mosovsky S, Caspell-Garcia C, Serrano GE, Munoz DG, White CL, Crary JF, Jennings D, Taylor P, Foroud T, Arnedo V, Kopil CM, Riley L, Dave KD, Mollenhauer B. In vivo distribution of α-synuclein in multiple tissues and biofluids in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2020; 95:e1267-e1284. [PMID: 32747521 PMCID: PMC7538226 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The Systemic Synuclein Sampling Study (S4) measured α-synuclein in multiple tissues and biofluids within the same patients with Parkinson disease (PD) vs healthy controls (HCs). Methods S4 was a 6-site cross-sectional observational study of participants with early, moderate, or advanced PD and HCs. Motor and nonmotor measures and dopamine transporter SPECT were obtained. Biopsies of skin, colon, submandibular gland (SMG), CSF, saliva, and blood were collected. Tissue biopsy sections were stained with 5C12 monoclonal antibody against pathologic α-synuclein; digital images were interpreted by neuropathologists blinded to diagnosis. Biofluid total α-synuclein was quantified using ELISA. Results The final cohort included 59 patients with PD and 21 HCs. CSF α-synuclein was lower in patients with PD vs HCs; sensitivity/specificity of CSF α-synuclein for PD diagnosis was 87.0%/63.2%, respectively. Sensitivity of α-synuclein immunoreactivity for PD diagnosis was 56.1% for SMG and 24.1% for skin; specificity was 92.9% and 100%, respectively. There were no significant relationships between different measures of α-synuclein within participants. Conclusions S4 confirms lower total α-synuclein levels in CSF in patients with PD compared to HCs, but specificity is low. In contrast, α-synuclein immunoreactivity in skin and SMG is specific for PD but sensitivity is low. Relationships within participants across different tissues and biofluids could not be demonstrated. Measures of pathologic forms of α-synuclein with higher accuracy are critically needed. Classification of evidence This study provides Class III evidence that total CSF α-synuclein does not accurately distinguish patients with PD from HCs, and that monoclonal antibody staining for SMG and skin total α-synuclein is specific but not sensitive for PD diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lana M Chahine
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Thomas G Beach
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael C Brumm
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charles H Adler
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christopher S Coffey
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sherri Mosovsky
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chelsea Caspell-Garcia
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - David G Munoz
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charles L White
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - John F Crary
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Danna Jennings
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peggy Taylor
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Arnedo
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Catherine M Kopil
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lindsey Riley
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kuldip D Dave
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- From the Department of Neurology (L.M.C., S.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Sun City, AZ; University of Iowa (M.C.B., C.S.C., C.C.-G.), Iowa City; Department of Neurology (C.H.A.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; St. Michael's Hospital (D.G.M.), Toronto, Canada; University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (C.L.W.), Dallas; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.F.C.), New York, NY; Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (D.J.), New Haven, CT; BioLegend Inc. (P.T.), Dedham, MA; Indiana University (T.F.), Indianapolis; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (V.A., C.M.K., L.R., K.D.D.), New York, NY; and Department of Neurology (B.M.), Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders Paracelsus-Elena Klinik Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Salivary alpha-synuclein as a biomarker for Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1373-1382. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|