1
|
Lewis A, Toufexis C, Goldsmith C, Robinson R, Howie G, Rattray B, Flood A. The Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Exercise on Salivary S100B Protein Indicated Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability: A Pilot Study. Neuromodulation 2023:S1094-7159(23)00984-4. [PMID: 38159099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and exercise on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in humans as assessed through the quantification of the salivary protein biomarker S100B. It was hypothesized that active tDCS would induce a significant increase in salivary S100B concentration when compared with sham stimulation and no stimulation. It also was hypothesized that the increase in salivary S100B concentration would be greater after active tDCS and exercise than after tDCS or exercise alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 13 healthy adults (five male, eight female), ranging in age from 21 to 32 years, underwent three experimental conditions (active tDCS, sham tDCS, inactive control). To assess exercise- and tDCS-induced changes in BBB permeability, S100B in saliva was measured. Saliva samples were taken before tDCS, after tDCS, and immediately after a ramped cycling time-to-exhaustion (TTE) task. Active tDCS involved the application of anodal stimulation over the primary motor cortex for 20 minutes at 2 mA. RESULTS S100B concentrations in the control condition did not differ significantly from the active condition (estimate = 0.10, SE = 0.36, t = 0.27, p = 0.79) or the sham condition (estimate = 0.33, SE = 0.36, t = 0.89, p = 0.38). Similarly, S100B concentrations at baseline did not differ significantly from post-intervention (estimate = -0.35, SE = 0.34, t = -1.03, p = 0.31) or post-TTE (estimate = 0.66, SE = 0.34, t = 1.93, p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS This research provides novel insight into the effect of tDCS and exercise on S100B-indicated BBB permeability in humans. Although the effects of tDCS were not significant, increases in salivary S100B after a fatiguing cycling task may indicate exercise-induced changes in BBB permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Lewis
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - Constantino Toufexis
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Chloe Goldsmith
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rebecca Robinson
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Grace Howie
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ben Rattray
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew Flood
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yamada Y, Sumiyoshi T. Preclinical Evidence for the Mechanisms of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders; A Systematic Review. Clin EEG Neurosci 2023; 54:601-610. [PMID: 34898301 PMCID: PMC10625720 DOI: 10.1177/15500594211066151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique for the treatment of several psychiatric disorders, eg, mood disorders and schizophrenia. Although tDCS provides a promising approach, its neurobiological mechanisms remain to be explored. Objectives. To provide a systematic review of animal studies, and consider how tDCS ameliorates psychiatric conditions. Methods. A literature search was conducted on English articles identified by PubMed. We defined the inclusion criteria as follows: (1) articles published from the original data; (2) experimental studies in animals; (3) studies delivering direct current transcranially, ie, positioning electrodes onto the skull. Results. 138 papers met the inclusion criteria. 62 papers deal with model animals without any dysfunctions, followed by 52 papers for neurological disorder models, and 12 for psychiatric disorder models. The most studied category of functional areas is neurocognition, followed by motor functions and pain. These studies overall suggest the role for the late long-term potentiation (LTP) via anodal stimulation in the therapeutic effects of tDCS. Conclusions. tDCS Anodal stimulation may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to particularly enhance neurocognition in psychiatric disorders. Its mechanisms are likely to involve facilitation of the late LTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamada
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rahimibarghani S, Azadvari M, Emami-Razavi SZ, Harirchian MH, Rahimi-Dehgolan S, Fateh HR. Effects of Nonconsecutive Sessions of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Stationary Cycling on Walking Capacity in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis. Int J MS Care 2022; 24:202-208. [PMID: 36090241 PMCID: PMC9461723 DOI: 10.7224/1537-2073.2021-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise has been demonstrated to be safe and well-tolerated in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Physical activity has been shown to enhance the therapeutic effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). This study aimed to determine the efficacy of intermittent tDCS combined with riding a stationary bicycle to improve walking capacity in individuals with MS. METHODS This double-blind randomized controlled trial enrolled 50 eligible participants. Thirty-nine participants completed the study: 21 in the active group and 18 in the control group. Participants were assigned randomly to exercise on a stationary bike in conjunction with anodal tDCS or to exercise combined with a sham tDCS protocol. Walking capacity tests (2-Minute Walk Test, 5-Meter Walk Test, Timed Up and Go test), manual muscle testing, the Fatigue Severity Scale, and the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 were used to determine outcomes. RESULTS In terms of observed changes in 2-Minute Walk Test and 5-Meter Walk Test values, the exercise + tDCS group achieved significantly higher posttreatment values than the exercise + sham tDCS group. After the intervention and 1 month later, the intervention group's mean Timed Up and Go test value decreased significantly (P = .002) compared with that of the control group. There was no difference in Fatigue Severity Scale score, Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 score, or manual muscle testing improvement between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Nonconsecutive sessions of anodal tDCS combined with stationary cycling may have a greater effect on the walking capacity of individuals with MS than exercise alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Rahimibarghani
- From the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department (SR, MA, SZE-R, SR-D, HRF), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Azadvari
- From the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department (SR, MA, SZE-R, SR-D, HRF), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyede Zahra Emami-Razavi
- From the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department (SR, MA, SZE-R, SR-D, HRF), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Harirchian
- From the Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute (MHH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Rahimi-Dehgolan
- From the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department (SR, MA, SZE-R, SR-D, HRF), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid R. Fateh
- From the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department (SR, MA, SZE-R, SR-D, HRF), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Heidarzadegan AR, Zarifkar A, Sotoudeh N, Namavar MR, Zarifkar AH. Different paradigms of transcranial electrical stimulation improve motor function impairment and striatum tissue injuries in the collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage rat model. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:6. [PMID: 35093027 PMCID: PMC8801075 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00689-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In the horizon of therapeutic restrictions in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), recently, non-invasive transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) has achieved considerable prosperities. Translational studies have postulated that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and the other types of tES remain potentially a novel therapeutic option to reverse or stabilize cognitive and motor impairments.
Objective
The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the effects of the four main paradigms of tES, including tDCS, transcranial alternating (tACS), pulsed (tPCS), and random noise (tRNS) stimulations on collagenase-induced sensorimotor impairments and striatum tissue damage in male rats.
Methods
To induce ICH, 0.5 μl of collagenase was injected into the right striatum of male Sprague Dawley rats. One day after surgery, tES, was applied to the animals for seven consecutive days. Motor functions were appraised by neurological deficit score, rotarod, and wire hanging tests on the day before surgery and postoperative days 3, 7, and 14. After behavioral tests, brain tissue was prepared appropriately to perform the stereological evaluations.
Results
The results indicated that the application of the four tES paradigms (tDCS, tACS, tRNS, and tPCS) significantly reversed motor disorders in collagenase-induced ICH groups. Further, the motor function improvement of tACS and tRNS receiving rats in wire-hanging and rotarod tests were higher than the other two tES receiving groups. Structural changes and stereological assessments also confirmed the results of behavioral functions.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that in addition to tDCS application in the treatment of ICH, other tES paradigms, especially tACS and tRNS may be considered as add-on therapeutic strategies in stroke.
Collapse
|
5
|
Saidi M, Firoozabadi SM. Glial cells have more important role in tDCS-induced brain activities rather than neurons. Med Hypotheses 2021; 153:110615. [PMID: 34214759 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive and sub-threshold method for altering the excitability of neurons to achieve target conditions. Many clinical applications of tDCS are in progress including treatment of neurological disease. Despite the therapeutic and practical potentials of tDCS, the precise mechanism of its impact is still unclear to a large extent. The initial perspective about the effect of tDCS on synaptic plasticity was that electric stimulation of the brain degrades the threshold of neural firing, thus facilitating electrical transmission and improving conductivity between neurons and ultimately leading to changes in the processing of information. However, new results of some experimental studies have changed the initial perspective. Recently, calcium imaging has shown sudden calcium fluctuations, followed by a change in cortical metaplasticity under tDCS. These pieces of evidence pinpoint the important role of astrocytes in describing the effect of tDCS. Astrocytes are glial cells that are traditionally viewed with only a supportive and nutritional role, but recent research expresses that they are active and contribute to processing and regulating synaptic information. We hypothesize that considering astrocytes as an important player in tDCS effect instead of the direct effect on voltage membrane of neurons is closer to the reality of tDCS effect mechanism. This hypothesis is examined here based on the experimental evidence published so far, which indicates astroglia involvement in tDCS-induced activities and results of our proposed computational model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Saidi
- Bioelectric Department, Computer and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Firoozabadi
- Bioelectric Department, Computer and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dai C, Wang J, Li J, Wang J, Zhang L, Yin C, Li Y. Repetitive anodal transcranial direct current stimulation improves neurological recovery by preserving the neuroplasticity in an asphyxial rat model of cardiac arrest. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:407-416. [PMID: 33618015 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-shockable rhythms present an increasing proportion of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) patients, but are associated with poor prognosis and received limited therapeutic effect of targeted temperature management (TTM). Previous study showed repetitive anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improved neurological outcomes in animals with ventricular fibrillation. Here, we examine the effectiveness of tDCS on neurological recovery and the potential mechanisms in a rat model of asphyxial CA. METHOD Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated after 5 min of untreated asphyxial CA. Animals were randomized to three experimental groups immediately after successful resuscitation (n = 12/group, 6 males): no-treatment control (NTC) group, TTM group, and tDCS group. Post resuscitation hemodynamics, quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG), neurological deficit score, and 96-h survival were evaluated. Brain tissues of additional animals undergoing same experimental procedure was harvested for enzyme-linked immunoassay-based quantification assays of neuroplasticity-related biomarkers and compared with the sham-operated rats (n = 6/group). RESULTS We observed that after resuscitation tDCS-treated animals exhibited significantly higher mean arterial pressure and left ventricular ejection fraction than NTC group and showed greatly improved EEG characteristics including weighted-permutation entropy and gamma band power, and neurologic deficit scores and 96-h survival rates compared to NTC and TTM groups. Furthermore, neuroplastic biomarkers including microtubule-associated protein 2, growth-associated protein 43, postsynaptic density protein 95 and synaptophysin, were significantly higher in tDCS group when compared with NTC and TTM groups. CONCLUSION In this rat model of asphyxial CA, repetitive anodal tDCS commenced after resuscitation improved neurological recovery, and it may exert a neuroprotective effect by preserving the neuroplasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingru Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Emergency, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changlin Yin
- Department of Critical Care, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Direct current stimulation enhances neuronal alpha-synuclein degradation in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2197. [PMID: 33500442 PMCID: PMC7838399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (DCS) is currently proposed as a symptomatic treatment in Parkinson's disease, the intracellular and molecular mechanisms elicited by this technique are still unknown, and its disease-modifying potential unexplored. Aim of this study was to elucidate the on-line and off-line effects of DCS on the expression, aggregation and degradation of alpha-synuclein (asyn) in a human neuroblastoma cell line under basal conditions and in presence of pharmachologically-induced increased asyn levels. Following DCS, gene and protein expression of asyn and its main autophagic catabolic pathways were assessed by real-time PCR and Western blot, extracellular asyn levels by Dot blot. We found that, under standard conditions, DCS increased monomeric and reduced oligomeric asyn forms, with a concomitant down-regulation of both macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Differently, in presence of rotenone-induced increased asyn, DCS efficiently counteracted asyn accumulation, not acting on its gene transcription, but potentiating its degradation. DCS also reduced intracellular and extracellular asyn levels, increased following lysosomal inhibition, independently from autophagic degradation, suggesting that other mechanisms are also involved. Collectively, these findings suggest that DCS exerts on-line and off-line effects on the expression, aggregation and autophagic degradation of asyn, indicating a till unknown neuroprotective role of tDCS.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ghasemian-Shirvan E, Farnad L, Mosayebi-Samani M, Verstraelen S, Meesen RL, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA. Age-related differences of motor cortex plasticity in adults: A transcranial direct current stimulation study. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1588-1599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
9
|
Borrione L, Bellini H, Razza LB, Avila AG, Baeken C, Brem AK, Busatto G, Carvalho AF, Chekroud A, Daskalakis ZJ, Deng ZD, Downar J, Gattaz W, Loo C, Lotufo PA, Martin MDGM, McClintock SM, O'Shea J, Padberg F, Passos IC, Salum GA, Vanderhasselt MA, Fraguas R, Benseñor I, Valiengo L, Brunoni AR. Precision non-implantable neuromodulation therapies: a perspective for the depressed brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 42:403-419. [PMID: 32187319 PMCID: PMC7430385 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current first-line treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) include pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. However, one-third of depressed patients do not achieve remission after multiple medication trials, and psychotherapy can be costly and time-consuming. Although non-implantable neuromodulation (NIN) techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy, and magnetic seizure therapy are gaining momentum for treating MDD, the efficacy of non-convulsive techniques is still modest, whereas use of convulsive modalities is limited by their cognitive side effects. In this context, we propose that NIN techniques could benefit from a precision-oriented approach. In this review, we discuss the challenges and opportunities in implementing such a framework, focusing on enhancing NIN effects via a combination of individualized cognitive interventions, using closed-loop approaches, identifying multimodal biomarkers, using computer electric field modeling to guide targeting and quantify dosage, and using machine learning algorithms to integrate data collected at multiple biological levels and identify clinical responders. Though promising, this framework is currently limited, as previous studies have employed small samples and did not sufficiently explore pathophysiological mechanisms associated with NIN response and side effects. Moreover, cost-effectiveness analyses have not been performed. Nevertheless, further advancements in clinical trials of NIN could shift the field toward a more “precision-oriented” practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Borrione
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação, Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Bellini
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação, Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lais Boralli Razza
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação, Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana G Avila
- Centro de Neuropsicologia e Intervenção Cognitivo-Comportamental, Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of Head and Skin, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium.,Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anna-Katharine Brem
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Division of Interventional Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geraldo Busatto
- Laboratório de Neuroimagem em Psiquiatria (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adam Chekroud
- Spring Health, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhi-De Deng
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutic & Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan Downar
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Mental Health and Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wagner Gattaz
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas,
Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Colleen Loo
- School of Psychiatry and Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paulo A Lotufo
- Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA), Centro de Pesquisa Clínica e Epidemiológica, Hospital Universitário, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça M Martin
- Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética em Neurorradiologia (LIM-44) and Instituto de Radiologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Shawn M McClintock
- Neurocognitive Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jacinta O'Shea
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ives C Passos
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular e Programa de
Transtorno Bipolar, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovanni A Salum
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Seção de Afeto Negativo e Processos Sociais (SANPS), HCPA, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt
- Department of Head and Skin, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Psychopathology and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Renerio Fraguas
- Laboratório de Neuroimagem em Psiquiatria (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabela Benseñor
- Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA), Centro de Pesquisa Clínica e Epidemiológica, Hospital Universitário, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Valiengo
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação, Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre R Brunoni
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação, Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas,
Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu HH, He XK, Chen HY, Peng CW, Rotenberg A, Juan CH, Pei YC, Liu HL, Chiang YH, Wang JY, Feng XJ, Huang YZ, Hsieh TH. Neuromodulatory Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Motor Excitability in Rats. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:4252943. [PMID: 31949429 PMCID: PMC6942908 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4252943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive technique for modulating neural plasticity and is considered to have therapeutic potential in neurological disorders. For the purpose of translational neuroscience research, a suitable animal model can be ideal for providing a stable condition for identifying mechanisms that can help to explore therapeutic strategies. Here, we developed a tDCS protocol for modulating motor excitability in anesthetized rats. To examine the responses of tDCS-elicited plasticity, the motor evoked potential (MEP) and MEP input-output (IO) curve elicited by epidural motor cortical electrical stimulus were evaluated at baseline and after 30 min of anodal tDCS or cathodal tDCS. Furthermore, a paired-pulse cortical electrical stimulus was applied to assess changes in the inhibitory network by measuring long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) before and after tDCS. In the results, analogous to those observed in humans, the present study demonstrates long-term potentiation- (LTP-) and long-term depression- (LTD-) like plasticity can be induced by tDCS protocol in anesthetized rats. We found that the MEPs were significantly enhanced immediately after anodal tDCS at 0.1 mA and 0.8 mA and remained enhanced for 30 min. Similarly, MEPs were suppressed immediately after cathodal tDCS at 0.8 mA and lasted for 30 min. No effect was noted on the MEP magnitude under sham tDCS stimulation. Furthermore, the IO curve slope was elevated following anodal tDCS and presented a trend toward diminished slope after cathodal tDCS. No significant differences in the LICI ratio of pre- to post-tDCS were observed. These results indicated that developed tDCS schemes can produce consistent, rapid, and controllable electrophysiological changes in corticomotor excitability in rats. This newly developed tDCS animal model could be useful to further explore mechanical insights and may serve as a translational platform bridging human and animal studies, establishing new therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hua Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Kuo He
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hsin-Yung Chen
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology and Dementia Center, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Peng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chi-Hung Juan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Pei
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Li Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Program on Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Jun Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying-Zu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mosayebi Samani M, Agboada D, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA. Probing the relevance of repeated cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex for prolongation of after-effects. J Physiol 2019; 598:805-816. [PMID: 31714998 DOI: 10.1113/jp278857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS To explore the capability of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to induce late-phase long-term depression (LTD) via repeated stimulation. Conventional (1 mA for 15 min) and intensified (3 mA for 20 min) protocols with short (20 min) and long (24 h) intervals were tested. Late-phase plasticity was not induced by a single repetition of stimulation. Repetition reduced the efficacy of stimulation protocols with higher intensities. ABSTRACT Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has shown promising results in pilot studies as a therapeutic intervention in disorders of the central nervous system, but more sustained effects are required for clinical application. To address this issue, one possible solution is the use of repeated stimulation protocols. Previous studies indicated the possibility of extending the after-effects of single intervention cathodal tDCS by repeating the tDCS, with relatively short intervals between repetitions being most effective. In this study, we thus investigated the effects of repeated stimulation protocols at short and long intervals, for a conventional tDCS protocol (1 mA for 15 min) and a newly developed optimized protocol (3 mA for 20 min). In 16 healthy participants, we compared single interventions of conventional and optimized protocols, repeated application of these protocols at intervals of 20 min and 24 h, and a sham tDCS session. tDCS-induced neuroplastic after-effects were then monitored with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) until the following evening after stimulation. The results revealed that the duration of the after-effects of repeated conventional and optimized protocols with short intervals remained nearly unchanged compared to the respective single intervention protocols. For the long-interval (24 h) protocol, stimulation with the conventional protocol did not significantly alter respective after-effects, while it reduced the efficacy of the optimized protocol, compared with respective single interventions. Thus late-phase plasticity could not be induced by a single repetition of stimulation in this study, but repetition reduced the efficacy of stimulation protocols with higher intensities. This study provides further insights into the dependency of tDCS-induced neuroplasticity on stimulation parameters, and therefore delivers crucial information for future tDCS applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mosayebi Samani
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Desmond Agboada
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, IGSN, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Min-Fang Kuo
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhu Z, Zhou J, Manor B, Wang X, Fu W, Liu Y. Commentary: "Brain-Doping," Is It a Real Threat? Front Physiol 2019; 10:1489. [PMID: 31866878 PMCID: PMC6906138 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,School of Physical Education, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang, China
| | - Junhong Zhou
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brad Manor
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ruttorf M, Kristensen S, Schad LR, Almeida J. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Alters Functional Network Structure in Humans: A Graph Theoretical Analysis. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2019; 38:2829-2837. [PMID: 31071024 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2019.2915206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is routinely used in basic and clinical research, but its efficacy has been challenged on a methodological, statistical and technical basis recently. The arguments against tDCS derive from an insufficient understanding of how this technique interacts with brain processes physiologically. Because of its potential as a central tool in neuroscience, it is important to clarify whether tDCS affects neuronal activity. Here, we investigate influences of offline tDCS on network architecture measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Applied to one network node only, offline tDCS affects the architecture of the entire functional network. Furthermore, offline tDCS exerts polarity-specific effects on the topology of the functional network attached. Our results confirm in a functioning brain and in a bias free and independent fashion that offline tDCS influences neuronal activity. Moreover, our results suggest that network-specific connectivity has an important role in improving our understanding of the effects of tDCS.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tsapa D, Ahmadlou M, Heimel JA. Long-term enhancement of visual responses by repeated transcranial electrical stimulation of the mouse visual cortex. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:1421-1428. [PMID: 31331791 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a popular method to modulate brain activity by sending a weak electric current through the head. Despite its popularity, long-term effects are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We wanted to test if anodal tES immediately changes cerebral responses to visual stimuli, and if repeated sessions of tES produce plasticity in these responses. METHODS We applied repeated anodal tES, like transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), but pulsed (8 s on, 10 s off), to the visual cortex of mice while visually presenting gratings. We measured the responses to these visual stimuli in the visual cortex using the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP3. RESULTS We found an increase in the visual response when concurrently applying tES on the bone without skin (epicranially). This increase was only transient when tES was applied through the skin (transcutaneous). There was no immediate after-effect of tES. However, repeated transcutaneous tES for four sessions at two-day intervals increased the visual response in the visual cortex. This increase was not specific to the grating stimulus coupled to tES and also occurred for an orthogonal grating presented in the same sessions but without concurrent tES. No increase was found in mice that received no tES. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that tES induces long-term changes in the mouse brain. Results in mice do not directly translate to humans, because of differences in stimulation protocols and the way current translates to electric field strength in vastly different heads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Tsapa
- Cortical Structure & Function Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mehran Ahmadlou
- Cortical Structure & Function Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Alexander Heimel
- Cortical Structure & Function Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Oh J, Ham J, Cho D, Park JY, Kim JJ, Lee B. The Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the Cognitive and Behavioral Changes After Electrode Implantation Surgery in Rats. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:291. [PMID: 31156472 PMCID: PMC6531794 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative delirium can lead to increased morbidity and mortality, and may even be a potentially life-threatening clinical syndrome. However, the neural mechanism underlying this condition has not been fully understood and there is little knowledge regarding potential preventive strategies. To date, investigation of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the relief of symptoms caused by neuropsychiatric disorders and the enhancement of cognitive performance has led to promising results. In this study, we demonstrated that tDCS has a possible effect on the fast recovery from delirium in rats after microelectrode implant surgery, as demonstrated by postoperative behavior and neurophysiology compared with sham stimulation. This is the first study to describe the possible effects of tDCS for the fast recovery from delirium based on the study of both electroencephalography and behavioral changes. Postoperative rats showed decreased attention, which is the core symptom of delirium. However, anodal tDCS over the right frontal area immediately after surgery exhibited positive effects on acute attentional deficit. It was found that relative power of theta was lower in the tDCS group than in the sham group after surgery, suggesting that the decrease might be the underlying reason for the positive effects of tDCS. Connectivity analysis revealed that tDCS could modulate effective connectivity and synchronization of brain activity among different brain areas, including the frontal cortex, parietal cortex, and thalamus. It was concluded that anodal tDCS on the right frontal regions may have the potential to help patients recover quickly from delirium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinsil Ham
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering (BMSE), Institute of Integrated Technology (IIT), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Dongrae Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering (BMSE), Institute of Integrated Technology (IIT), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Boreom Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering (BMSE), Institute of Integrated Technology (IIT), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dai C, Chen G, Chen B, Wang J, Yin C, Wang J, Gong Y, Wei L, Huang Y, Li Y. Repetitive anodal transcranial direct current stimulation improves neurological outcome and survival in a ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest rat model. Brain Stimul 2018; 12:659-667. [PMID: 30611705 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates neuronal activity and is a potential therapeutic tool for many neurological diseases. However, its beneficial effects on post cardiac arrest syndrome remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We investigated the effects of repetitive anodal tDCS on neurological outcome and survival in a ventricular fibrillation (VF) cardiac arrest rat model. METHODS Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated after 6 min of VF in 36 Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were randomized into three groups immediately after resuscitation (n = 12 each): no-treatment control (NTC) group, targeted temperature management (TTM) group, and tDCS group. For tDCS, 1 mA anodal tDCS was applied on the dorsal scalp for 0.5 h. The stimulation was repeated for four sessions with 1-h resting interval under normothermia. Post-resuscitation hemodynamic, cerebral, and myocardial injuries, 96-h neurological outcome, and survival were evaluated. RESULTS Compared with the NTC group, post-resuscitation serum astroglial protein S100 beta and cardiac troponin T levels and 96-h neuronal and myocardial damage scores were markedly reduced in the tDCS and TTM groups. Myocardial ejection fraction, neurological deficit score, and 96-h survival rate were also significantly better for the tDCS and TTM groups. The period of post-resuscitation arrhythmia with hemodynamic instability was considerably shorter in the tDCS group, but no differences were observed in neurological outcome and survival between the tDCS and TTM groups. CONCLUSIONS In this cardiac arrest rat model, repeated anodal tDCS commenced after resuscitation improves 96-h neurological outcome and survival to an extent comparable to TTM by attenuating post-resuscitation cerebral and cardiac injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Dai
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bihua Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Emergency, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changlin Yin
- Department of Emergency, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjie Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yushun Gong
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Wei
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqin Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Boonzaier J, van Tilborg GAF, Neggers SFW, Dijkhuizen RM. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation to Enhance Functional Recovery After Stroke: Studies in Animal Models. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2018; 32:927-940. [PMID: 30352528 PMCID: PMC6238175 DOI: 10.1177/1545968318804425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background. Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability, but treatment options remain limited, leaving most patients with incomplete recovery. Patient and animal studies have shown potential of noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) strategies to improve function after stroke. However, mechanisms underlying therapeutic effects of NIBS are unclear and there is no consensus on which NIBS protocols are most effective. Objective. Provide a review of articles that assessed effects and mechanisms of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in animal stroke models. Methods. Articles were searched in PubMed, including cross-references. Results. Nineteen eligible studies reporting effects of rTMS or tDCS after stroke in small rodents were identified. Seventeen of those described improved functional recovery or neuroprotection compared with untreated control or sham-stimulated groups. The effects of rTMS could be related to molecular mechanisms associated with ischemic tolerance, neuroprotection, anti-apoptosis, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, or neuroplasticity. Favorable outcome appeared most effectively when using high-frequency (>5 Hz) rTMS or intermittent theta burst stimulation of the ipsilesional hemisphere. tDCS effects were strongly dependent on stimulation polarity and onset time. Although these findings are promising, most studies did not meet Good Laboratory Practice assessment criteria. Conclusions. Despite limited data availability, animal stroke model studies demonstrate potential of NIBS to promote stroke recovery through different working mechanisms. Future studies in animal stroke models should adhere to Good Laboratory Practice guidelines and aim to further develop clinically applicable treatment protocols by identifying most favorable stimulation parameters, treatment onset, adjuvant therapies, and underlying modes of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Boonzaier
- 1 Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Geralda A F van Tilborg
- 1 Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan F W Neggers
- 2 Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- 1 Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Anxiety Disorders. J ECT 2018; 34:172-181. [PMID: 30095684 DOI: 10.1097/yct.0000000000000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders share the basic clinical feature of anxiety, which probably explains their common response to similar pharmacological and psychological interventions. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has proved effective in reducing the symptoms of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. It was also used in healthy subjects to modulate neuropsychological processes that are involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety. We review the published studies in which tDCS was administered to patients with OCD, PTSD, or anxiety disorders. Our systematic search in the major electronic databases resulted in 14 articles for OCD, 1 for an OCD-related disorder (ie, hoarding disorder), 2 for PTSD, and 2 for anxiety disorders. In the studies involving OCD patients, tDCS was targeted to either the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or the orbitofrontal cortex or the pre-supplementary motor area and induced a clear reduction of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. However, the lack of sham control groups and the great diversity in sample selection and tDCS protocols among studies prevent us from generalizing these results. In the studies involving PTSD and anxiety disorders patients, tDCS was applied over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and reduced symptoms, but the number of treated patients is too little to draw any conclusion on efficacy. However, these reports highlighted the importance of combining tDCS with different procedures, including computerized tasks and behavioral paradigms. In conclusion, even in its infancy, the use of tDCS for the treatment of OCD, PTSD, and anxiety disorders does show promise and deserves extensive research effort.
Collapse
|
19
|
Cancel LM, Arias K, Bikson M, Tarbell JM. Direct current stimulation of endothelial monolayers induces a transient and reversible increase in transport due to the electroosmotic effect. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9265. [PMID: 29915178 PMCID: PMC6006334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of direct current stimulation (DCS) on fluid and solute transport across endothelial cell (EC) monolayers in vitro. Our motivation was transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) that has been investigated for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, to enhance neurorehabilitation, and to change cognition in healthy subjects. The mechanisms underlying this diversity of applications remain under investigation. To address the possible role of blood-brain barrier (BBB) changes during tDCS, we applied direct current to cultured EC monolayers in a specially designed chamber that generated spatially uniform direct current. DCS induced fluid and solute movement across EC layers that persisted only for the duration of the stimulation suggesting an electroosmosis mechanism. The direction of induced transport reversed with DCS polarity - a hallmark of the electroosmotic effect. The magnitude of DCS-induced flow was linearly correlated to the magnitude of the applied current. A mathematical model based on a two-pore description of the endothelial transport barrier and a Helmholtz model of the electrical double layer describes the experimental data accurately and predicts enhanced significance of this mechanism in less permeable monolayers. This study demonstrates that DCS transiently alters the transport function of the BBB suggesting a new adjunct mechanism of tDCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limary M Cancel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, USA
| | - Katherin Arias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, USA
| | - John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A New, High-Efficacy, Noninvasive Transcranial Electric Stimulation Tuned to Local Neurodynamics. J Neurosci 2018; 38:586-594. [PMID: 29196322 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2521-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we pose the following working hypothesis: in humans, transcranial electric stimulation (tES) with a time course that mimics the endogenous activity of its target is capable of altering the target's excitability. In our case, the target was the primary motor cortex (M1). We identified the endogenous neurodynamics of hand M1's subgroups of pyramidal neuronal pools in each of our subjects by applying Functional Source Separation (FSS) to their EEG recordings. We then tested whether the corticospinal excitability of the hand representation under the above described stimulation, which we named transcranial individual neurodynamics stimulation (tIDS), was higher than in the absence of stimulation (baseline). As a check, we compared tIDS with the most efficient noninvasive facilitatory corticospinal tES known so far, which is 20 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). The control conditions were as follows: (1) sham, (2) transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) in the same frequency range as tIDS (1-250 Hz), and (3) a low current tIDS (tIDSlow). Corticospinal excitability was measured with motor-evoked potentials under transcranial magnetic stimulation. The mean motor-evoked potential amplitude increase was 31% of the baseline during tIDS (p < 0.001), and it was 15% during tACS (p = 0.096). tRNS, tIDSlow, and sham induced no effects. Whereas tACS did not produce an enhancement in any subject at the individual level, tIDS was successful in producing an enhancement in 8 of the 16 subjects. The results of the present proof-of-principle study showed that proper exploitation of local neurodynamics can enhance the efficacy of personalized tES.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study demonstrated that, in humans, transcranial individual neurodynamics stimulation (tIDS), which mimics the endogenous dynamics of the target neuronal pools, effectively changes the excitability of these pools. tIDS holds promise for high-efficacy personalized neuromodulations based on individual local neurodynamics.
Collapse
|
21
|
Koo H, Kim MS, Han SW, Paulus W, Nitche MA, Kim YH, Kim HI, Ko SH, Shin YI. After-effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on the excitability of the motor cortex in rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 34:859-68. [PMID: 27567759 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is increasingly seen as a useful tool for noninvasive cortical neuromodulation. A number of studies in humans have shown that when tDCS is applied to the motor cortex it can modulate cortical excitability. It is especially interesting to note that when applied with sufficient duration and intensity, tDCS can enable long-lasting neuroplastic effects. However, the mechanism by which tDCS exerts its effects on the cortex is not fully understood. We investigated the effects of anodal tDCS under urethane anesthesia on field potentials in in vivo rats. METHODS These were measured on the skull over the right motor cortex of rats immediately after stimulating the left corpus callosum. RESULTS Evoked field potentials in the motor cortex were gradually increased for more than one hour after anodal tDCS. To induce these long-lasting effects, a sufficient duration of stimulation (20 minutes or more) was found to may be required rather than high stimulation intensity. CONCLUSION We propose that anodal tDCS with a sufficient duration of stimulation may modulate transcallosal plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Koo
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Sang Who Han
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Walter Paulus
- University Medical Center, Department Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael A Nitche
- University Medical Center, Department Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany; Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Ihl Kim
- Department of Medical System Engineering & Department of Mechatronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwa Ko
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Yong-Il Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Peanlikhit T, Van Waes V, Pedron S, Risold PY, Haffen E, Etiévant A, Monnin J. The antidepressant-like effect of tDCS in mice: A behavioral and neurobiological characterization. Brain Stimul 2017; 10:748-756. [PMID: 28416160 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive method increasingly popular for the treatment of several brain disorders, such as major depression. Despite great enthusiasm and promising results, some studies report discrepant findings and no consensus exists for the clinical use of tDCS. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to (i) determine the most effective stimulation parameters to optimize antidepressant-like effect of tDCS in the forced-swim test in mice and (ii) identify brain regions recruited by tDCS and possibly involved in its behavioral effect using Fos immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We reported that tDCS induced long-lasting antidepressant-like effect, which varied as a function of stimulation settings including number, duration, intensity and polarity of stimulation. Interestingly, the present study also demonstrated that tDCS reduced depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic corticosterone exposure. Furthermore, behavioral outcomes induced by a single stimulation were associated with neuronal activation in the prefrontal cortex, dorsal hippocampus, ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, whereas no overexpression of c-fos was associated with 10 stimulations. CONCLUSION The strongest behavioral response was observed with an anodal stimulation of 200 μA during 20min. The repetition of this stimulation was necessary to induce long-lasting behavioral effects that are probably associated with plastic changes in the neuronal response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanat Peanlikhit
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques, EA 481, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France.
| | - Vincent Van Waes
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques, EA 481, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France.
| | - Solène Pedron
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques, EA 481, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France.
| | - Pierre-Yves Risold
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques, EA 481, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France.
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques, EA 481, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; Service de Psychiatrie, CHRU Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1431, Inserm, CHRU Besançon, France.
| | - Adeline Etiévant
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques, EA 481, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; Service de Psychiatrie, CHRU Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France.
| | - Julie Monnin
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques, EA 481, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; Service de Psychiatrie, CHRU Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1431, Inserm, CHRU Besançon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fujiyama H, Hinder MR, Barzideh A, Van de Vijver C, Badache AC, Manrique-C MN, Reissig P, Zhang X, Levin O, Summers JJ, Swinnen SP. Preconditioning tDCS facilitates subsequent tDCS effect on skill acquisition in older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 51:31-42. [PMID: 28033506 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Functional motor declines that often occur with advancing age-including reduced efficacy to learn new skills-can have a substantial impact on the quality of life. Recent studies using noninvasive brain stimulation indicate that priming the corticospinal system by lowering the threshold for the induction of long-term potentiation-like plasticity before skill training may facilitate subsequent skill learning. Here, we used "priming" protocol, in which we used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applying the cathode over the primary motor cortex (M1) before the anode placed over M1 during unimanual isometric force control training (FORCEtraining). Older individuals who received tDCS with the cathode placed over M1 before tDCS with the anode placed over M1 concurrent with FORCEtraining showed greater skill improvement and corticospinal excitability increases following the tDCS/FORCEtraining protocol compared with both young and older individuals who did not receive the preceding tDCS with the cathode placed over M1. The results suggested that priming tDCS protocols may be used in clinical settings to improve motor function and thus maintain the functional independence of older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakuei Fujiyama
- Action and Cognition Laboratory, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Motor Control Laboratory, KU Leuven, Research Center of Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Mark R Hinder
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Azadeh Barzideh
- Motor Control Laboratory, KU Leuven, Research Center of Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charis Van de Vijver
- Motor Control Laboratory, KU Leuven, Research Center of Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreea C Badache
- Motor Control Laboratory, KU Leuven, Research Center of Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Nathalya Manrique-C
- Motor Control Laboratory, KU Leuven, Research Center of Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paola Reissig
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Xue Zhang
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oron Levin
- Motor Control Laboratory, KU Leuven, Research Center of Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeffery J Summers
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Motor Control Laboratory, KU Leuven, Research Center of Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jackson MP, Rahman A, Lafon B, Kronberg G, Ling D, Parra LC, Bikson M. Animal models of transcranial direct current stimulation: Methods and mechanisms. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:3425-3454. [PMID: 27693941 PMCID: PMC5083183 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to summarize the contribution of animal research using direct current stimulation (DCS) to our understanding of the physiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We comprehensively address experimental methodology in animal studies, broadly classified as: (1) transcranial stimulation; (2) direct cortical stimulation in vivo and (3) in vitro models. In each case advantages and disadvantages for translational research are discussed including dose translation and the overarching "quasi-uniform" assumption, which underpins translational relevance in all animal models of tDCS. Terminology such as anode, cathode, inward current, outward current, current density, electric field, and uniform are defined. Though we put key animal experiments spanning decades in perspective, our goal is not simply an exhaustive cataloging of relevant animal studies, but rather to put them in context of ongoing efforts to improve tDCS. Cellular targets, including excitatory neuronal somas, dendrites, axons, interneurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells are considered. We emphasize neurons are always depolarized and hyperpolarized such that effects of DCS on neuronal excitability can only be evaluated within subcellular regions of the neuron. Findings from animal studies on the effects of DCS on plasticity (LTP/LTD) and network oscillations are reviewed extensively. Any endogenous phenomena dependent on membrane potential changes are, in theory, susceptible to modulation by DCS. The relevance of morphological changes (galvanotropy) to tDCS is also considered, as we suggest microscopic migration of axon terminals or dendritic spines may be relevant during tDCS. A majority of clinical studies using tDCS employ a simplistic dose strategy where excitability is singularly increased or decreased under the anode and cathode, respectively. We discuss how this strategy, itself based on classic animal studies, cannot account for the complexity of normal and pathological brain function, and how recent studies have already indicated more sophisticated approaches are necessary. One tDCS theory regarding "functional targeting" suggests the specificity of tDCS effects are possible by modulating ongoing function (plasticity). Use of animal models of disease are summarized including pain, movement disorders, stroke, and epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Jackson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Asif Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Belen Lafon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory Kronberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Doris Ling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucas C Parra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mancini M, Brignani D, Conforto S, Mauri P, Miniussi C, Pellicciari MC. Assessing cortical synchronization during transcranial direct current stimulation: A graph-theoretical analysis. Neuroimage 2016; 140:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
|
26
|
Fertonani A, Miniussi C. Transcranial Electrical Stimulation: What We Know and Do Not Know About Mechanisms. Neuroscientist 2016; 23:109-123. [PMID: 26873962 PMCID: PMC5405830 DOI: 10.1177/1073858416631966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the understanding and practical use of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques. Nevertheless, to date, this experimental effort has not been accompanied by substantial reflections on the models and mechanisms that could explain the stimulation effects. Given these premises, the aim of this article is to provide an updated picture of what we know about the theoretical models of tES that have been proposed to date, contextualized in a more specific and unitary framework. We demonstrate that these models can explain the tES behavioral effects as distributed along a continuum from stimulation dependent to network activity dependent. In this framework, we also propose that stochastic resonance is a useful mechanism to explain the general online neuromodulation effects of tES. Moreover, we highlight the aspects that should be considered in future research. We emphasize that tES is not an "easy-to-use" technique; however, it may represent a very fruitful approach if applied within rigorous protocols, with deep knowledge of both the behavioral and cognitive aspects and the more recent advances in the application of stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fertonani
- 1 Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- 1 Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,2 Neuroscience Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dimov LF, Franciosi AC, Campos ACP, Brunoni AR, Pagano RL. Top-Down Effect of Direct Current Stimulation on the Nociceptive Response of Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153506. [PMID: 27071073 PMCID: PMC4829148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an emerging, noninvasive technique of neurostimulation for treating pain. However, the mechanisms and pathways involved in its analgesic effects are poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of direct current stimulation (DCS) on thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds and on the activation of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (DHSC) in rats; these central nervous system areas are associated with pain processing. Male Wistar rats underwent cathodal DCS of the motor cortex and, while still under stimulation, were evaluated using tail-flick and paw pressure nociceptive tests. Sham stimulation and naive rats were used as controls. We used a randomized design; the assays were not blinded to the experimenter. Immunoreactivity of the early growth response gene 1 (Egr-1), which is a marker of neuronal activation, was evaluated in the PAG and DHSC, and enkephalin immunoreactivity was evaluated in the DHSC. DCS did not change the thermal nociceptive threshold; however, it increased the mechanical nociceptive threshold of both hind paws compared with that of controls, characterizing a topographical effect. DCS decreased the Egr-1 labeling in the PAG and DHSC as well as the immunoreactivity of spinal enkephalin. Altogether, the data suggest that DCS disinhibits the midbrain descending analgesic pathway, consequently inhibiting spinal nociceptive neurons and causing an increase in the nociceptive threshold. This study reinforces the idea that the motor cortex participates in the neurocircuitry that is involved in analgesia and further clarifies the mechanisms of action of tDCS in pain treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fabio Dimov
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, Hospital Sírio Libanês, Rua Prof Daher Cutait, 69, Sao Paulo, SP, 01308-060, Brazil
| | - Adriano Cardozo Franciosi
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, Hospital Sírio Libanês, Rua Prof Daher Cutait, 69, Sao Paulo, SP, 01308-060, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Pinheiro Campos
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, Hospital Sírio Libanês, Rua Prof Daher Cutait, 69, Sao Paulo, SP, 01308-060, Brazil
| | - André Russowsky Brunoni
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation (SIN), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of University of São Paulo, Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil.,Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research & Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Neuromodulation (CINA), University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 2565, ext. 3, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rosana Lima Pagano
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, Hospital Sírio Libanês, Rua Prof Daher Cutait, 69, Sao Paulo, SP, 01308-060, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pevzner A, Izadi A, Lee DJ, Shahlaie K, Gurkoff GG. Making Waves in the Brain: What Are Oscillations, and Why Modulating Them Makes Sense for Brain Injury. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:30. [PMID: 27092062 PMCID: PMC4823270 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in persistent cognitive, behavioral and emotional deficits. However, the vast majority of patients are not chronically hospitalized; rather they have to manage their disabilities once they are discharged to home. Promoting recovery to pre-injury level is important from a patient care as well as a societal perspective. Electrical neuromodulation is one approach that has shown promise in alleviating symptoms associated with neurological disorders such as in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and epilepsy. Consistent with this perspective, both animal and clinical studies have revealed that TBI alters physiological oscillatory rhythms. More recently several studies demonstrated that low frequency stimulation improves cognitive outcome in models of TBI. Specifically, stimulation of the septohippocampal circuit in the theta frequency entrained oscillations and improved spatial learning following TBI. In order to evaluate the potential of electrical deep brain stimulation for clinical translation we review the basic neurophysiology of oscillations, their role in cognition and how they are changed post-TBI. Furthermore, we highlight several factors for future pre-clinical and clinical studies to consider, with the hope that it will promote a hypothesis driven approach to subsequent experimental designs and ultimately successful translation to improve outcome in patients with TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Pevzner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-DavisSacramento, CA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California-DavisSacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ali Izadi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-DavisSacramento, CA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California-DavisSacramento, CA, USA
| | - Darrin J Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-DavisSacramento, CA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California-DavisSacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kiarash Shahlaie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-DavisSacramento, CA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California-DavisSacramento, CA, USA
| | - Gene G Gurkoff
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-DavisSacramento, CA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California-DavisSacramento, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cioato SG, Medeiros LF, Marques Filho PR, Vercelino R, de Souza A, Scarabelot VL, de Oliveira C, Adachi LNS, Fregni F, Caumo W, Torres IL. Long-Lasting Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the Reversal of Hyperalgesia and Cytokine Alterations Induced by the Neuropathic Pain Model. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:209-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|
30
|
Hanley CJ, Tommerdahl M, McGonigle DJ. Stimulating somatosensory psychophysics: a double-blind, sham-controlled study of the neurobiological mechanisms of tDCS. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:400. [PMID: 26500499 PMCID: PMC4595660 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuromodulation technique transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is thought to produce its effects on behavior by altering cortical excitability. Although the mechanisms underlying the observed effects are thought to rely on the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, the physiological principles of the technique are not completely understood. In this study, we examine the influence of tDCS on vibrotactile adaptation, using a simple amplitude discrimination paradigm that has been shown to exhibit modifications in performance due to changes in inhibitory neurotransmission. Double-blind tDCS (Anodal/Sham) of 1 mA was delivered for 600 s to electrodes positioned in a somatosensory/contralateral orbit montage. Stimulation was applied as part of a pre/post design, between blocks of the behavioral tasks. In accordance with previous work, results obtained before the application of tDCS indicated that amplitude discrimination thresholds were significantly worsened during adaptation trials, compared to those achieved at baseline. However, tDCS failed to modify amplitude discrimination performance. Using a Bayesian approach, this finding was revealed to constitute substantial evidence for the null hypothesis. The failure of DC stimulation to alter vibrotactile adaptation thresholds is discussed in the context of several factors that may have confounded the induction of changes in cortical plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Hanley
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University Cardiff, UK ; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark Tommerdahl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David J McGonigle
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University Cardiff, UK ; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Galletta EE, Vogel-Eyny A. Translational treatment of aphasia combining neuromodulation and behavioral intervention for lexical retrieval: implications from a single case study. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:447. [PMID: 26347634 PMCID: PMC4541259 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive method of brain stimulation, is an adjunctive research-therapy for aphasia. The concept supporting translational application of tDCS is that brain plasticity, facilitated by language intervention, can be enhanced by non-invasive brain stimulation. This study combined tDCS with an ecologically focused behavioral approach that involved training nouns and verbs in sentences. METHOD PARTICIPANT A 43-year-old, right-handed male with fluent-anomic aphasia who sustained a single-left-hemisphere-temporal-parietal stroke was recruited. TREATMENT Instrumentation included the Soterix Medical 1 × 1 Device. Anodal tDCS was applied over Broca's area. Behavioral materials included: sentence production, naming in the sentence context, and implementation of a social-conversational-discourse treatment. DESIGN AND PROCEDURES The independent variable of this crossover case-study was tDCS, and the dependent variables were language and quality-of-life measures. In each session the subject received language treatment with the first 20 minutes additionally including tDCS. RESULTS Performance in naming nouns and verbs in single words and sentences were obtained. Verb production in the sentence context increased after active anodal tDCS and speech-language treatment. CONCLUSION Aphasia treatment that involves naming in the sentence context in conjunction with translational application of tDCS may be a promising approach for language-recovery post stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. Galletta
- Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Hunter CollegeNew York, NY, USA
- Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, Graduate Center, City University of New YorkNew York, NY, USA
| | - Amy Vogel-Eyny
- Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Hunter CollegeNew York, NY, USA
- Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, Graduate Center, City University of New YorkNew York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dhamne SC, Ekstein D, Zhuo Z, Gersner R, Zurakowski D, Loddenkemper T, Pascual-Leone A, Jensen FE, Rotenberg A. Acute seizure suppression by transcranial direct current stimulation in rats. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:843-56. [PMID: 26339678 PMCID: PMC4554445 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a focal neuromodulation technique that suppresses cortical excitability by low-amplitude constant electrical current, and may have an antiepileptic effect. Yet, tDCS has not been tested in status epilepticus (SE). Furthermore, a combined tDCS and pharmacotherapy antiseizure approach is unexplored. We therefore examined in the rat pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) SE model whether cathodal tDCS (1) suppresses seizures, (2) augments lorazepam (LZP) efficacy, and (3) enhances GABAergic cortical inhibition. METHODS Experiment 1 aimed to identify an effective cathodal tDCS intensity. Rats received intraperitoneal PTZ followed by tDCS (sham, cathodal 1 mA, or cathodal 0.1 mA; for 20 min), and then a second PTZ challenge. In Experiment 2, two additional animal groups received a subtherapeutic LZP dose after PTZ, and then verum or sham tDCS. Clinical and electroencephalography (EEG) epileptic activity were compared between all groups. In Experiment 3, we measured GABA-mediated paired-pulse inhibition of the motor evoked potential by paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) in rats that received PTZ or saline, and either verum or sham tDCS. RESULTS Cathodal 1 mA tDCS (1) reduced EEG spike bursts, and suppressed clinical seizures after the second PTZ challenge, (2) in combination with LZP was more effective in seizure suppression and improved the clinical seizure outcomes compared to either tDCS or LZP alone, and (3) prevented the loss of ppTMS motor cortex inhibition that accompanied PTZ injection. INTERPRETATION These results suggest that cathodal 1 mA tDCS alone and in combination with LZP can suppress seizures by augmenting GABAergic cortical inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer C Dhamne
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dana Ekstein
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center of Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zhihong Zhuo
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA ; Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Roman Gersner
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Anesthesia, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tobias Loddenkemper
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frances E Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA ; Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China ; Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Personalizing the Electrode to Neuromodulate an Extended Cortical Region. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:555-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
34
|
Roy A, Baxter B, He B. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation induces both acute and persistent changes in broadband cortical synchronization: a simultaneous tDCS-EEG study. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 61:1967-78. [PMID: 24956615 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2311071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop methods for simultaneously acquiring electrophysiological data during high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) using high-resolution electroencephalography (EEG). Previous studies have pointed to the after-effects of tDCS on both motor and cognitive performance, and there appears to be potential for using tDCS in a variety of clinical applications. However, little is known about the real-time effects of tDCS on rhythmic cortical activity in humans due to the technical challenges of simultaneously obtaining electrophysiological data during ongoing stimulation. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of tDCS in humans are not well understood. We have conducted a simultaneous tDCS-EEG study in a group of healthy human subjects. Significant acute and persistent changes in spontaneous neural activity and event-related synchronization (ERS) were observed during and after the application of high-definition tDCS over the left sensorimotor cortex. Both anodal and cathodal stimulation resulted in acute global changes in broadband cortical activity which were significantly different than the changes observed in response to sham stimulation. For the group of eight subjects studied, broadband individual changes in spontaneous activity during stimulation were apparent both locally and globally. In addition, we found that high-definition tDCS of the left sensorimotor cortex can induce significant ipsilateral and contralateral changes in event-related desynchronization and ERS during motor imagination following the end of the stimulation period. Overall, our results demonstrate the feasibility of acquiring high-resolution EEG during high-definition tDCS and provide evidence that tDCS in humans directly modulates rhythmic cortical synchronization during and after its administration.
Collapse
|
35
|
Fröhlich F, Sellers KK, Cordle AL. Targeting the neurophysiology of cognitive systems with transcranial alternating current stimulation. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 15:145-67. [PMID: 25547149 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.992782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment represents one of the most debilitating and most difficult symptom to treat of many psychiatric illnesses. Human neurophysiology studies have suggested that specific pathologies of cortical network activity correlate with cognitive impairment. However, we lack demonstration of causal relationships between specific network activity patterns and cognitive capabilities and treatment modalities that directly target impaired network dynamics of cognition. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), a novel non-invasive brain stimulation approach, may provide a crucial tool to tackle these challenges. Here, we propose that tACS can be used to elucidate the causal role of cortical synchronization in cognition and, eventually, to enhance pathologically weakened synchrony that may underlie cognitive deficits. To accelerate such development of tACS as a treatment for cognitive deficits, we discuss studies on tACS and cognition performed in healthy participants, according to the Research Domain Criteria of the National Institute of Mental Health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Fröhlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Russell M, Goodman T, Wang Q, Groshong B, Lyeth BG. Gender Differences in Current Received during Transcranial Electrical Stimulation. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:104. [PMID: 25177301 PMCID: PMC4133690 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low current transcranial electrical stimulation (tCS) is an effective but somewhat inconsistent tool for augmenting neuromodulation. In this study, we used 3D MRI guided electrical transcranial stimulation modeling to estimate the range of current intensities received at cortical brain tissues. Combined T1, T2, and proton density MRIs from 24 adult subjects (12 male and 12 female) were modeled with virtual electrodes placed at F3, F4, C3, and C4. Two sizes of electrodes 20 mm round and 50 mm × 45 mm were examined at 0.5, 1, and 2 mA input currents. The intensity of current received was sampled in a 1-cm sphere placed at the cortex directly under each scalp electrode. There was a 10-fold difference in the amount of current received by individuals. A large gender difference was observed with female subjects receiving significantly less current at targeted parietal cortex than male subjects when stimulated at identical current levels (P < 0.05). Larger electrodes delivered somewhat larger amounts of current than the smaller ones (P < 0.01). Electrodes in the frontal regions delivered less current than those in the parietal region (P < 0.05). There were large individual differences in current levels that the subjects received. Analysis of the cranial bone showed that the gender difference and the frontal parietal differences are due to differences in cranial bone. Males have more cancelous parietal bone and females more dense parietal bone (P < 0.01). These differences should be considered when planning tCS studies and call into question earlier reports of gender differences due to hormonal influences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruce G Lyeth
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bolzoni F, Bączyk M, Jankowska E. Subcortical effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in the rat. J Physiol 2013; 591:4027-42. [PMID: 23774279 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.257063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) affects neurons at both cortical and subcortical levels. The subcortical effects involve several descending motor systems but appeared to be relatively weak, as only small increases in the amplitude of subcortically initiated descending volleys and a minute shortening of latencies of these volleys were found. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the consequences of facilitation of these volleys on the ensuing muscle activation. The experiments were carried out on deeply anaesthetized rats without neuromuscular blockade. Effects of tDCS were tested on EMG potentials recorded from neck muscles evoked by weak (20-60 μA) single, double or triple stimuli applied in the medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) or in the red nucleus (RN). Short latencies of these potentials were compatible with monosynaptic or disynaptic actions of reticulospinal and disynaptic or trisynaptic actions of rubrospinal neurons on neck motoneurons. Despite only weak effects on indirect descending volleys, the EMG responses from both the MLF and the RN were potently facilitated by cathodal tDCS and depressed by anodal tDCS. Both the facilitation and the depression developed relatively rapidly (within the first minute) but both outlasted tDCS and were present for up to 1 h after tDCS. The study thus demonstrates long-lasting effects of tDCS on subcortical neurons in the rat, albeit evoked by an opposite polarity of tDCS to that found to be effective on subcortical neurons in the cat investigated in the preceding study, or for cortical neurons in the humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Bolzoni
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bolzoni F, Pettersson LG, Jankowska E. Evidence for long-lasting subcortical facilitation by transcranial direct current stimulation in the cat. J Physiol 2013; 591:3381-99. [PMID: 23507876 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.244764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the study was to examine the effects of transcranial polarization on neurons in two descending motor systems, rubro- and reticulospinal. Anodal DC current was applied through an electrode in contact with the skull over the contralateral sensori-motor cortex, against an electrode placed between the skull and the ipsilateral temporal muscles in deeply anaesthetized cats. Its effects were estimated from changes in descending volleys evoked by electrical stimuli applied in the red nucleus (RN), medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF; to reticulospinal fibres) and the pyramidal tract (PT; to corticospinal or corticoreticular fibres). The descending volleys were recorded from the surface of the spinal cord at a cervical level. Rubrospinal neurones were activated either directly or indirectly, via interpositorubral fibres. Reticulospinal neurons were likewise activated directly and indirectly, via other reticulospinal or corticospinal fibres. Transcranial polarization facilitated transsynaptic activation of both rubrospinal and reticulospinal neurons, shortening the latency of the indirect descending volleys and/or increasing them, Direct activation of descending axons was much less affected. The facilitation of all subcortical neurons examined was potentiated by repeated applications of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and outlasted the polarization by at least 1-2 h, replicating tDCS effects on indirect activation of cortical neurons. The results indicate that the beneficial effects of tDCS on motor performance in humans may be due to more efficient activation of not only cortical but also subcortical neuronal systems. Combined actions of tDCS on cortical and subcortical neurones might thus further improve recovery of motor functions during rehabilitation after central injuries. 249/250.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bolzoni
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Medicinaregatan 11, Box 432, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bikson M, Reato D, Rahman A. Cellular and Network Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. TRANSCRANIAL BRAIN STIMULATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b14174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
40
|
Brunoni AR, Ferrucci R, Fregni F, Boggio PS, Priori A. Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a summary of preclinical, clinical and translational findings. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39:9-16. [PMID: 22651961 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric illness, with 6-12% lifetime prevalence. It is also among the five most disabling diseases worldwide. Current pharmacological treatments, although relatively effective, present important side effects that lead to treatment discontinuation. Therefore, novel treatment options for MDD are needed. Here, we discuss the recent advancements of one new neuromodulatory technique--transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)--that has undergone intensive research over the past decade with promising results. tDCS is based on the application of weak, direct electric current over the scalp, leading to cortical hypo- or hyper-polarization according to the specified parameters. Recent studies have shown that tDCS is able to induce potent changes in cortical excitability as well as to elicit long-lasting changes in brain activity. Moreover, tDCS is a technique with a low rate of reported side effects, relatively easy to apply and less expensive than other neuromodulatory techniques--appealing characteristics for clinical use. In the past years, 4 of 6 phase II clinical trials and one recent meta-analysis have shown positive results in ameliorating depression symptoms. tDCS has some interesting, unique aspects such as noninvasiveness and low rate of adverse effects, being a putative substitutive/augmentative agent for antidepressant drugs, and low-cost and portability, making it suitable for use in clinical practice. Still, further phase II and phase III trials are needed as to better clarify tDCS role in the therapeutic arsenal of MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Russowsky Brunoni
- Centro de Pesquisas Clínicas, Hospital Universitário, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|