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Dawson JRD, Wadman GM, Zhang P, Tebben A, Carter PH, Gu S, Shroka T, Borrega-Roman L, Salanga CL, Handel TM, Kufareva I. Molecular determinants of antagonist interactions with chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.15.567150. [PMID: 38014122 PMCID: PMC10680698 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.15.567150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
By driving monocyte chemotaxis, the chemokine receptor CCR2 shapes inflammatory responses and the formation of tumor microenvironments. This makes it a promising target in inflammation and immuno-oncology; however, despite extensive efforts, there are no FDA-approved CCR2-targeting therapeutics. Cited challenges include the redundancy of the chemokine system, suboptimal properties of compound candidates, and species differences that confound the translation of results from animals to humans. Structure-based drug design can rationalize and accelerate the discovery and optimization of CCR2 antagonists to address these challenges. The prerequisites for such efforts include an atomic-level understanding of the molecular determinants of action of existing antagonists. In this study, using molecular docking and artificial-intelligence-powered compound library screening, we uncover the structural principles of small molecule antagonism and selectivity towards CCR2 and its sister receptor CCR5. CCR2 orthosteric inhibitors are shown to universally occupy an inactive-state-specific tunnel between receptor helices 1 and 7; we also discover an unexpected role for an extra-helical groove accessible through this tunnel, suggesting its potential as a new targetable interface for CCR2 and CCR5 modulation. By contrast, only shape complementarity and limited helix 8 hydrogen bonding govern the binding of various chemotypes of allosteric antagonists. CCR2 residues S1012.63 and V2446.36 are implicated as determinants of CCR2/CCR5 and human/mouse orthosteric and allosteric antagonist selectivity, respectively, and the role of S1012.63 is corroborated through experimental gain-of-function mutagenesis. We establish a critical role of induced fit in antagonist recognition, reveal strong chemotype selectivity of existing structures, and demonstrate the high predictive potential of a new deep-learning-based compound scoring function. Finally, this study expands the available CCR2 structural landscape with computationally generated chemotype-specific models well-suited for structure-based antagonist design.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R D Dawson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Grant M Wadman
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Percy H Carter
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
- (current affiliation) Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Siyi Gu
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- (current affiliation) Lycia Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Thomas Shroka
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- (current affiliation) Avidity Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - Leire Borrega-Roman
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Catherina L Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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2
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Li Y, Yu H, Feng J. Role of chemokine-like factor 1 as an inflammatory marker in diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085154. [PMID: 36865551 PMCID: PMC9971601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoinflammatory mechanisms have been incrementally found to be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, with chemokines being the main drivers of immune cell infiltration in the inflammatory response. Chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF1), a novel chemokine, is highly expressed in the human peripheral blood leukocytes and exerts broad-spectrum chemotactic and pro-proliferative effects by activating multiple downstream signaling pathways upon binding to its functional receptors. Furthermore, the relationship between CKLF1 overexpression and various systemic diseases has been demonstrated in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. In this context, it is promising that clarifying the downstream mechanism of CKLF1 and identifying its upstream regulatory sites can yield new strategies for targeted therapeutics of immunoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Li
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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3
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Skin-resident dendritic cells mediate postoperative pain via CCR4 on sensory neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2118238119. [PMID: 35046040 PMCID: PMC8794894 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118238119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the nervous and immune systems control the generation and maintenance of inflammatory pain. However, the immune cells and mediators controlling this response remain poorly characterized. We identified the cytokines CCL22 and CCL17 as secreted mediators that act directly on sensory neurons to mediate postoperative pain via their shared receptor, CCR4. We also show that skin-resident dendritic cells are key contributors to the inflammatory pain response. Blocking the interaction between these dendritic cell–derived ligands and their receptor can abrogate the pain response, highlighting CCR4 antagonists as potentially effective therapies for postoperative pain. Our findings identify functions for these tissue-resident myeloid cells and uncover mechanisms underlying pain pathophysiology. Inflammatory pain, such as hypersensitivity resulting from surgical tissue injury, occurs as a result of interactions between the immune and nervous systems with the orchestrated recruitment and activation of tissue-resident and circulating immune cells to the site of injury. Our previous studies identified a central role for Ly6Clow myeloid cells in the pathogenesis of postoperative pain. We now show that the chemokines CCL17 and CCL22, with their cognate receptor CCR4, are key mediators of this response. Both chemokines are up-regulated early after tissue injury by skin-resident dendritic and Langerhans cells to act on peripheral sensory neurons that express CCR4. CCL22, and to a lesser extent CCL17, elicit acute mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity when administered subcutaneously; this response abrogated by pharmacological blockade or genetic silencing of CCR4. Electrophysiological assessment of dissociated sensory neurons from naïve and postoperative mice showed that CCL22 was able to directly activate neurons and enhance their excitability after injury. These responses were blocked using C 021 and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-targeting CCR4. Finally, our data show that acute postoperative pain is significantly reduced in mice lacking CCR4, wild-type animals treated with CCR4 antagonist/siRNA, as well as transgenic mice depleted of dendritic cells. Together, these results suggest an essential role for the peripheral CCL17/22:CCR4 axis in the genesis of inflammatory pain via direct communication between skin-resident dendritic cells and sensory neurons, opening therapeutic avenues for its control.
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4
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Alluri SR, Higashi Y, Kil KE. PET Imaging Radiotracers of Chemokine Receptors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175174. [PMID: 34500609 PMCID: PMC8434599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and chemokine receptors have been recognized as critical signal components that maintain the physiological functions of various cells, particularly the immune cells. The signals of chemokines/chemokine receptors guide various leukocytes to respond to inflammatory reactions and infectious agents. Many chemokine receptors play supportive roles in the differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis of diverse tumor cells. In addition, the signaling functions of a few chemokine receptors are associated with cardiac, pulmonary, and brain disorders. Over the years, numerous promising molecules ranging from small molecules to short peptides and antibodies have been developed to study the role of chemokine receptors in healthy states and diseased states. These drug-like candidates are in turn exploited as radiolabeled probes for the imaging of chemokine receptors using noninvasive in vivo imaging, such as positron emission tomography (PET). Recent advances in the development of radiotracers for various chemokine receptors, particularly of CXCR4, CCR2, and CCR5, shed new light on chemokine-related cancer and cardiovascular research and the subsequent drug development. Here, we present the recent progress in PET radiotracer development for imaging of various chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh R. Alluri
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Yusuke Higashi
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Kun-Eek Kil
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(573)-884-7885
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Fibroblasts Influence the Efficacy, Resistance, and Future Use of Vaccines and Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060634. [PMID: 34200702 PMCID: PMC8230410 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are composed of not only epithelial cells but also many other cell types that contribute to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Within this space, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a prominent cell type, and these cells are connected to an increase in tumor progression as well as alteration of the immune landscape present in and around the tumor. This is accomplished in part by their ability to alter the presence of both innate and adaptive immune cells as well as the release of various chemokines and cytokines, together leading to a more immunosuppressive TME. Furthermore, new research implicates CAFs as players in immunotherapy response in many different tumor types, typically by blunting their efficacy. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), two major CAF proteins, are associated with the outcome of different immunotherapies and, additionally, have become new targets themselves for immune-based strategies directed at CAFs. This review will focus on CAFs and how they alter the immune landscape within tumors, how this affects response to current immunotherapy treatments, and how immune-based treatments are currently being harnessed to target the CAF population itself.
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Mei H, Han J, White S, Graham DJ, Izawa K, Sato T, Fustero S, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Tailor-Made Amino Acids and Fluorinated Motifs as Prominent Traits in Modern Pharmaceuticals. Chemistry 2020; 26:11349-11390. [PMID: 32359086 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structural analysis of modern pharmaceutical practices allows for the identification of two rapidly growing trends: the introduction of tailor-made amino acids and the exploitation of fluorinated motifs. Curiously, the former represents one of the most ubiquitous classes of naturally occurring compounds, whereas the latter is the most xenobiotic and comprised virtually entirely of man-made derivatives. Herein, 39 selected compounds, featuring both of these traits in the same molecule, are profiled. The total synthesis, source of the corresponding amino acids and fluorinated residues, and medicinal chemistry aspects and biological properties of the molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Sarah White
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc., 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Daniel J Graham
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc., 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, USA
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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7
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Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is the primary location in which tumor cells and the host immune system interact. There are many physiological, biochemical, cellular mechanisms in the neighbor of tumor which is composed of various cell types. Interactions of chemokines and chemokine receptors can recruit immune cell subsets into the tumor microenvironment. These interactions can modulate tumor progression and metastasis. In this chapter, we will focus on chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7) that is highly expressed in the tumor microenvironment of various cancers, including colorectal cancer, breast cancer, oral cancer, renal cancer, and gastric cancer. We reviewed how CCL7 can affect cancer immunity and tumorigenesis by describing its regulation and roles in immune cell recruitment and stromal cell biology.
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8
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Chahal V, Nirwan S, Kakkar R. Combined approach of homology modeling, molecular dynamics, and docking: computer-aided drug discovery. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
With the continuous development in software, algorithms, and increase in computer speed, the field of computer-aided drug design has been witnessing reduction in the time and cost of the drug designing process. Structure based drug design (SBDD), which is based on the 3D structure of the enzyme, is helping in proposing novel inhibitors. Although a number of crystal structures are available in various repositories, there are various proteins whose experimental crystallization is difficult. In such cases, homology modeling, along with the combined application of MD and docking, helps in establishing a reliable 3D structure that can be used for SBDD. In this review, we have reported recent works, which have employed these three techniques for generating structures and further proposing novel inhibitors, for cytoplasmic proteins, membrane proteins, and metal containing proteins. Also, we have discussed these techniques in brief in terms of the theory involved and the various software employed. Hence, this review can give a brief idea about using these tools specifically for a particular problem.
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9
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Battista C, Yang K, Stahl SH, Mettetal JT, Watkins PB, Siler SQ, Howell BA. Using Quantitative Systems Toxicology to Investigate Observed Species Differences in CKA-Mediated Hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2019; 166:123-130. [PMID: 30060248 PMCID: PMC6204762 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CKA, a chemokine receptor antagonist intended for treating inflammatory conditions, produced dose-dependent hepatotoxicity in rats but advanced into the clinic where single doses of CKA up to 600 mg appeared safe in humans. Because existing toxicological platforms used during drug development are not perfectly predictive, a quantitative systems toxicology model investigated the hepatotoxic potential of CKA in humans and rats through in vitro assessments of CKA on mitochondrial respiration, oxidative stress, and bile acid transporters. DILIsym predicted that single doses of CKA caused serum ALT >3xULN in a subset of the simulated rat population, while single doses in a simulated human population did not produce serum ALT elevations. Species differences were largely attributed to differences in liver exposure, but increased sensitivity to inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in the rat also contributed. We conclude that mechanistic modeling can elucidate species differences in the hepatotoxic potential of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Battista
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.,Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kyunghee Yang
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Simone H Stahl
- Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, Astra Zeneca R&D, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Jerome T Mettetal
- Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, Astra Zeneca R&D, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Paul B Watkins
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott Q Siler
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Brett A Howell
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.,DILIsym Services, Inc., Six Davis Drive, PO BOX 12317, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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10
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He P, Zhou W, Liu M, Chen Y. Recent Advances of Small Molecular Regulators Targeting G Protein- Coupled Receptors Family for Oncology Immunotherapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1464-1483. [PMID: 31264549 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190628115644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The great clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) and PD-1/PDL-1 inhibitor therapies suggests the drawing of a cancer immunotherapy age. However, a considerable proportion of cancer patients currently receive little benefit from these treatment modalities, indicating that multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms exist in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we mainly discuss recent advances in small molecular regulators targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) that are associated with oncology immunomodulation, including chemokine receptors, purinergic receptors, prostaglandin E receptor EP4 and opioid receptors. Moreover, we outline how they affect tumor immunity and neoplasia by regulating immune cell recruitment and modulating tumor stromal cell biology. We also summarize the data from recent clinical advances in small molecular regulators targeting these GPCRs, in combination with immune checkpoints blockers, such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA4 inhibitors, for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wenbo Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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11
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Stervbo U, Roch T, Westhoff TH, Gayova L, Kurchenko A, Seibert FS, Babel N. Repeated Changes to the Gravitational Field Negatively Affect the Serum Concentration of Select Growth Factors and Cytokines. Front Physiol 2019; 10:402. [PMID: 31057415 PMCID: PMC6478750 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Space flights, some physical activities, and extreme sports can greatly alter the gravitational forces experienced by the body. Being a deviation from the constant pull of Earth, these alterations can be considered gravitational stress and have the potential to affect physiological processes. Physical cues play a vital role in the homeostasis and function of the immune system. The effect of recurrent alterations of the gravitational pull on the levels of soluble mediator such as cytokines is unknown. Parabolic flights provide a controlled environment and make these a suitable model to study the effects of gravitational stress. Utilizing this model, we evaluated the effects of short-term gravitational stress on serum concentration of cytokines and other soluble mediators. Blood was taken from 12 healthy volunteers immediately before the first parabola and immediately after the last. Samples taken on the ground at corresponding time points the day before were used to control for circadian effects. A wide range of soluble mediators was analyzed using a multiplex bead assay. We found that the rate-change of eight molecules was significantly affected by the parabolic flight. Among other functions, these molecules, EGF, PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, HGF, IP-10, Eotaxin (CCL11), TARC, and Angiopoietin-2, can be associated with bone remodeling and immune activation. It is therefore possible that gravitational stress can have clinically relevant impact on the control of a wide range of physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Stervbo
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospitals of the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Toralf Roch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timm H Westhoff
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospitals of the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Ludmyla Gayova
- Department of Bioorganic and Biological Chemistry, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrii Kurchenko
- Department of Bioorganic and Biological Chemistry, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Felix S Seibert
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospitals of the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospitals of the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Herne, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Schaller TH, Batich KA, Suryadevara CM, Desai R, Sampson JH. Chemokines as adjuvants for immunotherapy: implications for immune activation with CCL3. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:1049-1060. [PMID: 28965431 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1384313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy embodies any approach that manipulates the immune system for therapeutic benefit. In this regard, various clinical trials have employed direct vaccination with patient-specific dendritic cells or adoptive T cell therapy to target highly aggressive tumors. Both modalities have demonstrated great specificity, an advantage that is unmatched by other treatment strategies. However, their full potential has yet to be realized. Areas covered: In this review, we provide an overview of chemokines in pathogen and anti-tumor immune responses and discuss further improving immunotherapies by arming particular chemokine axes. Expert commentary: The chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α, CCL3) has emerged as a potent activator of both innate and adaptive responses. Specifically, CCL3 plays a critical role in recruiting distinct immune phenotypes to intratumoral sites, is a pivotal player in regulating lymph node homing of dendritic cell subsets, and induces antigen-specific T cell responses. The recent breadth of literature outlines the various interactions of CCL3 with these cellular subsets, which have now served as a basis for immunotherapeutic translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teilo H Schaller
- a Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.,b Department of Pathology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Kristen A Batich
- a Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.,b Department of Pathology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Carter M Suryadevara
- a Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.,b Department of Pathology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Rupen Desai
- a Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - John H Sampson
- a Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.,b Department of Pathology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.,c Department of Radiation Oncology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.,d Department of Immunology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
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13
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Kindon N, Andrews G, Baxter A, Cheshire D, Hemsley P, Johnson T, Liu YZ, McGinnity D, McHale M, Mete A, Reuberson J, Roberts B, Steele J, Teobald B, Unitt J, Vaughan D, Walters I, Stocks MJ. Discovery of AZD-2098 and AZD-1678, Two Potent and Bioavailable CCR4 Receptor Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:981-986. [PMID: 28947948 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
N-(5-Bromo-3-methoxypyrazin-2-yl)-5-chlorothiophene-2-sulfonamide 1 was identified as a hit in a CCR4 receptor antagonist high-throughput screen (HTS) of a subset of the AstraZeneca compound bank. As a hit with a lead-like profile, it was an excellent starting point for a CCR4 receptor antagonist program and enabled the rapid progression through the Lead Identification and Lead Optimization phases resulting in the discovery of two bioavailable CCR4 receptor antagonist candidate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kindon
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Glen Andrews
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Andrew Baxter
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - David Cheshire
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Paul Hemsley
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Timothy Johnson
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Yu-Zhen Liu
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Dermot McGinnity
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Mark McHale
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Antonio Mete
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - James Reuberson
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Bryan Roberts
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - John Steele
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative
Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden
1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Barry Teobald
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - John Unitt
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Deborah Vaughan
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Iain Walters
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Michael J. Stocks
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
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Zhang ZJ, Jiang BC, Gao YJ. Chemokines in neuron-glial cell interaction and pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3275-3291. [PMID: 28389721 PMCID: PMC11107618 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain resulting from damage or dysfunction of the nervous system is a highly debilitating chronic pain state and is often resistant to currently available treatments. It has become clear that neuroinflammation, mainly mediated by proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Chemokines were originally identified as regulators of peripheral immune cell trafficking and were also expressed in neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system. In recent years, accumulating studies have revealed the expression, distribution and function of chemokines in the spinal cord under chronic pain conditions. In this review, we provide evidence showing that several chemokines are upregulated after peripheral nerve injury and contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain via different forms of neuron-glia interaction in the spinal cord. First, chemokine CX3CL1 is expressed in primary afferents and spinal neurons and induces microglial activation via its microglial receptor CX3CR1 (neuron-to-microglia signaling). Second, CCL2 and CXCL1 are expressed in spinal astrocytes and act on CCR2 and CXCR2 in spinal neurons to increase excitatory synaptic transmission (astrocyte-to-neuron signaling). Third, we recently identified that CXCL13 is highly upregulated in spinal neurons after spinal nerve ligation and induces spinal astrocyte activation via receptor CXCR5 (neuron-to-astrocyte signaling). Strategies that target chemokine-mediated neuron-glia interactions may lead to novel therapies for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Bao-Chun Jiang
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Yong-Jing Gao
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
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15
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Bégin-Lavallée V, Midavaine É, Dansereau MA, Tétreault P, Longpré JM, Jacobi AM, Rose SD, Behlke MA, Beaudet N, Sarret P. Functional inhibition of chemokine receptor CCR2 by dicer-substrate-siRNA prevents pain development. Mol Pain 2016; 12:12/0/1744806916653969. [PMID: 27306408 PMCID: PMC4956154 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916653969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that the C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2, or monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) acts as a neuromodulator in the central nervous system through its binding to the C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2). Notably, it is well established that the CCL2/CCR2 axis plays a key role in neuron-glia communication as well as in spinal nociceptive transmission. Gene silencing through RNA interference has recently emerged as a promising avenue in research and drug development, including therapeutic management of chronic pain. In the present study, we used 27-mer Dicer-substrate small interfering RNA (DsiRNA) targeting CCR2 and assessed their ability to reverse the nociceptive behaviors induced by spinal CCL2 injection or following intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. RESULTS To this end, we first developed high-potency DsiRNAs designed to target different sequences distributed across the rat CCR2 (rCCR2) messenger RNA. For optimization, methyl groups were added to the two most potent DsiRNA candidates (Evader and M7 2'-O-methyl modified duplexes) in order to improve in vivo duplex stability and to reduce potential immunostimulatory activity. Our results demonstrated that all modified candidates formulated with the cell-penetrating peptide reagent Transductin showed strong RNAi activity following intrathecal delivery, exhibiting >50% rCCR2 knockdown in lumbar dorsal root ganglia. Accordingly, we found that these DsiRNA duplexes were able to reduce spinal microglia activation and were effective at blocking CCL2-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Along with similar reductions of rCCR2 messenger RNA, both sequences and methylation patterns were similarly effective in inhibiting the CCL2 nociceptive action for the whole seven days testing period, compared to mismatch DsiRNA. DsiRNAs against CCR2 also reversed the hypernociceptive responses observed in the complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory chronic pain model. CONCLUSION Altogether, these results validate CCR2 as a an appropriate molecular target for pain control and demonstrate that RNAi-based gene therapy represent an highly specific alternative to classical pharmacological approaches to treat central pathologies such as chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bégin-Lavallée
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Philippe Sarret, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Élora Midavaine
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marc-André Dansereau
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Pascal Tétreault
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Scott D Rose
- Integrated DNA Technologies Inc, Coralville, IA, USA
| | - Mark A Behlke
- Integrated DNA Technologies Inc, Coralville, IA, USA
| | - Nicolas Beaudet
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Llorián-Salvador M, Pevida M, González-Rodríguez S, Lastra A, Fernández-García MT, Hidalgo A, Baamonde A, Menéndez L. Analgesic effects evoked by a CCR2 antagonist or an anti-CCL2 antibody in inflamed mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:235-47. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Llorián-Salvador
- Facultad de Medicina; Laboratorio de Farmacología; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA); Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Marta Pevida
- Facultad de Medicina; Laboratorio de Farmacología; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA); Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Sara González-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina; Laboratorio de Farmacología; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA); Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Ana Lastra
- Facultad de Medicina; Laboratorio de Farmacología; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA); Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - María-Teresa Fernández-García
- Unidad de Histopatología Molecular en Modelos Animales de Cáncer, IUOPA; Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Agustín Hidalgo
- Facultad de Medicina; Laboratorio de Farmacología; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA); Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Ana Baamonde
- Facultad de Medicina; Laboratorio de Farmacología; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA); Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Luis Menéndez
- Facultad de Medicina; Laboratorio de Farmacología; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA); Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
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Kwiatkowski K, Piotrowska A, Rojewska E, Makuch W, Jurga A, Slusarczyk J, Trojan E, Basta-Kaim A, Mika J. Beneficial properties of maraviroc on neuropathic pain development and opioid effectiveness in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 64:68-78. [PMID: 26190414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeting chemokine signaling pathways is crucial in neuropathy development. In this study, we investigated the influence of chronic administration of maraviroc (CCR5 antagonist) on nociception and opioid effectiveness during neuropathy, which develops as a result of chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. To investigate the mechanism of action of maraviroc, we measured the expression of glial cell markers, CCR5 and certain CCR5 ligands (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL11), in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of vehicle- and maraviroc-treated, CCI-exposed rats. Our results demonstrate that chronic intrathecal administration of maraviroc diminished neuropathic pain symptoms on day 7 post-CCI. Western blot analysis showed that maraviroc diminished protein level of Iba-1 and GFAP and reversed the up-regulated CCR5 expression observed in spinal cord and DRG after CCI. Additionally, using qRT-PCR, we demonstrated that CCR5 and some of its pronociceptive ligands (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5) increased in the spinal cord after nerve injury, and maraviroc effectively diminished those changes. However, CCL11 spinal expression was undetectable, even after injury. In vitro primary culture studies showed that CCL3, CCL4, CCL5 and CCL7 (but not CCL11) were of microglial and astroglial origin and were up-regulated after LPS stimulation. Our results indicate that maraviroc not only attenuated the development of neuropathic pain symptoms due to significant modulation of neuroimmune interactions but also intensified the analgesic properties of morphine and buprenorphine. In sum, our results suggest the pharmacological modulation of CCR5 by maraviroc as a novel therapeutic approach for co-treatment of patients receiving opioid therapy for neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kwiatkowski
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Rojewska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jurga
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Slusarczyk
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
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18
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Ahrens B, Schulz G, Bellach J, Niggemann B, Beyer K. Chemokine levels in serum of children with atopic dermatitis with regard to severity and sensitization status. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2015; 26:634-40. [PMID: 26102348 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many infants with atopic dermatitis (AD) are sensitized against food or airborne allergens. The severity of AD, using the SCORAD, seems to correlate with elevated serum levels of TARC/CCL17. Other chemokines, such as CCL20 or CCL25, have been described in the context of allergic inflammation. The aim of this study was to analyze whether chemokine serum levels differ within a cohort of infants suffering from varying severities of AD with or without allergic sensitization. METHODS Chemokine serum levels (CCL8, CCL17, CCL20, CCL25) as well as food and airborne allergen-specific IgE were analyzed in infants with AD. RESULTS About 60.9% (78/128) infants with AD (median age 8.8 months, 49 (38%) girls and 79 (62%) boys) showed a positive screening test to common food allergens and 26.6% to common airborne allergens. There was a strong correlation between serum levels of CCL17 and SCORAD in food-sensitized infants (r(s) = 0.646, p = <1e-04) and airborne-sensitized infants (r(s) = 0.587, p = 0.00065) in contrast to non-sensitized ones. Moreover, food-sensitized infants showed significantly higher levels of CCL25 compared to non-food-sensitized ones (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION The strong correlation between TARC/CCL17 and SCORAD in infants with specific sensitizations may be accounted for by the impaired skin barrier. As TARC/CCL17 has been found mainly in the (inflamed) skin but not in the gut, the detection of significantly higher levels of CCL25, ligand of CCR9, localized primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, suggests its impact on food allergen-induced inflammation processes in food-sensitized infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Ahrens
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schulz
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Bellach
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bodo Niggemann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Beyer
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Mladic M, Scholten DJ, Niessen WMA, Somsen GW, Smit MJ, Kool J. At-line coupling of LC-MS to bioaffinity and selectivity assessment for metabolic profiling of ligands towards chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:42-53. [PMID: 26301479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study describes an analytical method for bioaffinity and selectivity assessment of CXCR2 antagonists and their metabolites. The method is based on liquid chromatographic separation (LC) of metabolic mixtures followed by parallel mass spectrometry (MS) identification and bioaffinity determination. The bioaffinity is assessed using radioligand binding assays in 96-well plates after at-line nanofractionation. The described method was optimized for chemokines and low-molecular weight CXCR2 ligands. The limits of detection (LODs; injected amounts) for MK-7123, a high affinity binder to both CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors belonging to the diaminocyclobutendione chemical class, were 40pmol in CXCR1 binding and 8pmol in CXCR2 binding. For CXCL8, the LOD was 5pmol in both binding assays. A control compound was always taken along with each bioassay plate as triplicate dose-response curve. For MK-7123, the calculated IC50 values were 314±59nM (CXCR1 binding) and 38±11nM (CXCR2 binding). For CXCL8, the IC50 values were 6.9±1.4nM (CXCR1 binding) and 2.7±1.3nM (CXCR2 binding). After optimization, the method was applied to the analysis of metabolic mixtures of eight LMW CXCR2 antagonists generated by incubation with pig liver microsomes. Moreover, metabolic profiling of the MK-7123 compound was described using the developed method. Three bioactive metabolites were found, two of which were (partially) identified. This method is suitable for bioaffinity and selectivity assessment of mixtures targeting the CXCR2. In contrary to conventional LC-MS based metabolic profiling studies done at the early lead discovery stage, additional qualitative bioactivity information of drug metabolites is obtained with the method described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mladic
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny J Scholten
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfried M A Niessen
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; hyphen MassSpec, de Wetstraat 8, 2332XT Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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The chemokines CCR1 and CCRL2 have a role in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:2461-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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21
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Salmas RE, Yurtsever M, Durdagi S. Investigation of Inhibition Mechanism of Chemokine Receptor CCR5 by Micro-second Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13180. [PMID: 26299310 PMCID: PMC4547396 DOI: 10.1038/srep13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) belongs to G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and plays an important role in treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection since HIV uses CCR5 protein as a co-receptor. Recently, the crystal structure of CCR5-bound complex with an approved anti-retroviral drug (maroviroc) was resolved. During the crystallization procedure, amino acid residues (i.e., Cys224, Arg225, Asn226 and Glu227) at the third intra-cellular loop were replaced by the rubredoxin for stability reasons. In the current study, we aimed to understand the impact of the incorporated rubredoxin on the conformations of TM domains of the target protein. For this reason, rubredoxin was deleted from the crystal structure and the missing amino acids were engineered. The resultant structure was subjected to long (μs) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to shed light into the inhibitory mechanism. The derived model structure displayed a significant deviation in the cytoplasmic domain of TM5 and IC3 in the absence of rubredoxin. The principal component analyses (PCA) and MD trajectory analyses revealed important structural and dynamical differences at apo and holo forms of the CCR5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mine Yurtsever
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
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22
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Gilchrist A, Gauntner TD, Fazzini A, Alley KM, Pyen DS, Ahn J, Ha SJ, Willett A, Sansom SE, Yarfi JL, Bachovchin KA, Mazzoni MR, Merritt JR. Identifying bias in CCR1 antagonists using radiolabelled binding, receptor internalization, β-arrestin translocation and chemotaxis assays. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:5127-38. [PMID: 24990525 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Investigators have suggested that the chemokine receptor CCR1 plays a role in multiple myeloma. Studies using antisense and neutralizing antibodies to CCR1 showed that down-regulation of the receptor altered disease progression in a mouse model. More recently, experiments utilizing scid mice injected with human myeloma cells demonstrated that the CCR1 antagonist BX471 reduced osteolytic lesions, while the CCR1 antagonist MLN-3897 prevented myeloma cell adhesion to osteoclasts. However, information is limited regarding the pharmacology of CCR1 antagonists in myeloma cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We compared several well-studied CCR1 antagonists including AZD4818, BX471, CCX354, CP-481715, MLN-3897 and PS899877 for their ability to inhibit binding of [(125)I]-CCL3 in vitro using membranes prepared from RPMI 8226 cells, a human multiple myeloma cell line that endogenously expresses CCR1. In addition, antagonists were assessed for their ability to modulate CCL3-mediated internalization of CCR1 and CCL3-mediated cell migration using RPMI 8226 cells. As many GPCRs signal through β-arrestin-dependent pathways that are separate and distinct from those driven by G-proteins, we also evaluated the compounds for their ability to alter β-arrestin translocation. KEY RESULTS There were clear differences between the CCR1 antagonists in their ability to inhibit CCL3 binding to myeloma cells, as well as in their ability to inhibit G-protein-dependent and -independent functional responses. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our studies demonstrate that tissue phenotype seems to be relevant with regards to CCR1. Moreover, it appears that for CCR1 antagonists, inhibition of β-arrestin translocation is not necessarily linked to chemotaxis or receptor internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gilchrist
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
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23
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Yuan HY, Zhang XL, Zhang XH, Meng L, Wei JF. Analysis of patents on anti-rheumatoid arthritis therapies issued in China. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:909-30. [PMID: 26066366 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1044972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is complex and diverse. Chronic inflammatory processes with joint dysfunction can cause permanent disability. Therefore, the development of new drugs and therapies for RA is very important. AREAS COVERED This review analyzes the existing patents on anti-RA products in China to help pharmaceutical companies and individuals patent potential candidate drugs for RA treatment. EXPERT OPINION Three hundred and seventeen patents were analyzed, including 172 patents for Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs, 54.2%), 65 for synthetic compounds (20.5%), 55 for biological products (17.4%) and 25 patents for the drug preparation process (7.9%). Among the TCM patents, 73.8% were of various preparations for different Chinese medicines, 23.8% were of herbal extracts and 2.3% were of herbal extract derivatives. Synthetic compounds were involved in more than 30 targets, some small-molecule drugs that target signaling kinases such as p38 MAPK, Janus kinase may become important directions in the management of RA. Biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) are the most efficacious drugs for RA treatment. As the classic therapeutic target in RA, TNF-α has the largest number of bDMARD patents. In addition, it is expected that new targets such as high-mobility group protein B1, thioredoxin domain-containing protein 5 (TXNDC5) and B lymphocyte stimulator (BlyS) will play a significant role in RA as potential targets for new treatments. The largest number of all the published patent applications are claiming TCMs, which may provide substantial new information for anti-RA drug development. The largest number of all the published patent applications are claiming TCMs, which may provide huge information for anti-RA drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Yuan
- Nanjing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology , Nanjing , China
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24
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Zuo Z, Hu M, Chen M, Chen X, Yang F, Zeng C, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. HPLC Determination of Enantiomeric Purity of PF-04136309 Based on a Chiral Stationary Phase. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gadhe CG, Balupuri A, Cho SJ. In silico characterization of binding mode of CCR8 inhibitor: homology modeling, docking and membrane based MD simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 33:2491-510. [PMID: 25617117 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.1002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human CC-chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) is a crucial drug target in asthma that belongs to G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily, which is characterized by seven transmembrane helices. To date, there is no X-ray crystal structure available for CCR8; this hampers active research on the target. Molecular basis of interaction mechanism of antagonist with CCR8 remains unclear. In order to provide binding site information and stable binding mode, we performed modeling, docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of CCR8. Docking study of biaryl-ether-piperidine derivative (13C) was performed inside predefined CCR8 binding site to get the representative conformation of 13C. Further, MD simulations of receptor and complex (13C-CCR8) inside dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers were performed to explore the effect of lipids. Results analyses showed that the Gln91, Tyr94, Cys106, Val109, Tyr113, Cys183, Tyr184, Ser185, Lys195, Thr198, Asn199, Met202, Phe254, and Glu286 were conserved in both docking and MD simulations. This indicated possible role of these residues in CCR8 antagonism. However, experimental mutational studies on these identified residues could be effective to confirm their importance in CCR8 antagonism. Furthermore, calculated Coulombic interactions represented the crucial roles of Glu286, Lys195, and Tyr113 in CCR8 antagonism. Important residues identified in this study overlap with the previous non-peptide agonist (LMD-009) binding site. Though, the non-peptide agonist and currently studied inhibitor (13C) share common substructure, but they differ in their effects on CCR8. So, to get more insight into their agonist and antagonist effects, further side-by-side experimental studies on both agonist (LMD-009) and antagonist (13C) are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changdev G Gadhe
- a Department of Life Sciences, College of BioNano Technology , Gachon University , 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do 461-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Anand Balupuri
- b Department of Bio-New Drug Development, College of Medicine , Chosun University , Gwangju 501-759 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joo Cho
- b Department of Bio-New Drug Development, College of Medicine , Chosun University , Gwangju 501-759 , Republic of Korea.,c Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine , Chosun University , Gwangju 501-759 , Republic of Korea
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Gadhe CG, Kim MH. Insights into the binding modes of CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) inhibitors: a combined approach involving homology modelling, docking, and molecular dynamics simulation studies. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 11:618-34. [PMID: 25474265 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00568f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), plays a vital role in the progression of asthma, T-cell lymphoma, inflammation, and Alzheimer's disease. To date, the structure of CCR4 has not been determined. Therefore, the nature of the interactions between inhibitors and CCR4 is not well known. In this study, we used CCR5 as a template to model the structure of CCR4. Docking studies were performed for four naphthalene-sulphonamide derivatives and crucial ligand-protein interactions were analysed. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of these complexes (100 ns each) were carried out to gain insights into the interactions between ligands and CCR4. MD simulations revealed that the residues identified by the docking were displaced and new residues were inserted near the ligands. Results of a principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that CCR4 unfolds at the extracellular site surrounding the ligands. Our simulations identified crucial residues involved in CCR4 antagonism, which were supported by previous mutational studies. Additionally, we identified Ser3.29, Leu3.33, Ser5.39, Phe6.47, Ile7.35, Thr7.38, Thr7.40, and Ala7.42 as residues that play crucial roles in CCR4 antagonism. Mutational studies will help elucidate the significance of these residues in CCR4 antagonism. An understanding of ligand-CCR4 interactions might aid in the design of novel CCR4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changdev G Gadhe
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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Design and synthesis of novel small molecule CCR2 antagonists: Evaluation of 4-aminopiperidine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5377-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) plays important roles in extravasation and transmigration of monocytes under inflammatory conditions. CCR2 and its ligands have been extensively studied in a range of inflammatory diseases in the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke. This brief review summarizes our current understanding of the physiologic and pathologic roles of CCR2, focusing on its involvement in CNS inflammatory diseases. There appears to be a rationale for exploring therapies involving CCR2 inhibition in multiple sclerosis and ischemic stroke, but there is also evidence for immunomodulatory and protective effects of CCR2 activity during CNS inflammation. The critical balance between protective and detrimental roles of CCR2-dependent recruitment of leukocytes must therefore be carefully examined to guide safe and effective development of any therapies involving CCR2 modulation.
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Freitag CM, Miller RJ. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists modulate neuropathic pain: a link to chemokines? Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:238. [PMID: 25191225 PMCID: PMC4138931 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain presents a widespread and intractable medical problem. While numerous pharmaceuticals are used to treat chronic pain, drugs that are safe for extended use and highly effective at treating the most severe pain do not yet exist. Chronic pain resulting from nervous system injury (neuropathic pain) is common in conditions ranging from multiple sclerosis to HIV-1 infection to type II diabetes. Inflammation caused by neuropathy is believed to contribute to the generation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Chemokines are key inflammatory mediators, several of which (MCP-1, RANTES, MIP-1α, fractalkine, SDF-1 among others) have been linked to chronic, neuropathic pain in both human conditions and animal models. The important roles chemokines play in inflammation and pain make them an attractive therapeutic target. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear receptors known for their roles in metabolism. Recent research has revealed that PPARs also play a role in inflammatory gene repression. PPAR agonists have wide-ranging effects including inhibition of chemokine expression and pain behavior reduction in animal models. Experimental evidence suggests a connection between the pain ameliorating effects of PPAR agonists and suppression of inflammatory gene expression, including chemokines. In early clinical research, one PPARα agonist, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), shows promise in relieving chronic pain. If this link can be better established, PPAR agonists may represent a new drug therapy for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Freitag
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Richard J. Miller Laboratory, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Richard J. Miller Laboratory, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA
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Pease JE, Horuk R. Recent progress in the development of antagonists to the chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:467-83. [PMID: 24641500 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.897324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4 have been shown to be important therapeutic targets for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Although only two chemokine receptor inhibitors have been approved so far, there are numerous compounds that are in various stages of development. AREAS COVERED In this review article, the authors provide an update on the progress made in the identification of antagonists against the chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4 from 2009 to the present. The rationale of writing this review article is to cover the most important approaches to identifying antagonists to these two receptors, which could prove to be useful therapeutics in treating proinflammatory diseases. EXPERT OPINION Pharmaceutical companies have expended a considerable amount of money and effort to identify potent inhibitors of CCR3 and CCR4 for the treatment of asthma and atopic diseases. Although a variety of compounds have been described and several have progressed into the clinic, none have so far made it as approved drugs. There are, however, novel approaches such as mogamulizumab, a monoclonal antibody to CCR4 currently is in clinical trials for cancer and ASM8, an antisense nucleotide to CCR3, which is in Phase II clinical trials for asthma that might still prove to be successful new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Edward Pease
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Leukocyte Biology Section , SW7 2AZ , UK
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Tschammer N, Kokornaczyk AK, Strunz AK, Wünsch B. Selective and Dual Targeting of CCR2 and CCR5 Receptors: A Current Overview. CHEMOKINES 2014; 14. [PMCID: PMC7123309 DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) are important mediators of leukocyte trafficking in inflammatory processes. The emerging evidence for a role of CCR2 and CCR5 receptors in human inflammatory diseases led to a growing interest in CCR2- and CCR5-selective antagonists. In this review, we focus on the recent development of selective CCR2/CCR5 receptor ligands and dual antagonists. Several compounds targeting CCR2, e.g., INCB8761 and MK0812, were developed as promising candidates for clinical trials, but failed to show clinical efficacy as presumed from preclinical models. The role of CCR5 receptors as the second co-receptor for the HIV-host cell fusion led to the development of various CCR5-selective ligands. Maraviroc is the first CCR5-targeting drug for the treatment of HIV-1 infections on the market. The role of CCR5 receptors in the progression of inflammatory processes fueled the use of CCR5 antagonists for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Unfortunately, the use of maraviroc for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis failed due to its inefficacy. Some of the ligands, e.g., TAK-779 and TAK-652, were also found to be dual antagonists of CCR2 and CCR5 receptors. The fact that CCR2 and CCR5 receptor antagonists contribute to the treatment of inflammatory diseases renders the development of dual antagonists as promising novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuska Tschammer
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
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Sahin H, Berres ML, Wasmuth HE. Therapeutic potential of chemokine receptor antagonists for liver disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 4:503-13. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.11.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bachelerie F, Ben-Baruch A, Burkhardt AM, Combadiere C, Farber JM, Graham GJ, Horuk R, Sparre-Ulrich AH, Locati M, Luster AD, Mantovani A, Matsushima K, Murphy PM, Nibbs R, Nomiyama H, Power CA, Proudfoot AEI, Rosenkilde MM, Rot A, Sozzani S, Thelen M, Yoshie O, Zlotnik A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXIX. Update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:1-79. [PMID: 24218476 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen years ago, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. This was announced in Pharmacological Reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hébert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, and Power CA (2000) Pharmacol Rev 52:145-176]. Since then, several new receptors have been discovered, and major advances have been made for the others in many areas, including structural biology, signal transduction mechanisms, biology, and pharmacology. New and diverse roles have been identified in infection, immunity, inflammation, development, cancer, and other areas. The first two drugs acting at chemokine receptors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), maraviroc targeting CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, and plerixafor targeting CXCR4 for stem cell mobilization for transplantation in cancer, and other candidates are now undergoing pivotal clinical trials for diverse disease indications. In addition, a subfamily of atypical chemokine receptors has emerged that may signal through arrestins instead of G proteins to act as chemokine scavengers, and many microbial and invertebrate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and soluble chemokine-binding proteins have been described. Here, we review this extended family of chemokine receptors and chemokine-binding proteins at the basic, translational, and clinical levels, including an update on drug development. We also introduce a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors with the stem ACKR (atypical chemokine receptor) approved by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology and the Human Genome Nomenclature Committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Bachelerie
- Chair, Subcommittee on Chemokine Receptors, Nomenclature Committee-International Union of Pharmacology, Bldg. 10, Room 11N113, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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Abuelsaad ASA, Al-Ghamdi AS, Al-Ghamdi AN, Alakkas EA, Alsulaimani AA, Al-Harthi AA, Abdel-Moneim AS. Detection of new mutant sites of HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5 among Saudi populations. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:783-9. [PMID: 23742258 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic association of CCR5 with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis is well known. The HIV-1 entry into target cells is initiated by the binding of the viral envelope glycoproteins (gp120-gp41) with the cell surface receptor (CD4) and the coreceptor (CCR5), followed by fusion of the viral and cell membranes. Genetic variants of the gene-encoding HIV-1 coreceptor are implicated in the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. The prevalence of these mutations may vary according to population ethnicity. In the current study, characterization and frequency distribution of the HIV-related gene variants in 135 samples of the Saudi populations were conducted. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of 276 bp amplicons was used to rapidly detect Δ32 deletion in the initial sample of DNA. The direct sequence of 2 overlapping PCR amplicons flanking 1,059 bp was used to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms. A single hetrozygous Δ32 deletion allele and 6 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were detected. Only one of the identified haplotypes, Taif-1, which was found in the majority of the tested sample, is identical to CCR5 wild-type alleles. Furthermore, the results of this study raised a concern about the prospective role of the mutations detected among Saudi nationals in the HIV pathogenesis and the clinical use of CCR5 antagonists, which are currently being developed as therapeutics for HIV-1 and inflammatory diseases.
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Sato T, Iwase M, Miyama M, Komai M, Ohshima E, Asai A, Yano H, Miki I. Internalization of CCR4 and inhibition of chemotaxis by K777, a potent and selective CCR4 antagonist. Pharmacology 2013; 91:305-13. [PMID: 23751403 DOI: 10.1159/000350390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is a G protein-coupled receptor that regulates the chemotaxis of Th2 lymphocytes, which are key players in allergic diseases. K777 is a small compound identified in a binding assay using a CCR4 ligand, CCL17. K777 inhibited both CCL17 binding and CCL17-induced chemotaxis in Hut78 cells (IC50: 57 and 8.9 nmol/l, respectively). The K777-mediated inhibition of chemotaxis was potent even in the presence of a 10-fold higher concentration of CCL17. The imaging and flow cytometric analyses revealed that K777 induced CCR4 internalization, with a ∼50% reduction of cell surface CCR4. K777 did not inhibit CXCR4-induced chemotaxis or internalization and did not bring about Ca(2+) mobilization by itself. A Scatchard plot analysis of the binding assay using radiolabeled K777 revealed a single high-affinity binding site on the CCR4 molecule. These results indicate that K777 is a selective CCR4 antagonist featuring the potent chemotaxis inhibition, to which the internalization-inducible ability of K777 to hide a part of cell surface CCR4 may contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sato
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Fuji Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Nagaizumi, Japan
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Provost V, Larose MC, Langlois A, Rola-Pleszczynski M, Flamand N, Laviolette M. CCL26/eotaxin-3 is more effective to induce the migration of eosinophils of asthmatics than CCL11/eotaxin-1 and CCL24/eotaxin-2. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:213-22. [PMID: 23532518 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0212074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
CCL11, CCL24, and CCL26 are chemokines involved in the recruitment of eosinophils into tissues and mainly activate CCR3. Whereas the genomic or pharmacological inhibition of CCR3 prevents the development of experimental asthma in rodents, it only impairs the recruitment of eosinophils by ∼40% in humans. As humans, but not rodents, express CCL26, we investigated the impact of CCL11, CCL24, and CCL26 on human eosinophils recruitment and evaluated the involvement of CCR3. The migration of eosinophils of healthy volunteers was similar for the three eotaxins. Eosinophils of mild asthmatics had a greater response to CCL11 and a much greater response to CCL26. Whereas all eotaxins induced the migration of eosinophil of asthmatics from 0 to 6 h, CCL26 triggered a second phase of migration between 12 and 18 h. Given that the CCR3 antagonists SB 328437 and SB 297006 inhibited the 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoate-induced migration of eosinophils and that the CCR3 antagonist UCB 35625 was not specific for CCR3, CCR3 blockade was performed with the CCR3 mAb. This antibody completely blocked the effect of all eotaxins on eosinophils of healthy subjects and the effect of CCL24 on the eosinophils of asthmatics. Interestingly, CCR3 blockade did not affect the second migration phase induced by CCL26 on eosinophils of asthmatics. In conclusion, CCL26 is a more effective chemoattractant than CCL11 and CCL24 for eosinophils of asthmatics. The mechanism of this greater efficiency is not yet defined. However, these results suggest that CCL26 may play a unique and important role in the recruitment of eosinophils in persistent asthma.
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Björkander S, Heidari-Hamedani G, Bremme K, Gunnarsson I, Holmlund U. Peripheral Monocyte Expression of the Chemokine Receptors CCR2, CCR5 and CXCR3 is Altered at Parturition in Healthy Women and in Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Scand J Immunol 2013; 77:200-12. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Björkander
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - G. Heidari-Hamedani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - K. Bremme
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Women and Child Health; Karolinska University Hospital; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - I. Gunnarsson
- Department of Medicine; Unit of Rheumatology; Karolinska University Hospital; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - U. Holmlund
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; Stockholm; Sweden
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Carter PH. Progress in the discovery of CC chemokine receptor 2 antagonists, 2009 - 2012. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:549-68. [PMID: 23428142 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.771168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is a key mediator of the activation and migration of inflammatory monocytes. As such, it has been investigated extensively as a target for therapeutic intervention in a diverse range of diseases. AREAS COVERED This article reviews both the patent and peer-reviewed literature on the discovery of CCR2 antagonists from January 2009 to December 2012. Developments have occurred within each of the major chemical families of CCR2 antagonists, and are framed in that context. As has been true historically, a number of the compound families also exhibit substantial activity against the related CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), making them formally CCR2/5-dual antagonists. EXPERT OPINION Significant progress continues to be made in identifying novel, potent CCR2 antagonists. In addition, researchers have had success in addressing issues related to selectivity, cardiac safety, and preclinical pharmacokinetics. Establishing proof-of-concept in clinical trials remains the primary challenge for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy H Carter
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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O'Hayre M, Salanga CL, Handel TM, Hamel DJ. Emerging concepts and approaches for chemokine-receptor drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 5:1109-22. [PMID: 21132095 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2010.525633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Chemokine receptors are most noted for their role in cell migration. However, inappropriate utilization or regulation of these receptors is implicated in many inflammatory diseases, cancer and HIV, making them important drug targets. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Allostery, oligomerization and ligand bias are presented as they pertain to chemokine receptors and their associated pathologies.Specific examples of each are described from the recent literature and their implications are discussed in terms of drug discovery efforts targeting chemokine receptors. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Insight into the expanding view of the multitude of pharmacological variables that need to be considered or that may be exploited in chemokine receptor drug discovery. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Since 2007, two drugs targeting chemokine receptors have been approved by the FDA, Maraviroc for preventing HIV infection and Mozobil™ for hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. While these successes permit optimism for chemokine receptors as drug targets, only recently has the complexity of this system begun to be appreciated. The concepts of allosteric inhibitors, biased ligands and functional selectivity raise the possibility that drugs with precisely-defined properties can be developed. Other complexities such as receptor oligomerization and tissue-specific functional states of receptors also offer opportunities for increased target and response specificity, although it will be more challenging to translate these ideas into approved therapeutics compared to traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan O'Hayre
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy andPharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Pyrrolidinyl phenylurea derivatives as novel CCR3 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6876-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu Y, Chen B, Wei J. Computational studies of the binding modes of CCR1 antagonists. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2012.679617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- James Pease
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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Dairaghi DJ, Oyajobi BO, Gupta A, McCluskey B, Miao S, Powers JP, Seitz LC, Wang Y, Zeng Y, Zhang P, Schall TJ, Jaen JC. CCR1 blockade reduces tumor burden and osteolysis in vivo in a mouse model of myeloma bone disease. Blood 2012; 120:1449-57. [PMID: 22618707 PMCID: PMC3423783 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-384784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CCL3/MIP-1α is a risk factor in the outcome of multiple myeloma (MM), particularly in the development of osteolytic bone disease. This chemokine, highly overexpressed by MM cells, can signal mainly through 2 receptors, CCR1 and CCR5, only 1 of which (CCR1) is responsive to CCL3 in human and mouse osteoclast precursors. CCR1 activation leads to the formation of osteolytic lesions and facilitates tumor growth. Here we show that formation of mature osteoclasts is blocked by the highly potent and selective CCR1 antagonist CCX721, an analog of the clinical compound CCX354. We also show that doses of CCX721 selected to completely inhibit CCR1 produce a profound decrease in tumor burden and osteolytic damage in the murine 5TGM1 model of MM bone disease. Similar effects were observed when the antagonist was used prophylactically or therapeutically, with comparable efficacy to that of zoledronic acid. 5TGM1 cells were shown to express minimal levels of CCR1 while secreting high levels of CCL3, suggesting that the therapeutic effects of CCX721 result from CCR1 inhibition on non-MM cells, most likely osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors. These results provide a strong rationale for further development of CCR1 antagonists for the treatment of MM and associated osteolytic bone disease.
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Nitta A, Iura Y, Tomioka H, Sato I, Morihira K, Kubota H, Morokata T, Takeuchi M, Ohta M, Tsukamoto SI, Imaoka T, Takahashi T. Discovery and structure–activity relationships of urea derivatives as potent and novel CCR3 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4951-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Are we just learning the scales on the chemokine receptor pianos? Future Med Chem 2012; 4:825-7. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kothandan G, Gadhe CG, Cho SJ. Structural insights from binding poses of CCR2 and CCR5 with clinically important antagonists: a combined in silico study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32864. [PMID: 22479344 PMCID: PMC3314010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that contain seven transmembrane domains. In particular, CCR2 and CCR5 and their ligands have been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Based on their roles in disease, they have been attractive targets for the pharmaceutical industry, and furthermore, targeting both CCR2 and CCR5 can be a useful strategy. Owing to the importance of these receptors, information regarding the binding site is of prime importance. Structural studies have been hampered due to the lack of X-ray crystal structures, and templates with close homologs for comparative modeling. Most of the previous models were based on the bovine rhodopsin and β2-adrenergic receptor. In this study, based on a closer homolog with higher resolution (CXCR4, PDB code: 3ODU 2.5 Å), we constructed three-dimensional models. The main aim of this study was to provide relevant information on binding sites of these receptors. Molecular dynamics simulation was done to refine the homology models and PROCHECK results indicated that the models were reasonable. Here, binding poses were checked with some established inhibitors of high pharmaceutical importance against the modeled receptors. Analysis of interaction modes gave an integrated interpretation with detailed structural information. The binding poses confirmed that the acidic residues Glu291 (CCR2) and Glu283 (CCR5) are important, and we also found some additional residues. Comparisons of binding sites of CCR2/CCR5 were done sequentially and also by docking a potent dual antagonist. Our results can be a starting point for further structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gugan Kothandan
- Department of Bio-New Drug Development, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Changdev G. Gadhe
- Department of Bio-New Drug Development, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung Joo Cho
- Department of Bio-New Drug Development, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Resistant Cells, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Classically, allergy depends on IgE antibodies and on high-affinity IgE receptors expressed by mast cells and basophils. This long accepted IgE/FcεRI/mast cell paradigm, on which the definition of immediate hypersensitivity was based in the Gell and Coomb's classification, appears too reductionist. Recently accumulated evidence indeed requires that not only IgE but also IgG antibodies, that not only FcεRI but also FcγR of the different types, that not only mast cells and basophils but also neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and other myeloid cells be considered as important players in allergy. This view markedly changes our understanding of allergic diseases and, possibly, their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Jönsson
- Institut Pasteur, Département d’Immunologie, Unité d’Allergologie Moléculaire et CellulaireParis, France
- Inserm, Unité 760Paris, France
| | - Marc Daëron
- Institut Pasteur, Département d’Immunologie, Unité d’Allergologie Moléculaire et CellulaireParis, France
- Inserm, Unité 760Paris, France
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49
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Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR1 has been the target of intensive research for nearly two decades. Small-molecule antagonists were first reported in 1998 and, since then, many inhibitors for CCR1 have been brought forth. Yet, with all the money and time spent, to date, no small-molecule antagonists have successfully moved past Phase II clinical trials. With the current advancement of CCR1 antagonists by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Chemocentrix, there has been renewed interest. In this review, we present an overview of CCR1, its activating ligands, methods of signaling, and downstream response. We discuss studies that indicate CCR1 plays an important role in multiple myeloma and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Finally, we present an overview of the clinical and preclinical compounds for CCR1. We address individual structures, discuss their pharmacological précis, and summarize the published evidence to assess their value for use in multiple myeloma.
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50
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Xue CB, Wang A, Han Q, Zhang Y, Cao G, Feng H, Huang T, Zheng C, Xia M, Zhang K, Kong L, Glenn J, Anand R, Meloni D, Robinson DJ, Shao L, Storace L, Li M, Hughes RO, Devraj R, Morton PA, Rogier DJ, Covington M, Scherle P, Diamond S, Emm T, Yeleswaram S, Contel N, Vaddi K, Newton R, Hollis G, Metcalf B. Discovery of INCB8761/PF-4136309, a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable CCR2 Antagonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:913-8. [PMID: 24900280 DOI: 10.1021/ml200199c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the discovery of a new (S)-3-aminopyrrolidine series of CCR2 antagonists. Structure-activity relationship studies on this new series led to the identification of 17 (INCB8761/PF-4136309) that exhibited potent CCR2 antagonistic activity, high selectivity, weak hERG activity, and an excellent in vitro and in vivo ADMET profile. INCB8761/PF-4136309 has entered human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Biao Xue
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Anlai Wang
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Qi Han
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Ganfeng Cao
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Hao Feng
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Taisheng Huang
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Changsheng Zheng
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Michael Xia
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Ke Zhang
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Lingquan Kong
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Joseph Glenn
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Rajan Anand
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - David Meloni
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - D. J. Robinson
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Lixin Shao
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Lou Storace
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Mei Li
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Robert O. Hughes
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis,
Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Rajesh Devraj
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis,
Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Philip A. Morton
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis,
Missouri 63017, United States
| | - D. Joseph Rogier
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis,
Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Maryanne Covington
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Peggy Scherle
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Sharon Diamond
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Tom Emm
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Swamy Yeleswaram
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Nancy Contel
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Kris Vaddi
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Robert Newton
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Greg Hollis
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Brian Metcalf
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station
E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
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