1
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Jin X, Ding N, Guo HY, Hu Q. Macrocyclic-based strategy in drug design: From lab to the clinic. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 277:116733. [PMID: 39098132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Macrocyclic compounds have emerged as potent tools in the field of drug design, offering unique advantages for enhancing molecular recognition, improving pharmacokinetic properties, and expanding the chemical space accessible to medicinal chemists. This review delves into the evolutionary trajectory of macrocyclic-based strategies, tracing their journey from laboratory innovations to clinical applications. Beginning with an exploration of the defining structural features of macrocycles and their impact on drug-like characteristics, this discussion progresses to highlight key design principles that have facilitated the development of diverse macrocyclic drug candidates. Through a series of illustrative representative case studies from approved macrocyclic drugs and candidates spanning various therapeutic areas, particular emphasis is placed on their efficacy in targeting challenging protein-protein interactions, enzymes, and receptors. Additionally, this review thoroughly examines how macrocycles effectively address critical issues such as metabolic stability, oral bioavailability and selectivity. Valuable insights into optimization strategies employed during both approved and clinical phases underscore successful translation of promising leads into efficacious therapies while providing valuable perspectives on harnessing the full potential of macrocycles in drug discovery and development endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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2
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Tyagi S, Mishra R, Mazumder R, Mazumder A. Current Market Potential and Prospects of Copper-based Pyridine Derivatives: A Review. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:1111-1123. [PMID: 37496249 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230726160056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine, minodronic acid, nicotinamide (niacin), zolpidem, zolimidine, and other pyridine-based chemicals play vital roles in medicine and biology. Pyridinecontaining drugs are widely available on the market to treat a wide range of human ailments. As a result of these advances, pyridine research is continually expanding, and there are now higher expectations for how it may aid in the treatment of numerous ailments. This evaluation incorporates data acquired from sources, like PubMed, to provide a thorough summary of the approved drugs and bioactivity data for compounds containing pyridine. Most of the reactions discussed in this article will provide readers with a deeper understanding of various pyridine-related examples, which is necessary for the creation of copper catalysis-based synthetic processes that are more accessible, secure, environmentally friendly, and practical, and that also have higher accuracy and selectivity. This paper also discusses significant innovations in the multi-component copper-catalyzed synthesis of N-heterocycles (pyridine), with the aim of developing precise, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly oxygenation and oxidation synthetic methods for the future synthesis of additional novel pyridine base analogs. Therefore, the review article will serve as a novel platform for researchers investigating copperbased pyridine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Tyagi
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-2, Plot 19, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Rakhi Mishra
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-2, Plot 19, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Rupa Mazumder
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-2, Plot 19, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Avijit Mazumder
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-2, Plot 19, Greater Noida, 201306, India
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3
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Mai NT, Lan NT, Vu TY, Tung NT, Phung HTT. A computationally affordable approach for accurate prediction of the binding affinity of JAK2 inhibitors. J Mol Model 2022; 28:163. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Role of water in the determination of protonation states of titratable residues. J Mol Model 2021; 27:61. [PMID: 33517493 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Water is the fundamental unit for living being, and its contribution in variety of crucial cellular functions is widely accepted. The presence of water molecules in protein's environment also accounts for structural optimization, in which highly conserved water molecules ensure structural stability of the biomolecule by providing protein-water (solute-solvent) hydrogen-bond interaction networks. Similarly, protonation states and pKa values of individual amino acid residues are also influenced by neighboring water molecules present in the protein's vicinity. In the present study, we have highlighted the role of water molecules in hydrogen-bond optimization, in determining pKa values and protonation states of titratable residues in JH2 domain of JAK2 apo protein. We found that inclusion or exclusion of water molecules while calculating pKa and assigning protonation states to amino acid residues during the molecular system build-up step resulted in slight differences in pKa values of few titratable residues and alternative protonation states of a certain residue. Accordingly, different protonation states of ionizable residues offer differing interaction patterns. Thus, we inferred that the presence of water optimizes the hydrogen-bond interactions by forming direct protein-water interactions and by linking via protein-protein bridging interactions. However, in the absence of water, the interaction pattern is somewhat disrupted. We assume that water molecules could modulate the plausibility of a particular protonation state of titratable residues on the basis of its fit with the local environment, by utilizing some particular hydrogen-bond contacts that would remain unexploited in the absence of water.
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5
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Gad EM, Nafie MS, Eltamany EH, Hammad MSAG, Barakat A, Boraei ATA. Discovery of New Apoptosis-Inducing Agents for Breast Cancer Based on Ethyl 2-Amino-4,5,6,7-Tetra Hydrobenzo[ b]Thiophene-3-Carboxylate: Synthesis, In Vitro, and In Vivo Activity Evaluation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112523. [PMID: 32481682 PMCID: PMC7321303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A multicomponent synthesis was empolyed for the synthesis of ethyl 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxylate 1. An interesting cyclization was obtained when the amino-ester 1 reacted with ethyl isothiocyanate to give the benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d][1,3]thiazin-4-one 3. Acylation of the amino-ester 1 with chloroacetyl chloride in DCM and Et3N afforded the acylated ester 4. The amino-ester 1 was cyclized to benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one 8, which was reacted with some alkylating agents leading to alkylation at nitrogen 9–13. Hydrazide 14 was utilized as a synthon for the synthesis of the derivatives 15–19. Chloro-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine 20 was synthesized and reacted with the hydrazine hydrate to afford the hydrazino derivative 21, which was used as a scaffold for getting the derivatives 22–28. Nucleophilic substitution reactions were used for getting the compounds 29–35 from chloro-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine 20. In the way of anticancer therapeutics development, the requisite compounds were assessed for their cytotoxicity in vitro against MCF-7 and HepG-2 cancer cell lines. Twelve compounds showed an interesting antiproliferative potential with IC50 from 23.2 to 95.9 µM. The flow cytometric analysis results showed that hit 4 induces the apoptosis in MCF-7 cells with a significant 26.86% reduction in cell viability. The in vivo study revealed a significant decrease in the solid tumor mass (26.6%) upon treatment with compound 4. Moreover, in silico study as an agonist for inhibitors of JAK2 and prediction study determined their binding energies and predicted their physicochemical properties and drug-likeness scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad M. Gad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.S.N.); (E.H.E.); (M.S.A.G.H.)
- Correspondence: (E.M.G); (A.T.A.B.)
| | - Mohamed S. Nafie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.S.N.); (E.H.E.); (M.S.A.G.H.)
| | - Elsayed H. Eltamany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.S.N.); (E.H.E.); (M.S.A.G.H.)
| | - Magdy S. A. G. Hammad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.S.N.); (E.H.E.); (M.S.A.G.H.)
| | - Assem Barakat
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Ahmed T. A. Boraei
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.S.N.); (E.H.E.); (M.S.A.G.H.)
- Correspondence: (E.M.G); (A.T.A.B.)
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6
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Keretsu S, Bhujbal SP, Cho SJ. Computational Study of Pyrimidin‐2‐Aminopyrazol‐Hydroxamate‐based
JAK2
Inhibitors for the Treatment of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seketoulie Keretsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of MedicineChosun University Gwangju 501‐759 Republic of Korea
| | - Swapnil Pandurang Bhujbal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of MedicineChosun University Gwangju 501‐759 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joo Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of MedicineChosun University Gwangju 501‐759 Republic of Korea
- Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, College of MedicineChosun University Gwangju 501‐759 Republic of Korea
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7
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Itteboina R, Ballu S, Sivan SK, Manga V. Molecular docking, 3D-QSAR, molecular dynamics, synthesis and anticancer activity of tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK 2) inhibitors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 38:462-474. [PMID: 31038024 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1585453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A therapeutic rationale is proposed by selectively targeting tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK 2) to obtain potent TYK 2 inhibitors by molecular modeling studies. In the present study, we have taken tyrosine kinase (TYK 2) inhibitors and carried out molecular docking, 3 D quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analysis and molecular dynamics (MD). Based on the 3D-QSAR results thirteen new compounds (R-1 to R-13) were designed and synthesized in good yields. The synthesized molecules were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity against LnCap and A549 cell lines. The molecules R-1, R-3, R-5, R-7, and R-10 exhibited considerable anti cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Itteboina
- a Molecular Modeling and Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Hyderabad , Telangana State , India
| | - Srilata Ballu
- a Molecular Modeling and Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Hyderabad , Telangana State , India
| | - Sree Kanth Sivan
- a Molecular Modeling and Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Hyderabad , Telangana State , India
| | - Vijjulatha Manga
- a Molecular Modeling and Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Hyderabad , Telangana State , India
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8
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Abu Bakar A, Akhtar MN, Mohd Ali N, Yeap SK, Quah CK, Loh WS, Alitheen NB, Zareen S, Ul-Haq Z, Shah SAA. Design, Synthesis and Docking Studies of Flavokawain B Type Chalcones and Their Cytotoxic Effects on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Cell Lines. Molecules 2018. [PMID: 29518053 PMCID: PMC6017189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavokawain B (1) is a natural chalcone extracted from the roots of Piper methysticum, and has been proven to be a potential cytotoxic compound. Using the partial structure of flavokawain B (FKB), about 23 analogs have been synthesized. Among them, compounds 8, 13 and 23 were found in new FKB derivatives. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic properties against two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, thus establishing the structure–activity relationship. The FKB derivatives 16 (IC50 = 6.50 ± 0.40 and 4.12 ± 0.20 μg/mL), 15 (IC50 = 5.50 ± 0.35 and 6.50 ± 1.40 μg/mL) and 13 (IC50 = 7.12 ± 0.80 and 4.04 ± 0.30 μg/mL) exhibited potential cytotoxic effects on the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. However, the methoxy group substituted in position three and four in compound 2 (IC50 = 8.90 ± 0.60 and 6.80 ± 0.35 μg/mL) and 22 (IC50 = 8.80 ± 0.35 and 14.16 ± 1.10 μg/mL) exhibited good cytotoxicity. The lead compound FKB (1) showed potential cytotoxicity (IC50 = 7.70 ± 0.30 and 5.90 ± 0.30 μg/mL) against two proposed breast cancer cell lines. It is evident that the FKB skeleton is unique for anticancer agents, additionally, the presence of halogens (Cl and F) in position 2 and 3 also improved the cytotoxicity in FKB series. These findings could help to improve the future drug discovery process to treat breast cancer. A molecular dynamics study of active compounds revealed stable interactions within the active site of Janus kinase. The structures of all compounds were determined by 1H-NMR, EI-MS, IR and UV and X-ray crystallographic spectroscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addila Abu Bakar
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia.
| | - Norlaily Mohd Ali
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Chine-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang 43900, Malaysia.
| | - Ching Kheng Quah
- X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, University Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Wan-Sin Loh
- X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, University Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Seema Zareen
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia.
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Research Institute of Natural Products for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Malaysia.
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9
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Discovery of tricyclic dipyrrolopyridine derivatives as novel JAK inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5311-5326. [PMID: 28789911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) play a crucial role in cytokine mediated signal transduction. JAK inhibitors have emerged as effective immunomodulative agents for the prevention of transplant rejection. We previously reported that the tricyclic imidazo-pyrrolopyridinone 2 is a potent JAK inhibitor; however, it had poor oral absorption due to low membrane permeability. Here, we report the structural modification of compound 2 into the tricyclic dipyrrolopyridine 18a focusing on reduction of polar surface area (PSA), which exhibits potent in vitro activity, improved membrane permeability and good oral bioavailability. Compound 18a showed efficacy in rat heterotopic cardiac transplants model.
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10
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Itteboina R, Ballu S, Sivan SK, Manga V. Molecular modeling-driven approach for identification of Janus kinase 1 inhibitors through 3D-QSAR, docking and molecular dynamics simulations. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 37:453-469. [DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2017.1328442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Itteboina
- Molecular Modeling and Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srilata Ballu
- Molecular Modeling and Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sree Kanth Sivan
- Molecular Modeling and Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vijjulatha Manga
- Molecular Modeling and Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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11
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Wang T, Liu X, Hao M, Qiao J, Ju C, Xue L, Zhang C. Design, synthesis and evaluation of pyrrolo[2,3- d ]pyrimidine-phenylamide hybrids as potent Janus kinase 2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2936-2941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Discovery of 3,6-dihydroimidazo[4,5-d]pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives as novel JAK inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4846-4859. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Novel pyrrole carboxamide inhibitors of JAK2 as potential treatment of myeloproliferative disorders. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2387-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Consisting of four members, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2, the JAK kinases have emerged as important targets for proliferative and immune-inflammatory disorders. Recent progress in the discovery of selective inhibitors has been significant, with selective compounds now reported for each isoform. This article summarizes the current state-of-the-art with a discussion of the most recently described selective compounds. X-ray co-crystal structures reveal the molecular reasons for the observed biochemical selectivity. A concluding analysis of JAK inhibitors in the clinic highlights increased clinical trial activity and diversity of indications. Selective JAK inhibitors, as single agents or in combination regimens, have a very promising future in the treatment of oncology, immune and inflammatory diseases.
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15
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Brasca MG, Nesi M, Avanzi N, Ballinari D, Bandiera T, Bertrand J, Bindi S, Canevari G, Carenzi D, Casero D, Ceriani L, Ciomei M, Cirla A, Colombo M, Cribioli S, Cristiani C, Della Vedova F, Fachin G, Fasolini M, Felder ER, Galvani A, Isacchi A, Mirizzi D, Motto I, Panzeri A, Pesenti E, Vianello P, Gnocchi P, Donati D. Pyrrole-3-carboxamides as potent and selective JAK2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4998-5012. [PMID: 25009002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the discovery, structure guided design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel class of JAK2 inhibitors. Optimization of the series led to the identification of the potent and orally bioavailable JAK2 inhibitor 28 (NMS-P953). Compound 28 displayed significant tumour growth inhibition in SET-2 xenograft tumour model, with a mechanism of action confirmed in vivo by typical modulation of known biomarkers, and with a favourable pharmacokinetic and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Brasca
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy.
| | - Marcella Nesi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Nilla Avanzi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Dario Ballinari
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Jay Bertrand
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Simona Bindi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Giulia Canevari
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Davide Carenzi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Daniele Casero
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Lucio Ceriani
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Marina Ciomei
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Alessandra Cirla
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Maristella Colombo
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Sabrina Cribioli
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Cinzia Cristiani
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Franco Della Vedova
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Gabriele Fachin
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Marina Fasolini
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Eduard R Felder
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Arturo Galvani
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Antonella Isacchi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Danilo Mirizzi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Ilaria Motto
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Achille Panzeri
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Enrico Pesenti
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Paola Vianello
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Paola Gnocchi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Daniele Donati
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
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16
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Norman P. Evaluation of WO2013125543, WO2013146963 and EP2634185: the first Tyk2 inhibitors from Takeda and Sareum. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:361-8. [PMID: 24386992 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.864637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Three patent applications, from two different companies, claim structurally novel Tyk2 inhibitors and their uses for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In EP-2634185 Sareum claims 5-anilino-2-(2-halophenyl)-oxazole-4-carboxamide derivatives which are shown to be nanomolar potency Tyk2 inhibitors with 10 - 100-fold selectivity over JAK1, JAK2 and JAK3. Takeda's WO-2013125543 and WO-2013146963 claim two distinct structural classes of Tyk2 inhibitors. The first application claims inhibitors based on an unusual 1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-4-one scaffold and the second claims 1-(2-arylaminopyrimidin-4-yl)-pyrrolidin-2-one derivatives. One example of the latter was shown to be orally active in an IL-23-induced inflammation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Norman
- Norman Consulting , 18 Pink Lane, Burnham, Bucks, SL1 8JW , UK
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17
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Su Q, Ioannidis S, Chuaqui C, Almeida L, Alimzhanov M, Bebernitz G, Bell K, Block M, Howard T, Huang S, Huszar D, Read JA, Rivard Costa C, Shi J, Su M, Ye M, Zinda M. Discovery of 1-methyl-1H-imidazole derivatives as potent Jak2 inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 57:144-58. [PMID: 24359159 DOI: 10.1021/jm401546n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Structure based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel series of 1-methyl-1H-imidazole, as potent Jak2 inhibitors to modulate the Jak/STAT pathway, are described. Using the C-ring fragment from our first clinical candidate AZD1480 (24), optimization of the series led to the discovery of compound 19a, a potent, orally bioavailable Jak2 inhibitor. Compound 19a displayed a high level of cellular activity in hematopoietic cell lines harboring the V617F mutation and in murine BaF3 TEL-Jak2 cells. Compound 19a demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition in a UKE-1 xenograft model within a well-tolerated dose range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Su
- AstraZeneca, Oncology Innovative Medicines, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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18
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Li MY, Tian Y, Shen L, Buettner R, Li HZ, Liu L, Yuan YC, Xiao Q, Wu J, Jove R. 3-O-methylthespesilactam, a new small-molecule anticancer pan-JAK inhibitor against A2058 human melanoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1411-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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2-Amino-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines as JAK2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5014-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Hurley CA, Blair WS, Bull RJ, Chang C, Crackett PH, Deshmukh G, Dyke HJ, Fong R, Ghilardi N, Gibbons P, Hewitt PR, Johnson A, Johnson T, Kenny JR, Kohli PB, Kulagowski JJ, Liimatta M, Lupardus PJ, Maxey RJ, Mendonca R, Narukulla R, Pulk R, Ubhayakar S, van Abbema A, Ward SI, Waszkowycz B, Zak M. Novel triazolo-pyrrolopyridines as inhibitors of Janus kinase 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3592-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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21
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Dymock BW, See CS. Inhibitors of JAK2 and JAK3: an update on the patent literature 2010 – 2012. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:449-501. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.765862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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23
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William AD, Lee ACH, Poulsen A, Goh KC, Madan B, Hart S, Tan E, Wang H, Nagaraj H, Chen D, Lee CP, Sun ET, Jayaraman R, Pasha MK, Ethirajulu K, Wood JM, Dymock BW. Discovery of the macrocycle (9E)-15-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)-7,12,25-trioxa-19,21,24-triaza-tetracyclo[18.3.1.1(2,5).1(14,18)]hexacosa-1(24),2,4,9,14(26),15,17,20,22-nonaene (SB1578), a potent inhibitor of janus kinase 2/fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (JAK2/FLT3) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2623-40. [PMID: 22339472 DOI: 10.1021/jm201454n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the synthesis and SAR of a series of small molecule macrocycles that selectively inhibit JAK2 kinase within the JAK family and FLT3 kinase. Following a multiparameter optimization of a key aryl ring of the previously described SB1518 (pacritinib), the highly soluble 14l was selected as the optimal compound. Oral efficacy in the murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) supported 14l as a potential treatment for autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis and RA. Compound 14l (SB1578) was progressed into development and is currently undergoing phase 1 clinical trials in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D William
- S BIO Pte. Ltd., 1 Science Park Road, #05-09 The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117528.
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24
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Weigert O, Lane AA, Bird L, Kopp N, Chapuy B, van Bodegom D, Toms AV, Marubayashi S, Christie AL, McKeown M, Paranal RM, Bradner JE, Yoda A, Gaul C, Vangrevelinghe E, Romanet V, Murakami M, Tiedt R, Ebel N, Evrot E, De Pover A, Régnier CH, Erdmann D, Hofmann F, Eck MJ, Sallan SE, Levine RL, Kung AL, Baffert F, Radimerski T, Weinstock DM. Genetic resistance to JAK2 enzymatic inhibitors is overcome by HSP90 inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:259-73. [PMID: 22271575 PMCID: PMC3280877 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic inhibitors of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) are in clinical development for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) with rearrangements of the cytokine receptor subunit cytokine receptor-like factor 2 (CRLF2), and other tumors with constitutive JAK2 signaling. In this study, we identify G935R, Y931C, and E864K mutations within the JAK2 kinase domain that confer resistance across a panel of JAK inhibitors, whether present in cis with JAK2 V617F (observed in MPNs) or JAK2 R683G (observed in B-ALL). G935R, Y931C, and E864K do not reduce the sensitivity of JAK2-dependent cells to inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), which promote the degradation of both wild-type and mutant JAK2. HSP90 inhibitors were 100-1,000-fold more potent against CRLF2-rearranged B-ALL cells, which correlated with JAK2 degradation and more extensive blockade of JAK2/STAT5, MAP kinase, and AKT signaling. In addition, the HSP90 inhibitor AUY922 prolonged survival of mice xenografted with primary human CRLF2-rearranged B-ALL further than an enzymatic JAK2 inhibitor. Thus, HSP90 is a promising therapeutic target in JAK2-driven cancers, including those with genetic resistance to JAK enzymatic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Weigert
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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25
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Baskin R, Gali M, Park SO, Zhao ZJ, Keseru GM, Bisht KS, Sayeski PP. Identification of novel SAR properties of the Jak2 small molecule inhibitor G6: significance of the para-hydroxyl orientation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:1402-7. [PMID: 22227213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the structure-activity relationship properties of the small molecule Jak2 inhibitor G6. We synthesized a set of derivatives containing the native para-hydroxyl structure or an alternative meta-hydroxyl structure and examined their Jak2 inhibitory properties. We found that the para-hydroxyl derivative known as NB15 had excellent Jak2 inhibitory properties in silico, in vitro, and ex vivo when compared with meta-hydroxyl derivatives. These results indicate that NB15 is a potent derivative of the Jak2 inhibitor G6, and that maintaining the para-hydroxyl orientation of G6 is critical for its Jak2 inhibitory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Baskin
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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26
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Hosseinzadeh Z, Bhavsar SK, Sopjani M, Alesutan I, Saxena A, Dërmaku-Sopjani M, Lang F. Regulation of the glutamate transporters by JAK2. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:693-702. [PMID: 22178881 DOI: 10.1159/000335763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus-activated kinase-2 JAK2 is involved in the signaling of leptin and erythropoietin receptors and mediates neuroprotective effects of the hormones. In theory, JAK2 could be effective through modulation of the glutamate transporters, carriers accounting for the clearance of glutamate released during neurotransmission. The present study thus elucidated the effect of JAK2 on the glutamate transporters EAAT1, EAAT2, EAAT3 and EAAT4. To this end, cRNA encoding the carriers was injected into Xenopus oocytes with or without cRNA encoding JAK2 and glutamate transport was estimated from glutamate induced current (I(glu)). I(glu) was observed in Xenopus oocytes expressing EAAT1 or EAAT2 or EAAT3 or EAAT4, but not in water injected oocytes. Coexpression of JAK2 resulted in an increase of I(glu) by 83% (EAAT1), 67% (EAAT2), 42% (EAAT3) and 126% (EAAT4). As shown for EAAT4 expressing Xenopus oocytes, the effect of JAK2 was mimicked by gain of function mutation (V617F)JAK2 but not by the inactive mutant (K882E)JAK2. Incubation with JAK2 inhibitor AG490 (40 μM) resulted in a gradual decrease of I(glu) by 53%, 79% and 92% within 3, 6 and 24 hours. Confocal microscopy and chemiluminescence analysis revealed that JAK2 coexpression increased EAAT4 protein abundance in the cell membrane. Disruption of transcription did not appreciably modify the up-regulation of I(glu) in EAAT4 expressing oocytes. The decay of I(glu) following inhibition of carrier insertion with brefeldin A was similar in oocytes expressing EAAT4 + JAK2 and oocytes expressing EAAT4 alone, indicating that JAK2 did not appreciably affect carrier retrieval from the membrane. In conclusion, JAK2 is a novel powerful regulator of glutamate transporters and thus participates in the protection against excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, Tübingen, Germany
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27
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Jatiani SS, Baker SJ, Silverman LR, Reddy EP. Jak/STAT pathways in cytokine signaling and myeloproliferative disorders: approaches for targeted therapies. Genes Cancer 2011; 1:979-93. [PMID: 21442038 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910397187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the cumulative result of intricately regulated signaling pathways that are mediated by cytokines and their receptors. Studies conducted over the past 10 to 15 years have revealed that hematopoietic cytokine receptor signaling is largely mediated by a family of tyrosine kinases termed Janus kinases (JAKs) and their downstream transcription factors, termed STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription). Aberrations in these pathways, such as those caused by the recently identified JAK2(V617F) mutation and translocations of the JAK2 gene, are underlying causes of leukemias and other myeloproliferative disorders. This review discusses the role of JAK/STAT signaling in normal hematopoiesis as well as genetic abnormalities associated with myeloproliferative and myelodisplastic syndromes. This review also summarizes the status of several small molecule JAK2 inhibitors that are currently at various stages of clinical development. Several of these compounds appear to improve the quality of life of patients with myeloproliferative disorders by palliation of disease-related symptoms. However, to date, these agents do not seem to significantly affect bone marrow fibrosis, alter marrow histopathology, reverse cytopenias, reduce red cell transfusion requirements, or significantly reduce allele burden. These results suggest the possibility that additional mutational events might be associated with the development of these neoplasms, and indicate the need for combination therapies as the nature and significance of these additional molecular events is better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashidhar S Jatiani
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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28
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Abstract
The JAK2(V617F) mutation is present in the majority of patients with polycythemia vera and one-half of those with essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis. JAK2(V617F) is a gain-of-function mutation resulting in constitutive JAK2 signaling involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. JAK2(V617F) has been shown to promote S-phase entry. Here, we demonstrate that the CDC25A phosphatase, a key regulator of the G1/S cell-cycle transition, is constitutively overexpressed in JAK2(V617F)-positive cell lines, JAK2-mutated patient CD36(+) progenitors, and in vitro-differentiated proerythroblasts. Accordingly, CDC25A is overexpressed in BM and spleen of Jak2(V617F) knock-in mice compared with wild-type littermates. By using murine FDC-P1-EPOR and human HEL and SET-2 cell lines, we found that JAK2(V617F)-induced CDC25A up-regulation was caused neither by increased CDC25A transcription or stability nor by the involvement of its upstream regulators Akt and MAPK. Instead, our results suggest that CDC25A is regulated at the translational level through STAT5 and the translational initiation factor eIF2α. CDC25A inhibition reduces the clonogenic and proliferative potential of JAK2(V617F)-expressing cell lines and erythroid progenitors while moderately affecting normal erythroid differentiation. These results suggest that CDC25A deregulation may be involved in hematopoietic cells expansion in JAK2(V617F) patients, making this protein an attracting potential therapeutic target.
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29
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Weinberg LR, Albom MS, Angeles TS, Breslin HJ, Gingrich DE, Huang Z, Lisko JG, Mason JL, Milkiewicz KL, Thieu TV, Underiner TL, Wells GJ, Wells-Knecht KJ, Dorsey BD. 2,7-Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines as JAK2 inhibitors: modification of target structure to minimize reactive metabolite formation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7325-30. [PMID: 22041060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The JAK2/STAT pathway has important roles in hematopoiesis. With the discovery of the JAK2 V617F mutation and its presence in many patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, research in the JAK2 inhibitor arena has dramatically increased. We report a novel series of potent JAK2 inhibitors containing a 2,7-pyrrolotriazine core. To minimize potential drug-induced toxicity, targets were analyzed for the ability to form a glutathione adduct. Glutathione adduct formation was decreased by modification of the aniline substituent at C2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda R Weinberg
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc. 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, PA 19380-4245, USA.
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30
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Qian CJ, Yao J, Si JM. Nuclear JAK2: form and function in cancer. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:1446-59. [PMID: 21809458 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The conventional view of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase which transmits information to the nucleus via the signal transducer and activator of transcriptions (STATs) without leaving the cytoplasm. However, accumulating data suggest that JAK2 may signal by exporting from cytoplasm to nucleus, where it guides the transcriptional machinery independent of STATs protein. Recent studies demonstrated that JAK2 is a crucial component of signaling pathways operating in the nucleus. Especially the latest landmark discovery confirmed that JAK2 goes into the nucleus and directly interacts with nucleoproteins, such as histone H3 at tyrosine 41 (H3Y41), nuclear factor 1-C2 (NF1-C2) and SWI/SNF-related helicases/ATPases (RUSH)-1α, indicating that JAK2 has a fresh nuclear function. Nuclear JAK2 is linked to a variety of cellular functions, such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis and genetic instability. The balance between these functions is an essential factor in determining whether a cell remains benign or becomes malignant. The aim of this review is intended to summarize the state of our knowledge on nuclear localization of JAK2 and nuclear JAK2 pathways, and to highlight the emerging roles for nuclear JAK2 in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Juan Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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31
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William AD, Lee ACH, Blanchard S, Poulsen A, Teo EL, Nagaraj H, Tan E, Chen D, Williams M, Sun ET, Goh KC, Ong WC, Goh SK, Hart S, Jayaraman R, Pasha MK, Ethirajulu K, Wood JM, Dymock BW. Discovery of the macrocycle 11-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-14,19-dioxa-5,7,26-triaza-tetracyclo[19.3.1.1(2,6).1(8,12)]heptacosa-1(25),2(26),3,5,8,10,12(27),16,21,23-decaene (SB1518), a potent Janus kinase 2/fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (JAK2/FLT3) inhibitor for the treatment of myelofibrosis and lymphoma. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4638-58. [PMID: 21604762 DOI: 10.1021/jm200326p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of the activating mutation V617F in Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2(V617F)), a tyrosine kinase critically involved in receptor signaling, recently ignited interest in JAK2 inhibitor therapy as a treatment for myelofibrosis (MF). Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of a series of small molecule 4-aryl-2-aminopyrimidine macrocycles and their biological evaluation against the JAK family of kinase enzymes and FLT3. The most promising leads were assessed for their in vitro ADME properties culminating in the discovery of 21c, a potent JAK2 (IC(50) = 23 and 19 nM for JAK2(WT) and JAK2(V617F), respectively) and FLT3 (IC(50) = 22 nM) inhibitor with selectivity against JAK1 and JAK3 (IC(50) = 1280 and 520 nM, respectively). Further profiling of 21c in preclinical species and mouse xenograft and allograft models is described. Compound 21c (SB1518) was selected as a development candidate and progressed into clinical trials where it is currently in phase 2 for MF and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D William
- S*BIO Pte. Ltd., The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore.
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32
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Wang T, Ioannidis S, Almeida L, Block MH, Davies AM, Lamb ML, Scott DA, Su M, Zhang HJ, Alimzhanov M, Bebernitz G, Bell K, Zinda M. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of 6-aminopyrazolyl-pyridine-3-carbonitriles as JAK2 kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2958-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Gnanasambandan K, Magis A, Sayeski PP. The constitutive activation of Jak2-V617F is mediated by a π stacking mechanism involving phenylalanines 595 and 617. Biochemistry 2010; 49:9972-84. [PMID: 20958061 DOI: 10.1021/bi1014858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Somatic mutations in the Jak2 allele that lead to constitutive kinase activation of the protein have been identified in human disease conditions such as the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). The most common mutation in these patients is a V617F substitution mutation, which is believed to play a causative role in the MPN pathogenesis. As such, identifying the molecular basis for the constitutive activation of Jak2-V617F is important for understanding its clinical implications and potential treatment. Here, we hypothesized that conversion of residue 617 from Val to Phe resulted in the formation of novel π stacking interactions with neighboring Phe residues. To test this, we first examined the Jak2 structure via molecular modeling and identified a potential π stacking interaction between F594, F595, and F617. Disruption of this interaction through site-directed mutagenesis impaired Jak2 autophosphorylation, Jak2-dependent gene transcription, and in vitro kinase activity of the Jak2-V617F protein. Further, substitution of F594 and F595 with Trp did not affect Jak2 function significantly, but replacement with charged residues did, showing the importance of aromaticity and hydropathy index conservation at these positions. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we found that the π stacking interaction between residues 595 and 617 in the Jak2-V617F protein was of much greater energy and conformed to the properties of π stacking, relative to the Jak2-WT or Jak2-V617F/F594A/F595A. In summary, we have identified a π stacking interaction between F595 and F617 that is specific to and is critical for the constitutive activation of Jak2-V617F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Gnanasambandan
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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