1
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Fabisiak A, Brzeminski P, Sicinski RR, Rochel N, Maj E, Filip-Psurska B, Wietrzyk J, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of D-bishomo-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 analogs and their crystal structures with the vitamin D nuclear receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116403. [PMID: 38615411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3 - calcitriol - is a hormone involved in the regulation of calcium-phosphate homeostasis, immunological processes and cell differentiation, being therefore essential for the proper functioning of the human body. This suggests many applications of this steroid in the treatment of diseases such as rickets, psoriasis and some cancers. Unfortunately, using therapeutic doses of calcitriol is associated with high concentrations of this compound which causes hypercalcemia. For this reason, new calcitriol analogs are constantly sought, devoid of calcemic effects but maintaining its beneficial properties. In this study, we present the synthesis of vitamin D derivatives characterized by an enlarged (seven-membered) ring D. Preparation of the designed vitamin D compounds required separate syntheses of crucial building blocks (C/D-rings fragments with side chain and rings A) which were combined by different methods, including Wittig-Horner reaction and Suzuki coupling. Biological activities of the target vitamin D analogs were assessed both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating their significant potency compared to the natural hormone. Furthermore, the successful crystallization of these compounds with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) enabled us to investigate additional molecular interactions with this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Fabisiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Pawel Brzeminski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, IGBMC - Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U1258, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Ewa Maj
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Rudolf Weigl Street, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Beata Filip-Psurska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Rudolf Weigl Street, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Rudolf Weigl Street, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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2
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Abstract
It took several hundred million years of evolution, in order to develop the endocrine vitamin D signaling system, which is formed by a nuclear receptor, the transcription factor VDR (vitamin D receptor), its ligand, the vitamin D3 metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and several metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins. Even within the nuclear receptor superfamily the affinity of VDR for 1,25(OH)2D3 is outstandingly high (KD = 0.1 nM). The activation of VDR by 1,25(OH)2D3 is the core mechanism of genomic signaling of vitamin D3, which results in the modulation of the epigenome at thousands of promoter and enhancer regions as well as finally in the activation or repression of hundreds of target gene transcription. In addition, rapid non-genomic actions of vitamin D are described, which are mechanistically far less understood. The main function of vitamin D is to keep the human body in homeostasis. This implies the control of calcium levels, which is essential for bone mineralization, as well as for pushing of innate immunity to react sufficiently strong to microbe infection and preventing overreactions of adaptive immunity, i.e., not to cause autoimmune diseases. This review will discuss whether genomic signaling is sufficient for explaining all physiological functions of vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Carlberg
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-10748 Olsztyn, Poland; School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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3
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Xing K, Wu Y, Gao F, Dai Y, Guan C, Tong Y, Gao Y, Wang C, Zhang C. Design, synthesis and anti-hepatic fibrosis activity of novel diphenyl vitamin D receptor agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115596. [PMID: 37406383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis poses a significant threat to human health due to excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition leading to liver function damage. Ligand-activated vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been identified as an effective target for hepatic fibrosis, reducing ECM by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. Here, a series of novel diphenyl VDR agonists have been rationally designed and synthesized. Among these, compounds 15b, 16i, and 28m showed better transcriptional activity compared to sw-22, which was previously reported to be a potent non-secosteroidal VDR modulator. Moreover, these compounds exhibited outstanding efficacy to inhibit collagen deposition in vitro. In models of CCl4-induced and bile duct ligation-induced hepatic fibrosis, compound 16i showed the most significant therapeutic effect by ultrasound imaging and histological examination. Moreover, 16i was able to repair liver tissue by reducing the expression levels of fibrosis genes and serum liver function indexes without causing hypercalcemia in mice. In conclusion, compound 16i is a potent VDR agonist with significant anti-hepatic fibrosis action both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yupeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Chun Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yu Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
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4
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Nagamani S, Jaiswal L, Sastry GN. Deciphering the importance of MD descriptors in designing Vitamin D Receptor agonists and antagonists using machine learning. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 118:108346. [PMID: 36208593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) ligand-binding domain undergoes conformation change upon the binding of VDR agonists/antagonists. Helix 12 ((H)12) is one of the important helices at VDR ligand binding and its conformational changes are controlled by the binding of agonists and antagonists molecules. Various molecular modeling studies are available to explain the agonistic and antagonistic activity of vitamin D analogs. In this work, for the first time, we attempted to generate a machine learning model with fingerprints, 2D, 3D and MD descriptors that are specific to Vitamin D analogs and VDR. Initially, 2D and 3D descriptors and fingerprints of 1003 vitamin D analogs were calculated using CDK and RDKit. The machine learning model was generated using descriptors and fingerprints. Further, 80 Vitamin D analogs (40 VDR agonists + 40 VDR antagonists) were docked in the VDR active site. 50ns MD simulation was performed for each protein-ligand complex. Different MD descriptors such as Solvent Accessible Surface Area (SASA), radius of gyration, PC1 and PC2 were calculated and considered along with CDK and RDKit descriptors as features for machine learning calculations. A few other descriptors that are related to VDR conformational changes such as conformation of the (H)12, the angle at kink were considered for machine learning model generation. It was observed that the descriptors calculated from VDR conformational changes i) were able to distinguish between agonists and antagonists ii) provide key and comprehensive information about the unique binding characteristics of agonists and antagonists iii) provide a strong basis for the machine learning model generation. Overall, this study attempts the utilization of descriptors that are specific to a protein conformation will be helpful for the generation of an efficient machine learning model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraman Nagamani
- Advanced Computation and Data Sciences Division, CSIR - North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, 785 006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Lavi Jaiswal
- Advanced Computation and Data Sciences Division, CSIR - North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, 785 006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - G Narahari Sastry
- Advanced Computation and Data Sciences Division, CSIR - North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, 785 006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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5
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Seoane S, Gogoi P, Zárate-Ruíz A, Peluso-Iltis C, Peters S, Guiberteau T, Maestro MA, Pérez-Fernández R, Rochel N, Mouriño A. Design, Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Structural Analysis of Novel Des-C-Ring and Aromatic-D-Ring Analogues of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13112-13124. [PMID: 36166643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The toxic calcemic effects of the natural hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) in the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases demand the development of highly active and noncalcemic vitamin D analogues. We report the development of two highly active and noncalcemic analogues of 1,25D3 that lack the C-ring and possess an m-phenylene ring that replaces the natural D-ring. The new analogues (3a, 3b) are characterized by an additional six-carbon hydroxylated side chain attached either to the aromatic nucleus or to the triene system. Both compounds were synthesized by the Pd-catalyzed tandem cyclization/cross coupling approach starting from alkyne 6 and diphenol 8. Key steps include a stereoselective Cu-assisted addition of a Grignard reagent to an aromatic alkyne and a Takai olefination of an aromatic aldehyde. The new compounds are noncalcemic and show transcriptional and antiproliferative activities similar to 1,25D3. Structural analysis revealed that they induce a large conformational rearrangement of the vitamin D receptor around helix 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Seoane
- Department of Physiology-Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Barcelona s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Pranjal Gogoi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Araceli Zárate-Ruíz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Carole Peluso-Iltis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC); Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Stefan Peters
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Thierry Guiberteau
- Laboratoire ICube─Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7357, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Miguel A Maestro
- Department of Chemistry-CICA, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Román Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Physiology-Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Barcelona s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC); Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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6
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Sibilska-Kaminski IK, Fabisiak A, Brzeminski P, Plum LA, Sicinski RR, DeLuca HF. Novel superagonist analogs of 2-methylene calcitriol: Design, molecular docking, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2021; 118:105416. [PMID: 34798456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new series of highly biologically active (20S,22R)-1α,25-dihydroxy-22-methyl-2-methylene-vitamin D3 analogs, possessing different side chains, have been efficiently prepared as potential agents for medical therapy. Design of these synthetic targets was based on the analysis of the literature data and molecular docking experiments. The synthetic strategy involved Sonogashira coupling of the known A-ring dienyne with the C,D-ring enol triflates, obtained from the corresponding Grundmann ketones. All synthesized vitamin D compounds were characterized by high in vitro potency and, moreover, they proved to be very calcemic in vivo exerting high activity on bone with particularly elevated intestinal calcium transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Fabisiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Brzeminski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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7
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Fraga R, Len K, Lutzing R, Laverny G, Loureiro J, Maestro MA, Rochel N, Rodriguez‐Borges E, Mouriño A. Design, Synthesis, Evaluation and Structure of Allenic 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Analogs with Locked Mobility at C-17. Chemistry 2021; 27:13384-13389. [PMID: 34224173 PMCID: PMC8519077 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor ligands have potential for the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases and disorders related to the immune system. However, hypercalcemic effects limit their therapeutical uses and call for the development of tissue-selective new analogs. We have designed and synthesized the first examples of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs bearing an allenic unit attached to the D ring to restrict the side-chain conformational mobility. The triene system was constructed by a Pd0 -mediated cyclization/Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling process in the presence of an allenic side chain. The allenic moiety was built through an orthoester-Claisen rearrangement of a propargylic alcohol. The biological activity and structure of (22S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-17,20-dien-24-homo-21-nor-vitamin D3 bound to binding domain of the vitamin D receptor, provide information concerning side-chain conformational requirements for biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Fraga
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaLaboratorio de Investigación Ignacio RibasUniversidad de SantiagoAvda Ciencias s/n15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Kateryna Len
- Institut de Génétique et de BiologieMoléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)67400IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U125867400IllkirchFrance
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR710467400IllkirchFrance
- Université de Strasbourg67400IllkirchFrance
| | - Regis Lutzing
- Institut de Génétique et de BiologieMoléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)67400IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U125867400IllkirchFrance
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR710467400IllkirchFrance
- Université de Strasbourg67400IllkirchFrance
| | - Gilles Laverny
- Institut de Génétique et de BiologieMoléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)67400IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U125867400IllkirchFrance
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR710467400IllkirchFrance
- Université de Strasbourg67400IllkirchFrance
| | - Julian Loureiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química e BioquímicaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoPortugal
| | - Miguel A. Maestro
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaLaboratorio de Investigación Ignacio RibasUniversidad de SantiagoAvda Ciencias s/n15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
- Departamento de Química-CICAFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de A CoruñaCampus da Zapateira s/n15071A CoruñaSpain
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de BiologieMoléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)67400IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U125867400IllkirchFrance
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR710467400IllkirchFrance
- Université de Strasbourg67400IllkirchFrance
| | - Enrique Rodriguez‐Borges
- LAQV/REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química e BioquímicaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoPortugal
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaLaboratorio de Investigación Ignacio RibasUniversidad de SantiagoAvda Ciencias s/n15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
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8
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Tan X, Gao L, Cai X, Zhang M, Huang D, Dang Q, Bao L. Vitamin D 3 alleviates cognitive impairment through regulating inflammatory stress in db/db mice. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4803-4814. [PMID: 34531993 PMCID: PMC8441317 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher risk to develop cognitive impairment. Several studies reported the potential roles of vitamin D in prevention of cognitive impairment, but the mechanism remains unclear. The present study aims to investigate the protective effects of vitamin D3 on cognitive impairment in db/db mice and to explore the possible mechanism. Twelve-week-old male db/db mice were randomly administrated with low, medium, and high dose of vitamin D3 (LVD, MVD, and HVD groups, respectively) and equivalent volume vitamin D3 solvent (corn oil, DM group) intragastrically. Eight age-matched db/m mice were given equivalent volume corn oil as normal group. After 16 weeks of vitamin D3 treatment, the concentrations of fasting serum glucose in three vitamin D3 groups (especially the 1,000 IU/kg·bw dose) were significantly decreased compared with DM group. Pathology revealed that the neuron damage was reduced in vitamin D3 groups. MVD intervention significantly shortened the escape latency on day 5 and extended time in the target quadrant. Mice in HVD group had significantly higher exploration time and discrimination index compared with the DM group mice. Moreover, vitamin D3 treatment has increased the phosphorylation of cAMP-response element-binding protein and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and vitamin D receptor. This treatment, meanwhile, has decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, the phosphorylation of inhibitor kappa Bα (IκBα), and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) in the hippocampus of db/db mice. These results suggest that vitamin D3 alleviated cognitive impairment in the hippocampus of db/db mice. Down-regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins IκBα and p65 might be one of the possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomu Tan
- Neurology DepartmentLuhe HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lifang Gao
- School of Public HealthBeijing Key Laboratory of Environmental ToxicologyCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaxia Cai
- School of Public HealthBeijing Key Laboratory of Environmental ToxicologyCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mingyuan Zhang
- School of Public HealthBeijing Key Laboratory of Environmental ToxicologyCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Dongxu Huang
- School of Public HealthBeijing Key Laboratory of Environmental ToxicologyCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qinyu Dang
- School of Public HealthBeijing Key Laboratory of Environmental ToxicologyCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lei Bao
- Department of Clinical NutritionPeking University International HospitalBeijingChina
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9
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Ekimoto T, Kudo T, Yamane T, Ikeguchi M. Mechanism of Vitamin D Receptor Ligand-Binding Domain Regulation Studied by gREST Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3625-3637. [PMID: 34189910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor ligand-binding domain (VDR-LBD) undergoes conformational changes upon ligand binding. In this nuclear receptor family, agonistic or antagonistic activities are controlled by the conformation of the helix (H)12. However, all crystal structures of VDR-LBD reported to date correspond to the active H12 conformation, regardless of agonist/antagonist binding. To understand the mechanism of VDR-LBD regulation structurally, conformational samplings of agonist- and antagonist-bound rat VDR-LBD were performed using the generalized replica exchange with solute tempering (gREST) method. The gREST simulations demonstrated different structural responses of rat VDR-LBD to agonist or antagonist binding, whereas in conventional molecular dynamics simulations, the conformation was the same as that of the crystal structures, regardless of agonist/antagonist binding. In the gREST simulations, a spontaneous conformational change of H12 was observed only for the antagonist complex. The different responses to agonist/antagonist binding were attributed to hydrophobic core formation at the ligand-binding pocket and cooperative rearrangements of H11. The gREST method can be applied to the examination of structure-activity relationships for multiple VDR-LBD ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ekimoto
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kudo
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yamane
- Center for Computational Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Ikeguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,Center for Computational Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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10
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Vitamin D and its analogs as anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Zmijewski MA, Carlberg C. Vitamin D receptor(s): In the nucleus but also at membranes? Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:876-884. [PMID: 32654294 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The genomic actions of the vitamin D are mediated via its biologically most potent metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2 D3 ) and the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR). Activation of VDR by 1,25(OH)2 D3 leads to change in the expression of more 1000 genes in various human tissues. Based on (epi)genome, transcriptome and crystal structure data the molecular details of this nuclear vitamin D signalling pathway are well understood. Vitamin D is known for its role on calcium homeostasis and bone formation, but it also modulates energy metabolism, innate and adaptive immunity as well as cellular growth, differentiation and apoptosis. The observation of rapid, non-genomic effects of 1,25(OH)2 D3 at cellular membranes and in the cytosol initiated the question, whether there are alternative vitamin D-binding proteins in these cellular compartments. So far, the best candidate is the enzyme PDIA3 (protein disulphide isomerase family A member 3), which is found at various subcellular locations. Furthermore, also VDR seems to play a role in membrane-based responses to vitamin D. In this viewpoint, we will dispute whether these rapid, non-genomic pathways are a meaningful addition to the genome-wide effects of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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12
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Bikle D, Christakos S. New aspects of vitamin D metabolism and action - addressing the skin as source and target. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:234-252. [PMID: 32029884 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has a key role in stimulating calcium absorption from the gut and promoting skeletal health, as well as many other important physiological functions. Vitamin D is produced in the skin. It is subsequently metabolized to its hormonally active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), by the 1-hydroxylase and catabolized by the 24-hydroxylase. In this Review, we pay special attention to the effect of mutations in these enzymes and their clinical manifestations. We then discuss the role of vitamin D binding protein in transporting vitamin D and its metabolites from their source to their targets, the free hormone hypothesis for cell entry and HSP70 for intracellular transport. This is followed by discussion of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that mediates the cellular actions of 1,25(OH)2D. Cell-specific recruitment of co-regulatory complexes by liganded VDR leads to changes in gene expression that result in distinct physiological actions by 1,25(OH)2D, which are disrupted by mutations in the VDR. We then discuss the epidermis and hair follicle, to provide a non-skeletal example of a tissue that expresses VDR that not only makes vitamin D but also can metabolize it to its hormonally active form. This enables vitamin D to regulate epidermal differentiation and hair follicle cycling and, in so doing, to promote barrier function, wound healing and hair growth, while limiting cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Departments of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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13
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Obiol DJ, Martínez A, Ferronato MJ, Quevedo MA, Grioli SM, Alonso EN, Gómez G, Fall Y, Facchinetti MM, Curino AC. Novel calcitriol analogue with an oxolane group: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1800315. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego J. Obiol
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y FarmaciaUniversidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)‐CONICETBahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Andrea Martínez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad de VigoVigo España
| | - María J. Ferronato
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y FarmaciaUniversidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)‐CONICETBahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Mario A. Quevedo
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA)‐CONICET, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdoba Argentina
| | - Silvina M. Grioli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y FarmaciaUniversidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)‐CONICETBahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Eliana N. Alonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y FarmaciaUniversidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)‐CONICETBahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Generosa Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad de VigoVigo España
| | - Yagamare Fall
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad de VigoVigo España
| | - María M. Facchinetti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y FarmaciaUniversidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)‐CONICETBahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Alejandro C. Curino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y FarmaciaUniversidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)‐CONICETBahía Blanca Argentina
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14
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Abstract
![]()
For many individuals,
in particular during winter, supplementation
with the secosteroid vitamin D3 is essential for the prevention
of bone disorders, muscle weakness, autoimmune diseases, and possibly
also different types of cancer. Vitamin D3 acts via its
metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]
as potent agonist of the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR).
Thus, vitamin D directly affects chromatin structure and gene regulation
at thousands of genomic loci, i.e., the epigenome and transcriptome
of its target tissues. Modifications of 1,25(OH)2D3 at its
side-chain, A-ring, triene system, or C-ring, alone and in combination,
as well as nonsteroidal mimics provided numerous potent VDR agonists
and some antagonists. The nearly 150 crystal structures of VDR’s
ligand-binding domain with various vitamin D compounds allow a detailed
molecular understanding of their action. This review discusses the
most important vitamin D analogs presented during the past 10 years
and molecular insight derived from new structural information on the
VDR protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Maestro
- Departamento de Química-CICA , Universidade da Coruña , ES-15071 A Coruña , Spain
| | - Ferdinand Molnár
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Biology , Nazarbayev University , KZ-010000 Astana , Kazakhstan
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine , University of Eastern Finland , FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
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15
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Fabisiak A, Brzeminski P, Berkowska K, Marcinkowska E, Sicinski RR. Synthesis of 19-norcalcitriol analogs with pegylated alkylidene chains at C-2. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:251-255. [PMID: 30244047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The results presented in this paper constitute an extension of our synthetic efforts focused on 19-norvitamin D compounds possessing elongated 2-alkylidene substituents. Based on our previous results, molecular modeling studies, and docking experiments, we selected a novel 19-norcalcitriol analog with long chain at C-2 containing several ether moieties and terminated by 2-(pyridin-2'-yl)ethylamino fragment. It was expected that such structural modification might allow binding of transition metal by the ligand, increase solubility of the formed complexes as well as improve their affinity to the VDR. For comparison, a 19-norcalcitriol analog was also obtained with the terminal hydroxyl group at its pegylated 2-alkylidene substituent. The synthesis of the target vitamin D compounds described in this work was performed using the Wittig-Horner approach. The respective A-ring phosphine oxide was obtained starting from the D-(-)-quinic acid and then coupled with the known Grundmann ketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Fabisiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Brzeminski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Berkowska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Marcinkowska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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16
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Sigüeiro R, Maestro MA, Mouriño A. Synthesis of Side-Chain Locked Analogs of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Bearing a C17 Methyl Group. Org Lett 2018; 20:2641-2644. [PMID: 29652161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A convergent synthesis of side-chain locked vitamin D analogs 3 and 4, which bind strongly in silico to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), is described. The synthetic approach features an SN2'- syn displacement of carbamates by cuprates to set the challenging quaternary stereogenic center at C17 and a Pd-catalyzed construction of the triene system in the presence of a diyne moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sigüeiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Avda das Ciencias s/n , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Miguel A Maestro
- Departamento de Química-CICA , Universidad de A Coruña , Campus da Zapateira s/n , 15701 A Coruña , Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Avda das Ciencias s/n , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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17
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Fabisiak A, Brzeminski P, Berkowska K, Marcinkowska E, Sicinski RR. Synthesis of 19-norcalcitriol analogs with alkylidene moieties at C-2 based on succinic acid and l-methionine. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 177:235-239. [PMID: 28756293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the literature data, our previous research work and docking experiments, we designed novel 19-norvitamin D compounds having elongated 2-alkylidene substituents. These 19-norcalcitriol derivatives have attached 2-(3'-aminopropylidene) substituent in which the nitrogen atom bears acyl residue derived from succinic acid and l-methionine. Both compounds were obtained by the same synthetic strategy involving Julia coupling of the A-ring ketone with the known C/D-ring sulfone. In the obtained 1α,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 derivative, the alkylidene substituent at C-2 was further elaborated to the desired structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Fabisiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Brzeminski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Berkowska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Marcinkowska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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18
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Sigüeiro R. Synthesis of A-Ring Precursors of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3
Analogues Functionalized at C-2. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sigüeiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Avda. Ciencias s/n 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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19
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Belorusova AY, Martínez A, Gándara Z, Gómez G, Fall Y, Rochel N. Structure-activity relationship study of vitamin D analogs with oxolane group in their side chain. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 134:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Neme A, Nurminen V, Seuter S, Carlberg C. The vitamin D-dependent transcriptome of human monocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:180-187. [PMID: 26523676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are important cells of the innate immune system that can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells. The biologically active form of vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), serves as a ligand of the nuclear receptor vitamin D receptor (VDR). A key physiological function of 1,25(OH)2D3 is the defense against pathogens, such as those causing tuberculosis, that involves the modulation of the monocyte transcriptome. THP-1 cells are an established model of human monocytes, for which the at present largest set of 1,25(OH)2D3-affected genome-wide data are available. Here we summarize the insight obtained from the recent transcriptome of 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated THP-1 cells, that was determined by triplicate RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Primary and secondary vitamin D target genes being up- and down-regulated were related to changes in the epigenome of THP-1 cells, such as 1,25(OH)2D3-dependent chromatin opening and modulation of the genome-wide association of the transcription factors VDR and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) with their respective genomic binding sites. The anti-microbial response is the top-ranking early physiological function represented by 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated genomic regions and genes, but also other immunity-related pathways, such as IL10 signaling, are activated. Taken together, the epigenomic and transcriptomic responses of THP-1 cells to 1,25(OH)2D3 represent a master example of the impact of vitamin D on human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Neme
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veijo Nurminen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sabine Seuter
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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21
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Asano L, Waku T, Abe R, Kuwabara N, Ito I, Yanagisawa J, Nagasawa K, Shimizu T. Regulation of the vitamin D receptor by vitamin D lactam derivatives. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3270-9. [PMID: 27500498 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The active metabolite of vitamin D3 , 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 , acts as a ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and activates VDR-mediated gene expression. Recently, we characterized 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 -26,23-lactams (DLAMs), which mimic vitamin D3 metabolites, as noncalcemic VDR ligands that barely activate the receptor. In this study, we present structural insights onto the regulation of VDR function by DLAMs. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that DLAMs induced a large conformational change in the loop region between helices H6 and H7 in the VDR ligand-binding domain. Our structural analysis suggests that targeting of the loop region may be a new mode of VDR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Asano
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Waku
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rumi Abe
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kuwabara
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ichiaki Ito
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences/Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junn Yanagisawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences/Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Maestro MA, Molnár F, Mouriño A, Carlberg C. Vitamin D receptor 2016: novel ligands and structural insights. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1291-1306. [PMID: 27454349 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1216547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamin D3 activates via its hormonal form 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3), the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR is expressed in most human tissues and has more than 1,000 target genes. Thus, 1α,25(OH)2D3 and its synthetic analogs have a broad physiological impact. The crystal structures of the VDR ligand-binding domain (LBD), and its various ligands, allows further the understanding of the receptor's molecular actions. Areas covered: We discuss the most important novel VDR ligands and the further insight derived from new structural information on VDR. Expert opinion: There is an increasing appreciation of the impact of vitamin D and its receptor VDR not only in bone biology, but also for metabolic diseases, immunological disorders, and cancer. Detailed structural analysis of the interaction of additional novel ligands with VDR highlight helices 6 and 7 of the LBD as being most critical for stabilizing the receptor for an efficient interaction with co-activator proteins, i.e. for efficient agonistic action. This permits the design of even more effective VDR agonists. In addition, chemists took more liberty in replacing major parts of the 1α,25(OH)2D3 molecule, such as the A- and CD-rings or the side chain, with significantly different structures, such as carboranes, and still obtained functional VDR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Maestro
- a Departamento de Química Fundamental, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidade da Coruña , Coruña , Spain
| | - Ferdinand Molnár
- b School of Pharmacy, Institute of Biopharmacy , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- c Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química , Universidad de Santiago , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- d School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
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23
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Carlberg C. Molecular Approaches for Optimizing Vitamin D Supplementation. VITAMIN D HORMONE 2016; 100:255-71. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Malinska M, Kutner A, Woźniak K. Predicted structures of new Vitamin D Receptor agonists based on available X-ray structures. Steroids 2015; 104:220-9. [PMID: 26476188 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Current efforts in the field of vitamin D are to develop 1,25(OH)2D3 analogs that exhibit equal or even increased anti-proliferative activity while possessing a reduced tendency to cause hypercalcemia. The study proposes a new, rational design of vitamin D analogs based on data available in the Protein Data Bank. Undertaken approach was to minimize the electrostatic interaction energies available after the reconstruction of charge density with the aid of the pseudoatom databank, namely the University at Buffalo Pseudoatom Databank (UBDB). Analysis of 24 vitamin D analogs, bearing similar molecular structures complexed with Vitamin D Receptor enabled the design of new agonists forming all advantageous interaction to the receptor, coded TB1, TB2, TB3 and TB4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Malinska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteura, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Kutner
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 8 Rydygiera, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteura, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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25
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Belorusova AY, Rochel N. Structural Studies of Vitamin D Nuclear Receptor Ligand-Binding Properties. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 100:83-116. [PMID: 26827949 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR) and its natural ligand, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 hormone (1,25(OH)2D3, or calcitriol), classically regulate mineral homeostasis and metabolism but also much broader range of biological functions, such as cell growth, differentiation, antiproliferation, apoptosis, adaptive/innate immune responses. Being widely expressed in various tissues, VDR represents an important therapeutic target in the treatment of diverse disorders. Since ligand binding is a key step in VDR-mediated signaling, numerous 1,25(OH)2D3 analogs have been synthesized in order to selectively modulate the receptor activity. Most of the synthetic analogs have been developed by modification of a parental compound and some of them mimic 1,25(OH)2D3 scaffold without being structurally related to it. The ability of ligands that have different size and conformation to bind to VDR and to demonstrate biological effects is intriguing, and therefore, ligand-binding properties of the receptor have been extensively investigated using a variety of biochemical, biophysical, and computational methods. In this chapter, we describe different aspects of the structure-function relationship of VDR in complex with natural and synthetic ligands coming from structural analysis. With the emphasis on the binding modes of the most promising compounds, such as secosteroidal agonists and 1,25(OH)2D3 mimics, we also highlight the action of VDR antagonists and the evidence for the existence of an alternative ligand-binding site within the receptor. Additionally, we describe the crystal structures of VDR mutants associated with hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets that display impaired ligand-binding function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y Belorusova
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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26
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Takada I, Makishima M. Therapeutic application of vitamin D receptor ligands: an updated patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1373-83. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1093113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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27
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Structural development of stapled short helical peptides as vitamin D receptor (VDR)–coactivator interaction inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1055-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Carlberg C, Molnár F. Vitamin D receptor signaling and its therapeutic implications: Genome-wide and structural view. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:311-8. [PMID: 25741777 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is one of the few natural compounds that has, via its metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR), a direct effect on gene regulation. For efficiently applying the therapeutic and disease-preventing potential of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its synthetic analogs, the key steps in vitamin D signaling need to be understood. These are the different types of molecular interactions with the VDR, such as (i) the complex formation of VDR with genomic DNA, (ii) the interaction of VDR with its partner transcription factors, (iii) the binding of 1,25(OH)2D3 or its synthetic analogs within the ligand-binding pocket of the VDR, and (iv) the resulting conformational change on the surface of the VDR leading to a change of the protein-protein interaction profile of the receptor with other proteins. This review will present the latest genome-wide insight into vitamin D signaling, and will discuss its therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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29
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Sokolowska K, Carballa D, Seoane S, Pérez-Fernández R, Mouriño A, Sicinski RR. Synthesis and biological activity of two C-7 methyl analogues of vitamin D. J Org Chem 2014; 80:165-73. [PMID: 25396296 DOI: 10.1021/jo502243r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two novel vitamin D analogues of the hormone 1α,25-(OH)2D3 modified at C-7, namely, 7-methyl-1α,25-(OH)2D3 (12) and 7-methyl-1α,25-(OH)2-19-nor-D3 (26), were synthesized and biologically evaluated to gain further insights into the structure-function relationships of vitamin D. Key steps in the synthesis of 12 include the functionalization at C-7 by an efficient regioselective hydrostannylation of an allene precursor, and the construction of the triene framework by a palladium-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization-Suzuki-Miyaura coupling cascade. Since the calcitriol analogue 12 was prone to conversion into its previtamin D form by thermal equilibration, the corresponding 19-nor-compound 26 was also synthesized. The diene moiety of compound 26 was constructed by a modified Julia coupling. UV data as well as X-ray analysis indicate that introduction of the methyl group at C-7 results in a significant deviation from planarity of the 5,7-diene moiety. The new vitamin D analogues 12 and 26 retained good VDR binding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sokolowska
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diego Carballa
- ‡Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Samuel Seoane
- §Departamento de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Román Pérez-Fernández
- §Departamento de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- ‡Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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30
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Abstract
Crystal structures represent the static picture in the life of a molecule giving a sneak preview what it might be in reality. Hence, it is very hard to extrapolate from these photos toward dynamic processes such as transcriptional regulation. Mechanistically VDR may be considered as molecular machine able to perform ligand-, DNA- and protein recognition, and interaction in a multi-task manner. Taking this into account the functional net effect will be the combination of all these processes. The long awaited answer to explain the differences in physiological effects for various ligands was one of the biggest disappointment that crystal structures provided since no substantial distinction could be made for the conformation of the active VDR-ligand complexes. This may have come from the limitation on the complexity of the available ligand-VDR structures. The recent studies with full length VDR-RXRα showed somewhat more comprehensive perspective for the 3D organization and possible function of the VDR-RXRα-cofactor complex. In addition to in vitro approaches, also computational tools had been introduced with the aim to get understanding on the mechanic and dynamic properties of the VDR complexes with some success. Using these methods and based on measurable descriptors such as pocket size and positions of side chains it is possible to note subtle differences between the structures. The meaning of these differences has not been fully understood yet but the possibility of a “butterfly effect” may have more extreme consequences in terms of VDR signaling. In this review, the three functional aspects (ligand-, DNA- and protein recognition, and binding) will be discussed with respect to available data as well as possible implication and questions that may be important to address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Molnár
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Biopharmacy, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
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31
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Belorusova AY, Eberhardt J, Potier N, Stote RH, Dejaegere A, Rochel N. Structural insights into the molecular mechanism of vitamin D receptor activation by lithocholic acid involving a new mode of ligand recognition. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4710-9. [PMID: 24818857 DOI: 10.1021/jm5002524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR), an endocrine nuclear receptor for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, acts also as a bile acid sensor by binding lithocholic acid (LCA). The crystal structure of the zebrafish VDR ligand binding domain in complex with LCA and the SRC-2 coactivator peptide reveals the binding of two LCA molecules by VDR. One LCA binds to the canonical ligand-binding pocket, and the second one, which is not fully buried, is anchored to a site located on the VDR surface. Despite the low affinity of the alternative site, the binding of the second molecule promotes stabilization of the active receptor conformation. Biological activity assays, structural analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the recognition of two ligand molecules is crucial for VDR agonism by LCA. The unique binding mode of LCA provides clues for the development of new chemical compounds that target alternative binding sites for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y Belorusova
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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32
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Teske K, Nandhikonda P, Bogart JW, Feleke B, Sidhu P, Yuan N, Preston J, Goy R, Han L, Silvaggi NR, Singh RK, Bikle DD, Cook JM, Arnold LA. IDENTIFICATION OF VDR ANTAGONISTS AMONG NUCLEAR RECEPTOR LIGANDS USING VIRTUAL SCREENING. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2014; 1. [PMID: 25419525 DOI: 10.11131/2014/101076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we described the development of two virtual screens to identify new vitamin D receptor (VDR) antagonists among nuclear receptor (NR) ligands. Therefore, a database of 14330 nuclear receptor ligands and their NR affinities was assembled using the online available "Binding Database". Two different virtual screens were carried out in conjunction with a reported VDR crystal structure applying a stringent and less stringent pharmacophore model to filter docked NR ligand conformations. The pharmacophore models were based on the spatial orientation of the hydroxyl functionalities of VDR's natural ligands 1,25(OH2)D3 and 25(OH2)D3. The first virtual screen identified 32 NR ligands with a calculate free energy of VDR binding of more than -6.0 kJ/mol. All but nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) are VDR ligands, which inhibited the interaction between VDR and coactivator peptide SRC2-3 with an IC50 value of 15.8 µM. The second screen identified 162 NR ligands with a calculate free energy of VDR binding of more than -6.0 kJ/mol. More than half of these ligands were developed to bind VDR followed by ERα/β ligands (26%), TRα/β ligands (7%) and LxRα/β ligands (7%). The binding between VDR and ERα ligand H6036 as well as TRα/β ligand triiodothyronine and a homoserine analog thereof was confirmed by fluorescence polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Teske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | | | - Jonathan W Bogart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Belaynesh Feleke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Preetpal Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Nina Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Joshua Preston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Robin Goy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Lanlan Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Nicholas R Silvaggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Woman and Infant's Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School of, Brown University, Provence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Huang
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Vikas Chandra
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Fraydoon Rastinejad
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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34
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Teske K, Nandhikonda P, Bogart JW, Feleke B, Sidhu P, Yuan N, Preston J, Goy R, Arnold LA. Modulation of Transcription mediated by the Vitamin D Receptor and the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor δ in the presence of GW0742 analogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3. [PMID: 25485183 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7956.1000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the evaluation of GW0742 analogs in respect to their ability to modulate transcription mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) δ. The GW0742 analog bearing a carboxylic ester functionality in place of the carboxylic acid was partially activating both nuclear receptors at low concentration and inhibited transcription at higher compound concentrations. The GW0742 alcohol derivative was more active than the ester in respect to VDR but less active in regard to PPARδ. Importantly, the alcohol derivative was significantly more toxic than the corresponding acid and ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Teske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | | | - Jonathan W Bogart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Belaynesh Feleke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Preetpal Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Nina Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Joshua Preston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Robin Goy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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35
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Huber R, Pietsch D, Günther J, Welz B, Vogt N, Brand K. Regulation of monocyte differentiation by specific signaling modules and associated transcription factor networks. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:63-92. [PMID: 23525665 PMCID: PMC11113479 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophages are important players in orchestrating the immune response as well as connecting innate and adaptive immunity. Myelopoiesis and monopoiesis are characterized by the interplay between expansion of stem/progenitor cells and progression towards further developed (myelo)monocytic phenotypes. In response to a variety of differentiation-inducing stimuli, various prominent signaling pathways are activated. Subsequently, specific transcription factors are induced, regulating cell proliferation and maturation. This review article focuses on the integration of signaling modules and transcriptional networks involved in the determination of monocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Huber
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany,
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36
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DeBerardinis AM, Lemieux S, Hadden MK. Analogues of the Inhoffen–Lythgoe diol with anti-proliferative activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5367-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Development of stapled short helical peptides capable of inhibiting vitamin D receptor (VDR)–coactivator interactions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4292-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Nandhikonda P, Yasgar A, Baranowski AM, Sidhu PS, McCallum MM, Pawlak AJ, Teske K, Feleke B, Yuan NY, Kevin C, Bikle DD, Ayers SD, Webb P, Rai G, Simeonov A, Jadhav A, Maloney D, Arnold LA. Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor δ agonist GW0742 interacts weakly with multiple nuclear receptors, including the vitamin D receptor. Biochemistry 2013; 52:4193-203. [PMID: 23713684 DOI: 10.1021/bi400321p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput screening campaign was conducted to identify small molecules with the ability to inhibit the interaction between the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and steroid receptor coactivator 2. These inhibitors represent novel molecular probes for modulating gene regulation mediated by VDR. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ agonist GW0742 was among the identified VDR-coactivator inhibitors and has been characterized herein as a pan nuclear receptor antagonist at concentrations of > 12.1 μM. The highest antagonist activity for GW0742 was found for VDR and the androgen receptor. Surprisingly, GW0742 behaved as a PPAR agonist and antagonist, activating transcription at lower concentrations and inhibiting this effect at higher concentrations. A unique spectroscopic property of GW0742 was identified as well. In the presence of rhodamine-derived molecules, GW0742 increased the fluorescence intensity and level of fluorescence polarization at an excitation wavelength of 595 nm and an emission wavelength of 615 nm in a dose-dependent manner. The GW0742-inhibited NR-coactivator binding resulted in a reduced level of expression of five different NR target genes in LNCaP cells in the presence of agonist. Especially VDR target genes CYP24A1, IGFBP-3, and TRPV6 were negatively regulated by GW0742. GW0742 is the first VDR ligand inhibitor lacking the secosteroid structure of VDR ligand antagonists. Nevertheless, the VDR-meditated downstream process of cell differentiation was antagonized by GW0742 in HL-60 cells that were pretreated with the endogenous VDR agonist 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premchendar Nandhikonda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
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39
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Structural basis for vitamin D receptor agonism by novel non-secosteroidal ligands. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:957-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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40
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Slominski A, Janjetovic Z, Tuckey RC, Nguyen MN, Bhattacharya KG, Wang J, Li W, Jiao Y, Gu W, Brown M, Postlethwaite AE. 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3, noncalcemic product of CYP11A1 action on vitamin D3, exhibits potent antifibrogenic activity in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E298-303. [PMID: 23295467 PMCID: PMC3565109 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is no effective treatment for systemic sclerosis and related fibrosing diseases. Recently the action of CYP11A1 on vitamin D(3) was shown to produce biologically active 20S-hydroxyvitamin D [20(OH)D(3)] and 20,23(OH)(2)D(3), 20,22(OH)(2)D(3), and 17,20,23(OH)(3)D(3). OBJECTIVES Because 20(OH)D(3) is noncalcemic (nontoxic) in vivo at very high doses, we evaluated its antifibrogenic activities both in vitro and in vivo. Because it is further metabolized by CYP11A1, we also tested preclinical utilities of its hydroxyderivatives, especially 20,23(OH)(2)D(3). DESIGN Human dermal fibroblasts from scleroderma and normal donors were used to test the efficiency of hydroxyvitamin D derivatives in inhibiting TGF-β1-induced collagen and hyaluronan synthesis and inhibiting cell proliferation. The in vivo activity of 20(OH)D(3) was tested using bleomycin-induced sclerosis in C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS 20(OH)D(3) and 20,23(OH)(2)D(3) inhibited TGF-β1-induced collagen and hyaluronan synthesis similarly to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in cultured human fibroblasts. Also, 20(OH)D(3), 20,23(OH)(2)D(3), and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) suppressed TGF-β1-induced expression of COL1A2, COL3A1, and hyaluronan synthase-2 mRNA, indicating that they regulate these matrix components at the transcriptional level. 20(OH)D(3), 20,23(OH)(2)D(3), 20,22(OH)(2)D(3), and 17,20,23(OH)(3)D(3) inhibited proliferation of dermal fibroblasts with comparable potency with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), with 20(OH)D(2) being less active and 1α(OH)D(3) being almost inactive. 20,23(OH)(2)D(3) at 3 μg/kg had no effect on serum Ca(++) or fibroblast growth factor-23 levels and did not cause any noticeable signs of morbidity. 20(OH)D(3) markedly suppressed fibrogenesis in mice given sc bleomycin as demonstrated by total collagen content and hematoxylin and eosin staining of skin biopsies. CONCLUSIONS 20(OH)D(3) is an excellent candidate for preclinical studies on scleroderma, with other CYP11A1-derived products of its metabolism deserving further testing for antibrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Slominski
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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41
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3D structures and ligand specificities of nuclear xenobiotic receptors CAR, PXR and VDR. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:574-81. [PMID: 23299080 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) control a large array of genes that code for important proteins in humans including metabolic enzymes and transporters. 3D structures for the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of these receptors are abundantly available, providing valuable insights into the ligand-binding specificity as well as the activation mechanisms. The ligand-binding site of PXR is large and flexible, whereas those of CAR and VDR are compact and rigid, respectively. In general, the ligand profiles of the receptors are in agreement with the LBD structures. The crystal structures have greatly helped us to understand the promiscuity and/or specificity of CAR, PXR and VDR.
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Carballa DM, Rumbo A, Torneiro M, Maestro M, Mouriño A. Synthesis of (1α)-1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3with aβ-Positioned Seven-Carbon Side Chain at C(12). Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Carballa DM, Seoane S, Zacconi F, Pérez X, Rumbo A, Alvarez-Díaz S, Larriba MJ, Pérez-Fernández R, Muñoz A, Maestro M, Mouriño A, Torneiro M. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues with a Long Side Chain at C12 and Short C17 Side Chains. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8642-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3008272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego M. Carballa
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Departamento de Fisiología—Centro
de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas
(CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de
Compostela, Spain
| | - Flavia Zacconi
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xenxo Pérez
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Rumbo
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silvia Alvarez-Díaz
- Instituto
de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC—Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Larriba
- Instituto
de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC—Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Román Pérez-Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología—Centro
de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas
(CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de
Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto
de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC—Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Maestro
- Departamento de Química
Fundamental, Universidad de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña,
Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Torneiro
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Mencarelli A, Cipriani S, Renga B, Bruno A, D'Amore C, Distrutti E, Fiorucci S. VSL#3 resets insulin signaling and protects against NASH and atherosclerosis in a model of genetic dyslipidemia and intestinal inflammation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45425. [PMID: 23029000 PMCID: PMC3448636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signals generated by the inflammed intestine are thought to contribute to metabolic derangement. The intestinal microbiota contributes to instructing the immune system beyond the intestinal wall and its modulation is a potential target for treating systemic disorders. AIMS To investigate the pathogenetic role of low grade intestinal inflammation in the development of steatohepatitis and atherosclerosis in a model of genetic dyslipidemia and to test the therapeutic potential of a probiotics intervention in protecting against development of these disorders. RESULTS ApoE(-/-) mice were randomized to receive vehicle or VSL#3, a mixture of eight probiotics, at the dose of 20×10(9) colony-forming units/kg/day for three months alone or in combination with 0.2% of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water. Administering DSS to ApoE(-/-) mice failed to induce signs and symptoms of colitis but increased intestinal permeability to dextran FITC and, while had no effect on serum lipids, increased the blood levels of markers of liver injury and insulin resistance. DSS administration associated with low level inflammation of intestinal and mesenteric adipose tissues, caused liver histopathology features of steatohepatitis and severe atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta. These changes were prevented by VSL#3 intervention. Specifically, VSL#3 reversed insulin resistance, prevented development of histologic features of mesenteric adipose tissue inflammation, steatohepatitis and reduced the extent of aortic plaques. Conditioned media obtained from cultured probiotics caused the direct transactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, Farnesoid-X-receptors and vitamin D receptor. CONCLUSIONS Low grade intestinal inflammation drives a transition from steatosis to steatohepatitis and worsens the severity of atherosclerosis in a genetic model of dyslipidemia. VSL#3 intervention modulates the expression of nuclear receptors, corrects for insulin resistance in liver and adipose tissues and protects against development of steatohepatitis and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mencarelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Perugia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Cipriani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Perugia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Renga
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Perugia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Bruno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Perugia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio D'Amore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Perugia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Perugia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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