1
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Rosatelli E, Carotti A, Cerra B, De Franco F, Passeri D, Pellicciari R, Gioiello A. Chemical exploration of TGR5 functional hot-spots: Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of C7- and C23-Substituted cholic acid derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115851. [PMID: 37813065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The activation of TGR5 bestows on bile acids the ability to modulate nongenomic signaling pathways, which are responsible of physiological actions including immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties as well as the regulation of glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis. TGR5 agonists have therefore emerged in drug discovery and preclinical appraisals as promising compounds for the treatment of liver diseases and metabolic syndrome. In this study, we have been devising site-selected chemical modifications of the bile acid scaffold to provide novel chemical tools able to modulate the functions of TGR5 in different tissues. Biological results of the tested collection of semisynthetic cholic acid derivatives were used to extend the structure-activity relationships of TGR5 agonists and to clarify the molecular basis and functional role of TGR5 hot-spots in the receptor activation and selectivity. Some unexpected properties deriving from the molecular structure of bile acids have been unveiled as relevant to the receptor activation and may hence be used to design novel, selective and potent TGR5 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, I-06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Bruno Cerra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, I-06122, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, I-06122, Perugia, Italy.
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2
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Picon S, Boulahjar R, Hoguet V, Baron M, Duplan I, Vallez E, Hennuyer N, Dumont J, Touche V, Dorchies E, Lasalle M, Descat A, Piveteau C, Biela A, Chaput L, Villoutreix BO, Lipka E, Sevin E, Culot M, Gosselet F, Lestavel S, Roussel P, Deprez-Poulain R, Leroux F, Staels B, Deprez B, Tailleux A, Charton J. Discovery, Structure-Activity Relationships, and In Vivo Activity of Dihydropyridone Agonists of the Bile Acid Receptor TGR5. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11732-11760. [PMID: 37639383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of potent agonists of the bile acid receptor TGR5 bearing a dihydropyridone scaffold was developed from a high-throughput screen. Starting from a micromolar hit compound, we implemented an extensive structure-activity-relationship (SAR) study with the synthesis and biological evaluation of 83 analogues. The project culminated with the identification of the potent nanomolar TGR5 agonist 77A. We report the GLP-1 secretagogue effect of our lead compound ex vivo in mouse colonoids and in vivo. In addition, to identify specific features favorable for TGR5 activation, we generated and optimized a three-dimensional quantitative SAR model that contributed to our understanding of our activity profile and could guide further development of this dihydropyridone series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Picon
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177─Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rajaa Boulahjar
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177─Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Vanessa Hoguet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177─Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Morgane Baron
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Duplan
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vallez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Hennuyer
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Dumont
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177─Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41─UAR 2014─PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Véronique Touche
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emilie Dorchies
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Manuel Lasalle
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177─Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Amandine Descat
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177─Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Catherine Piveteau
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177─Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Biela
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177─Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ludovic Chaput
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177─Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bruno O Villoutreix
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177─Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lipka
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167─RID-AGE─Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Sevin
- Univ. Artois, UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Maxime Culot
- Univ. Artois, UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Univ. Artois, UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Sophie Lestavel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pascal Roussel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181─UCCS─Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rebecca Deprez-Poulain
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177─Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Florence Leroux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177─Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41─UAR 2014─PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benoit Deprez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177─Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41─UAR 2014─PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Charton
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177─Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
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3
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Li Y, Sun J, Wang X, Luo Z, Shao X, Li Y, Cao Q, Zhao S, Qian M, Chen X. Discovery and biological evaluation of cholic acid derivatives as potent TGR5 positive allosteric modulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 92:117418. [PMID: 37536263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, twenty-two novel cholic acid (CA) derivatives were designed and synthesized as potential Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) using structure-based drug design (SBDD). GloSensor cAMP accumulation assay was employed to assess the functional activity and allosteric mechanism of final compounds. Biological results showed that all target compounds were able to activate the TGR5 in the cAMP formation assay. Remarkably, compound B1, selective methylation of 7-OH in CA, exhibited 5-fold higher activity for TGR5 compared to that of CA. Moreover, B1 positively modulate the functional activity of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in TGR5, indicating that B1 is a TGR5 PAM. On the other hand, 12-carbonyl derivative A1 displayed 7-fold higher potency for TGR5 relative to CA. Unexpectedly, compound A1 exhibited the same positive allosteric effect as B1, suggesting that A1 is a TGR5 PAM as well. Molecular modeling study revealed that 12-carbonyl in A1 and 12-OH in B1 formed H-bolds with the key amino acid Thr131, which are significant for TGR5 allosteric property. Taken together, we found two potent TGR5 PAMs A1 and B1 through SBDD, which could be used as lead compounds to further study TGR5 allosteric functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Zhijie Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Xuemei Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Yingxiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Qirong Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Mingcheng Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China.
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China.
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4
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Cheung KCP, Ma J, Loiola RA, Chen X, Jia W. Bile acid-activated receptors in innate and adaptive immunity: targeted drugs and biological agents. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250299. [PMID: 37172599 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid-activated receptors (BARs) such as a G-protein bile acid receptor 1 and the farnesol X receptor are activated by bile acids (BAs) and have been implicated in the regulation of microbiota-host immunity in the intestine. The mechanistic roles of these receptors in immune signaling suggest that they may also influence the development of metabolic disorders. In this perspective, we provide a summary of recent literature describing the main regulatory pathways and mechanisms of BARs and how they affect both innate and adaptive immune system, cell proliferation, and signaling in the context of inflammatory diseases. We also discuss new approaches for therapy and summarize clinical projects on BAs for the treatment of diseases. In parallel, some drugs that are classically used for other therapeutic purposes and BAR activity have recently been proposed as regulators of immune cells phenotype. Another strategy consists of using specific strains of gut bacteria to regulate BA production in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C P Cheung
- Hong Kong Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiao Ma
- Hong Kong Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Xingxuan Chen
- Hong Kong Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Hong Kong Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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5
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Zhao S, Wang L, Wang J, Wang C, Zheng S, Fu Y, Li Y, Chen WD, Hou R, Yang D, Wang YD. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 3-phenoxypyrazine-2-carboxamide derivatives as potent TGR5 agonists. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3618-3629. [PMID: 35425398 PMCID: PMC8979340 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08867j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TGR5 is emerging as an important and promising target for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and obesity. A series of novel 3-phenoxypyrazine-2-carboxamide derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The most potent compounds 18g and 18k exhibited excellent hTGR5 agonist activity, which was superior to those of the reference drug INT-777. In addition, compound 18k could significantly reduce blood glucose levels in C57 BL/6 mice and stimulate GLP-1 secretion in NCI-H716 cells and C57 BL/6 mice. The most potent compound 18k exhibited excellent hTGR5 agonist activity, which was superior to those of the reference drugs INT-777. In addition, compound 18k could significantly reduce blood glucose levels and stimulate GLP-1 secretion in C57 BL/6 mice.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebei, School of Medicine, Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Le Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebei, School of Medicine, Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebei, School of Medicine, Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Chenwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebei, School of Medicine, Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Shaowei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebei, School of Medicine, Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Yajie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebei, School of Medicine, Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Yunfu Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebei, School of Medicine, Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebei, School of Medicine, Henan University Kaifeng China .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University Hohhot China
| | - Ruifang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebei, School of Medicine, Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Dongbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, People's Hospital of Hebei, School of Medicine, Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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6
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Luxenburger A, Ure EM, Harris L, Cameron SA, Weymouth-Wilson A, Furneaux RH, Pitman J, Hinkley SF. The Synthesis of 12β-Methyl-18-nor-Avicholic Acid Analogues as Potential TGR5 Agonists†. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3511-3527. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the quest for new modulators of the Farnesoid-X (FXR) and Takeda G-protein-coupled (TGR5) receptors, bile acids are a popular candidate for drug development. Recently, bile acids endowed with a...
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7
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Fan M, Wang Y, Jin L, Fang Z, Peng J, Tu J, Liu Y, Zhang E, Xu S, Liu X, Huo Y, Sun Z, Chao X, Ding WX, Yan Q, Huang W. Bile Acid-Mediated Activation of Brown Fat Protects From Alcohol-Induced Steatosis and Liver Injury in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:809-826. [PMID: 34896286 PMCID: PMC8802063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcohol-associated liver disease (AALD) is one of the most common causes of liver injury and failure. Limited knowledge of the mechanisms underlying AALD impedes the development of efficacious therapies. Bile acid (BA) signaling was shown to participate in the progression of AALD. However, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS C57BL/6J wild-type (WT), Takeda G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5) knockout (KO) and brown adipose tissue (BAT)-specific TGR5 knockdown mice were subjected to ethanol feeding-induced AALD. Liver samples from alcoholic hepatitis patients were used to examine the BA circulation signaling. Human Embryonic Kidney Cells 293 were used for the TGR5 reporter assay. 23(S)-methyl-lithocholic acid was used as a molecular tool to confirm the regulatory functions of BAT in the AALD mouse model. RESULTS Ethanol feeding increased the expression of the thermogenesis genes downstream of TGR5 in BAT of WT, but not TGR5 KO, mice. TGR5 deficiency significantly blocked BAT activity and energy expenditure in mice after ethanol feeding. Alcohol increased serum BA levels in mice and human beings through altering BA transportation, and the altered BAs activated TGR5 signaling to regulate metabolism. Compared with ethanol-fed WT mice, ethanol-fed TGR5 KO mice showed less free fatty acid (FFA) β-oxidation in BAT, leading to higher levels of FFA in the circulation, increased liver uptake of FFAs, and exacerbated AALD. BAT-specific TGR5 knockdown mice showed similar results with TGR5 KO mice in AALD. Agonist treatment significantly activated TGR5 signaling in BAT, increased thermogenesis, reduced serum FFA level, and ameliorated hepatic steatosis and injury in AALD mice, while these effects were lost in TGR5 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS BA signaling plays a protective role in AALD by enhancing BAT thermogenesis. Targeting TGR5 in BAT may be a promising approach for the treatment of AALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Fan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Yangmeng Wang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Zhipeng Fang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Jiangling Peng
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Jui Tu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Eryun Zhang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Senlin Xu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California,Graduate School of Biological Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zhaoli Sun
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Qingfeng Yan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Qingfeng Yan, PhD, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China. fax: 01186-571-88206646.
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California,Graduate School of Biological Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Wendong Huang, PhD, Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010. fax: (626) 256-8704.
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8
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Miyata S, Kawashima Y, Sakai M, Matsubayashi M, Motoki K, Miyajima Y, Watanabe Y, Chikamatsu N, Taniguchi T, Tokuyama R. Discovery, optimization, and evaluation of non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonists. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9196. [PMID: 33911126 PMCID: PMC8080777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several potent bile acid Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5, GPBAR1) dual agonists such as INT-767 have been reported, no non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonist has been investigated to date. Therefore, we attempted to discover potent non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonists and identified some non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonists, such as isonicotinamide derivatives in vitro assay. Compound 20p was evaluated in C57BL/6J mice, that were administered a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) consisting of 60 kcal% fat and 0.1% methionine by weight for one week. Compound 20p dose-dependently induced small heterodimer partner (SHP) mRNA and decreased cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) in the liver at 10 and 30 mg/kg, respectively, which were used as FXR agonist markers. Compound 20p significantly increased the plasma levels of GLP-1 as a TGR5 agonist, and a high concentration of GLP-1 lowered blood glucose levels. We confirmed that compound 20p was a non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiho Miyata
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kawashima
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miku Sakai
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Masaya Matsubayashi
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Keisuke Motoki
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Yui Miyajima
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yousuke Watanabe
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Noriko Chikamatsu
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taniguchi
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Ryukou Tokuyama
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan.
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9
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Portincasa P, Di Ciaula A, Garruti G, Vacca M, De Angelis M, Wang DQH. Bile Acids and GPBAR-1: Dynamic Interaction Involving Genes, Environment and Gut Microbiome. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3709. [PMID: 33266235 PMCID: PMC7760347 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are amphiphilic molecules synthesized in the liver from cholesterol. BA undergo continuous enterohepatic recycling through intestinal biotransformation by gut microbiome and reabsorption into the portal tract for uptake by hepatocytes. BA are detergent molecules aiding the digestion and absorption of dietary fat and fat-soluble vitamins, but also act as important signaling molecules via the nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and the membrane-associated G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR-1) in the distal intestine, liver and extra hepatic tissues. The hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the BA pool is finely regulated to prevent BA overload and liver injury. By contrast, hydrophilic BA can be hepatoprotective. The ultimate effects of BA-mediated activation of GPBAR-1 is poorly understood, but this receptor may play a role in protecting the remnant liver and in maintaining biliary homeostasis. In addition, GPBAR-1 acts on pathways involved in inflammation, biliary epithelial barrier permeability, BA pool hydrophobicity, and sinusoidal blood flow. Recent evidence suggests that environmental factors influence GPBAR-1 gene expression. Thus, targeting GPBAR-1 might improve liver protection, facilitating beneficial metabolic effects through primary prevention measures. Here, we discuss the complex pathways linked to BA effects, signaling properties of the GPBAR-1, mechanisms of liver damage, gene-environment interactions, and therapeutic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mirco Vacca
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (M.D.A.)
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
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10
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Sahu R, Mishra R, Majee C. An insight into primary biliary cholangitis and its recent advances in treatment: semi-synthetic analogs to combat ursodeoxycholic-acid resistance. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 14:985-998. [PMID: 32674617 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1797485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease which on progression causes cirrhosis; various studies also suggested that several diseases can co-exist in patients. In existing depiction of disease PBC, apart from entire use of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), several patients need to step forward to liver-transplantation or death due to resistance or non-responder with UDCA monotherapy. AREAS COVERED To overcome this non-respondent treatment, novel bile acid semi-synthetic analogs have been identified which shows their potency against for farnesoid X receptor and transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor-5 which are identified as target for many developing analogs which have desirable pharmacokinetic profiles. EXPERT OPINION A range of studies suggests that adding semisynthetic analogs in therapeutic regime improves liver biochemistries in patients with suboptimal response to UDCA. Thus, the aspire of this review is to abridge and compare therapeutic value and current markets affirm of various bile acids semi-synthetic analogs which certainly are having promising effects in PBC monotherapy or in pooled treatment with UDCA for PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute) , Greater Noida, India
| | - Rakhi Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute) , Greater Noida, India
| | - Chandana Majee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute) , Greater Noida, India
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11
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Marino SD, Finamore C, Biagioli M, Carino A, Marchianò S, Roselli R, Giorgio CD, Bordoni M, Di Leva FS, Novellino E, Cassiano C, Limongelli V, Zampella A, Festa C, Fiorucci S. GPBAR1 Activation by C6-Substituted Hyodeoxycholane Analogues Protect against Colitis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:818-824. [PMID: 32435390 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GPBAR1 agonists have been identified as potential leads for the treatment of diseases related to colon inflammation such as Crohn's and ulcerative colitis. In this paper, we report the discovery of a small library of hyodeoxycholane analogues, decorated at C-6 with different substituents, as potent and selective GPBAR1 agonists. In vitro pharmacological assays showed that compound 6 selectively activates GPBAR1 (EC50 = 0.3 μM) and reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in THP1 cells. The binding mode of compound 6 in GPBAR1 was elucidated by docking calculations. Moreover, compound 6 protects against TNBS-induced colitis in Gpbar1+/+ rodent model, representing an intriguing lead for the treatment of these inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona De Marino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Finamore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Perugia CH-6900, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Perugia CH-6900, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Perugia CH-6900, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Roselli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Di Giorgio
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Perugia CH-6900, Italy
| | - Martina Bordoni
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Perugia CH-6900, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Di Leva
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Cassiano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vittorio Limongelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Computational Science, Center for Computational Medicine in Cardiology, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Via G. Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Festa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Perugia CH-6900, Italy
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12
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Merlen G, Bidault-Jourdainne V, Kahale N, Glenisson M, Ursic-Bedoya J, Doignon I, Garcin I, Humbert L, Rainteau D, Tordjmann T. Hepatoprotective impact of the bile acid receptor TGR5. Liver Int 2020; 40:1005-1015. [PMID: 32145703 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
During liver repair after injury, bile secretion has to be tightly modulated in order to preserve liver parenchyma from bile acid (BA)-induced injury. The mechanisms allowing the liver to maintain biliary homeostasis during repair after injury are not completely understood. Besides their historical role in lipid digestion, bile acids (BA) and their receptors constitute a signalling network with multiple impacts on liver repair, both stimulating regeneration and protecting the liver from BA overload. BA signal through nuclear (mainly Farnesoid X Receptor, FXR) and membrane (mainly G Protein-coupled BA Receptor 1, GPBAR-1 or TGR5) receptors to elicit a wide array of biological responses. While a great number of studies have been dedicated to the hepato-protective impact of FXR signalling, TGR5 is by far less explored in this context. Because the liver has to face massive and potentially harmful BA overload after partial ablation or destruction, BA-induced protective responses crucially contribute to spare liver repair capacities. Based on the available literature, the TGR5 BA receptor protects the remnant liver and maintains biliary homeostasis, mainly through the control of inflammation, biliary epithelial barrier permeability, BA pool hydrophobicity and sinusoidal blood flow. Mouse experimental models of liver injury reveal that in the lack of TGR5, excessive inflammation, leaky biliary epithelium and hydrophobic BA overload result in parenchymal insult and compromise optimal restoration of a functional liver mass. Translational perspectives are thus opened to target TGR5 with the aim of protecting the liver in the context of injury and BA overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Merlen
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - Nicolas Kahale
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Mathilde Glenisson
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - José Ursic-Bedoya
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Doignon
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Garcin
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Tordjmann
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
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13
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Lund ML, Sorrentino G, Egerod KL, Kroone C, Mortensen B, Knop FK, Reimann F, Gribble FM, Drucker DJ, de Koning EJP, Schoonjans K, Bäckhed F, Schwartz TW, Petersen N. L-Cell Differentiation Is Induced by Bile Acids Through GPBAR1 and Paracrine GLP-1 and Serotonin Signaling. Diabetes 2020; 69:614-623. [PMID: 32041793 PMCID: PMC7224989 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) mimetics are effective drugs for treatment of type 2 diabetes, and there is consequently extensive interest in increasing endogenous GLP-1 secretion and L-cell abundance. Here we identify G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) as a selective regulator of intestinal L-cell differentiation. Lithocholic acid and the synthetic GPBAR1 agonist, L3740, selectively increased L-cell density in mouse and human intestinal organoids and elevated GLP-1 secretory capacity. L3740 induced expression of Gcg and transcription factors Ngn3 and NeuroD1 L3740 also increased the L-cell number and GLP-1 levels and improved glucose tolerance in vivo. Further mechanistic examination revealed that the effect of L3740 on L cells required intact GLP-1 receptor and serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT4) signaling. Importantly, serotonin signaling through 5-HT4 mimicked the effects of L3740, acting downstream of GLP-1. Thus, GPBAR1 agonists and other powerful GLP-1 secretagogues facilitate L-cell differentiation through a paracrine GLP-1-dependent and serotonin-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Lilith Lund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giovanni Sorrentino
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristoffer Lihme Egerod
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chantal Kroone
- Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Brynjulf Mortensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Frank Reimann
- Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eelco J P de Koning
- Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute/Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalia Petersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Zhang L, Fu X, Gui T, Wang T, Wang Z, Kullak-Ublick GA, Gai Z. Effects of Farnesiferol B on Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Renal Damage, Inflammation, and NF-κB Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246280. [PMID: 31842453 PMCID: PMC6940812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5), a membrane bile acid receptor, regulates macrophage reactivity, and attenuates inflammation in different disease models. However, the regulatory effects of TGR5 in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced kidney injury and inflammation have not yet been extensively studied. Therefore, we hypothesize that Farnesiferol B, a natural TGR5 agonist, could alleviate renal I/R injury by reducing inflammation and macrophage migration through activating TGR5. Methods: Mice were treated with Farnesiferol B before I/R or sham procedures. Renal function, pathological analysis, and inflammatory mediators were examined. In vitro, the regulatory effects of Farnesiferol B on the Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway in macrophages were investigated. Results: After I/R, Farnesiferol B-treated mice displayed better renal function and less tubular damage. Farnesiferol B reduced renal oxidative stress and inflammation significantly. In vitro, Farnesiferol B treatment alleviated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage migration and activation, as well as LPS-induced NF-κB activation through TGR5. Conclusions: Farnesiferol B could protect kidney function from I/R-induced damage by attenuating inflammation though activating TGR5 in macrophages. Farnesiferol B might be a potent TGR5 ligand for the treatment of I/R-induced renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shandong Co-innovation Center of TCM Formula; Institute for Literature and Culture of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xianjun Fu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shandong Co-innovation Center of TCM Formula; Institute for Literature and Culture of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Ting Gui
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shandong Co-innovation Center of TCM Formula; Institute for Literature and Culture of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shandong Co-innovation Center of TCM Formula; Institute for Literature and Culture of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shandong Co-innovation Center of TCM Formula; Institute for Literature and Culture of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Mechanistic Safety, CMO & Patient Safety, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (G.A.K.-U.); (Z.G.); Tel.: +43-253-31-45
| | - Zhibo Gai
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shandong Co-innovation Center of TCM Formula; Institute for Literature and Culture of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (G.A.K.-U.); (Z.G.); Tel.: +43-253-31-45
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15
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Semisynthetic bile acids: a new therapeutic option for metabolic syndrome. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104333. [PMID: 31254667 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are endogenous emulsifiers synthesized from cholesterol having a peculiar amphiphilic structure. Appreciation of their beneficial effects on human health, recognized since ancient times, has expanded enormously since the discovery of their role as signaling molecules. Activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein receptor-5 (TGR5) signaling pathways by bile acids, regulating glucose, lipid and energy metabolism, have become attractive avenue for metabolic syndrome treatment. Therefore, extensive effort has been directed into the research and synthesis of bile acid derivatives with improved pharmacokinetic properties and high potency and selectivity for these receptors. Minor modifications in the structure of bile acids and their derivatives may result in fine-tuning modulation of their biological functions, and most importantly, in an evasion of undesired effect. A great number of semisynthetic bile acid analogues have been designed and put in preclinical and clinical settings. Obeticholic acid (INT-747) has achieved the biggest clinical success so far being in use for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis. This review summarizes and critically evaluates the key chemical modifications of bile acids resulting in development of novel semisynthetic derivatives as well as the current status of their preclinical and clinical evaluation in the treatment of metabolic syndrome, an aspect that is so far lacking in the scientific literature. Taking into account the balance between therapeutic benefits and potential adverse effects associated with specific structure and mechanism of action, recommendations for future studies are proposed.
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16
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Di Leva FS, Di Marino D, Limongelli V. Structural Insight into the Binding Mode of FXR and GPBAR1 Modulators. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:111-136. [PMID: 31161298 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter we provide an exhaustive overview of the binding modes of bile acid (BA) and non-BA ligands to the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G-protein bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1). These two receptors play a key role in many diseases related to lipid and glucose disorders, thus representing promising pharmacological targets. We pay particular attention to the chemical and structural features of the ligand-receptor interaction, providing guidelines to achieve ligands endowed with selective or dual activity towards the receptor and paving the way to future drug design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Di Marino
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Computational Science, Center for Computational Medicine in Cardiology, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland.,Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vittorio Limongelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy. .,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Computational Science, Center for Computational Medicine in Cardiology, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland.
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17
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Donkers JM, Roscam Abbing RLP, van de Graaf SFJ. Developments in bile salt based therapies: A critical overview. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 161:1-13. [PMID: 30582898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids, amphipathic molecules known for their facilitating role in fat absorption, are also recognized as signalling molecules acting via nuclear and membrane receptors. Of the bile acid-activated receptors, the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor-1 (Gpbar1 or TGR5) have been studied most extensively. Bile acid signaling is critical in the regulation of bile acid metabolism itself, but it also plays a significant role in glucose, lipid and energy metabolism. Activation of FXR and TGR5 leads to reduced hepatic bile salt load, improved insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation, increased energy expenditure, and anti-inflammatory effects. These beneficial effects render bile acid signaling an interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases such as cholestasis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and diabetes. Here, we summarize recent findings on bile acid signaling and discuss potential and current limitations of bile acid receptor agonist and modulators of bile acid transport as future therapeutics for a wide-spectrum of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Donkers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinout L P Roscam Abbing
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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18
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Arab JP, Karpen SJ, Dawson PA, Arrese M, Trauner M. Bile acids and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Molecular insights and therapeutic perspectives. Hepatology 2017; 65:350-362. [PMID: 27358174 PMCID: PMC5191969 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning health problem worldwide and an important risk factor for both hepatic and cardiometabolic mortality. The rapidly increasing prevalence of this disease and of its aggressive form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) will require novel therapeutic approaches to prevent disease progression to advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis and cancer. In recent years, bile acids have emerged as relevant signaling molecules that act at both hepatic and extrahepatic tissues to regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolic pathways as well as energy homeostasis. Activation or modulation of bile acid receptors, such as the farnesoid X receptor and TGR5, and transporters, such as the ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, appear to affect both insulin sensitivity and NAFLD/NASH pathogenesis at multiple levels, and these approaches hold promise as novel therapies. In the present review, we summarize current available data on the relationships of bile acids to NAFLD and the potential for therapeutically targeting bile-acid-related pathways to address this growing world-wide disease. (Hepatology 2017;65:350-362).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Arab
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Saul J. Karpen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of PediatricsEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Paul A. Dawson
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of PediatricsEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Marco Arrese
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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19
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Pellicciari R, Passeri D, De Franco F, Mostarda S, Filipponi P, Colliva C, Gadaleta RM, Franco P, Carotti A, Macchiarulo A, Roda A, Moschetta A, Gioiello A. Discovery of 3α,7α,11β-Trihydroxy-6α-ethyl-5β-cholan-24-oic Acid (TC-100), a Novel Bile Acid as Potent and Highly Selective FXR Agonist for Enterohepatic Disorders. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9201-9214. [PMID: 27652492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of previous efforts in mapping functional hot spots on the bile acid scaffold, we here demonstrate that the introduction of a hydroxy group at the C11β position affords high selectivity for FXR. In particular, the synthesis and FXR/TGR5 activity of novel bile acids bearing different hydroxylation patterns at the C ring are reported and discussed from a structure-activity standpoint. The results obtained led us to discover the first bile acid derivative endowed with high potency and selectivity at the FXR receptor, 3α,7α,11β-trihydroxy-6α-ethyl-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (TC-100, 7) which also shows a remarkable physicochemical and pharmacological profile. Compound 7 combines the excellent physicochemical properties of hydrophilic bile acids such as ursodeoxycholic acid, with the distinct ability to specifically bind and regulate FXR activity in vivo, thus providing a bona fide novel therapeutic agent to treat enterohepatic disorders such as cholestasis, NASH, and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pellicciari
- TES Pharma S.r.l. , Via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis, I-06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Passeri
- TES Pharma S.r.l. , Via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis, I-06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca De Franco
- TES Pharma S.r.l. , Via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis, I-06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Serena Mostarda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Filipponi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carolina Colliva
- TES Pharma S.r.l. , Via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis, I-06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Raffaella Maria Gadaleta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari , Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Placido Franco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari , Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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20
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Hodge RJ, Nunez DJ. Therapeutic potential of Takeda-G-protein-receptor-5 (TGR5) agonists. Hope or hype? Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:439-43. [PMID: 26818602 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract regulates glucose and energy metabolism, and there is increasing recognition that bile acids function as key signalling molecules in these processes. For example, bile acid changes that occur after bariatric surgery have been implicated in the effects on satiety, lipid and cholesterol regulation, glucose and energy metabolism, and the gut microbiome. In recent years, Takeda-G-protein-receptor-5 (TGR5), a bile acid receptor found in widely dispersed tissues, has been the target of significant drug discovery efforts in the hope of identifying effective treatments for metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, fatty liver disease and cancer. Although the benefits of targeting the TGR5 receptor are potentially great, drug development work to date has identified risks that include histopathological changes, tumorigenesis, gender differences, and questions about the translation of animal data to humans. The present article reviews the noteworthy challenges that must be addressed along the path of development of a safe and effective TGR5 agonist therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Obesity Agents/adverse effects
- Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Drug Design
- Drug Discovery/trends
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology
- Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/metabolism
- Organ Specificity
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Translational Research, Biomedical/trends
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Hodge
- Discovery Medicine, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - D J Nunez
- Discovery Medicine, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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21
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Xu Y. Recent Progress on Bile Acid Receptor Modulators for Treatment of Metabolic Diseases. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6553-79. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Xu
- Lilly Research
Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, DC 1910, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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22
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SAR studies on FXR modulators led to the discovery of the first combined FXR antagonistic/TGR5 agonistic compound. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:133-48. [PMID: 26824277 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acids can serve as signaling molecules by activating the nuclear receptor FXR and the G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5 and both bile acid receptors are prominent experimental drug targets. Results/methodology: In this study we optimized the fatty acid mimetic compound pirinixic acid to a new scaffold with the aim to develop novel FXR modulatory compounds. After a multistep structure-activity optimization process, we discovered FXR agonistic compounds and the first dual FXR antagonistic and TGR5 agonistic compound 79a. CONCLUSION With this novel dual activity profile on both bile acid receptors 79a might be a valuable pharmalogical tool to further study the bile acid signaling network.
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23
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Agarwal S, Patil A, Aware U, Deshmukh P, Darji B, Sasane S, Sairam KVV, Priyadarsiny P, Giri P, Patel H, Giri S, Jain M, Desai RC. Discovery of a Potent and Orally Efficacious TGR5 Receptor Agonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:51-5. [PMID: 26819665 PMCID: PMC4716599 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TGR5 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), activation of which promotes secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and modulates insulin secretion. The 2-thio-imidazole derivative 6g was identified as a novel, potent, and selective TGR5 agonist (hTGR5 EC50 = 57 pM, mTGR5 = 62 pM) with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile. The compound 6g was found to have potent glucose lowering effects in vivo during an oral glucose tolerance test in DIO C57 mice with ED50 of 7.9 mg/kg and ED90 of 29.2 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Agarwal
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Amit Patil
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Umesh Aware
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Prashant Deshmukh
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Brijesh Darji
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Santosh Sasane
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Kalapatapu V. V.
M. Sairam
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Priyanka Priyadarsiny
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Poonam Giri
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Harilal Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Suresh Giri
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Mukul Jain
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Ranjit C. Desai
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
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24
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Cerra B, Mostarda S, Custodi C, Macchiarulo A, Gioiello A. Integrating multicomponent flow synthesis and computational approaches for the generation of a tetrahydroquinoline compound based library. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00455a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The combination of flow chemistry and computational tools has been successfully applied to prepare a focused library of tricyclic tetrahydroquinolines endowed with drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cerra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Perugia
- I-06122 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Serena Mostarda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Perugia
- I-06122 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Chiara Custodi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Perugia
- I-06122 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Perugia
- I-06122 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Perugia
- I-06122 Perugia
- Italy
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25
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TGR5 and Immunometabolism: Insights from Physiology and Pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:847-857. [PMID: 26541439 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade substantial progress has been made in understanding how the insurgence of chronic low-grade inflammation influences the physiology of several metabolic diseases. Tissue-resident immune cells have been identified as central players in these processes, linking inflammation to metabolism. The bile acid-responsive G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5 is expressed in monocytes and macrophages, and its activation mediates potent anti-inflammatory effects. Herein, we summarize recent advances in TGR5 research, focusing on the downstream effector pathways that are modulated by TGR5 activators, and on its therapeutic potential in inflammatory and metabolic diseases.
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26
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Gertzen CGW, Spomer L, Smits SHJ, Häussinger D, Keitel V, Gohlke H. Mutational mapping of the transmembrane binding site of the G-protein coupled receptor TGR5 and binding mode prediction of TGR5 agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 104:57-72. [PMID: 26435512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
TGR5 (Gpbar-1, M-Bar) is a class A G-protein coupled bile acid-sensing receptor predominately expressed in brain, liver and gastrointestinal tract, and a promising drug target for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Due to the lack of a crystal structure of TGR5, the development of TGR5 agonists has been guided by ligand-based approaches so far. Three binding mode models of bile acid derivatives have been presented recently. However, they differ from one another in terms of overall orientation or with respect to the location and interactions of the cholane scaffold, or cannot explain all results from mutagenesis experiments. Here, we present an extended binding mode model based on an iterative and integrated computational and biological approach. An alignment of 68 TGR5 agonists based on this binding mode leads to a significant and good structure-based 3D QSAR model, which constitutes the most comprehensive structure-based 3D-QSAR study of TGR5 agonists undertaken so far and suggests that the binding mode model is a close representation of the "true" binding mode. The binding mode model is further substantiated in that effects predicted for eight mutations in the binding site agree with experimental analyses on the impact of these TGR5 variants on receptor activity. In the binding mode, the hydrophobic cholane scaffold of taurolithocholate orients towards the interior of the orthosteric binding site such that rings A and B are in contact with TM5 and TM6, the taurine side chain orients towards the extracellular opening of the binding site and forms a salt bridge with R79(EL1), and the 3-hydroxyl group forms hydrogen bonds with E169(5.44) and Y240(6.51). The binding mode thus differs in important aspects from the ones recently presented. These results are highly relevant for the development of novel, more potent agonists of TGR5 and should be a valuable starting point for the development of TGR5 antagonists, which could show antiproliferative effects in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph G W Gertzen
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lina Spomer
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute for Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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27
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Abstract
TGR5 (Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5) [also known as GPBAR1 (G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1), M-BAR (membrane-type receptor for bile acids) or GPR131 (G-protein-coupled receptor 131)] is a G-protein-coupled receptor that was discovered as a bile acid receptor. TGR5 has specific roles in several tissues, among which are the regulation of energy expenditure, GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) secretion and gall bladder filling. An accumulating body of evidence now demonstrates that TGR5 also acts in a number of processes important in inflammation. Most striking in this context are several observations that TGR5 signalling curbs the inflammatory response of macrophages via interfering with NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) activity. In line with this, recent animal studies also suggest that TGR5 could be exploited as a potential target for intervention in a number of inflammation-driven diseases, including atherosclerosis. In the present paper, I review our current understanding of TGR5 with a strong focus on its potential as target for intervention in inflammation-driven diseases.
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28
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Zhou C, Zou F, Xu Y, Zhang L, Zha X. Identification of new non-steroidal TGR5 agonists using virtual screening with combined pharmacophore models. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Högenauer K, Arista L, Schmiedeberg N, Werner G, Jaksche H, Bouhelal R, Nguyen DG, Bhat BG, Raad L, Rauld C, Carballido JM. G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1, TGR5) agonists reduce the production of proinflammatory cytokines and stabilize the alternative macrophage phenotype. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10343-54. [PMID: 25411721 DOI: 10.1021/jm501052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
GPBAR1 (also known as TGR5) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that triggers intracellular signals upon ligation by various bile acids. The receptor has been studied mainly for its function in energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis, and there is little information on the role of GPBAR1 in the context of inflammation. After a high-throughput screening campaign, we identified isonicotinamides exemplified by compound 3 as nonsteroidal GPBAR1 agonists. We optimized this series to potent derivatives that are active on both human and murine GPBAR1. These agonists inhibited the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-12 but not the antiinflammatory IL-10 in primary human monocytes. These effects translate in vivo, as compound 15 inhibits LPS induced TNF-α and IL-12 release in mice. The response was GPBAR1 dependent, as demonstrated using knockout mice. Furthermore, agonism of GPBAR1 stabilized the phenotype of the alternative, noninflammatory, M2-like type cells during differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. Overall, our results illustrate an important regulatory role for GPBAR1 agonists as controllers of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemens Högenauer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, and §Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Lieu T, Jayaweera G, Bunnett NW. GPBA: a GPCR for bile acids and an emerging therapeutic target for disorders of digestion and sensation. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1156-66. [PMID: 24111923 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are digestive secretions that are necessary for the emulsification and absorption of dietary fats. Given the episodic nature of BA secretion and intestinal re-absorption, the circulating and tissue levels of BAs, like those of the gut hormones, fluctuate in fasting and fed states, and BA levels and forms are markedly affected by disease. BAs exert widespread hormonal-like effects by activating receptors in the nucleus and at the plasma membrane. The nuclear steroid receptors mediate the genomic actions of BAs on BA, glucose and lipid homeostasis. GPBA (TGR5) is a G-protein coupled plasma membrane receptor for BAs that mediates many of the rapid, non-genomic actions of BAs. GPBA has been implicated in the control of glucose homeostasis, inflammation and liver functions. Recent observations have revealed an unexpected role for GPBA in the nervous system. GPBA is expressed by enteric neurons and enterochromaffin cells that control peristalsis, and GPBA mediates the prokinetic actions of BAs in the colon that have been known for millennia. GPBA is also present on primary spinal afferent and spinal neurons that are necessary for sensory transduction. BA-induced activation of GPBA in the sensory nervous system promotes scratching behaviours and analgesia, which may contribute to the pruritus and painless jaundice that are observed in some patients with chronic cholestatic disease, where circulating BA concentrations are markedly increased. Thus, GPBA has emerged as an intriguing target for diverse metabolic, inflammatory, digestive and sensory disorders, where agonists and antagonists may be of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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31
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Mostarda S, Filipponi P, Sardella R, Venturoni F, Natalini B, Pellicciari R, Gioiello A. Glucuronidation of bile acids under flow conditions: design of experiments and Koenigs–Knorr reaction optimization. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:9592-600. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01911c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Rajan S, Gupta A, Beg M, Shankar K, Srivastava A, Varshney S, Kumar D, Gaikwad AN. Adipocyte transdifferentiation and its molecular targets. Differentiation 2014; 87:183-92. [PMID: 25130315 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization obesity is defined as the excessive accumulation of fat, which increases risk of other metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, etc. There are two types of adipose tissue, white and brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the latter has recently gathered interest of the scientific community. Discovery of BAT has opened avenues for a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic syndrome. BAT utilizes accumulated fatty acids for energy expenditure; hence it is seen as one of the possible alternates to the current treatment. Moreover, browning of white adipocyte on exposure to cold, as well as with some of the pharmacological agents presents exciting outcomes and indicates the feasibility of transdifferentiation. A better understanding of molecular pathways and differentiation factors, those that play a key role in transdifferentiation are of extreme importance in designing novel strategies for the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Rajan
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India
| | - Muheeb Beg
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India
| | - Kripa Shankar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Salil Varshney
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Anil Nilkanth Gaikwad
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India.
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33
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Lewis ND, Patnaude LA, Pelletier J, Souza DJ, Lukas SM, King FJ, Hill JD, Stefanopoulos DE, Ryan K, Desai S, Skow D, Kauschke SG, Broermann A, Kuzmich D, Harcken C, Hickey ER, Modis LK. A GPBAR1 (TGR5) small molecule agonist shows specific inhibitory effects on myeloid cell activation in vitro and reduces experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100883. [PMID: 24967665 PMCID: PMC4072711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GPBAR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by certain bile acids and plays an important role in the regulation of bile acid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and energy homeostasis. Recent evidence suggests that GPBAR1 may also have important effects in reducing the inflammatory response through its expression on monocytes and macrophages. To further understand the role of GPBAR1 in inflammation, we generated a novel, selective, proprietary GPBAR1 agonist and tested its effectiveness at reducing monocyte and macrophage activation in vitro and in vivo. We have used this agonist, together with previously described agonists to study agonism of GPBAR1, and shown that they can all induce cAMP and reduce TLR activation-induced cytokine production in human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. Additionally, through the usage of RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), we identified a select set of genes that are regulated by GPBAR1 agonism during LPS activation. To further define the in vivo role of GPBAR1 in inflammation, we assessed GPBAR1 expression and found high levels on circulating mouse monocytes. Agonism of GPBAR1 reduced LPS-induced cytokine production in mouse monocytes ex vivo and serum cytokine levels in vivo. Agonism of GPBAR1 also had profound effects in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of multiple sclerosis, where monocytes play an important role. Mice treated with the GPBAR1 agonist exhibited a significant reduction in the EAE clinical score which correlated with reduced monocyte and microglial activation and reduced trafficking of monocytes and T cells into the CNS. These data confirm the importance of GPBAR1 in controlling monocyte and macrophage activation in vivo and support the rationale for selective agonists of GPBAR1 in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuruddeen D. Lewis
- Departments of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgebury, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lori A. Patnaude
- Departments of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgebury, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Josephine Pelletier
- Departments of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgebury, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Donald J. Souza
- Departments of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgebury, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Lukas
- Departments of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgebury, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - F. James King
- Departments of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgebury, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Hill
- Research Networking, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgebury, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Dimitria E. Stefanopoulos
- Departments of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgebury, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kelli Ryan
- Departments of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgebury, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sudha Desai
- Departments of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgebury, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Donna Skow
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgebury, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Stefan G. Kauschke
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Biberach, Germany
| | - Andre Broermann
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Biberach, Germany
| | - Daniel Kuzmich
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgebury, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Christian Harcken
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgebury, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Eugene R. Hickey
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgebury, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Louise K. Modis
- Departments of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgebury, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Roda A, Pellicciari R, Gioiello A, Neri F, Camborata C, Passeri D, De Franco F, Spinozzi S, Colliva C, Adorini L, Montagnani M, Aldini R. Semisynthetic Bile Acid FXR and TGR5 Agonists: Physicochemical Properties, Pharmacokinetics, and Metabolism in the Rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:56-68. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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35
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Phillips DP, Gao W, Yang Y, Zhang G, Lerario IK, Lau TL, Jiang J, Wang X, Nguyen DG, Bhat BG, Trotter C, Sullivan H, Welzel G, Landry J, Chen Y, Joseph SB, Li C, Gordon WP, Richmond W, Johnson K, Bretz A, Bursulaya B, Pan S, McNamara P, Seidel HM. Discovery of Trifluoromethyl(pyrimidin-2-yl)azetidine-2-carboxamides as Potent, Orally Bioavailable TGR5 (GPBAR1) Agonists: Structure–Activity Relationships, Lead Optimization, and Chronic In Vivo Efficacy. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3263-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401731q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dean P. Phillips
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Wenqi Gao
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Guobao Zhang
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Isabelle K. Lerario
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Thomas L. Lau
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jiqing Jiang
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xia Wang
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Deborah G. Nguyen
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - B. Ganesh Bhat
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Carol Trotter
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Heather Sullivan
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gustav Welzel
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jannine Landry
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yali Chen
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sean B. Joseph
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chun Li
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - W. Perry Gordon
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Wendy Richmond
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin Johnson
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Angela Bretz
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Badry Bursulaya
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shifeng Pan
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Peter McNamara
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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36
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Duboc H, Taché Y, Hofmann AF. The bile acid TGR5 membrane receptor: from basic research to clinical application. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46:302-12. [PMID: 24411485 PMCID: PMC5953190 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The TGR5 receptor (or GP-BAR1, or M-BAR) was characterized ten years ago as the first identified G-coupled protein receptor specific for bile acids. TGR5 gene expression is widely distributed, including endocrine glands, adipocytes, muscles, immune organs, spinal cord, and the enteric nervous system. The effect of TGR5 activation depends on the tissue where it is expressed and the signalling cascade that it induces. Animal studies suggest that TGR5 activation influences energy production and thereby may be involved in obesity and diabetes. TGR5 activation also influences intestinal motility. This review provides an overview of TGR5-bile acid interactions in health as well as the possible involvement of TGR5 in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Duboc
- Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Louis Mourier Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Paris, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, ERL INSERM U 1057/UMR 7203, AP-HP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Yvette Taché
- Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan F Hofmann
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA.
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37
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Natalini B, Sardella R, Gioiello A, Ianni F, Di Michele A, Marinozzi M. Determination of bile salt critical micellization concentration on the road to drug discovery. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 87:62-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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38
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Macchiarulo A, Gioiello A, Thomas C, Pols TWH, Nuti R, Ferrari C, Giacchè N, De Franco F, Pruzanski M, Auwerx J, Schoonjans K, Pellicciari R. Probing the Binding Site of Bile Acids in TGR5. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1158-62. [PMID: 24900622 DOI: 10.1021/ml400247k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TGR5 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) mediating cellular responses to bile acids (BAs). Although some efforts have been devoted to generate homology models of TGR5 and draw structure-activity relationships of BAs, none of these studies has hitherto described how BAs bind to TGR5. Here, we present an integrated computational, chemical, and biological approach that has been instrumental to determine the binding mode of BAs to TGR5. As a result, key residues have been identified that are involved in mediating the binding of BAs to the receptor. Collectively, these results provide new hints to design potent and selective TGR5 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Macchiarulo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Charles Thomas
- Laboratory
of Integrative and Systems Physiology (LISP), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thijs W. H. Pols
- Laboratory
of Integrative and Systems Physiology (LISP), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Nuti
- TES Pharma S.r.l., via Palmiro
Togliatti 20, 06073 Corciano (Perugia), Italy
| | - Cristina Ferrari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Nicola Giacchè
- TES Pharma S.r.l., via Palmiro
Togliatti 20, 06073 Corciano (Perugia), Italy
| | - Francesca De Franco
- TES Pharma S.r.l., via Palmiro
Togliatti 20, 06073 Corciano (Perugia), Italy
| | - Mark Pruzanski
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, 18 Desbrosses
Street, New York, New York 10013, United States
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory
of Integrative and Systems Physiology (LISP), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Laboratory
of Integrative and Systems Physiology (LISP), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Pellicciari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- TES Pharma S.r.l., via Palmiro
Togliatti 20, 06073 Corciano (Perugia), Italy
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39
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Russo S, Incerti M, Tognolini M, Castelli R, Pala D, Hassan-Mohamed I, Giorgio C, De Franco F, Gioiello A, Vicini P, Barocelli E, Rivara S, Mor M, Lodola A. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of amino acid conjugates of cholanic acid as antagonists of the EphA2 receptor. Molecules 2013; 18:13043-60. [PMID: 24152675 PMCID: PMC6270184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181013043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph–ephrin system plays a critical role in tumor growth and vascular functions during carcinogenesis. We had previously identified cholanic acid as a competitive and reversible EphA2 antagonist able to disrupt EphA2-ephrinA1 interaction and to inhibit EphA2 activation in prostate cancer cells. Herein, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a set of cholanic acid derivatives obtained by conjugation of its carboxyl group with a panel of naturally occurring amino acids with the aim to improve EphA2 receptor inhibition. Structure-activity relationships indicate that conjugation of cholanic acid with linear amino acids of small size leads to effective EphA2 antagonists whereas the introduction of aromatic amino acids reduces the potency in displacement studies. The β-alanine derivative 4 was able to disrupt EphA2-ephrinA1 interaction in the micromolar range and to dose-dependently inhibit EphA2 activation on PC3 cells. These findings may help the design of novel EphA2 antagonists active on cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Russo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, Parma I-43124, Italy.
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40
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Tognolini M, Incerti M, Pala D, Russo S, Castelli R, Hassan-Mohamed I, Giorgio C, Lodola A. Target hopping as a useful tool for the identification of novel EphA2 protein-protein antagonists. ChemMedChem 2013; 9:67-72. [PMID: 24115725 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lithocholic acid (LCA), a physiological ligand for the nuclear receptor FXR and the G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5, has been recently described as an antagonist of the EphA2 receptor, a key member of the ephrin signalling system involved in tumour growth. Given the ability of LCA to recognize FXR, TGR5, and EphA2 receptors, we hypothesized that the structural requirements for a small molecule to bind each of these receptors might be similar. We therefore selected a set of commercially available FXR or TGR5 ligands and tested them for their ability to inhibit EphA2 by targeting the EphA2-ephrin-A1 interface. Among the selected compounds, the stilbene carboxylic acid GW4064 was identified as an effective antagonist of EphA2, being able to block EphA2 activation in prostate carcinoma cells, in the micromolar range. This finding proposes the "target hopping" approach as a new effective strategy to discover new protein-protein interaction inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Tognolini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, V. le delle Scienze 27 A, 43124 Parma (Italy)
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41
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Dehmlow H, Alvarez Sánchez R, Bachmann S, Bissantz C, Bliss F, Conde-Knape K, Graf M, Martin RE, Obst Sander U, Raab S, Richter HG, Sewing S, Sprecher U, Ullmer C, Mattei P. Discovery and optimisation of 1-hydroxyimino-3,3-diphenylpropanes, a new class of orally active GPBAR1 (TGR5) agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4627-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
The patent application WO2012082947 claims novel compounds as agonists of a plasma membrane-bound bile acid receptor TGR5. By activating TGR5, the agonists improve glycemic control and enhance energy expenditure. The basic generic claim of the patent covers pyrazole derivatives, different permutations on the core pyrazole ring are covered in the subsidiary claims. The claimed compounds are human TGR5 agonists having potency in the nM range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurin Raval
- Zydus Research Centre, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India.
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