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Lee J, Park YJ, Jung HJ, Ullah S, Yoon D, Jeong Y, Kim GY, Kang MK, Kang D, Park Y, Chun P, Chung HY, Moon HR. Design and Synthesis of ( Z)-2-(Benzylamino)-5-benzylidenethiazol-4(5 H)-one Derivatives as Tyrosinase Inhibitors and Their Anti-Melanogenic and Antioxidant Effects. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020848. [PMID: 36677908 PMCID: PMC9865752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, (Z)-2-(benzylamino)-5-benzylidenethiazol-4(5H)-one (BABT) derivatives were designed as tyrosinase inhibitors based on the structure of MHY2081, using a simplified approach. Of the 14 BABT derivatives synthesized, two derivatives ((Z)-2-(benzylamino)-5-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)thiazol-4(5H)-one [7] and (Z)-2-(benzylamino)-5-(2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)thiazol-4(5H)-one [8]) showed more potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activities than kojic acid, regardless of the substrate used; in particular, compound 8 was 106-fold more potent than kojic acid when l-tyrosine was used as the substrate. Analysis of Lineweaver-Burk plots for 7 and 8 indicated that they were competitive inhibitors, which was confirmed via in silico docking. In experiments using B16F10 cells, 8 exerted a greater ability to inhibit melanin production than kojic acid, and it inhibited cellular tyrosinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that the anti-melanogenic effect of 8 is attributable to its ability to inhibit tyrosinase. In addition, 8 exhibited strong antioxidant activity to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals and peroxynitrite and inhibited the expression of melanogenesis-associated proteins (tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor). These results suggest that BABT derivative 8 is a promising candidate for the treatment of hyperpigmentation-related diseases, owing to its inhibition of melanogenesis-associated protein expression, direct tyrosinase inhibition, and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jung Park
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sultan Ullah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, West Palm Beach, FL 33458, USA
| | - Dahye Yoon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongmu Jeong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Young Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Kang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwan Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Park
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-2815; Fax: +82-51-513-6754
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Noroviruses-The State of the Art, Nearly Fifty Years after Their Initial Discovery. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081541. [PMID: 34452406 PMCID: PMC8402810 DOI: 10.3390/v13081541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are recognised as the major global cause of viral gastroenteritis. Here, we provide an overview of notable advances in norovirus research and provide a short recap of the novel model systems to which much of the recent progress is owed. Significant advances include an updated classification system, the description of alternative virus-like protein morphologies and capsid dynamics, and the further elucidation of the functions and roles of various viral proteins. Important milestones include new insights into cell tropism, host and microbial attachment factors and receptors, interactions with the cellular translational apparatus, and viral egress from cells. Noroviruses have been detected in previously unrecognised hosts and detection itself is facilitated by improved analytical techniques. New potential transmission routes and/or viral reservoirs have been proposed. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings have added to the understanding of host immunity in response to norovirus infection, and vaccine development has progressed to preclinical and even clinical trial testing. Ongoing development of therapeutics includes promising direct-acting small molecules and host-factor drugs.
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Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Weerawarna PM, Rathnayake AD, Kim Y, Mehzabeen N, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Chang KO, Groutas WC. Putative structural rearrangements associated with the interaction of macrocyclic inhibitors with norovirus 3CL protease. Proteins 2019; 87:579-587. [PMID: 30883881 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the primary cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The problem is further compounded by the current lack of norovirus-specific antivirals or vaccines. Noroviruses have a single-stranded, positive sense 7 to 8 kb RNA genome which encodes a polyprotein precursor that is processed by a virus-encoded 3C-like cysteine protease (NV 3CLpro) to generate at least six mature nonstructural proteins. Processing of the polyprotein is essential for virus replication, consequently, NV 3CLpro has emerged as an attractive target for the discovery of norovirus therapeutics and prophylactics. We have recently described the structure-based design of macrocyclic transition state inhibitors of NV 3CLpro. In order to gain insight and understanding into the interaction of macrocyclic inhibitors with the enzyme, as well as probe the effect of ring size on pharmacological activity and cellular permeability, additional macrocyclic inhibitors were synthesized and high resolution cocrystal structures determined. The results of our studies tentatively suggest that the macrocyclic scaffold may hamper optimal binding to the active site by impeding concerted cross-talk between the S2 and S4 subsites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Kansas
| | | | - Kevin P Battaile
- IMCA-CAT, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, APS Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Kansas
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Kansas
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Netzler NE, Enosi Tuipulotu D, White PA. Norovirus antivirals: Where are we now? Med Res Rev 2018; 39:860-886. [PMID: 30584800 PMCID: PMC7168425 DOI: 10.1002/med.21545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses inflict a significant health burden on society and are responsible for approximately 699 million infections and over 200 000 estimated deaths worldwide each year. Yet despite significant research efforts, approved vaccines or antivirals to combat this pathogen are still lacking. Safe and effective antivirals are not available, particularly for chronically infected immunocompromised individuals, and for prophylactic applications to protect high‐risk and vulnerable populations in outbreak settings. Since the discovery of human norovirus in 1972, the lack of a cell culture system has hindered biological research and antiviral studies for many years. Recent breakthroughs in culturing human norovirus have been encouraging, however, further development and optimization of these novel methodologies are required to facilitate more robust replication levels, that will enable reliable serological and replication studies, as well as advances in antiviral development. In the last few years, considerable progress has been made toward the development of norovirus antivirals, inviting an updated review. This review focuses on potential therapeutics that have been reported since 2010, which were examined across at least two model systems used for studying human norovirus or its enzymes. In addition, we have placed emphasis on antiviral compounds with a defined chemical structure. We include a comprehensive outline of direct‐acting antivirals and offer a discussion of host‐modulating compounds, a rapidly expanding and promising area of antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Netzler
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Damalanka VC, Kim Y, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Rathnayake AD, Mehzabeen N, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Nguyen HN, Lushington GH, Chang KO, Groutas WC. Structure-guided design, synthesis and evaluation of oxazolidinone-based inhibitors of norovirus 3CL protease. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:881-890. [PMID: 29227928 PMCID: PMC5737831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis caused by noroviruses constitutes a global public health concern and a significant economic burden. There are currently no small molecule therapeutics or vaccines for the treatment of norovirus infections. A structure-guided approach was utilized in the design of a series of inhibitors of norovirus 3CL protease that embody an oxazolidinone ring as a novel design element for attaining optimal binding interactions. Low micromolar cell-permeable inhibitors that display anti-norovirus activity have been identified. The mechanism of action, mode of binding, and structural rearrangements associated with the interaction of the inhibitors and the enzyme were elucidated using X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu C Damalanka
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Athri D Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Nurjahan Mehzabeen
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kevin P Battaile
- IMCA-CAT, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, APS Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Harry Nhat Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | | | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - William C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
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Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Kim Y, Rathnayake AD, Alliston KR, Butler MM, Cardinale SC, Bowlin TL, Groutas WC, Chang KO. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Prodrugs of Transition State Inhibitors of Norovirus 3CL Protease. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6239-6248. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department
of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, Kansas State University
College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Athri D. Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Kevin R. Alliston
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | | | | | - Terry L. Bowlin
- Microbiotix, Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - William C. Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department
of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, Kansas State University
College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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Damalanka VC, Kim Y, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Lushington GH, Mehzabeen N, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Chang KO, Groutas WC. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a novel series of macrocyclic inhibitors of norovirus 3CL protease. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 127:41-61. [PMID: 28038326 PMCID: PMC5296247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus infections have a major impact on public health worldwide, yet there is a current dearth of norovirus-specific therapeutics and prophylactics. This report describes the discovery of a novel class of macrocyclic inhibitors of norovirus 3C-like protease, a cysteine protease that is essential for virus replication. SAR, structural, and biochemical studies were carried out to ascertain the effect of structure on pharmacological activity and permeability. Insights gained from these studies have laid a solid foundation for capitalizing on the therapeutic potential of the series of inhibitors described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu C Damalanka
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | | | - Nurjahan Mehzabeen
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kevin P Battaile
- IMCA-CAT, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, APS Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - William C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
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Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Kim Y, Rathnayake AD, Damalanka VC, Weerawarna PM, Doyle ST, Alsoudi AF, Dissanayake DMP, Lushington GH, Mehzabeen N, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Chang KO, Groutas WC. Structure-based exploration and exploitation of the S 4 subsite of norovirus 3CL protease in the design of potent and permeable inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:502-516. [PMID: 27914364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the primary cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis. The worldwide high morbidity and mortality associated with norovirus infections, particularly among the elderly, immunocompromised patients and children, constitute a serious public health concern. There are currently no approved human vaccines or norovirus-specific small-molecule therapeutics or prophylactics. Norovirus 3CL protease has recently emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the development of anti-norovirus agents. We hypothesized that the S4 subsite of the enzyme may provide an effective means of designing potent and cell permeable inhibitors of the enzyme. We report herein the structure-guided exploration and exploitation of the S4 subsite of norovirus 3CL protease in the design and synthesis of effective inhibitors of the protease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Athri D Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Vishnu C Damalanka
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | | | - Sean T Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Amer F Alsoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | | | | | - Nurjahan Mehzabeen
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kevin P Battaile
- IMCA-CAT, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, APS Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - William C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
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Antiviral targets of human noroviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 18:117-25. [PMID: 27318434 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are major causative agents of sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis both in children and adults. Currently there are no licensed therapeutic intervention measures either in terms of vaccines or drugs available for these highly contagious human pathogens. Genetic and antigenic diversity of these viruses, rapid emergence of new strains, and their ability to infect a broad population by using polymorphic histo-blood group antigens for cell attachment, pose significant challenges for the development of effective antiviral agents. Despite these impediments, there is progress in the design and development of therapeutic agents. These include capsid-based candidate vaccines, and potential antivirals either in the form of glycomimetics or designer antibodies that block HBGA binding, as well as those that target essential non-structural proteins such as the viral protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. In addition to these classical approaches, recent studies suggest the possibility of interferons and targeting host cell factors as viable approaches to counter norovirus infection. This review provides a brief overview of this progress.
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