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Luque-Sanchez K, Felix J, Bilbrey J, Restrepo L, Reeves M, McMahon LR, Wilkerson JL. Evaluation of novel epibatidine analogs in the rat nicotine drug discrimination assay and in the rat chronic constriction injury neuropathic pain model. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:11622. [PMID: 38389808 PMCID: PMC10880765 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.11622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Nicotine is the primary psychoactive component responsible for maintaining tobacco dependence in humans. Chronic pain is often a consequence of tobacco-related pathologies, and the development of a dual therapeutic that could treat chronic pain and tobacco dependence would be advantageous. Epibatidine reliably substitutes for nicotine in the drug discrimination assay, and is a potent analgesic, but has a side-effect profile that limits its therapeutic potential. Thus, considerable efforts to produce epibatidine derivatives are underway. Here we tested three epibatidine derivatives, 2'-fluoro-3'-(4-nitrophenyl)deschloroepibatidine (RTI-7527-102; i.e., RTI-102), 2'-fluorodeschloroepibatidine (RTI-7527-36; i.e., RTI-36), and 3'-(3″-dimethylaminophenyl)-epibatidine (RTI-7527-76; i.e., RTI-76) in both the rat nicotine drug discrimination assay as well as in the rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve neuropathic pain model. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on a fixed-ratio 10 schedule to discriminate nicotine (0.32 mg/kg base) from vehicle. All compounds dose-dependently substituted for nicotine, without significant decreases in response rates. In the discrimination assay the rank order potency was RTI-36 > nicotine > RTI-102 > RTI-76. Evidence suggests the α4β2* subtype is particularly important to nicotine-related abuse potential. Thus, here we utilized the antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE) to examine relative β2 subunit contribution. DHβE (3.2 mg/kg, s.c.) antagonized the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine. However, relative to antagonism of nicotine, DHβE produced less antagonism of RTI-102 and RTI-76 and greater antagonism of RTI-36. It is likely that at nicotinic receptor subunits RTI-102, RTI-76 and RTI-36 possess differing activity. To confirm that the full discriminative stimulus of these compounds was due to nAChR activity beyond the β2 subunit, we examined these compounds in the presence of the non-selective nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine. Mecamylamine (0.56 mg/kg, s.c.) pretreatment abolished nicotine-paired lever responding for all compounds. In a separate cohort, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent CCI surgery and tested for CCI-induced mechanical allodynia via the von Frey assay. Each compound produced CCI-induced mechanical allodynia reversal. RTI-36 displayed higher potency than either RTI-102 or RTI-76. These novel epibatidine analogs may prove to be useful tools in the fight against nicotine dependence as well as novel neuropathic pain analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Luque-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jasmine Felix
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joshua Bilbrey
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Luis Restrepo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Morgan Reeves
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
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2
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Alqahtani S, Butcher MC, Ramage G, Dalby MJ, McLean W, Nile CJ. Acetylcholine Receptors in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2023; 32:47-59. [PMID: 36355611 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are well known for their regenerative potential. Even though the ability of MSCs to proliferate and differentiate has been studied extensively, there remains much to learn about the signaling mechanisms and pathways that control proliferation and influence the differentiation phenotype. In recent years, there has been growing evidence for the utility of non-neuronal cholinergic signaling systems and that acetylcholine (ACh) plays an important ubiquitous role in cell-to-cell communication. Indeed, cholinergic signaling is hypothesized to occur in stem cells and ACh synthesis, as well as in ACh receptor (AChR) expression, has been identified in several stem cell populations, including MSCs. Furthermore, AChRs have been found to influence MSC regenerative potential. In humans, there are two major classes of AChRs, muscarinic AChRs and nicotinic AChRs, with each class possessing several subtypes or subunits. In this review, the expression and function of AChRs in different types of MSC are summarized with the aim of highlighting how AChRs play a pivotal role in regulating MSC regenerative function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Alqahtani
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C Butcher
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Ramage
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Dalby
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William McLean
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Nile
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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3
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Cañas CA, Castaño-Valencia S, Castro-Herrera F, Cañas F, Tobón GJ. Biomedical applications of snake venom: from basic science to autoimmunity and rheumatology. J Transl Autoimmun 2020; 4:100076. [PMID: 33385156 PMCID: PMC7772571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms have components with diverse biological actions that are extensively studied to identify elements that may be useful in biomedical sciences. In the field of autoimmunity and rheumatology, various findings useful for the study of diseases and potential drug development have been reported. The study of disintegrins, proteins that block the action of integrins, has been useful for the development of antiplatelet agents and principles for the development of immunosuppressants and antineoplastics. Several proteins in snake venoms act on the coagulation cascade, activating factors that have allowed the development of tests for the study of coagulation, including Russell's viper venom time, which is useful in the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Neurotoxins with either pre- or postsynaptic effects have been used to study neurogenic synapses and neuromuscular plaques and the development of analgesics, muscle relaxants and drugs for neurodegenerative diseases. Various components act by inhibiting cells and proteins of the immune system, which will allow the development of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs. This review summarizes the usefulness of the components of snake venoms in the fields of autoimmunity and rheumatology, which can serve as a basis for diverse translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Cañas
- GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoimunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.,Fundación Valle Del Lili, Rheumatology Unit, Cra 98 No. 18 - 49, Cali, 760032, Colombia
| | - Santiago Castaño-Valencia
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Fernando Castro-Herrera
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Felipe Cañas
- Department of Cardiology, Clínica Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gabriel J Tobón
- GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoimunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.,Fundación Valle Del Lili, Rheumatology Unit, Cra 98 No. 18 - 49, Cali, 760032, Colombia
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4
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Kusuda R, Carreira EU, Ulloa L, Cunha FQ, Kanashiro A, Cunha TM. Choline attenuates inflammatory hyperalgesia activating nitric oxide/cGMP/ATP-sensitive potassium channels pathway. Brain Res 2019; 1727:146567. [PMID: 31783002 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
New findings on neural regulation of immunity are allowing the design of novel pharmacological strategies to control inflammation and nociception. Herein, we report that choline, a 7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChRs) agonist, prevents carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia without affecting inflammatory parameters (neutrophil migration or cytokine/chemokines production) or inducing sedation or even motor impairment. Choline also attenuates prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2)-induced hyperalgesia via α7nAChR activation and this antinociceptive effect was abrogated by administration of LNMMA (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), ODQ (an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase; cGMP), andglibenclamide(an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive potassium channels). Furthermore, choline attenuates long-lasting Complete Freund's Adjuvant and incision-induced hyperalgesia suggesting its therapeutic potential to treat pain in rheumatoid arthritis or post-operative recovery, respectively. Our results suggest that choline modulates inflammatory hyperalgesia by activating the nitric oxide/cGMP/ATP-sensitive potassium channels without interfering in inflammatory events, and could be used in persistent pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Kusuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eleonora Uchôa Carreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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5
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Otvos RA, Still KBM, Somsen GW, Smit AB, Kool J. Drug Discovery on Natural Products: From Ion Channels to nAChRs, from Nature to Libraries, from Analytics to Assays. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2019; 24:362-385. [PMID: 30682257 PMCID: PMC6484542 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218822098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural extracts are complex mixtures that may be rich in useful bioactive compounds and therefore are attractive sources for new leads in drug discovery. This review describes drug discovery from natural products and in explaining this process puts the focus on ion-channel drug discovery. In particular, the identification of bioactives from natural products targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and serotonin type 3 receptors (5-HT3Rs) is discussed. The review is divided into three parts: "Targets," "Sources," and "Approaches." The "Targets" part will discuss the importance of ion-channel drug targets in general, and the α7-nAChR and 5-HT3Rs in particular. The "Sources" part will discuss the relevance for drug discovery of finding bioactive compounds from various natural sources such as venoms and plant extracts. The "Approaches" part will give an overview of classical and new analytical approaches that are used for the identification of new bioactive compounds with the focus on targeting ion channels. In addition, a selected overview is given of traditional venom-based drug discovery approaches and of diverse hyphenated analytical systems used for screening complex bioactive mixtures including venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka A. Otvos
- The Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina B. M. Still
- The Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- The Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - August B. Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- The Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Mondal S, Pradhan S, Mukhopadhayay SK. Alteration in behavior of rat after chronic exposure to acetamiprid. Vet World 2019; 12:254-257. [PMID: 31040567 PMCID: PMC6460872 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.254-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Acetamiprid is a chemical of neonicotinoid group which binds with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and alters the brain function. The present study was taken up to enlight the understanding of nociception behavior in Sprague Dawley (SD) rat after multiple exposures to acetamiprid. Materials and Methods For experiment purpose, a total of 48 SD rats were divided into four dose groups having 12 animals each. Group I was control group received only distilled water. Group II, Group III, and Group IV were treated with acetamiprid at a dose rate of 5, 20, and 40 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Rats were tested in induced pain by formalin injection and tail flick test. Results The flinch counts in formalin-induced pain in acetamiprid-treated rat were reduced in a dose-dependent manner, whereas, in tail flick test, no such altered pain behavior was observed in treated group compared to control animals. Conclusion Acetamiprid alters the centralized nociception through nAChR but could not trigger the associated signal to inhibit the nociception peripherally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiran Mondal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Saktipada Pradhan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sunit K Mukhopadhayay
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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7
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Pluskal T, Weng JK. Natural product modulators of human sensations and mood: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1592-1637. [PMID: 28933478 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00411g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Humans perceive physical information about the surrounding environment through their senses. This physical information is registered by a collection of highly evolved and finely tuned molecular sensory receptors. A multitude of bioactive, structurally diverse ligands have evolved in nature that bind these molecular receptors. The complex, dynamic interactions between the ligands and the receptors lead to changes in our sensory perception or mood. Here, we review our current knowledge of natural products and their derived analogues that interact specifically with human G protein-coupled receptors, ion channels, and nuclear hormone receptors to modulate the sensations of taste, smell, temperature, pain, and itch, as well as mood and its associated behaviour. We discuss the molecular and structural mechanisms underlying such interactions and highlight cases where subtle differences in natural product chemistry produce drastic changes in functional outcome. We also discuss cases where a single compound triggers complex sensory or behavioural changes in humans through multiple mechanistic targets. Finally, we comment on the therapeutic potential of the reviewed area of research and draw attention to recent technological developments in genomics, metabolomics, and metabolic engineering that allow us to tap the medicinal properties of natural product chemistry without taxing nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Pluskal
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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8
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Li W, Cai J, Wang BH, Huang L, Fan J, Wang Y. Antinociceptive effects of novel epibatidine analogs through activation of α4β2 nicotinic receptors. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:688-695. [PMID: 29435707 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The study of α4β2 nicotinic receptors has provided new indications in the treatment of pain. Efforts have been made to explore new α4β2 nicotinic receptor agonists, including TC-2559, as antinociceptive drugs. In this study, we discovered a set of novel epibatidine analogs with strong binding affinities to the α4β2 nicotinic receptors. Among these compounds, C-159, C-163, and C-9515 attenuated formalin-induced nociceptive responses in mice; C-9515 caused the most potent analgesic effect, which was blocked by mecamylamine, a non-selective nicotinic receptor antagonist. Furthermore, C-9515 potently inhibited chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain in rats, which was sensitive to DHβE, a selective α4β2 subtype antagonist, indicating that its analgesic effect was mediated by the activation of the α4β2 nicotinic receptors. In conclusion, the epibatidine analog C-9515 was found to be a potent α4β2 nicotinic receptor agonist with potent analgesic function, which demonstrated potential for the further exploration of its druggability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Benjamin H Wang
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lanting Huang
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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9
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Degennaro L, Zenzola M, Laurino A, Cavalluzzi MM, Franchini C, Habtemariam S, Matucci R, Luisi R, Lentini G. 2-Arylazetidines as ligands for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Jareczek FJ, White SR, Hammond DL. Plasticity in Brainstem Mechanisms of Pain Modulation by Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Rat. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO.0364-16.2017. [PMID: 28197544 PMCID: PMC5286660 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0364-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with chronic pain may be driven to smoke more because the analgesic efficacy of nicotine diminishes. To determine whether persistent pain diminishes the actions of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist in pain modulatory pathways, we examined the effects of epibatidine in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) of rats with and without inflammatory injury induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). In uninjured rats, epibatidine produced a dose-dependent antinociception that was completely blocked by dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE; α4β2 antagonist) and partially blocked by methyllycaconitine (MLA; α7 antagonist). Epibatidine reversed heat hyperalgesia when microinjected in the RVM 4 h, 4 d, or 2 weeks after CFA treatment. Although DHβE completely blocked epibatidine's antihyperalgesic effect at 4 h, at 2 weeks it elicited only partial antagonism. Methyllycaconitine was ineffective at both time points. Epibatidine's antinociceptive efficacy in the uninjured hind paw progressively declined, and it was without effect 2 weeks after CFA. Moreover, as early as 4 h after CFA, the antinociceptive effect of epibatidine was no longer antagonized by DHβE. Neither antagonist alone altered paw withdrawal latency in uninjured or CFA-treated rats, suggesting that neither α4β2 nor α7 nAChRs are tonically active in the RVM. The Bmax and Kd of α4β2 nAChRs in the RVM were unchanged after CFA treatment. These observations provide the first evidence of pharmacological plasticity of the actions of α4β2 nAChR agonists in a critical brainstem pain modulatory pathway and may in part explain why people with chronic pain smoke more than the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J. Jareczek
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | - Donna L. Hammond
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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11
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Dorsal raphe nucleus acetylcholine-mediated neurotransmission modulates post-ictal antinociception: The role of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Brain Res 2016; 1631:80-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Samengo IA, Currò D, Martire M. Nicotinic receptors modulate the function of presynaptic AMPA receptors on glutamatergic nerve terminals in the trigeminal caudal nucleus. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:166-72. [PMID: 26277383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the existence on trigeminal caudal nucleus (TCN) glutamatergic terminals of α4β2 nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) capable of enhancing the terminals' spontaneous release of [(3)H]d-aspartate ([(3)H]D-Asp). In rat TCN synaptosomes, spontaneous [(3)H]D-Asp release was increased by nicotine and the nicotinic receptor agonists (±)epibatidine and RJR2403. The increase was potentiated by the positive allosteric modulator of nAChRs LY2087101, inhibited by the nicotinic antagonists mecamylamine (MEC) and dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide (DHβE), and unaffected by α-bungarotoxin (α-BgTx) and methyllycaconitine (MLA). Evidence of functional interaction was observed between the α4β2 nAChRs and cyclothiazide-sensitive, alfa-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolone propionate (AMPA) receptors co-localized on the TCN synaptosomes. Brief pre-exposure of synaptosomes to 30 μM nicotine or 10 μM RJR2403 abolished the AMPA (100 μM) -induced potentiation of [K(+)]e-evoked [(3)H]D-Asp release, an effect that seems to be caused by nicotine-induced increases in the internalization of AMPA receptors. Indeed, the effects of nicotine-pretreatment were not seen in synaptosomes containing pre-entrapped pep2-SVKI, a peptide known to compete for the binding of GluA2 subunit to scaffolding proteins involved in AMPA endocytosis, while entrapment of pep2-SVKE, an inactive peptide used as negative control, was inefficacious. These findings show that nicotine can negatively modulate the function of AMPA receptors present on glutamatergic nerve terminals in the rat TCN. Dynamic control of AMPA receptors by the nicotinic cholinergic system has been observed under other experimental conditions, and it can contribute to the control of synaptic plasticity such as long-term depression and potentiation. Nicotine's ability to reduce the functionality of presynaptic AMPA receptors could contribute to its analgesic effects by diminishing glutamatergic transmission from the primary afferent terminals that convey nociceptive input to TCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A Samengo
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Currò
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Martire
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Yu LF, Zhang HK, Caldarone BJ, Eaton JB, Lukas RJ, Kozikowski AP. Recent developments in novel antidepressants targeting α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8204-23. [PMID: 24901260 PMCID: PMC4207546 DOI: 10.1021/jm401937a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
(nAChRs) have been investigated
for developing drugs that can potentially treat various central nervous
system disorders. Considerable evidence supports the hypothesis that
modulation of the cholinergic system through activation and/or desensitization/inactivation
of nAChR holds promise for the development of new antidepressants.
The introductory portion of this Miniperspective discusses the basic
pharmacology that underpins the involvement of α4β2-nAChRs
in depression, along with the structural features that are essential
to ligand recognition by the α4β2-nAChRs. The remainder
of this Miniperspective analyzes reported nicotinic ligands in terms
of drug design considerations and their potency and selectivity, with
a particular focus on compounds exhibiting antidepressant-like effects
in preclinical or clinical studies. This Miniperspective aims to provide
an in-depth analysis of the potential for using nicotinic ligands
in the treatment of depression, which may hold some promise in addressing
an unmet clinical need by providing relief from depressive symptoms
in refractory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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14
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Nosnik IP, Gan TJ, Moul JW. Open radical retropubic prostatectomy 2007: the true minimally invasive surgery for localized prostate cancer? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 7:1309-17. [PMID: 17892432 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.9.1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of robotic laparoscopic assisted prostatectomy at our institution and nationwide has been a great advancement and has caused us to focus and fine-tune our goal for improvements in prostate cancer outcomes whether the patient elects for robotic laparoscopic assisted prostatectomy or open minimally invasive radical retropubic prostatectomy. While these authors favor the open technique performed by highly skilled urologic surgical oncologists, the lessons we have learned to date suggest that it is the skill of the surgeon that determines outcome, regardless of whether or not the operation is performed by an open or robotic laparoscopic technique. The concepts we have articulated here are related to resection and avoidance of positive margins, limited intraoperative blood loss and pain control, which allow equivalence in these outcome areas, regardless of technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel P Nosnik
- Duke University School of Medicine, Division of Urology, Box 3707, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Freitas K, Negus SS, Carroll FI, Damaj MI. In vivo pharmacological interactions between a type II positive allosteric modulator of α7 nicotinic ACh receptors and nicotinic agonists in a murine tonic pain model. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 169:567-79. [PMID: 23004024 PMCID: PMC3682705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The α7 nicotinic ACh receptor subtype is abundantly expressed in the CNS and in the periphery. Recent evidence suggests that α7 nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) subtypes, which can be activated by an endogenous cholinergic tone comprising ACh and the α7 agonist choline, play an important role in chronic pain and inflammation. In this study, we evaluated whether type II α7 positive allosteric modulator PNU-120596 induces antinociception on its own and in combination with choline in the formalin pain model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We assessed the effects of PNU-120596 and choline and the nature of their interactions in the formalin test using an isobolographic analysis. In addition, we evaluated the interaction of PNU-120596 with PHA-54613, an exogenous selective α7 nAChR agonist, in the formalin test. Finally, we assessed the interaction between PNU-120596 and nicotine using acute thermal pain, locomotor activity, body temperature and convulsing activity tests in mice. KEY RESULTS We found that PNU-120596 dose-dependently attenuated nociceptive behaviour in the formalin test after systemic administration in mice. In addition, mixtures of PNU-120596 and choline synergistically reduced formalin-induced pain. PNU-120596 enhanced the effects of nicotine and α7 agonist PHA-543613 in the same test. In contrast, PNU-120596 failed to enhance nicotine-induced convulsions, hypomotility and antinociception in acute pain models. Surprisingly, it enhanced nicotine-induced hypothermia via activation of α7 nAChRs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrate that type II α7 positive allosteric modulators produce antinociceptive effects in the formalin test through a synergistic interaction with the endogenous α7 agonist choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Freitas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
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16
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Boess FG, de Vry J, Erb C, Flessner T, Hendrix M, Luithle J, Methfessel C, Schnizler K, van der Staay FJ, van Kampen M, Wiese WB, König G. Pharmacological and behavioral profile of N-[(3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl]-6-chinolincarboxamide (EVP-5141), a novel α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist/serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 227:1-17. [PMID: 23241647 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Agonists of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of cognitive deficits. This study describes the in vitro pharmacology of the novel α7 nAChR agonist/serotonin 5-HT3 receptor (5-HT3R) antagonist N-[(3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl]-6-chinolincarboxamide (EVP-5141) and its behavioral effects. RESULTS EVP-5141 bound to α7 nAChRs in rat brain membranes (K i = 270 nM) and to recombinant human serotonin 5-HT3Rs (K i = 880 nM) but had low affinity for α4β2 nAChRs (K i > 100 μM). EVP-5141 was a potent agonist at recombinant rat and human α7 nAChRs expressed in Xenopus oocytes. EVP-5141 acted as 5-HT3R antagonist but did not block α3β4, α4β2, and muscle nAChRs. Rats trained to discriminate nicotine from vehicle did not generalize to EVP-5141 (0.3-30 mg kg(-1), p.o.), suggesting that the nicotine cue is not mediated by the α7 nAChR and that EVP-5141 may not share the abuse liability of nicotine. EVP-5141 (0.3-3 mg kg(-1)) improved performance in the rat social recognition test. EVP-5141 (0.3 mg kg(-1), p.o.) ameliorated scopolamine-induced retention deficits in the passive avoidance task in rats. EVP-5141 (1 mg kg(-1), i.p.) improved spatial working memory of aged (26- to 32-month-old) rats in a water maze repeated acquisition task. In addition, EVP-5141 improved both object and social recognition memory in mice (0.3 mg kg(-1), p.o.). CONCLUSIONS EVP-5141 improved performance in several learning and memory tests in both rats and mice, supporting the hypothesis that α7 nAChR agonists may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Boess
- Pharma Research CNS, Bayer Healthcare AG, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany.
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17
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Strachan JP, Farias JJ, Zhang J, Caldwell WS, Bhatti BS. Diazaspirocyclic compounds as selective ligands for the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5089-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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AlSharari SD, Carroll FI, McIntosh JM, Damaj MI. The antinociceptive effects of nicotinic partial agonists varenicline and sazetidine-A in murine acute and tonic pain models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:742-9. [PMID: 22678099 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.194506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic agonists display a wide-range profile of antinociceptive activity in acute, tonic, and chronic pain models. However, their effectiveness is limited by their unacceptable side effects. We investigated the antinociceptive effects of two new α4β2* nicotinic partial agonists, varenicline and sazetidine-A, in acute thermal and tonic pain mouse models. Both drugs failed to induce significant effects in the tail-flick and hot-plate tests after subcutaneous administration. However, they blocked nicotine's effects in these tests at very low doses. In contrast to acute pain tests, varenicline and sazetidine-A dose-dependently induced an analgesic effect in the mouse formalin test after systemic administration. Their antinociceptive effects were mediated, however, by different nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes. Sazetidine-A effects were mediated by β2* nAChR subtypes, whereas varenicline actions were attributed to α3β4 nAChRs. Moreover, low inactive doses of varenicline blocked nicotine's actions in phase II of the formalin test. Overall, our results suggest that the antagonistic actions of varenicline at low doses are mediated by β2*-nAChRs and at higher doses as an agonist by α3β4*-nAChRs. In contrast, both actions of sazetidine-A are mediated by β2*-nAChR subtypes. These results suggest that nicotinic partial agonists possess analgesic effects in a rodent tonic pain model and may provide a potential treatment for the treatment of chronic pain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakir D AlSharari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Berg KA, Patwardhan AM, Akopian AN. Receptor and channel heteromers as pain targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:249-78. [PMID: 24281378 PMCID: PMC3763638 DOI: 10.3390/ph5030249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries indicate that many G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and channels involved in pain modulation are able to form receptor heteromers. Receptor and channel heteromers often display distinct signaling characteristics, pharmacological properties and physiological function in comparison to monomer/homomer receptor or ion channel counterparts. It may be possible to capitalize on such unique properties to augment therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. For example, drugs specifically targeting heteromers may have greater tissue specificity and analgesic efficacy. This review will focus on current progress in our understanding of roles of heteromeric GPCRs and channels in pain pathways as well as strategies for controlling pain pathways via targeting heteromeric receptors and channels. This approach may be instrumental in the discovery of novel classes of drugs and expand our repertoire of targets for pain pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Berg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (K.A.B.)
| | - Amol M. Patwardhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.M.P.)
| | - Armen N. Akopian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (K.A.B.)
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Yu LF, Tückmantel W, Eaton JB, Caldarone B, Fedolak A, Hanania T, Brunner D, Lukas RJ, Kozikowski AP. Identification of novel α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists based on an isoxazole ether scaffold that demonstrate antidepressant-like activity. J Med Chem 2012; 55:812-23. [PMID: 22148173 DOI: 10.1021/jm201301h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence to support the hypothesis that the blockade of nAChR is responsible for the antidepressant action of nicotinic ligands. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, mecamylamine, has been shown to be an effective add-on in patients that do not respond to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. This suggests that nAChR ligands may address an unmet clinical need by providing relief from depressive symptoms in refractory patients. In this study, a new series of nAChR ligands based on an isoxazole-ether scaffold have been designed and synthesized for binding and functional assays. Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) efforts identified a lead compound 43, which possesses potent antidepressant-like activity (1 mg/kg, IP; 5 mg/kg, PO) in the classical mouse forced swim test. Early stage absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME-Tox) studies also suggested favorable drug-like properties, and broad screening toward other common neurotransmitter receptors indicated that compound 43 is highly selective for nAChRs over the other 45 neurotransmitter receptors and transporters tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Yu
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Yamamoto A, Kiguchi N, Kobayashi Y, Maeda T, Ueno K, Yamamoto C, Kishioka S. Pharmacological relationship between nicotinic and opioid systems in analgesia and corticosterone elevation. Life Sci 2011; 89:956-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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23
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Positive and negative effects of alcohol and nicotine and their interactions: a mechanistic review. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:57-69. [PMID: 21932109 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine and alcohol are two of the most commonly abused legal substances. Heavy use of one drug can often lead to, or is predictive of, heavy use of the other drug in adolescents and adults. Heavy drinking and smoking alone are of significant health hazard. The combination of the two, however, can result in synergistic adverse effects particularly in incidences of various cancers (e.g., esophagus). Although detrimental consequences of smoking are well established, nicotine by itself might possess positive and even therapeutic potential. Similarly, alcohol at low or moderated doses may confer beneficial health effects. These opposing findings have generated considerable interest in how these drugs act. Here we will briefly review the negative impact of drinking-smoking co-morbidity followed by factors that appear to contribute to the high rate of co-use of alcohol and nicotine. Our main focus will be on what research is telling us about the central actions and interactions of these drugs, and what has been elucidated about the mechanisms of their positive and negative effects. We will conclude by making suggestions for future research in this area.
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Yagoubian B, Akkara J, Afzali P, Alfi DM, Olson L, Conell-Price J, Yeh J, Eisig SB, Flood P. Nicotine nasal spray as an adjuvant analgesic for third molar surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 69:1316-9. [PMID: 21256649 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2010.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the efficacy of preoperatively administered nicotine nasal spray (3 mg) for analgesia after third molar (TM) surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single-center, prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial was conducted. The study population consisted of 20 nonsmoking patients referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Columbia University College of Dental Medicine for extraction of all 4 TMs. Each patient received nicotine nasal spray or placebo spray before TM surgery. At a subsequent visit the contralateral TMs were removed with prior administration of the alternate treatment. For an hour postoperatively, subjects reported information on pain and nausea, and hemodynamic variables were recorded at 15-minute intervals. Telephone follow-up was recorded for 5 days postoperatively, where patients reported information on pain, nausea, and use of hydrocodone/acetaminophen as rescue analgesia. RESULTS Nicotine treatment was associated with a highly significant decrease in pain reported during the 5 days after TM surgery. There was no difference in the amount of hydrocodone/acetaminophen used or amount of nausea reported. There was a small but significant increase in heart rate after nicotine treatment compared with placebo during the first hour after surgery. There was no difference in blood pressure between groups. CONCLUSION Pain is well controlled by hydrocodone/acetaminophen in most patients after TM surgery. However, there is significant variability in pain reported. Nicotinic agonists represent a new class of analgesic that can be considered for patients who are expected to have significant opioid-resistant pain after TM surgery. Caution should be used with patients in whom a small increase in heart rate would be deleterious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Yagoubian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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25
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Chin CL, Carr RA, Llano DA, Barret O, Xu H, Batis J, Koren AO, Seibyl JP, Marsh KC, Tamagnan G, Decker MW, Day M, Fox GB. Pharmacokinetic Modeling and [123I]5-IA-85380 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging in Baboons: Optimization of Dosing Regimen for ABT-089. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:716-23. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.173609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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26
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Gao B, Hierl M, Clarkin K, Juan T, Nguyen H, van der Valk M, Deng H, Guo W, Lehto SG, Matson D, McDermott JS, Knop J, Gaida K, Cao L, Waldon D, Albrecht BK, Boezio AA, Copeland KW, Harmange JC, Springer SK, Malmberg AB, McDonough SI. Pharmacological effects of nonselective and subtype-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists in animal models of persistent pain. Pain 2010; 149:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rowbotham MC, Duan RW, Thomas J, Nothaft W, Backonja MM. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ABT-594 in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain 2009; 146:245-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Meenakshisundaram R, Sweni S, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P. Hypothesis of snake and insect venoms against Human Immunodeficiency Virus: a review. AIDS Res Ther 2009; 6:25. [PMID: 19922674 PMCID: PMC2784795 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-6-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Snake and insect venoms have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain diseases including drug resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We evaluated and hypothesized the probable mechanisms of venoms against HIV. Methods Previous literatures published over a period of 30 years (1979-2009) were searched using the key words snake venom, insect venom, mechanisms and HIV. Mechanisms were identified and discussed. Results & Conclusion With reference to mechanisms of action, properties and components of snake venom such as sequence homology and enzymes (protease or L- amino acid oxidase) may have an effect on membrane protein and/or act against HIV at multiple levels or cells carrying HIV virus resulting in enhanced effect of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). This may cause a decrease in viral load and improvement in clinical as well as immunological status. Insect venom and human Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) have potential anti-viral activity through inhibition of virion entry into the cells. However, all these require further evaluation in order to establish its role against HIV as an independent one or as a supplement.
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Anderson DJ. Radioligand binding characterization of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2008; Chapter 1:Unit1.8. [PMID: 22294217 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0108s43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Described in this unit are radioligand binding protocols for three neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes. Detailed descriptions of binding protocols are presented for the two predominant CNS subtypes of nAChRs, α4β2 and α7, as well as the ganglionic α3β4 nAChR. [(3)H]Cytisine is utilized for α4β2 nAChRs, while [(3)H]methyllycaconitine is utilized for α7 nAChRs, both in rat brain. α3β4 nAChRs in IMR-32 cells are labeled with [(3)H]epibatidine. Reference data are presented, as well as commentary on the current state of neuronal nicotinic receptor research.
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30
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Springer SK, Woodin KS, Berry V, Boezio AA, Cao L, Clarkin K, Harmange JC, Hierl M, Knop J, Malmberg AB, McDermott JS, Nguyen HQ, Waldon D, Albrecht BK, McDonough SI. Synthesis and activity of substituted carbamates as potentiators of the alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5643-7. [PMID: 18805006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a series of carbamate potentiators of alpha4beta2 nAChR is reported herein. These compounds were highly selective for alpha4beta2 over other nAChR subtypes. In addition, compounds increased the response of alpha4beta2 nAChRs to acetylcholine, as measured with patch-clamp electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Springer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen Inc., 1 Kendall Square, Building 1000, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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31
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Decker MW, Gopalakrishnan M, Meyer MD. The potential of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists for treating CNS conditions. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:1027-40. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.9.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Xue Y, Domino EF. Tobacco/nicotine and endogenous brain opioids. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1131-8. [PMID: 18215788 PMCID: PMC2582831 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is a major public health problem with devastating health consequences. Although many cigarette smokers are able to quit, equal numbers of others cannot! Standard medications to assist in smoking cessation, such as nicotine replacement therapies and bupropion, are ineffective in many remaining smokers. Recent developments in the neurobiology of nicotine dependence have identified several neurotransmitter systems that may contribute to the process of smoking maintenance and relapse. These include: especially dopamine, but also norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, endogenous opioids, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and endocannabinoids. The present review examines the limited contribution of the endogenous opioid system to the complex effects of nicotine/tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward F. Domino
- Corresponding author. E.F. Domino, M.D., Tel#: 734-764-9115, Fax#: 734-763-4450,
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34
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Dray A. New Horizons in Pharmacologic Treatment for Rheumatic Disease Pain. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2008; 34:481-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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35
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Kwon MS, Seo YJ, Choi SM, Lee JK, Jung JS, Park SH, Suh HW. The effect of formalin pretreatment on nicotine-induced antinociceptive effect: the role of mu-opioid receptor in the hippocampus. Neuroscience 2008; 154:415-23. [PMID: 18456411 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is attractive as an analgesic component despite that its antinociceptive mechanism is not well known until now. In the present study, we examined the antinociceptive effect of nicotine administered supra-spinally on acetic acid-induced visceral pain induction (writhing test), and found that the antinociceptive effect of nicotine was abolished by mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptor antagonist administered i.c.v. In addition, s.c. 5% formalin pretreatment at 5 h, 20 h, 40 h, and 1 week prior to i.c.v. nicotine injection abolished the antinociceptive effect of nicotine in the writhing test, suggesting that s.c. formalin pretreatment induced tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of nicotine in the supra-spinal region. Furthermore, neuronal loss of the hippocampal cornus ammonis (CA) 3 region reduced nicotine-induced an antinociceptive effect in the writhing test. In Western blot assay, we examined s.c. formalin injection down-regulated mu-opioid receptor in the hippocampus after 40 h, and its effect was maintained for 1 week. However, various acetylcholine receptor subunits and delta-, and kappa-opioid receptors were not altered. These results suggest that s.c. formalin pretreatment can contribute to induce tolerance on nicotine-induced antinociception as down-regulating mu-opioid receptor in the hippocampus, especially 40 h after s.c. formalin injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-S Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Okcheon-Dong, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, South Korea
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Bhatti BS, Strachan JP, Breining SR, Miller CH, Tahiri P, Crooks PA, Deo N, Day CS, Caldwell WS. Synthesis of 2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane, 2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and 2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, a class of potent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-ligands. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3497-507. [PMID: 18363376 DOI: 10.1021/jo800028q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to generate nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) ligands selective for the alpha4beta2 and alpha7 subtype receptors we designed and synthesized constrained versions of anabasine, a naturally occurring nAChR ligand. 2-(Pyridin-3-yl)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane, and several of their derivatives have been synthesized in both an enantioselective and a racemic manner utilizing the same basic synthetic approach. For the racemic synthesis, alkylation of N-(diphenylmethylene)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)methanamine with the appropriate bromoalkyltetrahydropyran gave intermediates which were readily elaborated into 2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and 2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane via a ring opening/aminocyclization sequence. An alternate synthesis of 2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane via the alkylation of N-(1-(pyridin-3-ylethylidene)propan-2-amine has also been achieved. The enantioselective syntheses followed the same general scheme, but utilized imines derived from (+)- and (-)-2-hydroxy-3-pinanone. Chiral HPLC shows that the desired compounds were synthesized in >99.5% ee. X-ray crystallography was subsequently used to unambiguously characterize these stereochemically pure nAChR ligands. All compounds synthesized exhibited high affinity for the alpha4beta2 nAChR subtype ( K i < or = 0.5-15 nM), a subset bound with high affinity for the alpha7 receptor subtype ( K i < or = 110 nM), selectivity over the alpha3beta4 (ganglion) receptor subtype was seen within the 2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane series and for the muscle (alpha1betagammadelta) subtype in the 2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balwinder S Bhatti
- Targacept, Inc., 200 East 1st Street, Suite 300, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101-4165, USA.
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Sang Y, Zhao J, Jia X, Zhai H. Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)-Pyrido[3,4-b]homotropane. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3589-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8002425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Sang
- Laboratory of Modern Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200436, China, and The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 College Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingrui Zhao
- Laboratory of Modern Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200436, China, and The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 College Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueshun Jia
- Laboratory of Modern Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200436, China, and The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 College Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongbin Zhai
- Laboratory of Modern Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200436, China, and The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 College Road, Beijing 100083, China
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Morphine and ABT-594 (a Nicotinic Acetylcholine Agonist) Exert Centrally Mediated Antinociception in the Rat Cyclophosphamide Cystitis Model of Visceral Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2008; 9:146-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Chin CL, Pauly JR, Surber BW, Skoubis PD, McGaraughty S, Hradil VP, Luo Y, Cox BF, Fox GB. Pharmacological MRI in awake rats predicts selective binding of α4β2 nicotinic receptors. Synapse 2008; 62:159-68. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Smoking cessation is the only available intervention proven to halt progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The authors discuss the current existing treatment modalities and the role of a newly approved agent, varenicline, in promotion of smoking cessation. Varenicline is a novel agent that is a centrally acting partial nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. It has both agonistic and antagonistic properties that together are believed to account for reduction of craving and withdrawal as well as blocking the rewarding effects of smoking. Its targeted mechanism of action, better efficacy and tolerability makes varenicline a useful therapeutic option for smoking cessation. In this article, we discuss presently available options for smoking cessation and review the literature on efficacy of varenicline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma M Mohanasundaram
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Rajinder Chitkara
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Ganesh Krishna
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
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Bermejo Velasco PE, Velasco Calvo R. Nuevos fármacos antiepilépticos y dolor neuropático. De la medicina molecular a la clínica. Med Clin (Barc) 2007; 129:542-50. [DOI: 10.1157/13111432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Zhang H, Li H, Ma Q. QSAR study of a large set of 3-pyridyl ethers as ligands of the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 26:226-35. [PMID: 17208024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensive 3D-QSAR studies were performed on 158 diverse analogues of 3-pyridyl ethers, which are excellent ligands of alpha4beta2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (NnAChR). Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) techniques were used to relate the binding affinities with the ligand structures. Two QSAR models were obtained using CoMFA and CoMSIA techniques. The two QSAR models were proved to be statistically significant and have high predictive power. The best CoMFA model yielded the cross-validated q(2)=0.605 and the non-cross-validated r(2)=0.862. The derived model indicated the importance of steric (85.9%) as well as electrostatic (14.1%) contributions. The CoMFA model demonstrated the steric field as the major descriptor of the ligand binding. The best CoMSIA model gave q(2)=0.723 and r(2)=0.685. This model showed that steric (30.3%) and H-bond interaction (61.8%) properties played major roles in ligand binding process. The squares of correlation coefficient for external test set of 28 molecules were 0.723 and 0.685 for the CoMFA model and the CoMSIA model, respectively. The two models were further graphically interpreted in terms of field contribution maps. SAR studies were also performed on different series of compounds in order to get a more reasonable understanding of the interactions between the ligands and the receptor. With the results, we have also presumed some assistant elements as supplements to the traditional pharmacophoric elements. A crude vision of ligand localization in the ligand-binding pocket of the receptor was also obtained, which would favor for the docking study of this kind of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 19# Street Xinjiekou, Beijing 100875, China.
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Romanelli MN, Gratteri P, Guandalini L, Martini E, Bonaccini C, Gualtieri F. Central Nicotinic Receptors: Structure, Function, Ligands, and Therapeutic Potential. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:746-67. [PMID: 17295372 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest in nicotinic receptors, because of their wide expression in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues and their involvement in several important CNS pathologies, has stimulated the synthesis of a high number of ligands able to modulate their function. These membrane proteins appear to be highly heterogeneous, and still only incomplete information is available on their structure, subunit composition, and stoichiometry. This is due to the lack of selective ligands to study the role of nAChR under physiological or pathological conditions; so far, only compounds showing selectivity between alpha4beta2 and alpha7 receptors have been obtained. The nicotinic receptor ligands have been designed starting from lead compounds from natural sources such as nicotine, cytisine, or epibatidine, and, more recently, through the high-throughput screening of chemical libraries. This review focuses on the structure of the new agonists, antagonists, and allosteric ligands of nicotinic receptors, it highlights the current knowledge on the binding site models as a molecular modeling approach to design new compounds, and it discusses the nAChR modulators which have entered clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Novella Romanelli
- Laboratory of Design, Synthesis, and Study of Biologically Active Heterocycles (HeteroBioLab), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Chin CL, Fox GB, Hradil VP, Osinski MA, McGaraughty SP, Skoubis PD, Cox BF, Luo Y. Pharmacological MRI in awake rats reveals neural activity in area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius: relevance as a potential biomarker for detecting drug-induced emesis. Neuroimage 2006; 33:1152-60. [PMID: 17023182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2006] [Revised: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced vomiting (emesis) is a major concern in patient care and a significant hurdle in the development of novel therapeutics. With respect to the latter, rodents, such as the rat and mouse, are typically used in efficacy and safety studies; however, drug-induced emesis cannot be readily observed in these species due to the lack of an emetic reflex. It is known that emesis can be triggered by neural activity in brain regions including area postrema (AP) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). In this study, using pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) and a blood-pool contrast agent, we imaged the hemodynamic consequences of brain activity in awake rats initiated by the administration of compounds (apomorphine 0.1, 0.3 micromol/kg i.v. and ABT-594 0.03, 0.1, 0.3 micromol/kg i.v.) that elicit emesis in other species. Regional drug-induced relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) changes and percent activated area within the AP and NTS were calculated, in which a dose-dependent relationship was evident for both apomorphine and ABT-594. Additionally, to correlate with behavioral readouts, it was found that the activation of AP and NTS was observed at plasma concentrations consistent with those that induced emesis in ferrets for both drugs. Our data thus suggest that phMRI in awake rats may be a useful tool for predicting emetic liability of CNS-acting drugs and may provide insights into depicting the underlying emetic neural pathways in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Liang Chin
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, R46R Bldg. AP9-1, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6119, USA
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George TP, Termine A, Sacco KA, Allen TM, Reutenauer E, Vessicchio JC, Duncan EJ. A preliminary study of the effects of cigarette smoking on prepulse inhibition in schizophrenia: involvement of nicotinic receptor mechanisms. Schizophr Res 2006; 87:307-15. [PMID: 16854565 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenics exhibit deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response, and have high rates of cigarette smoking. We evaluated the effects of cigarette smoking on PPI deficits in schizophrenia, and the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in mediating cigarette smoking-related PPI enhancement. METHODS PPI was assessed at baseline, after overnight abstinence, and after smoking reinstatement during three separate test weeks in nicotine-dependent schizophrenia (n=15) and control (n=14) smokers pre-treated with the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine (MEC; 0.0, 5.0 or 10.0 mg/day). RESULTS PPI was comparable between schizophrenia and control smokers after ad lib cigarette smoking. Overnight smoking abstinence significantly reduced PPI, while smoking reinstatement reversed abstinence-induced worsening of PPI deficits in schizophrenia. However, acute abstinence and reinstatement did not alter PPI in controls. PPI enhancement by smoking reinstatement in schizophrenia was dose-dependently blocked by MEC, whereas MEC had no effect on PPI in control smokers. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that: 1) Non-deprived smokers with schizophrenia have comparable levels of PPI to non-deprived smoking controls; 2) In schizophrenia, PPI is impaired by smoking abstinence and improved by acute smoking reinstatement, and; 3) enhancement of PPI by cigarette smoking in schizophrenia is mediated by stimulation of central nAChRs. Our findings may contribute to understanding the increased vulnerability to nicotine dependence in schizophrenia, with implications for treatment of PPI deficits in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony P George
- Program for Research in Smokers with Mental Illness (PRISM), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Substance Abuse Center, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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Hogg RC, Bertrand D. Partial agonists as therapeutic agents at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 73:459-68. [PMID: 16979139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Improved understanding of how brain function is altered in neurodegenerative disease states, pain and conditions, such as schizophrenia and attention deficit disorder, has highlighted the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in these conditions and identified them as promising therapeutic targets. nAChRs are widely expressed throughout the peripheral and central nervous system, and this widespread nature underlines the need for new ligands with different selectivities and pharmacological profiles if we are to avoid the adverse side effects associated with many of the nAChR modulators currently identified. Partial agonists have the unique property of being able to act both as agonists or antagonists depending on the concentration of endogenous neurotransmitter. Moreover, the agonist action of partial agonists has a 'ceiling' effect, giving them a large safety margin and making them an attractive proposition for therapeutic molecules. Partial agonists of nAChRs are currently being developed as a nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation and for the treatment of a number of neurological diseases associated with a loss of cholinergic function. This commentary will discuss the pharmacological properties of partial agonists and review recent research developments in the field of partial agonists acting at nicotinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron C Hogg
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, CMU, 1 rue Michel Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Chen ZX, Zhang HL, Gu ZL, Chen BW, Han R, Reid PF, Raymond LN, Qin ZH. A long-form alpha-neurotoxin from cobra venom produces potent opioid-independent analgesia. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:402-8. [PMID: 16539838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM In light of the antinociceptive activity of the short-chain neurotoxin, cobrotoxin, and other acetylcholine antagonists, the antinociceptive activity and mechanisms of cobratoxin (CTX), a long-chain postsynaptic alpha-neurotoxin, was investigated in rodent pain models. METHODS CTX was administered intraperitoneally (30, 45, 68 microg/kg), intra-cerebral ventricularly (4.5 microg/kg) or microinjected into periaqueductal gray (PAG; 4.5 microg/kg). The antinociceptive action was tested using the hot-plate and acetic acid writhing tests in mice and rats. The involvement of the cholinergic system and opioid system in CTX-induced analgesia was examined by pretreatment of animals with atropine (0.5 mg/kg, im; or 10 mg/kg, ip) or naloxone (1 and 5 mg/kg, ip). The effect of CTX on motor activity was tested using the Animex test. RESULTS CTX exhibited a dose-dependent analgesic action in mice as determined by both the hot-plate and acetic acid writhing tests. The peak effect of analgesia was seen 3 h after administration. In the mouse acetic acid writhing test, the intra-cerebral ventricular administration of CTX at 4.5 microg/kg (1/12th of a systemic dose) produced marked analgesic effects. Microinjection of CTX (4.5 microg/kg) into the PAG region did not elicit an analgesic action in rats in the hot-plate test. Atropine at 0.5 mg/kg (im) and naloxone at 1 and 5 mg/kg (ip) both failed to block the analgesic effects of CTX, but atropine at 10 mg/kg (ip) did antagonize the analgesia mediated by CTX in the mouse acetic acid writhing test. Acetylsalicylic acid (300 mg/kg) did not enhance the analgesic effects of CTX. At the highest effective dose of 68 microg/kg the neurotoxin did not change the spontaneous mobility of mice. CONCLUSION CTX has analgesic effects, which are mediated in the central nervous system though not through the PAG. The central cholinergic system but not opioid system appears to be involved in the antinociceptive action of CTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215007, China
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Yang X, Luo S, Fang F, Liu P, Lu Y, He M, Zhai H. Synthesis of conformationally restricted nicotine analogues by intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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In Vitro Antagonism of Recombinant Ligand-Gated Ion-Channel Receptors by Stereospecific Enantiomers of Bupivacaine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00115550-200601000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Skoubis PD, Hradil V, Chin CL, Luo Y, Fox GB, McGaraughty S. Mapping brain activity following administration of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, ABT-594, using functional magnetic resonance imaging in awake rats. Neuroscience 2006; 137:583-91. [PMID: 16289887 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Administration of ABT-594, a potent agonist for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with selectivity for the alpha4beta2 receptor subtype, is known to modulate a diverse array of behaviors including those associated with nociception, anxiety and motor function. In this study, we sought to gain insight into the neural actions of ABT-594, in vivo, by conducting functional magnetic resonance imaging in awake and anesthetized rats. Using T(2)*-weighted gradient echo imaging and an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agent, functional imaging was conducted on a 4.7 T magnet to measure changes in relative cerebral blood volume. In awake, restrained, male Sprague-Dawley rats that were acclimated to the imaging environment, injection of ABT-594 (0.03-0.3 micromol/kg, i.v.) evoked changes to relative cerebral blood volume in several neural regions including the cingulate, somatosensory, motor, auditory, and pre-frontal cortices as well as the thalamus and the periaqueductal gray/dorsal raphe. These effects were typically bimodal with significant decreases in relative cerebral blood volume at the 0.03 micromol/kg dose and increases at the higher doses (0.1 and 0.3 micromol/kg). The decreases and increases in relative cerebral blood volume were often observed within the same region, but triggered by different doses. Both increases and decreases in relative cerebral blood volume were blocked by pretreatment with the noncompetitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, mecamylamine (5 micromol/kg, i.p.) in awake rats. Administration of ABT-594 (0.1 micromol/kg, i.v.) to alpha-chloralose-anesthetized rats did not significantly alter relative cerebral blood volume in any brain region suggesting an anesthetic-related interference with the effects of ABT-594. The neural regions affected by administration of ABT-594 corresponded well to the known pre-clinical behavioral profile for this compound, and demonstrate the utility of using functional magnetic resonance imaging in awake animals to study pharmacological action.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Skoubis
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, R4CL, AP9-1, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6118, USA
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