1
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Duffin RN, Andrews PC. Enhanced antibacterial activity of dimethyl gallium quinolinolates toward drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in low iron environments. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 249:112371. [PMID: 37738699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of dimethylgallium quinolinolate [GaMe2L] (L = 5-chloroquinolinolate, 5, 7-dichloroquinolinolate, 5, 7-dibromoquinolinolate or 5, 7-doiodoquinolinolate) complexes, shown previously to be active toward the Leishmania parasite, have been studied for their antibacterial activity toward a reference and drug resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP). The assays were conducted in standard iron-rich LB media and in the iron depleted RPMI and RPMI-HS media to better understand the effect of Fe concentration on the activity of the Ga complexes. In LB broth the parent quinolinols and the gallium complexes were inactive up to the highest concentration tested, 100 μM. In the more physiologically relevant 'iron-poor' RPMI-HS media the quinolonols remained inactive, however, the gallium complexes showed exceptional activity in the range 48-195 nM. Only in RPMI without any added HS did both the quinolinols and the gallium complexes show good activity. The significant differences in activity across the various media types suggest that the unnaturally high iron content of conventional LB media may provide false negative results for potentially potent Ga therapeutics. A protein binding assay on the organometallic gallium complexes showed a much slower uptake of Ga by Fe-binding proteins than is typically observed for gallium salts. This indicates that their greater lipophilicity and greater hydrolytic stability could account for their increased biological activity in RPMI-HS media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah N Duffin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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2
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Darwesh AMF, Imberti C, Bartnicka JJ, Al-Salemee F, Blower JE, Rigby A, Bordoloi J, Griffiths A, Ma MT, Blower PJ. In Vivo Trafficking of the Anticancer Drug Tris(8-Quinolinolato) Gallium (III) (KP46) by Gallium-68/67 PET/SPECT Imaging. Molecules 2023; 28:7217. [PMID: 37894695 PMCID: PMC10609081 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
KP46 (tris(hydroxyquinolinato)gallium(III)) is an experimental, orally administered anticancer drug. Its absorption, delivery to tumours, and mode of action are poorly understood. We aimed to gain insight into these issues using gallium-67 and gallium-68 as radiotracers with SPECT and PET imaging in mice. [67Ga]KP46 and [68Ga]KP46, compared with [68Ga]gallium acetate, were used for logP measurements, in vitro cell uptake studies in A375 melanoma cells, and in vivo imaging in mice bearing A375 tumour xenografts up to 48 h after intravenous (tracer level) and oral (tracer and bulk) administration. 68Ga was more efficiently accumulated in A375 cells in vitro when presented as [68Ga]KP46 than as [68Ga]gallium acetate, but the reverse was observed when intravenously administered in vivo. After oral administration of [68/67Ga]KP46, absorption of 68Ga and 67Ga from the GI tract and delivery to tumours were poor, with the majority excreted in faeces. By 48 h, low but measurable amounts were accumulated in tumours. The distribution in tissues of absorbed radiogallium and octanol extraction of tissues suggested trafficking as free gallium rather than as KP46. We conclude that KP46 likely acts as a slow releaser of gallium ions which are inefficiently absorbed from the GI tract and trafficked to tissues, including tumour and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan M. F. Darwesh
- College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK (F.A.-S.); (A.R.); (M.T.M.)
- Department of Radiologic Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cinzia Imberti
- College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK (F.A.-S.); (A.R.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Joanna J. Bartnicka
- College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK (F.A.-S.); (A.R.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Fahad Al-Salemee
- College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK (F.A.-S.); (A.R.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Julia E. Blower
- College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK (F.A.-S.); (A.R.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Alex Rigby
- College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK (F.A.-S.); (A.R.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Jayanta Bordoloi
- College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK (F.A.-S.); (A.R.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Alex Griffiths
- London Metallomics Facility, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Michelle T. Ma
- College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK (F.A.-S.); (A.R.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Philip J. Blower
- College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK (F.A.-S.); (A.R.); (M.T.M.)
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3
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Peng XX, Zhang H, Zhang R, Li ZH, Yang ZS, Zhang J, Gao S, Zhang JL. Gallium Triggers Ferroptosis through a Synergistic Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307838. [PMID: 37452698 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The gallium ion (Ga3+ ) has long been believed to disrupt ferric homeostasis in the body by competing with iron cofactors in metalloproteins, ultimately leading to cell death. This study revealed that through an indirect pathway, gallium can trigger ferroptosis, a type of non-apoptotic cell death regulated by iron. This is exemplified by the gallium complex of the salen ligand (Ga-1); we found that Ga-1 acts as an effective anion transporter that can affect the pH gradient and change membrane permeability, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and the release of ferrous iron from the electron transfer chain (ETC). In addition, Ga-1 also targeted protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, preventing the repair of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) system and thus enforcing ferroptosis. Finally, a combination treatment of Ga-1 and dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which enhances lipid peroxidation during ferroptosis, showed a synergistic therapeutic effect both in vitro and in vivo. This study provided us with a strategy to synergistically induce Ferroptosis in tumor cells, thereby enhancing the anti-neoplastic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ruijing Zhang
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Hao Li
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Shu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, 515031, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, 515031, P. R. China
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4
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Ahmed K, Jha S. Oncoviruses: How do they hijack their host and current treatment regimes. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188960. [PMID: 37507056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have the ability to modulate the cellular machinery of their host to ensure their survival. While humans encounter numerous viruses daily, only a select few can lead to disease progression. Some of these viruses can amplify cancer-related traits, particularly when coupled with factors like immunosuppression and co-carcinogens. The global burden of cancer development resulting from viral infections is approximately 12%, and it arises as an unfortunate consequence of persistent infections that cause chronic inflammation, genomic instability from viral genome integration, and dysregulation of tumor suppressor genes and host oncogenes involved in normal cell growth. This review provides an in-depth discussion of oncoviruses and their strategies for hijacking the host's cellular machinery to induce cancer. It delves into how viral oncogenes drive tumorigenesis by targeting key cell signaling pathways. Additionally, the review discusses current therapeutic approaches that have been approved or are undergoing clinical trials to combat malignancies induced by oncoviruses. Understanding the intricate interactions between viruses and host cells can lead to the development of more effective treatments for virus-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainat Ahmed
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Sudhakar Jha
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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5
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Chen CH, Huang YM, Grillet L, Hsieh YC, Yang YW, Lo KY. Gallium maltolate shows synergism with cisplatin and activates nucleolar stress and ferroptosis in human breast carcinoma cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023:10.1007/s13402-023-00804-x. [PMID: 37067747 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive disease with poor outcomes. TNBC lacks effective targeted treatments, and the development of drug resistance limits the effectiveness of chemotherapy. It is crucial to identify new drugs that can enhance the efficacy of traditional chemotherapy to reduce drug resistance and side effects. METHODS TNBC cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and Hs 578T, and a normal cell line, MCF-10 A, were included in this study. The cells were treated with gallium maltolate (GaM), and their transcriptome was analyzed. Ferroptosis and nucleolar stress markers were detected by qPCR, western blotting, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. The impairment of ribosome synthesis was evaluated by northern blotting and sucrose gradients. RESULTS GaM triggered cell death via apoptosis and ferroptosis. In addition, GaM impaired translation and activated nucleolar stress. Cisplatin (DDP) is a chemotherapeutic agent for advanced breast cancer. While single treatment with GaM or DDP at low concentrations did not impact cell growth, co-administration enhanced cell death in TNBC but not in normal breast cells. The enhancement of ferroptosis and nucleolar stress could be observed in TNBC cell lines after co-treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that GaM synergizes with cisplatin via activation of nucleolar stress and ferroptosis in human breast carcinoma cells. GaM is marginally toxic to normal cells but impairs the growth of TNBC cell lines. Thus, GaM has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Chen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 6836, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Huang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 6836, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Louis Grillet
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 6836, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 6836, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Yang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Chung Shan S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei City, 100225, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Yin Lo
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 6836, 10617, Taiwan.
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6
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Liu X, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Elaborating the mechanism of a highly selective fluorescent ‘turn-on’ probe to detect the group IIIA ions: a detailed time-dependent density functional theory study. Theor Chem Acc 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-022-02892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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7
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Pita-Grisanti V, Chasser K, Sobol T, Cruz-Monserrate Z. Understanding the Potential and Risk of Bacterial Siderophores in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:867271. [PMID: 35785195 PMCID: PMC9248441 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.867271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Siderophores are iron chelating molecules produced by nearly all organisms, most notably by bacteria, to efficiently sequester the limited iron that is available in the environment. Siderophores are an essential component of mammalian iron homeostasis and the ongoing interspecies competition for iron. Bacteria produce a broad repertoire of siderophores with a canonical role in iron chelation and the capacity to perform versatile functions such as interacting with other microbes and the host immune system. Siderophores are a vast area of untapped potential in the field of cancer research because cancer cells demand increased iron concentrations to sustain rapid proliferation. Studies investigating siderophores as therapeutics in cancer generally focused on the role of a few siderophores as iron chelators; however, these studies are limited and some show conflicting results. Moreover, siderophores are biologically conserved, structurally diverse molecules that perform additional functions related to iron chelation. Siderophores also have a role in inflammation due to their iron acquisition and chelation properties. These diverse functions may contribute to both risks and benefits as therapeutic agents in cancer. The potential of siderophore-mediated iron and bacterial modulation to be used in the treatment of cancer warrants further investigation. This review discusses the wide range of bacterial siderophore functions and their utilization in cancer treatment to further expand their functional relevance in cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pita-Grisanti
- The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kaylin Chasser
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Trevor Sobol
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate,
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Xin Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Chengfu Road 292, Haidian district Beijing 100871 R. P. China
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Chengfu Road 292, Haidian district Beijing 100871 R. P. China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Shantou 515031 P. R. China
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
| | - Jun‐Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Chengfu Road 292, Haidian district Beijing 100871 R. P. China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Shantou 515031 P. R. China
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9
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Guo Q, Li L, Hou S, Yuan Z, Li C, Zhang W, Zheng L, Li X. The Role of Iron in Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:778492. [PMID: 34858857 PMCID: PMC8631356 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.778492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element for the human body, and its deficiency or excess can induce a variety of biological processes. Plenty of evidences have shown that iron metabolism is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. In addition, iron plays an important role in cell death, which is very important for the development of potential strategies for tumor treatment. Here, we reviewed the latest research about iron metabolism disorders in various types of tumors, the functions and properties of iron in ferroptosis and ferritinophagy, and new opportunities for iron-based on treatment methods for tumors, providing more information regarding the prevention and treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liwen Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, China
| | - Ziqiao Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenhui Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenzhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lufeng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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10
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Petronek MS, Spitz DR, Allen BG. Iron-Sulfur Cluster Biogenesis as a Critical Target in Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1458. [PMID: 34573089 PMCID: PMC8465902 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells preferentially accumulate iron (Fe) relative to non-malignant cells; however, the underlying rationale remains elusive. Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are critical cofactors that aid in a wide variety of cellular functions (e.g., DNA metabolism and electron transport). In this article, we theorize that a differential need for Fe-S biogenesis in tumor versus non-malignant cells underlies the Fe-dependent cell growth demand of cancer cells to promote cell division and survival by promoting genomic stability via Fe-S containing DNA metabolic enzymes. In this review, we outline the complex Fe-S biogenesis process and its potential upregulation in cancer. We also discuss three therapeutic strategies to target Fe-S biogenesis: (i) redox manipulation, (ii) Fe chelation, and (iii) Fe mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Petronek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Free Radical and Radiation Biology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242-1181, USA;
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1181, USA
| | - Douglas R. Spitz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Free Radical and Radiation Biology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242-1181, USA;
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1181, USA
| | - Bryan G. Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Free Radical and Radiation Biology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242-1181, USA;
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1181, USA
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11
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Crumbliss AL, Banerjee S. A perspective essay on the use of Ga 3+ as a proxy for Fe 3+ in bioinorganic model studies and its successful use for therapeutic purposes. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 219:111411. [PMID: 33853006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of Ga3+ as a structural mimic for Fe3+ in model bioinorganic investigations is usually based on a common assumption that Ga3+ and Fe3+ should form bioligand complexes of similar stabilities due to their similar charge/radius ratio (z/r). However, the literature survey presented here is contrary to this notion, showing that under laboratory conditions often Ga3+ forms weaker bioligand complexes than Fe3+in aqueous medium. We hypothesize that this is because Ga3+ is more aquaphilic than Fe3+ as suggested by their relative heats of hydration (ΔHhyd). The successful use of Ga3+ as a therapeutic agent is also briefly reviewed, showing this success often stems from the redox inertness as well as different pharmacokinetics of Ga3+ than Fe3+, but similar metabolic pathways as Fe3+ in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin L Crumbliss
- Duke University Department of Chemistry, Durham, NC 27708-0346, USA.
| | - Sambuddha Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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12
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Zheng Q, Ding F, Hu X, Feng J, Shen J, He X. ESIPT-based fluorescent probe for bioimaging and identification of group IIIA ions in live cells and zebrafish. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104746. [PMID: 33639363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In) are three essential elements in group IIIA of the periodic table, which all share similar chemical properties and are also vital in many aspects of bio- and environmental systems. Proper control of their levels is thus necessary as overexposure to them has been linked to onsets of many diseases. Fluorescence based molecular probes have always been the driving horse for detecting vital ions including group IIIA ions. However, only a few such probes have been reported so far and all of them are faced with one or more shortcomings such as not very high sensitivity, incapability to detect multiple ions simultaneously, and poor cell penetration abilities due to emitted fluorescence at shorter wavelengths. To meet those challenges, we herein presented the successful development and application of a novel group IIIA ions fluorescent probe, NBD-hnap, in live RAW264.7 cell and zebrafish models, especially the imaging of ocular tumor cell OCM-1 (human choroid melanoma cells). NBD-hnap was synthesized by a simple conjugation of NBD and hnap molecules under suitable conditions. Subsequent experimental analysis and theoretical calculations confirmed that NBD-hnap forms a 1:1 chelate with each of three selected group IIIA ions. Further evaluation proved that NBD-hnap can realize highly sensitive [LODs of 113, 82 and 150 nM for Al(III), Ga(III), and In(III) respectively in aqueous solutions] and highly selective (over a dozen of interfering cations) through an ESIPT-based fluorescent sensing mechanism with strong far-red emission around 640 nm. Those value merits make NBD-hnap superior to other group IIIA ion probes reported before and NBD-hnap is thus expected to find wider and greater applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinxiang Zheng
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Feng Ding
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaojuan Hu
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiayao Feng
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jianliang Shen
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China.
| | - Xiaojun He
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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13
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Brahm CG, Abdul UK, Houweling M, van Linde ME, Lagerweij T, Verheul HMW, Westerman BA, Walenkamp AME, Fehrmann RSN. Data-driven prioritization and preclinical evaluation of therapeutic targets in glioblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 2:vdaa151. [PMID: 33392504 PMCID: PMC7764503 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) have a dismal prognosis, and there is an unmet need for new therapeutic options. This study aims to identify new therapeutic targets in GBM. Methods mRNA expression data of patient-derived GBM (n = 1279) and normal brain tissue (n = 46) samples were collected from Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas. Functional genomic mRNA profiling was applied to capture the downstream effects of genomic alterations on gene expression levels. Next, a class comparison between GBM and normal brain tissue was performed. Significantly upregulated genes in GBM were further prioritized based on (1) known interactions with antineoplastic drugs, (2) current drug development status in humans, and (3) association with biologic pathways known to be involved in GBM. Antineoplastic agents against prioritized targets were validated in vitro and in vivo. Results We identified 712 significantly upregulated genes in GBM compared to normal brain tissue, of which 27 have a known interaction with antineoplastic agents. Seventeen of the 27 genes, including EGFR and VEGFA, have been clinically evaluated in GBM with limited efficacy. For the remaining 10 genes, RRM2, MAPK9 (JNK2, SAPK1a), and XIAP play a role in GBM development. We demonstrated for the MAPK9 inhibitor RGB-286638 a viability loss in multiple GBM cell culture models. Although no overall survival benefit was observed in vivo, there were indications that RGB-286638 may delay tumor growth. Conclusions The MAPK9 inhibitor RGB-286638 showed promising in vitro results. Furthermore, in vivo target engagement studies and combination therapies with this compound warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrillo G Brahm
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - U Kulsoom Abdul
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Megan Houweling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Myra E van Linde
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tonny Lagerweij
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk M W Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart A Westerman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek M E Walenkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf S N Fehrmann
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Quantitative proteomic reveals gallium maltolate induces an iron-limited stress response and reduced quorum-sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:1153-1165. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Electrophoretic Deposition and Characterization of Functional Coatings Based on an Antibacterial Gallium (III)-Chitosan Complex. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10050483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite their broad biomedical applications in orthopedics and dentistry, metallic implants are still associated with failures due to their lack of surface biofunctionality, leading to prosthesis-related microbial infections. In order to address this issue, the current study focuses on the fabrication and characterization of a novel type of antibacterial coating based on gallium (III)-chitosan (Ga (III)-CS) complex layers deposited on metallic substrates via electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Aiming for the production of homogeneous and monophasic coatings, a two step-procedure was applied: the first step involved the synthesis of the Ga (III)-CS complex, followed by EPD from suitable solutions in an acetic acid–aqueous solvent. The influence of Ga (III) concentration on the stability of the suspensions was evaluated in terms of zeta potential. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopic analyses indicated the chelation of CS with Ga (III) within the coatings, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that no additional metallic gallium deposited during EPD. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the wettability, mechanical properties, swelling ability, and enzymatic degradation of the coatings were affected by the quantity of Ga (III) ions. Colony forming unit (CFU) tests showed a strong synergistic effect between CS and Ga (III) in inhibiting Escherichia coli strain growth compared to control CS samples. An in vitro study with MG-63 cells showed that Ga (III)-containing coatings were not toxic after 24 h of incubation.
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16
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Robin P, Singh K, Suntharalingam K. Gallium(iii)-polypyridyl complexes as anti-osteosarcoma stem cell agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1509-1512. [PMID: 31917383 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08962d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gallium(iii) complexes with polypridyl ligands are shown to kill bulk osteosarcoma cells and osteosarcoma stem cells (OSCs) with up to nanomolar potency. The most effective complex induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells by damaging genomic DNA. To the best of our knowledge this is the first investigation into metal-based anti-OSC agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Robin
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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17
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Kircheva N, Dudev T. Novel Insights into Gallium's Mechanism of Therapeutic Action: A DFT/PCM Study of the Interaction between Ga 3+ and Ribonucleotide Reductase Substrates. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5444-5451. [PMID: 31177779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The broadly accepted mechanism of gallium's therapeutic action postulates the inactivation of the upregulated/hyperactive enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) in cancer cells by substituting the redox-active iron by redox-silent gallium in the enzyme active site. Recently, another hypothesis for the Ga3+ curative effect has been put forward: the metal cation can deactivate the enzyme by entrapping its substrates (nucleotide diphosphates; NDPs) into Ga3+-NDP complexes, lowering the free substrate levels in the cell. Several questions arise: Does gallium readily form complexes with NDPs? What are the preferable modes of metal binding to NDPs? Does, and if so, to what extent, the metal binding alter the native conformation of the substrate, thus influencing the process of substrate-enzyme recognition? Here, by employing density functional theory (DFT)/polarizable continuum model (PCM) calculations, we attempt to answer these questions. The results, which are in line with the available experimental data, lay support to the recent hypothesis about the curative effect of gallium, revealing that, by engaging the free NDPs in forming metal complexes, on the one side, and producing metal constructs that are not/poorly recognizable by the host enzyme, on the other side, gallium deprives RNR from its substrates, thus reducing the enzyme activity in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Kircheva
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Sofia University , 1164 Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Todor Dudev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Sofia University , 1164 Sofia , Bulgaria
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18
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Bajbouj K, Shafarin J, Hamad M. Estrogen-dependent disruption of intracellular iron metabolism augments the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin in select breast and ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:4655-4668. [PMID: 31213891 PMCID: PMC6536718 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s204852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Increased iron content in cancer cells is associated with resistance to chemotherapy. Recent studies have demonstrated that estrogen (E2) suppresses hepcidin synthesis and enhances intracellular iron efflux. Herein, we investigated whether E2-driven intracellular iron efflux renders cancer cells more susceptible to doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cytotoxicity. Methods: Breast, ovarian, and liver cancer cell lines treated with E2, Dox, or a combination of both were assessed for intracellular iron status, mitochondrial function, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Results: E2+Dox treatment in MCF7, SKOV3 and MDA-MB231 cells resulted in enhanced apoptosis compared with Dox-treated cells. Expression of γH2AX was significantly higher and that of survivin significantly lower in E2+Dox-treated cells than Dox-treated cells. At 48 hours, E2+Dox had induced a significant increase in the percentage of sub-G1 apoptotic cells, increased CHK1 expression, and decreased cyclin D1, CDK4, and CDK6 expression. Ferroportin and ferritin expression was significantly higher and that of TfR1 significantly lower in E2+Dox-treated cells than Dox-treated cells. Intracellular iron content was significantly reduced in E2+Dox-treated cells at 48 hours posttreatment. Lastly, E2+Dox-treated cells showed higher levels of mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization than Dox-treated cells. Conclusion: These findings suggest that E2 disrupts intracellular iron metabolism in such a way that increases cell susceptibility to Dox-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuloud Bajbouj
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jasmin Shafarin
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract
With the advent of the global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis, our arsenal of effective antibiotics is diminishing. The widespread use and misuse of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine, compounded by the lack of novel classes of antibiotic in the pharmaceutical pipeline, has left a hole in our antibiotic armamentarium. Thus, alternatives to traditional antibiotics are being investigated, including two major groups of antibacterial agents, which have been extensively studied, phytochemicals and metals. Within these groups, there are several subclasses of compound/elements, including polyphenols and metal nanoparticles, which could be used to complement traditional antibiotics, either to increase their potency or extend their spectrum of activity. Alone or in combination, these antibacterial agents have been shown to be effective against a vast array of human and animal bacterial pathogens, including those resistant to licensed antibacterials. These alternative antibacterial agents could be a key element in our fight against AMR and provide desperately needed options, to veterinary and medical clinicians alike.
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Bacher F, Dömötör O, Enyedy ÉA, Filipović L, Radulović S, Smith GS, Arion VB. Complex formation reactions of gallium(III) and iron(III/II) with l-proline-thiosemicarbazone hybrids: A comparative study. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Chitambar CR. The therapeutic potential of iron-targeting gallium compounds in human disease: From basic research to clinical application. Pharmacol Res 2016; 115:56-64. [PMID: 27856328 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gallium, group IIIa metal, shares certain chemical characteristics with iron which enable it to function as an iron mimetic that can disrupt iron-dependent tumor cell growth. Gallium may also display antimicrobial activity by disrupting iron homeostasis in certain bacteria and fungi. Gallium's action on iron homeostasis leads to inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, mitochondrial function, and changes in proteins of iron transport and storage. In addition, gallium induces an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in cells which triggers downstream upregulation of metallothionein and hemoxygenase-1. Early clinical trials evaluated the efficacy of the simple gallium salts, gallium nitrate and gallium chloride. However, newer gallium-ligands such as Tris(8-quinolinolato)gallium(III) (KP46) and gallium maltolate have been developed and are undergoing clinical evaluation. Additional gallium-ligands that demonstrate antitumor activity in preclinical studies have emerged. Their mechanisms of action and their spectrum of antitumor activity may extend beyond the earlier generations of gallium compounds and warrant further investigation. This review will focus on the evolution and potential of gallium-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Chitambar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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22
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Gallium and its competing roles with iron in biological systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2044-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Beckford FA, Brock A, Gonzalez-Sarrías A, Seeram NP. Cytotoxic gallium complexes containing thiosemicarbazones derived from 9-anthraldehyde: Molecular docking with biomolecules. J Mol Struct 2016; 1121:156-166. [PMID: 27980346 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized a trio of gallium complexes bearing 9-anthraldehyde thiosemicarbazones. The complexes were assessed for their anticancer activity and their biophysical reactivity was also investigated. The three complexes displayed good cytotoxic profiles against two human colon cancer cell lines, HCT-116 and Caco-2. The IC50 ranged from 4.7 - 44.1 μM with the complex having an unsubstituted amino group on the thiosemicarbazone being the most active. This particular complex also showed a high therapeutic index. All three complexes bind strongly to DNA via intercalation with binding constants ranging from 7.46 × 104 M-1 to 3.25 × 105 M-1. The strength of the binding cannot be directly related to the level of anticancer activity. The complexes also bind strongly to human serum albumin with binding constants on the order of 104 - 105 M-1 as well. The complexes act as chemical nucleases as evidenced by their ability to cleave pBR322 plasmid DNA. The binding constants along with the cleavage results may suggest that the extent of DNA interaction is not directly correlated with anticancer activity. The results of docking studies with DNA, ribonucleotide reductase and human serum albumin, however showed that the complex with the best biological activity had the largest binding constant to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa Brock
- Science Division, Lyon College, Batesville, AR 72501, USA
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Sarrías
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Navindra P Seeram
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Design and properties of novel gallium-doped injectable apatitic cements. Acta Biomater 2015; 24:322-32. [PMID: 26074157 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Different possible options were investigated to combine an apatitic calcium phosphate cement with gallium ions, known as bone resorption inhibitors. Gallium can be either chemisorbed onto calcium-deficient apatite or inserted in the structure of β-tricalcium phosphate, and addition of these gallium-doped components into the cement formulation did not significantly affect the main properties of the biomaterial, in terms of injectability and setting time. Under in vitro conditions, the amount of gallium released from the resulting cement pellets was found to be low, but increased in the presence of osteoclastic cells. When implanted in rabbit bone critical defects, a remodeling process of the gallium-doped implant started and an excellent bone interface was observed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The integration of drugs and materials is a growing force in the medical industry. The incorporation of pharmaceutical products not only promises to expand the therapeutic scope of biomaterials technology but to design a new generation of true combination products whose therapeutic value stem equally from both the structural attributes of the material and the intrinsic therapy of the drug. In this context, for the first time an injectable calcium phosphate cement containing gallium was designed with properties suitable for practical application as a local delivery system, implantable by minimally invasive surgery. This important and original paper reports the design and in-depth chemical and physical characterization of this groundbreaking technology.
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25
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Production, quality control, biological evaluation and biodistribution modeling of Lutetium-177 maltolate as a viable bone pain palliative in skeletal metastasis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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DNA binders in clinical trials and chemotherapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4506-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bhattacharyya S, Sarkar A, Dey SK, Mukherjee A. Effect of glucosamine conjugation to zinc(II) complexes of a bis-pyrazole ligand: syntheses, characterization and anticancer activity. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 140:131-42. [PMID: 25113858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H- pyrazol-1yl)acetic acid (bdmpza) ligand was conjugated with tert-butyl-N-(2-aminoethyl) carbonate, methyl-2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoate and 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine hydrochloride via amide coupling method to form three ligands L1-L3 which were then reacted with Zn(II) salts to form four zinc complexes (1-4). The complexes were characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), FT-IR, CHN analyses. Complexes 1, 2 and 4 were also characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It was found that Zn(II) salts could selectively remove the acetyl group from anomeric position leaving everything else intact. The cytotoxicity studies of the ligand and the complexes showed that the conjugation to acetylated glucosamine enhances cytotoxic ability although the complexes become more hydrophilic. Cytotoxicity studies in human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human cervical cancer (HeLa WT) and human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) showed that the acetylated glucosamine conjugation to the bis-pyrazole ligated Zn(II) complex led to 2-4 fold increase in cytotoxicity (IC50 values ca. 57-80μM) against HeLa WT and MCF-7 cell lines. The Zn(II) complex bearing the acetylated glucosamine inhibits the cell cycle in the G2/M phase of MCF-7 cell line. ICP-MS data shows more accumulation of Zn(II) inside the cell upon use of complex 4 as compared to Zn(II) salts or the other presented complexes. Further studies suggest that the mitochondrial transmembrane potential changes in the presence of complex 4 and caspase-7 is activated by Zn(II) salts but the activation is much more by complex 4 and hence there is apoptosis and dose dependent chromatin condensation/nuclear fragmentation as observed by microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, BCKV Main Campus PO, Mohanpur, Nadia, WB 741252, India
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, BCKV Main Campus PO, Mohanpur, Nadia, WB 741252, India
| | - Suman Kr Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, BCKV Main Campus PO, Mohanpur, Nadia, WB 741252, India
| | - Arindam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, BCKV Main Campus PO, Mohanpur, Nadia, WB 741252, India.
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Bonchi C, Imperi F, Minandri F, Visca P, Frangipani E. Repurposing of gallium-based drugs for antibacterial therapy. Biofactors 2014; 40:303-12. [PMID: 24532037 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While the occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens is vanishing current anti-infective therapies, the antibiotic discovery pipeline is drying up. In the last years, the repurposing of existing drugs for new clinical applications has become a major research area in drug discovery, also in the field of anti-infectives. This review discusses the potential of repurposing previously approved gallium formulations in antibacterial chemotherapy. Gallium has no proven function in biological systems, but it can act as an iron-mimetic in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The activity of gallium mostly relies on its ability to replace iron in redox enzymes, thus impairing their function and ultimately hampering cell growth. Cancer cells and bacteria are preferential gallium targets due to their active metabolism and fast growth. The wealth of knowledge on the pharmacological properties of gallium has opened the door to the repurposing of gallium-based drugs for the treatment of infections sustained by antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens, such as Acinetobacter baumannii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and for suppression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. The promising antibacterial activity of gallium both in vitro and in different animal models of infection raises the hope that gallium will confirm its efficacy in clinical trials, and will become a valuable therapeutic option to cure otherwise untreatable bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bonchi
- Department of Sciences, University "Roma Tre,", Rome, Italy
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Chitambar CR, Antholine WE. Iron-targeting antitumor activity of gallium compounds and novel insights into triapine(®)-metal complexes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:956-72. [PMID: 22900955 PMCID: PMC3557436 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Despite advances made in the treatment of cancer, a significant number of patients succumb to this disease every year. Hence, there is a great need to develop new anticancer agents. RECENT ADVANCES Emerging data show that malignant cells have a greater requirement for iron than normal cells do and that proteins involved in iron import, export, and storage may be altered in cancer cells. Therefore, strategies to perturb these iron-dependent steps in malignant cells hold promise for the treatment of cancer. Recent studies show that gallium compounds and metal-thiosemicarbazone complexes inhibit tumor cell growth by targeting iron homeostasis, including iron-dependent ribonucleotide reductase. Chemical similarities of gallium(III) with iron(III) enable the former to mimic the latter and interpose itself in critical iron-dependent steps in cellular proliferation. Newer gallium compounds have emerged with additional mechanisms of action. In clinical trials, the first-generation-compound gallium nitrate has exhibited activity against bladder cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, while the thiosemicarbazone Triapine(®) has demonstrated activity against other tumors. CRITICAL ISSUES Novel gallium compounds with greater cytotoxicity and a broader spectrum of antineoplastic activity than gallium nitrate should continue to be developed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The antineoplastic activity and toxicity of the existing novel gallium compounds and thiosemicarbazone-metal complexes should be tested in animal tumor models and advanced to Phase I and II clinical trials. Future research should identify biologic markers that predict tumor sensitivity to gallium compounds. This will help direct gallium-based therapy to cancer patients who are most likely to benefit from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Chitambar
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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Gallium(III) complexes with 2-acetylpyridine-derived thiosemicarbazones: antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects and investigation on the interactions with tubulin. Biometals 2013; 26:151-65. [PMID: 23344786 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Complexes [Ga(2Ac4pFPh)(2)]NO(3) (1), [Ga(2Ac4pClPh)(2)]NO(3) (2), [Ga(2Ac4pIPh)(2)]NO(3) (3), [Ga(2Ac4pNO(2)Ph)(2)]NO(3)·3H(2)O (4) and [Ga(2Ac4pT)(2)]NO(3) (5) were obtained with 2-acetylpyridine N(4)-para-fluorophenyl-(H2Ac4pFPh), 2-acetylpyridine N(4)-para-chlorophenyl-(H2Ac4pClPh), 2-acetylpyridine N(4)-para-iodophenyl-(H2Ac4pIPh), 2-acetylpyridine N(4)-para-nitrophenyl-(H2Ac4pNO(2)Ph) and 2-acetylpyridine N(4)-para-tolyl-(H2Ac4pT) thiosemicarbazone. 1-5 presented antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Coordination to gallium(III) proved to be an effective strategy for activity improvement against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The complexes were highly cytotoxic against malignant glioblastoma and breast cancer cells at nanomolar concentrations. The compounds induced morphological changes characteristic of apoptotic death in tumor cells and showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. 2 partially inhibited tubulin assembly at high concentrations and induced cellular microtubule disorganization, but this does not appear to be the main mechanism of cytotoxic activity.
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Main-Group Medicinal Chemistry Including Li and Bi*. COMPREHENSIVE INORGANIC CHEMISTRY II 2013. [PMCID: PMC7152213 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-097774-4.00338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Main-group element compounds were among the first developed in the modern era as pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of a wide variety of human ailments; it is now recognized that many of these elements exist in traditional medicine of many societies, for example, arsenic. The use of main-group element compounds in contemporary medicine continues for the treatment of, for example, depression (Li), stomach ulcers (Bi), cancer (As and Ga), and leishmaniasis (Sb). Not surprisingly, new compounds of these elements, and other main-group elements, continue to be investigated for their potential use in new therapies. In this chapter, the use of main-group elements as therapeutic agents is outlined and also, where understood, comments on biological targets and mechanisms of action. Further, key advances in new potential applications of main-group element compounds in medicine are evaluated.
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Seng HL, Tiekink ERT. Anti-cancer potential of selenium- and tellurium-containing species: opportunities abound! Appl Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Ling Seng
- Department of Chemistry; University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Abstract
There is an ever pressing need to develop new drugs for the treatment of cancer. Gallium nitrate, a group IIIa metal salt, inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo and has shown activity against non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and bladder cancer in clinical trials. Gallium can function as an iron mimetic and perturb iron-dependent proliferation and other iron-related processes in tumor cells. Gallium nitrate lacks crossresistance with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs and is not myelosuppressive; it can be used when other drugs have failed or when the blood count is low. Given the therapeutic potential of gallium, newer generations of gallium compounds are now in various phases of preclinical and clinical development. These compounds hold the promise of greater anti-tumor activity against a broader spectrum of cancers. The development of gallium compounds for cancer treatment and their mechanisms of action will be discussed.
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34
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Despaigne AA, Parrilha GL, Izidoro JB, da Costa PR, dos Santos RG, Piro OE, Castellano EE, Rocha WR, Beraldo H. 2-Acetylpyridine- and 2-benzoylpyridine-derived hydrazones and their gallium(III) complexes are highly cytotoxic to glioma cells. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 50:163-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Magro G, Cataldo I, Amico P, Torrisi A, Vecchio GM, Parenti R, Asioli S, Recupero D, D'Agata V, Mucignat MT, Perris R. Aberrant expression of TfR1/CD71 in thyroid carcinomas identifies a novel potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target. Thyroid 2011; 21:267-77. [PMID: 21323588 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type I receptor for transferrin (TfR1/CD71) is overexpressed in several malignant tumors, but no studies are available on thyroid carcinomas. Our previous comparative analyses of the relative distribution of transferrin in benign versus papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) tissues highlighted a marked malignancy-associated abundance of the molecule. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether TfR1/CD71 is also differentially expressed in benign versus malignant thyroid tissues. METHODS Tissue samples, including benign lesions and follicular-derived carcinomas, from 241 patients and a total of 35 benign and malignant fresh specimens were assayed for TfR1/CD71 expression by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We found that transcription of TfR1/CD71 gene is constitutive in thyroid epithelia, but the mRNA is differently translated in benign and malignant tissues. Western blot revealed higher levels of TfR1/CD71 protein in malignant versus benign tissues. Immunohistochemically, most carcinomas exhibited overexpression of the receptor, predominantly in the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells. The highest expression level was detected in primary and metastatic papillary carcinomas and anaplastic carcinomas, with positive results ranging from 86% to 100% of the cases. In contrast, most benign tissues were negative, with only a minority of cases showing focal and weak immunoreactivity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that altered expression of TfR1/CD71 may be used as a marker helpful in distinguishing PTC from papillary hyperplasia and follicular variant PTC from benign follicular-patterned lesions. Additionally, the present observations support the rationale for the use of radiolabeled transferrin/transferrin analogs and/or anti-TfR1/CD71 antibodies for diagnostic and/or radiotherapeutic purposes in TfR1/CD71-expressing thyroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Magro
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele," Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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36
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Chitambar CR. Medical applications and toxicities of gallium compounds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:2337-61. [PMID: 20623028 PMCID: PMC2898053 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7052337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two to three decades, gallium compounds have gained importance in the fields of medicine and electronics. In clinical medicine, radioactive gallium and stable gallium nitrate are used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in cancer and disorders of calcium and bone metabolism. In addition, gallium compounds have displayed anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity in animal models of human disease while more recent studies have shown that gallium compounds may function as antimicrobial agents against certain pathogens. In a totally different realm, the chemical properties of gallium arsenide have led to its use in the semiconductor industry. Gallium compounds, whether used medically or in the electronics field, have toxicities. Patients receiving gallium nitrate for the treatment of various diseases may benefit from such therapy, but knowledge of the therapeutic index of this drug is necessary to avoid clinical toxicities. Animals exposed to gallium arsenide display toxicities in certain organ systems suggesting that environmental risks may exist for individuals exposed to this compound in the workplace. Although the arsenic moiety of gallium arsenide appears to be mainly responsible for its pulmonary toxicity, gallium may contribute to some of the detrimental effects in other organs. The use of older and newer gallium compounds in clinical medicine may be advanced by a better understanding of their mechanisms of action, drug resistance, pharmacology, and side-effects. This review will discuss the medical applications of gallium and its mechanisms of action, the newer gallium compounds and future directions for development, and the toxicities of gallium compounds in current use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Chitambar
- Division of Neoplastic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Mendes IC, Soares MA, dos Santos RG, Pinheiro C, Beraldo H. Gallium(III) complexes of 2-pyridineformamide thiosemicarbazones: Cytotoxic activity against malignant glioblastoma. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:1870-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Alama A, Tasso B, Novelli F, Sparatore F. Organometallic compounds in oncology: implications of novel organotins as antitumor agents. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:500-8. [PMID: 19429510 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of cisplatin in cancer therapy, metal complexes and organometallic compounds have been gaining growing importance in oncology. The impressive clinical effectiveness of cisplatin is limited by significant side effects and the emergence of drug resistance. Thus, novel classic and unconventional Pt(II) and Pt(IV) complexes have been introduced in therapy or are presently in advanced clinical trials. Moreover, innovative non-platinum metal-based antitumor agents, whose activity does not rely on direct DNA damage and may involve proteins and enzymes, have been developed. Gold and tin derivatives are enjoying an increasing interest and appear very promising as potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Alama
- Tumor Genetic, Lung Cancer Unit, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
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Yu Y, Wong J, Lovejoy DB, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Chelators at the cancer coalface: desferrioxamine to Triapine and beyond. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:6876-83. [PMID: 17145804 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The importance of iron and copper in cancer biology has been well established. Iron plays a fundamental role in cellular proliferation and copper has been shown to be a significant cofactor for angiogenesis. Early observations with the chelator used for the treatment of iron overload, desferrioxamine, showed that it had promise as an anticancer agent. These results sparked great interest in the possibility of developing more effective iron chelators for cancer therapy. The recent entry into clinical trials of the iron-binding drug, Triapine, provides evidence of the potential of this antitumor strategy. Likewise, chelators originally designed to treat disorders of copper overload, such as penicillamine, trientine, and tetrathiomolybdate, have also emerged as potential anticancer drugs, as they are able to target the key angiogenic cofactor, copper. In this review, we will discuss the development of these and other chelators that show potential as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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40
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Chen D, Frezza M, Shakya R, Cui QC, Milacic V, Verani CN, Dou QP. Inhibition of the Proteasome Activity by Gallium(III) Complexes Contributes to Their Anti–Prostate Tumor Effects. Cancer Res 2007; 67:9258-65. [PMID: 17909033 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of metal-based complexes with potential antitumor activity has been of paramount importance in recent years due to the successful use of cisplatin against various cancers. Gallium(III) and subsequently developed gallium(III)-containing complexes have shown promising antineoplastic effects when tested in a host of malignancies, specifically in lymphomas and bladder cancer. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for their anticancer effect is yet to be fully understood. We report here for the first time that the proteasome is a molecular target for gallium complexes in a variety of prostate cancer cell lines and in human prostate cancer xenografts. We tested five gallium complexes (1-5) in which the gallium ion is bound to an NN'O asymmetrical ligand containing pyridine and substituted phenolate moieties in a 1:2 (M/L) ratio. We found that complex 5 showed superior proteasome inhibitory activity against both 26S proteasome (IC50, 17 micromol/L) and purified 20S (IC50, 16 micromol/L) proteasome. Consistently, this effect was associated with apoptosis induction in prostate cancer cells. Additionally, complex 5 was able to exert the same effect in vivo by inhibiting growth of PC-3 xenografts in mice (66%), which was associated with proteasome inhibition and apoptosis induction. Our results strongly suggest that gallium complexes, acting as potent proteasome inhibitors, have a great potential to be developed into novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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41
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Chitambar CR, Purpi DP, Woodliff J, Yang M, Wereley JP. Development of Gallium Compounds for Treatment of Lymphoma: Gallium Maltolate, a Novel Hydroxypyrone Gallium Compound, Induces Apoptosis and Circumvents Lymphoma Cell Resistance to Gallium Nitrate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:1228-36. [PMID: 17600139 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.126342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown gallium nitrate to have significant antitumor activity against non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and bladder cancer, thus indicating that gallium-based drugs have potential for further development as antineoplastic agents. In this study, we compared the cytotoxicity of gallium maltolate, a novel gallium compound, with gallium nitrate in lymphoma cell lines, including p53 variant and unique gallium nitrate-resistant cells. We found that gallium maltolate inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway at lower concentrations and more rapidly than gallium nitrate. Gallium maltolate produced an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) within 2 h of incubation with cells; this effect could be blocked by mitoquinone, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. The role of the transferrin receptor (TfR) in gallium maltolate's action was examined using monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 42/6 to block TfR function. However, although MoAb 42/6 reduced gallium maltolate-induced caspase-3 activity, it had only a minor effect on cell growth inhibition. Importantly, gallium maltolate induced apoptosis in cells resistant to gallium nitrate, and, unlike gallium nitrate, its cytotoxicity was not affected by cellular p53 status. Cellular gallium uptake was greater with gallium maltolate than with gallium nitrate. We conclude that gallium maltolate inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis more efficiently than gallium nitrate. Gallium maltolate is incorporated into lymphoma cells to a greater extent than gallium nitrate via both TfR-independent and -dependent pathways; it has significant activity against gallium nitrate-resistant cells and acts independently of p53. Further studies to evaluate its antineoplastic activity in vivo are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Chitambar
- Division of Neoplastic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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42
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Weinberg ED. Therapeutic potential of iron chelators in diseases associated with iron mismanagement. J Pharm Pharmacol 2006; 58:575-84. [PMID: 16640825 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.5.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
A considerable array of diseases are now recognized to be associated with misplacement of iron. Excessive deposits of the metal in sensitive tissue sites can result in formation of destructive hydroxyl radicals as well as in stimulation of growth of neoplastic and microbial cell invaders. To counteract potential iron damage, hosts employ the iron chelators, transferrin and lactoferrin. These proteins have been recently developed into pharmaceutical products. Additionally, a variety of low molecular mass iron chelators are being used/tested to treat whole body iron loading, and specific diseases for which the metal is a known or suspected risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Weinberg
- Department of Biology and Program in Medical Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Shackelford RE, Bhalodia AR, Cotelingam JD, Veillon DM, Lowery-Nordberg M. Increased transferrin receptor expression following 11q23 deletion as a mechanism of malignant progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Med Hypotheses 2006; 66:509-12. [PMID: 16326028 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a common adult leukemia characterized by the accumulation of mature neoplastic B-lymphocytes. Typically, CLL follows an indolent course, with most patients surviving for many years. However, 10-20% of CLL patients carry 11q23 chromosomal deletions and often exhibit a more severe disease course, with earlier onset of symptoms, shortened lymphocyte doubling time, poor response to therapy, and shortened survival. The molecular basis for 11q23 deletions resulting in a poor prognosis is currently poorly understood. The tumor suppressor gene, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM, 11q22.3-23.1), is considered a likely candidate gene whose loss could result in the poor prognosis associated with 11q23 deletion and is mutated in a significant percentage of CLL cases. Recently, recombinant ATM expression in ATM-deficient cells was found to decrease transferrin receptor (TfR) expression, suggesting that deletion of the chromosomal region carrying ATM results in increased TfR expression. TfR imports iron into cells, an event necessary for DNA synthesis and cell growth. Additionally, rapidly growing malignant cells, including lymphomas and CLL, often express high TfR levels. Based on this, we propose that one molecular mechanism by which 11q23 deletions confer a poor prognosis in CLL is via increased TfR expression secondary to ATM loss, resulting in the increased cellular iron import, and hence increased capacity for malignant growth. Our hypothesis may also partially explain why gallium, an atomically iron-like toxic metal that binds to transferrin and the TfR is incorporated into cells and was previously demonstrated to have anti-tumor activity in patients with lymphomas refractory to other chemotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney E Shackelford
- Louisiana State University at Shreveport, Department of Pathology, 1501 Kings Hwy, P.O. Box 33932, Shreveport, LA 711030-3932, USA.
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44
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Davies NP, Suryo Rahmanto Y, Chitambar CR, Richardson DR. Resistance to the Antineoplastic Agent Gallium Nitrate Results in Marked Alterations in Intracellular Iron and Gallium Trafficking: Identification of Novel Intermediates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 317:153-62. [PMID: 16373528 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.099044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallium (Ga) shows significant antitumor activity by markedly interfering with iron (Fe) metabolism, and (67)Ga is used as a radio-imaging agent for cancer detection. Therefore, the mechanisms involved in (67)Ga uptake, metabolism, and resistance are critical to understand. The development of tumor lines that are gallium-resistant suggests (67)Ga uptake may be different in these cells, providing an opportunity for understanding intracellular (67)Ga and (59)Fe transport and gallium resistance. In this study, gallium-resistant cells were used to assess (67)Ga and (59)Fe uptake using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis autoradiography. In contrast to the common view that (67)Ga and (59)Fe use the same uptake pathways, we show that the trafficking of these two metal ions is different in cells either resistant (R) or sensitive (S) to gallium. Indeed, in contrast to (59)Fe, little (67)Ga is incorporated into ferritin, with most present as a labile (67)Ga pool. We also report unique changes in (67)Ga and (59)Fe trafficking between R and S cells. In particular, in R cells, there was a distinct transferrin-transferrin receptor 1-hemochromatosis protein (HFE) complex (band B) not observed in S cells. Furthermore, because HFE regulates iron and gallium uptake, the two Tf-TfR1-HFE complexes in R cells may be involved in reduced (67)Ga and (59)Fe uptake compared with S cells. In S cells, a novel iron-binding intermediate (band D) was identified that was not present in R cells and may be a "sensitivity factor" to gallium. In contrast to the general view that (67)Ga and (59)Fe use the same or similar uptake pathways, we show that their distribution and trafficking is markedly different in R and S cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P Davies
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, the Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales
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