1
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Cao M, Gao Y. Mast cell stabilizers: from pathogenic roles to targeting therapies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1418897. [PMID: 39148726 PMCID: PMC11324444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1418897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are bone-marrow-derived haematopoietic cells that are widely distributed in human tissues. When activated, they will release tryptase, histamine and other mediators that play major roles in a diverse array of diseases/disorders, including allergies, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancers and even death. The multiple pathological effects of MCs have made their stabilizers a research hotspot for the treatment of related diseases. To date, the clinically available MC stabilizers are limited. Considering the rapidly increasing incidence rate and widespread prevalence of MC-related diseases, a comprehensive reference is needed for the clinicians or researchers to identify and choose efficacious MC stabilizers. This review analyzes the mechanism of MC activation, and summarizes the progress made so far in the development of MC stabilizers. MC stabilizers are classified by the action mechanism here, including acting on cell surface receptors, disturbing signal transduction pathways and interfering exocytosis systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the clinical applications and the future development direction of MC stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengda Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Gouda MA, Shunyakova J, Naing A, Dumbrava E, Hong DS, Yuan Y, Yang P, Myers A, Liang Y, Peng J, Karp D, Tsimberidou AM, Rodon J, Yap TA, Piha-Paul SA, Meric-Bernstam F, Fu S. A phase I study of TAK-659 and paclitaxel in patients with taxane-refractory advanced solid tumors. ESMO Open 2024; 9:103486. [PMID: 38914452 PMCID: PMC11258623 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2024.103486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paclitaxel resistance limits durability of response in patients with initial clinical benefit. Overexpression of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) has been proposed as a possible resistance mechanism. This phase I trial evaluated the safety and preliminary activity of the SYK inhibitor TAK-659 combined with paclitaxel in patients with advanced taxane-refractory solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with advanced solid tumors and prior progression on taxane-based therapy received intravenous infusion of paclitaxel on days 1, 8, and 15 plus oral TAK-659 daily in 28-day cycles. The dose-escalation phase included six cohorts treated at different dose levels; the dose-expansion phase included patients with ovarian cancer treated at the highest dose level. Toxicity was graded using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0. Efficacy was evaluated using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. RESULTS Our study included 49 patients. Maximum tolerated dose was not reached, but higher rates of adverse events were observed at higher dose levels. There were no treatment-related deaths. The most common treatment-related adverse events of any grade were increased aspartate aminotransferase (n = 31; 63%), increased alanine aminotransferase (n = 26; 53%), decreased neutrophil count (n = 26; 53%), and decreased white blood cell count (n = 26; 53%). Most adverse events were either grade 1 or 2. In the 44 patients with evaluable disease, 12 (27%) had stable disease as the best overall response, including three patients with prolonged stable disease, and 4 patients (9%) achieved a partial response. CONCLUSIONS The combination of paclitaxel and TAK-659 showed preliminary activity possibly overcoming resistance to taxane-based therapy as well as a tolerable safety profile in patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gouda
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - J Shunyakova
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - A Naing
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - E Dumbrava
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - D S Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Y Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - P Yang
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation, and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - A Myers
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - J Peng
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - D Karp
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - A M Tsimberidou
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - J Rodon
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - T A Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - S A Piha-Paul
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - F Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - S Fu
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
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3
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Cervi G, D'Alessio R, Bindi S, Buffa L, Burocchi A, Canevari G, Modugno M, Motto I, Saturno G, Orsini P. Discovery and optimization of 4-pyrazolyl-2-aminopyrimidine derivatives as potent spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 270:116375. [PMID: 38604095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a key signal transduction mediator of the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. Abnormal BCR signaling plays a key role in initiation and development of B-cell-derived hematological malignancies, therefore, Syk represents a potential target for inhibiting the BCR signaling resulting in a therapeutic effect in these cancers. Herein, we describe a novel series of SYK inhibitors with 4-(3'-pyrazolyl)-2-amino-pyrimidine scaffold. Extensive study of structure-activity relationships led to the identification of 1 (NMS-0963), a highly potent Syk inhibitor (IC50 = 3 nM) endowed with high selectivity within a panel of tested kinases and high antiproliferative activity in SYK-dependent BaF3-TEL/SYK cells and in other BCR-dependent hematological tumor cell lines. Additionally, 1 effectively inhibited Syk phosphorylation and downstream signaling mediators of the BCR in treated cells. In in vivo pharmacokinetics studies, 1, displayed good pharmacokinetics properties, with linear exposure with dose and excellent oral bioavailability. These findings suggest that 1 is a promising new Syk inhibitor for treating BCR-dependent hematological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cervi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy.
| | - Roberto D'Alessio
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Simona Bindi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Laura Buffa
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Alessia Burocchi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Giulia Canevari
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Michele Modugno
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Ilaria Motto
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Grazia Saturno
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Paolo Orsini
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
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Shadab M, Slavin SA, Mahamed Z, Millar MW, Najar RA, Leonard A, Pietropaoli A, Dean DA, Fazal F, Rahman A. Spleen Tyrosine Kinase phosphorylates VE-cadherin to cause endothelial barrier disruption in acute lung injury. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105408. [PMID: 38229397 PMCID: PMC10731244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased endothelial cell (EC) permeability is a cardinal feature of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). Tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin is a key determinant of EC barrier disruption. However, the identity and role of tyrosine kinases in this context are incompletely understood. Here we report that Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk) is a key mediator of EC barrier disruption and lung vascular leak in sepsis. Inhibition of Syk by pharmacological or genetic approaches, each reduced thrombin-induced EC permeability. Mechanistically, Syk associates with and phosphorylates VE-cadherin to cause EC permeability. To study the causal role of endothelial Syk in sepsis-induced ALI, we used a remarkably efficient and cost-effective approach based on gene transfer to generate EC-ablated Syk mice. These mice were protected against sepsis-induced loss of VE-cadherin and inflammatory lung injury. Notably, the administration of Syk inhibitor R788 (fostamatinib); currently in phase II clinical trial for the treatment of COVID-19, mitigated lung injury and mortality in mice with sepsis. These data identify Syk as a novel kinase for VE-cadherin and a druggable target against ALI in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shadab
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Spencer A Slavin
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Zahra Mahamed
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michelle W Millar
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Rauf A Najar
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Antony Leonard
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Anthony Pietropaoli
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David A Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Fabeha Fazal
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Arshad Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA.
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5
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Cui B, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Fan L, Jiao Y, Li H, Feng J, Tang W, Lu T, Chen Y. Discovery of 3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4 -amine derivatives as novel and potent syk inhibitors for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115597. [PMID: 37423126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an important oncogene and signal transduction mediator that is mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells. Syk plays a key role in the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. Abnormal activation of Syk is closely related to the occurrence and development of hematological malignancies. Therefore, Syk is a potential target for the treatment of various hematologic cancers. Starting from compound 6(Syk, IC50 = 15.8 μM), we performed fragment-based rational drug design for structural optimization based on the specific solvent-accessible region, hydrophobic region, and ribose region of Syk. This resulted in the discovery of a series of novel 3-(1H-benzo [d]imidazole-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine Syk inhibitors, which led to the identification of 19q, a highly potent Syk inhibitor that exhibited excellent inhibitory activity on Syk enzyme (IC50 = 0.52 nM) and showed potency against several other kinases. In addition, compound 19q effectively reduced phosphorylation of downstream PLCγ2 level in Romos cells. And it also exhibited antiproliferative activity in multiple hematological tumour cells. More gratifyingly, 19q showed impressive efficacy at a low dosage (1 mg/kg/day) in the MV4-11 mouse xenograft model without affecting the body weight of the mice. These findings suggest that 19q is a promising new Syk inhibitor for treating blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Cui
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Zhao
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Lu Fan
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yu Jiao
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Hongmei Li
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Jie Feng
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Weifang Tang
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Yadong Chen
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
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6
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Yu B, Li B, Chen T, Yang J, Wang X, Peng B, Hu Q. A NF-κB-Based High-Throughput Screening for Immune Adjuvants and Inhibitors. Inflammation 2023; 46:598-611. [PMID: 36306023 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family is crucial for regulating immune and inflammatory responses. The activation of the immune cell signaling pathway usually activates NF-κB, causing a protective immune response. NF-κB can also cause excessive inflammatory responses by activating a cascade reaction of pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. In this study, we used an NF-κB luciferase reporter gene system. Out of more than 800 compounds screened, four NF-κB agonists were identified with strong activity at nontoxic concentrations. Subsequently, the adjuvant effect was verified on mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and macrophages RAW264.7. It was found that fostamatinib (R788) disodium increased the production of IL-6, IL-12p40, and TNF-α, indicating that R788 disodium could induce the maturation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In addition, three compounds were screened to significantly inhibit NF-κB at nontoxic doses, including dehydrocostus lactone (DHL)-a known NF-κB inhibitor. The results showed that DHL significantly reduced the release of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines (including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12). Our findings indicate that the NF-κB-based high-throughput screening can be used to discover potential immune adjuvants and anti-inflammatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Yu
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Boye Li
- Civil Aviation Medicine Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing, 100123, China
| | - Tian Chen
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jinning Yang
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Qin Hu
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
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7
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Sonowal H, Rice WG, Howell SB. Luxeptinib interferes with LYN-mediated activation of SYK and modulates BCR signaling in lymphoma. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277003. [PMID: 36888611 PMCID: PMC9994718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Luxeptinib (LUX) is a novel oral kinase inhibitor that inhibits FLT3 and also interferes with signaling from the BCR and cell surface TLRs, as well as activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Ongoing clinical trials are testing its activity in patients with lymphoma and AML. This study sought to refine understanding of how LUX modulates the earliest steps downstream of the BCR following its activation by anti-IgM in lymphoma cells in comparison to ibrutinib (IB). LUX decreased anti-IgM-induced phosphorylation of BTK at Y551 and Y223 but its ability to reduce phosphorylation of kinases further upstream suggests that BTK is not the primary target. LUX was more effective than IB at reducing both steady state and anti-IgM-induced phosphorylation of LYN and SYK. LUX decreased phosphorylation of SYK (Y525/Y526) and BLNK (Y96) which are necessary regulators of BTK activation. Further upstream, LUX blunted the anti-IgM-induced phosphorylation of LYN (Y397) whose activation is required for phosphorylation of SYK and BLNK. These results indicate that LUX is targeting autophosphorylation of LYN or a step further upstream of LYN in the cascade of signal generated by BCR and that it does so more effectively than IB. The fact that LUX has activity at or upstream of LYN is important because LYN is an essential signaling intermediate in multiple cellular signaling processes that regulate growth, differentiation, apoptosis, immunoregulation, migration and EMT in normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu Sonowal
- Moores Cancer Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - William G. Rice
- Aptose Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Howell
- Moores Cancer Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhou Q, Wei M, Shen W, Huang S, Fan J, Huang H. SYK Is Associated With Malignant Phenotype and Immune Checkpoints in Diffuse Glioma. Front Genet 2022; 13:899883. [PMID: 35910221 PMCID: PMC9334658 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.899883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diffuse glioma, the most common intracranial malignant tumor, is characterized by immunosuppression. The prognostic significance and potential therapeutic value of SYK remain obscure. Here, we explored the performance of SYK in predicting patient outcomes and as a therapeutic target.Methods: The mRNA expression and clinical data for pancancer and normal tissues and more than 2,000 glioma samples were collected from public databases. The expression level of SYK was evaluated by qPCR and IHC. The prognostic value of SYK was assessed using the Kaplan–Meier curves and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. A sequence of immune and stromal infiltration analyses was calculated based on the ESTIMATE algorithm, ssGSEA algorithm, TIMER, and single-cell analysis. The SYK-related subtypes were identified via a Consensus Cluster Plus analysis.Results: SYK was significantly differentially expressed in multiple tumors and normal tissues. Importantly, high-expression SYK was enriched in malignant phenotypes of diffuse gliomas, which was further validated by qPCR and IHC. Survival analysis uncovered that SYK was an independently unfavorable prognostic marker in diffuse glioma. Functional enrichment analysis and immune and stromal infiltration analyses showed that SYK was involved in shaping the immunosuppressive microenvironment of diffuse glioma. Additionally, SYK expression was closely associated with some immune checkpoint molecules and M2 macrophage infiltration, which was validated by IHC and single-cell analysis. Diffuse glioma with Sub1 exhibited a worse prognosis, immunosuppressive microenvironment, and higher expression of immune checkpoint genes.Conclusion: SYK is involved in shaping the immunosuppressive microenvironment and served as a promising prognosis biomarker and immunotherapeutic target for diffuse glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Wei
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenyue Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianfeng Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: He Huang,
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Chen Y, Liu H, Huang Y, Lin S, Yin G, Xie Q. The Cardiovascular Risks of Fostamatinib in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:632551. [PMID: 34349639 PMCID: PMC8327174 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.632551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed at assessing the risks of cardiovascular adverse events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have been treated with fostamatinib. Methods: The electronic databases of OVID Medline, OVID EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science were searched to identify studies that reported cardiovascular events or hypertension in RA patients treated with fostamatinib. Two reviewers separately and simultaneously screened the retrieved studies based on study selection criteria, collected data and performed methodological quality assessments. The effect size of meta-analysis was estimated by the Peto odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Funnel plot was used to estimate publication bias and sensitivity analysis was performed to test the robustness of the results. Results: A total of 12 trials composed of 5,618 participants with low to moderate risk of bias were included. In comparison to the placebo, the use of fostamatinib was found to elevate the risk of hypertension (RR=3.82, 95%CI 2.88–5.05) but was not associated with the risks of all-cause death (Peto OR=0.16, 95%CI 0.02–1.24), major adverse cardiovascular events (Peto OR=1.24, 95%CI 0.26–5.97), pulmonary heart disease and disease of pulmonary circulation (Peto OR=1.23, 95%CI 0.13–11.87), in addition to other forms of heart disease (Peto OR=1.96, 95%CI 0.72–5.38). Furthermore, sensitivity analysis showed no significant change in effective trends and no publication bias was found. Conclusion: Fostamatinib is associated with increased risk of hypertension; however, no increased risks of cardiovascular events were observed. Further well-planned cohort studies with large study populations and longer follow-up times are needed to elucidate the outcomes. Systematic Review Registration: [PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42020198217].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yupeng Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sang Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Geng Yin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qibing Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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B Cell Receptor signaling and genetic lesions in TP53 and CDKN2A/CDKN2B cooperate in Richter Transformation. Blood 2021; 138:1053-1066. [PMID: 33900379 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell receptor (BCR) signals play a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but their role in regulating CLL cell proliferation has still not been firmly established. Unlike normal B cells, CLL cells do not proliferate in vitro upon engagement of the BCR, suggesting that CLL cell proliferation is regulated by other signals from the microenvironment, such as those provided by Toll-like receptors or T cells. Here, we report that BCR engagement of human and murine CLL cells induces several positive regulators of the cell cycle, but simultaneously induces the negative regulators CDKN1A, CDKN2A and CDKN2B, which block cell cycle progression. We further show that introduction of genetic lesions that downregulate these cell cycle inhibitors, such as inactivating lesions in CDKN2A, CDKN2B and the CDKN1A regulator TP53, leads to more aggressive disease in a murine in vivo CLL model and spontaneous proliferation in vitro that is BCR-dependent but independent of costimulatory signals. Importantly, inactivating lesions in CDKN2A, CDKN2B and TP53 frequently co-occur in Richter syndrome, and BCR stimulation of human Richter syndrome cells with such lesions is sufficient to induce proliferation. We also show that tumor cells with combined TP53 and CDKN2A/2B abnormalities remain sensitive to BCR inhibitor treatment and are synergistically sensitive to the combination of a BCR and CDK4/6 inhibitor both in vitro and in vivo. These data provide evidence that BCR signals are directly involved in driving CLL cell proliferation and reveal a novel mechanism of Richter transformation.
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11
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Loftus JP, Yahiaoui A, Brown PA, Niswander LM, Bagashev A, Wang M, Schauf A, Tannheimer S, Tasian SK. Combinatorial efficacy of entospletinib and chemotherapy in patient-derived xenograft models of infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2021; 106:1067-1078. [PMID: 32414848 PMCID: PMC8018117 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.241729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival of infants with KMT2A-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains dismal despite intensive chemotherapy. We observed constitutive phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and associated signaling proteins in infant ALL patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model specimens and hypothesized that the SYK inhibitor entospletinib would inhibit signaling and cell growth in vitro and leukemia proliferation in vivo. We further predicted that combined entospletinib and chemotherapy could augment anti-leukemia effects. Basal kinase signaling activation and HOXA9/MEIS1 expression differed among KMT2Arearranged (KMT2A-AFF1 [n=4], KMT2A-MLLT3 [n=1], KMT2A-MLLT1 [n=4]) and non-KMT2A-rearranged [n=3] ALL specimens and stratified by genetic subgroup. Incubation of KMT2A-rearranged ALL cells in vitro with entospletinib inhibited methylcellulose colony formation and SYK pathway signaling in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo inhibition of leukemia proliferation with entospletinib monotherapy was observed in RAS-wild-type KMT2A-AFF1, KMT2A-MLLT3, and KMT2A-MLLT1 ALL PDX models with enhanced activity in combination with vincristine chemotherapy in several models. Surprisingly, entospletinib did not decrease leukemia burden in two KMT2A-AFF1 PDX models with NRAS or KRAS mutations, suggesting potential RAS-mediated resistance to SYK inhibition. As hypothesized, superior inhibition of ALL proliferation was observed in KMT2A-AFF1 PDX models treated with entospletinib and the MEK inhibitor selumetinib versus vehicle or inhibitor monotherapies (P<0.05). In summary, constitutive activation of SYK and associated signaling occurs in KMT2A-rearranged ALL with in vitro and in vivo sensitivity to entospletinib. Combination therapy with vincristine or selumetinib further enhanced treatment effects of SYK inhibition. Clinical study of entospletinib and chemotherapy or other kinase inhibitors in patients with KMT2A-rearranged leukemias may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Loftus
- Div of Oncology, Children Hospital and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Patrick A Brown
- Johns Hopkins University and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lisa M Niswander
- Div of Oncology, Children Hospital and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Asen Bagashev
- Div of Oncology, Children Hospital and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Gilead Sciences; Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah K Tasian
- Div of Oncology, Children Hospital and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Philadelphia, USA
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12
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Kawatkar SP, Barlaam B, Kemmitt P, Simpson I, Watson D, Wang P, Lamont S, Su Q, Boiko S, Ikeda T, Patel J, Pike A, Pollard H, Read J, Sarkar U, Wang H, Wen Q, Yan Z, Dowling JE, Dry H, Edmondson SD. Identification of a novel series of azabenzimidazole-derived inhibitors of spleen tyrosine kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127393. [PMID: 32721854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK) is a well-studied enzyme with therapeutic applications in oncology and autoimmune diseases. We identified an azabenzimidazole (ABI) series of SYK inhibitors by mining activity data of 86,000 compounds from legacy biochemical assays with SYK and other homologous kinases as target enzymes. A structure-based design and hybridization approach was then used to improve the potency and kinase selectivity of the hits. Lead compound 23 from this novel ABI series has a SYK IC50 = 0.21 nM in a biochemical assay and inhibits growth of SUDHL-4 cells at a GI50 = 210 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Kemmitt
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Simpson
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Watson
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Wang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., Taihe Road BDA, Beijing, 100176, PR China
| | - Scott Lamont
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Qibin Su
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Scott Boiko
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Timothy Ikeda
- R&D Oncology, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Patel
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andy Pike
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Pollard
- R&D Oncology, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Read
- R&D Oncology, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ujjal Sarkar
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Haiyun Wang
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Quanshan Wen
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., Taihe Road BDA, Beijing, 100176, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Yan
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., Taihe Road BDA, Beijing, 100176, PR China
| | | | - Hannah Dry
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, United States
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13
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Wang C, Wang X, Li Y, Wang T, Huang Z, Qin Z, Yang S, Xiang R, Fan Y. Design and optimization of orally spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitors for treatment of solid tumor. Bioorg Chem 2020; 95:103547. [PMID: 31911307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the aim to discover orally SYK inhibitors for solid tumor treatment, a series of novel derivatives based on imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine scaffold were designed, synthesized and evaluated. Structure-activity relationship study of both enzymatic and cellular assays led to the identification of compound 12f. The novel SYK inhibitor 12f showed potent antitumor activity against solid tumors with favorable drug-like properties of lipophilicity and solubility. 12f could induce cell apoptosis of ovarian and lung cancer cell lines. In SKOV3 xenograft mouse model, oral administration of 12f led to significant tumour regression without obvious toxicity. 12f improved the limited response of traditional SYK inhibitors in solid tumors in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, this compound may act as a promising lead compound for further development of new SYK inhibitors for solid tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; 2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy of Ministry of Education, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; 2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy of Ministry of Education, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhongxiang Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; 2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy of Ministry of Education, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yan Fan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; 2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy of Ministry of Education, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
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14
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Targeting Tyrosine Kinases in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Why, Who and How? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143429. [PMID: 31336846 PMCID: PMC6679203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a myeloid malignancy carrying a heterogeneous molecular panel of mutations participating in the blockade of differentiation and the increased proliferation of myeloid hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The historical "3 + 7" treatment (cytarabine and daunorubicin) is currently challenged by new therapeutic strategies, including drugs depending on the molecular landscape of AML. This panel of mutations makes it possible to combine some of these new treatments with conventional chemotherapy. For example, the FLT3 receptor is overexpressed or mutated in 80% or 30% of AML, respectively. Such anomalies have led to the development of targeted therapies using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In this review, we document the history of TKI targeting, FLT3 and several other tyrosine kinases involved in dysregulated signaling pathways.
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15
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Sun S, Xue D, Chen Z, Ou-Yang Y, Zhang J, Mai J, Gu J, Lu W, Liu X, Liu W, Sheng L, Lu B, Lin Y, Xing F, Chen Z, Mou Y, Yan G, Zhu W, Sai K. R406 elicits anti-Warburg effect via Syk-dependent and -independent mechanisms to trigger apoptosis in glioma stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:358. [PMID: 31043589 PMCID: PMC6494878 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Given that glioma stem cells (GSCs) play a critical role in the initiation and chemoresistance in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), targeting GSCs is an attractive strategy to treat GBM. Utilizing an anti-cancer compound library, we identified R406, the active metabolite of a FDA-approved Syk inhibitor for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), with remarkable cytotoxicity against GSCs but not normal neural stem cells. R406 significantly inhibited neurosphere formation and triggered apoptosis in GSCs. R406 induced a metabolic shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and subsequently production of excess ROS in GSCs. R406 also diminished tumor growth and efficiently sensitized gliomas to temozolomide in GSC-initiating xenograft mouse models. Mechanistically, the anti-GSC effect of R406 was due to the disruption of Syk/PI3K signaling in Syk-positive GSCs and PI3K/Akt pathway in Syk-negative GSCs respectively. Overall, these findings not only identify R406 as a promising GSC-targeting agent but also reveal the important role of Syk and PI3K pathways in the regulation of energy metabolism in GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Ying Ou-Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Jialuo Mai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiayv Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wanjun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xincheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Longxiang Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bingzheng Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Fan Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yonggao Mou
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Ke Sai
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China.
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16
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Moncayo G, Grzmil M, Smirnova T, Zmarz P, Huber RM, Hynx D, Kohler H, Wang Y, Hotz HR, Hynes NE, Keller G, Frank S, Merlo A, Hemmings BA. SYK inhibition blocks proliferation and migration of glioma cells and modifies the tumor microenvironment. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:621-631. [PMID: 29401256 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive human brain tumors, with a median survival of 15-18 months. There is a desperate need to find novel therapeutic targets. Various receptor protein kinases have been identified as potential targets; however, response rates in clinical studies have been somewhat disappointing. Targeting the spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), which acts downstream of a range of oncogenic receptors, may therefore show more promising results. Methods Kinase expression of brain tumor samples including GBM and low-grade tumors were compared with normal brain and normal human astrocytes by microarray analysis. Furthermore, SYK, LYN, SLP76, and PLCG2 protein expressions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and immunofluorescence of additional GBM patient samples, murine glioma samples, and cell lines. SYK was then blocked chemically and genetically in vitro and in vivo in 2 different mouse models. Multiphoton intravital imaging and multicolor flow cytometry were performed in a syngeneic immunocompetent C57BL/6J mouse GL261 glioma model to study the effect of these inhibitors on the tumor microenvironment. Results SYK, LYN, SLP76, and PLCG2 were found expressed in human and murine glioma samples and cell lines. SYK inhibition blocked proliferation, migration, and colony formation. Flow cytometric and multiphoton imaging imply that targeting SYK in vivo attenuated GBM tumor growth and invasiveness and reduced B and CD11b+ cell mobility and infiltration. Conclusions Our data suggest that gliomas express a SYK signaling network important in glioma progression, inhibition of which results in reduced invasion with slower tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Moncayo
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, Panamá
| | - Michal Grzmil
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana Smirnova
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Zmarz
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland M Huber
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Debby Hynx
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hubertus Kohler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Rudolf Hotz
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nancy E Hynes
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Keller
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Frank
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Basel University Hospitals, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Merlo
- Neurosurgery and Glioma Research, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Brian A Hemmings
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Feng C, Roy A, Post CB. Entropic allostery dominates the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of Syk tyrosine kinase release from immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1780-1796. [PMID: 30051939 PMCID: PMC6225982 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an essential player in immune signaling through its ability to couple multiple classes of membrane immunoreceptors to intracellular signaling pathways. Ligand binding leads to the recruitment of Syk to a phosphorylated cytoplasmic region of the receptors called ITAM. Syk binds to ITAM with high-affinity (nanomolar Kd ) via its tandem pair of SH2 domains. The affinity between Syk and ITAM is allosterically regulated by phosphorylation at Y130 in a linker connecting the tandem SH2 domains; when Y130 is phosphorylated, the binding affinity decreases (micromolar Kd ). Previous equilibrium binding studies attribute the increase in the binding free energy to an intra-molecular binding (isomerization) step of the tandem SH2 and ITAM, but a physical basis for the increased free energy is unknown. Here, we provide evidence that Y130 phosphorylation imposes an entropy penalty to isomerization, but surprisingly, has negligible effect on the SH2 binding interactions with ITAM and thus on the binding enthalpy. An analysis of NMR chemical shift differences characterized conformational effects of ITAM binding, and binding thermodynamics were measured from isothermal titration calorimetry. Together the data support a previously unknown mechanism for the basis of regulating protein-protein interactions through protein phosphorylation. The decreased affinity for Syk association with immune receptor ITAMs by Y130 phosphorylation is an allosteric mechanism driven by an increased entropy penalty, likely contributed by conformational disorder in the SH2-SH2 inter-domain structure, while SH2-ITAM binding contacts are not affected, and binding enthalpy is unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyMarkey Center for Structural Biology, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
| | - Amitava Roy
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAIDNational Institutes of HealthHamilton, Montana, 59840
| | - Carol Beth Post
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyMarkey Center for Structural Biology, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
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18
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Siveen KS, Prabhu KS, Achkar IW, Kuttikrishnan S, Shyam S, Khan AQ, Merhi M, Dermime S, Uddin S. Role of Non Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Hematological Malignances and its Targeting by Natural Products. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:31. [PMID: 29455667 PMCID: PMC5817858 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases belong to a family of enzymes that mediate the movement of the phosphate group to tyrosine residues of target protein, thus transmitting signals from the cell surface to cytoplasmic proteins and the nucleus to regulate physiological processes. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTK) are a sub-group of tyrosine kinases, which can relay intracellular signals originating from extracellular receptor. NRTKs can regulate a huge array of cellular functions such as cell survival, division/propagation and adhesion, gene expression, immune response, etc. NRTKs exhibit considerable variability in their structural make up, having a shared kinase domain and commonly possessing many other domains such as SH2, SH3 which are protein-protein interacting domains. Recent studies show that NRTKs are mutated in several hematological malignancies, including lymphomas, leukemias and myelomas, leading to aberrant activation. It can be due to point mutations which are intragenic changes or by fusion of genes leading to chromosome translocation. Mutations that lead to constitutive kinase activity result in the formation of oncogenes, such as Abl, Fes, Src, etc. Therefore, specific kinase inhibitors have been sought after to target mutated kinases. A number of compounds have since been discovered, which have shown to inhibit the activity of NRTKs, which are remarkably well tolerated. This review covers the role of various NRTKs in the development of hematological cancers, including their deregulation, genetic alterations, aberrant activation and associated mutations. In addition, it also looks at the recent advances in the development of novel natural compounds that can target NRTKs and perhaps in combination with other forms of therapy can show great promise for the treatment of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodappully S Siveen
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Iman W Achkar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Sunitha Shyam
- Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Abdul Q Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar.
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19
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Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of Entospletinib, a Novel pSYK Inhibitor, Following Single and Multiple Oral Dosing in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Drug Investig 2017; 37:195-205. [PMID: 27785737 PMCID: PMC5250654 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-016-0476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Entospletinib is a selective, reversible, adenosine triphosphate-competitive small-molecule spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor that blocks B cell receptor-mediated signaling and proliferation in B lymphocytes. This study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of entospletinib in a double-blind, single/multiple ascending dose study in healthy volunteers. Methods In sequential cohorts, 120 subjects received entospletinib (25–1200 mg; fasted) as single or twice-daily oral doses for 7 days. Along with pharmacokinetics, the study assessed functional inhibition of ex vivo anti-immunoglobulin E-stimulated CD63 expression on basophils and pervanadate-evoked phosphorylated SYK (pSYK) Y525. Safety and tolerability were assessed throughout the study. Results Entospletinib was generally well-tolerated over a 48-fold dose range. Adverse events (AEs) were generally mild to moderate, with no AE-driven study drug discontinuations noted. Entospletinib displayed a median plasma half-life of 9–15 h; entospletinib exposures reached a plateau at ≥600 mg twice daily (likely due to solubility-limited absorption) and provided >90% CD63 inhibition at peak concentrations and >60% inhibition at trough concentrations (corresponding pSYK inhibition of >70 and >50%). Conclusion The overall safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics profiles of entospletinib support further clinical evaluation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40261-016-0476-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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20
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Sumter TF, Xian L, Huso T, Koo M, Chang YT, Almasri TN, Chia L, Inglis C, Reid D, Resar LMS. The High Mobility Group A1 (HMGA1) Transcriptome in Cancer and Development. Curr Mol Med 2016; 16:353-93. [PMID: 26980699 DOI: 10.2174/1566524016666160316152147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Chromatin structure is the single most important feature that distinguishes a cancer cell from a normal cell histologically. Chromatin remodeling proteins regulate chromatin structure and high mobility group A (HMGA1) proteins are among the most abundant, nonhistone chromatin remodeling proteins found in cancer cells. These proteins include HMGA1a/HMGA1b isoforms, which result from alternatively spliced mRNA. The HMGA1 gene is overexpressed in cancer and high levels portend a poor prognosis in diverse tumors. HMGA1 is also highly expressed during embryogenesis and postnatally in adult stem cells. Overexpression of HMGA1 drives neoplastic transformation in cultured cells, while inhibiting HMGA1 blocks oncogenic and cancer stem cell properties. Hmga1 transgenic mice succumb to aggressive tumors, demonstrating that dysregulated expression of HMGA1 causes cancer in vivo. HMGA1 is also required for reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. HMGA1 proteins function as ancillary transcription factors that bend chromatin and recruit other transcription factors to DNA. They induce oncogenic transformation by activating or repressing specific genes involved in this process and an HMGA1 "transcriptome" is emerging. Although prior studies reveal potent oncogenic properties of HMGA1, we are only beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms through which HMGA1 functions. In this review, we summarize the list of putative downstream transcriptional targets regulated by HMGA1. We also briefly discuss studies linking HMGA1 to Alzheimer's disease and type-2 diabetes. CONCLUSION Further elucidation of HMGA1 function should lead to novel therapeutic strategies for cancer and possibly for other diseases associated with aberrant HMGA1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - L M S Resar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 1025, Baltimore, MD 21205-2109, USA.
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21
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Lam B, Arikawa Y, Cramlett J, Dong Q, de Jong R, Feher V, Grimshaw CE, Farrell PJ, Hoffman ID, Jennings A, Jones B, Matuszkiewicz J, Miura J, Miyake H, Natala SR, Shi L, Takahashi M, Taylor E, Wyrick C, Yano J, Zalevsky J, Nie Z. Discovery of TAK-659 an orally available investigational inhibitor of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5947-5950. [PMID: 27839918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK) is a non-receptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that is primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells. SYK is a key mediator for a variety of inflammatory cells, including B cells, mast cells, macrophages and neutrophils and therefore, an attractive approach for treatment of both inflammatory diseases and oncology indications. Using in house co-crystal structure information, and structure-based drug design, we designed and optimized a novel series of heteroaromatic pyrrolidinone SYK inhibitors resulting in the selection of the development candidate TAK-659. TAK-659 is currently undergoing Phase I clinical trials for advanced solid tumor and lymphoma malignancies, a Phase Ib study in advanced solid tumors in combination with nivolumab, and PhIb/II trials for relapsed/refractory AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Lam
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Yasuyoshi Arikawa
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Joshua Cramlett
- PolyScientific Consulting Inc., 4624 Aragon Dr, San Diego, CA 92115, USA
| | - Qing Dong
- FronThera US Pharmaceuticals, 11526 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite D, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ron de Jong
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Victoria Feher
- Schrödinger, Inc., 5820 Oberlin Drive, Ste. 203, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Charles E Grimshaw
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Pamela J Farrell
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Isaac D Hoffman
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Andy Jennings
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Benjamin Jones
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jennifer Matuszkiewicz
- Celgene Quanticel Research, 9393 Towne Center Drive, Suite 110, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Joanne Miura
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Hiroshi Miyake
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | | | - Lihong Shi
- Celgene Quanticel Research, 9393 Towne Center Drive, Suite 110, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ewan Taylor
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Corey Wyrick
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jason Yano
- Beryllium Discovery, 3 Preston Ct., Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Jonathan Zalevsky
- Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zhe Nie
- Celgene Quanticel Research, 9393 Towne Center Drive, Suite 110, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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22
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Ma TKW, McAdoo SP, Tam FWK. Spleen Tyrosine Kinase: A Crucial Player and Potential Therapeutic Target in Renal Disease. Nephron Clin Pract 2016; 133:261-9. [PMID: 27476075 DOI: 10.1159/000446879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), a 72 kDa cytoplasmic non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase, plays an important role in signal transduction in a variety of cell types. Ever since its discovery in the early 1990s, there has been accumulating evidence to suggest a pathogenic role of Syk in various allergic disorders, autoimmune diseases and malignancies. Additionally, there is emerging data from both pre-clinical and clinical studies that Syk is implicated in the pathogenesis of proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN), including anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated GN, lupus nephritis and immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Moreover, recent animal studies have shed light on the importance of Syk in mediating acute renal allograft rejection, Epstein Barr virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease and kidney fibrosis. Fostamatinib, an oral Syk inhibitor, has undergone clinical testing in rheumatoid arthritis, refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura, leukemia and lymphoma. The recent STOP-IgAN trial showed that the addition of non-selective immunosuppressive therapy to intensive supportive care did not improve clinical outcomes in high-risk IgAN patients. A Syk-targeted approach may be beneficial and is currently being evaluated in a phase II randomized controlled trial. In this review, we will discuss the pathogenic role of Syk and potential use of Syk inhibitor in a variety of renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry King-Wing Ma
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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23
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Hall AP, Mitchard T, Rolf MG, Stewart J, Duffy P. Femoral Head Growth Plate Dysplasia and Fracture in Juvenile Rabbits Induced by Off-target Antiangiogenic Treatment. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:866-73. [PMID: 27162053 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316646483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epiphyseal growth plate dysplasia (chondrodysplasia) might be considered as the pathognomonic feature of antiangiogenic treatment in preclinical species as it is reliably and dose-responsively induced in rodents and monkeys with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and vascular targeting agents. Here we report epiphyseal growth plate dysplasia in juvenile rabbits treated with an oral spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor induced by off-target antiangiogenic inhibition of VEGF and FGF family kinase receptors. Epiphyseal growth plate dysplasia resulted in weakening and fracturing of the femoral head physis in 6 of 10 male and 1 of 10 female animals as well as microfracturing and dysplasia of the distal femoral articular cartilage in 1 male animal. Fracture lines ran through the zone of hypertrophic cartilage (as well as adjacent zones), were orientated parallel to the physeal plane, and often involved displacement of the femoral head. We would suggest that the high prevalence of growth plate fracture in the rabbit may represent a potential additional adverse risk to those already established for children treated with antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peter Hall
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - T Mitchard
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - M G Rolf
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Pepparedsleden, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Stewart
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - P Duffy
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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24
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Ferguson GD, Delgado M, Plantevin-Krenitsky V, Jensen-Pergakes K, Bates RJ, Torres S, Celeridad M, Brown H, Burnett K, Nadolny L, Tehrani L, Packard G, Pagarigan B, Haelewyn J, Nguyen T, Xu L, Tang Y, Hickman M, Baculi F, Pierce S, Miyazawa K, Jackson P, Chamberlain P, LeBrun L, Xie W, Bennett B, Blease K. A Novel Triazolopyridine-Based Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor That Arrests Joint Inflammation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145705. [PMID: 26756335 PMCID: PMC4710522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies and the immunoreceptors to which they bind can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase with a central role in immunoreceptor (FcR) signaling and immune cell functionality. Syk kinase inhibitors have activity in antibody-dependent immune cell activation assays, in preclinical models of arthritis, and have progressed into clinical trials for RA and other autoimmune diseases. Here we describe the characterization of a novel triazolopyridine-based Syk kinase inhibitor, CC-509. This compound is a potent inhibitor of purified Syk enzyme, FcR-dependent and FcR-independent signaling in primary immune cells, and basophil activation in human whole blood. CC-509 is moderately selective across the kinome and against other non-kinase enzymes or receptors. Importantly, CC-509 was optimized away from and has modest activity against cellular KDR and Jak2, kinases that when inhibited in a preclinical and clinical setting may promote hypertension and neutropenia, respectively. In addition, CC-509 is orally bioavailable and displays dose-dependent efficacy in two rodent models of immune-inflammatory disease. In passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), CC-509 significantly inhibited skin edema. Moreover, CC-509 significantly reduced paw swelling and the tissue levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines RANTES and MIP-1α in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. In summary, CC-509 is a potent, moderately selective, and efficacious inhibitor of Syk that has a differentiated profile when compared to other Syk compounds that have progressed into the clinic for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D. Ferguson
- Department of Inflammation Research, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mercedes Delgado
- Department of Chemistry, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Kristen Jensen-Pergakes
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Pfizer Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - R. J. Bates
- Department of Inflammation Research, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sanaa Torres
- Department of Inflammation Research, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Maria Celeridad
- Department of Inflammation Research, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Heather Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kelven Burnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Nadolny
- Department of Chemistry, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lida Tehrani
- Department of Chemistry, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Garrick Packard
- Department of Chemistry, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Barbra Pagarigan
- Department of Biochemistry, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Haelewyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Trish Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Inflammation Research, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Hickman
- Department of Biochemistry, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Frans Baculi
- Department of Biochemistry, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Pierce
- Department of Biochemistry, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Corporate Planning and Strategy, Kissei Pharmaceutical Company, Matsumoto City, Nagano, Japan
| | - Pilgrim Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Philip Chamberlain
- Department of Biochemistry, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Laurie LeBrun
- Department of Biochemistry, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Weilin Xie
- Department of Inflammation Research, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Brydon Bennett
- Department of Inflammation Research, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kate Blease
- Department of Pharmacology, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
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25
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Lovering F, Aevazelis C, Chang J, Dehnhardt C, Fitz L, Han S, Janz K, Lee J, Kaila N, McDonald J, Moore W, Moretto A, Papaioannou N, Richard D, Ryan MS, Wan ZK, Thorarensen A. Imidazotriazines: Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk) Inhibitors Identified by Free-Energy Perturbation (FEP). ChemMedChem 2015; 11:217-33. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lovering
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Cristina Aevazelis
- Inflammation and Immunity; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Jeanne Chang
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Christoph Dehnhardt
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Lori Fitz
- Inflammation and Immunity; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Seungil Han
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Kristin Janz
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Julie Lee
- Inflammation and Immunity; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Neelu Kaila
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Joseph McDonald
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - William Moore
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Alessandro Moretto
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - David Richard
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Mark S. Ryan
- Inflammation and Immunity; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Zhao-Kui Wan
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Atli Thorarensen
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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26
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Koerber RM, Held SAE, Heine A, Kotthoff P, Daecke SN, Bringmann A, Brossart P. Analysis of the anti-proliferative and the pro-apoptotic efficacy of Syk inhibition in multiple myeloma. Exp Hematol Oncol 2015; 4:21. [PMID: 26251761 PMCID: PMC4526421 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-015-0016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal B cell malignancy characterized by proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Despite high-dose melphalan therapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and the introduction of immunomodulatory drugs like bortezomib or lenalidomide, that have been associated with improved survival, MM is still incurable and new treatment options are needed. In B cell malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) or diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Syk (spleen tyrosine kinase) inhibitors have shown promising in vitro and first clinical results. In our study, we analyzed the potential of Syk as a target in MM. METHODS The MM cell lines AMO-1, U266 and RPMI8226 and primary MM cells were treated with the Syk inhibitors BAY61-3606, R406 or Piceatannol and proliferation, migration and apoptosis induction were analyzed. Effects on involved intracellular signaling cascades were determined by Western blotting. Furthermore, we analyzed synergistic and additive effects of Syk inhibitors in combination with established anti-myeloma drugs and experimental inhibitors (e.g. PI-3-Kinase inhibitor NVP-BEZ235). RESULTS Incubation of MM cell lines as well as primary MM cells with Syk inhibitors resulted in a reduced proliferation and stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1 alpha) induced migration that was accompanied by a concentration dependent inhibition of the MAP-Kinase, characterized by reduced phosphorylation of ERK an p38 molecules, and NF-kappaB signalling pathways. Furthermore, Syk inhibition induced apoptosis in MM cells in a dose-dependent manner, characterized by reduced expression of pro-caspase 3, increased PARP-1 cleavage and enhanced release of cytochrome c. In addition combined treatment of MM cells with Syk inhibitors and NVP-BEZ235 (dual PI3-kinase/mTOR inhibitor) or MAPK inhibitors (PD98059, SP600125, U0126, SB203580) resulted in increased apoptotic activity of the drugs. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that Syk inhibition might represent a promising new treatment option in MM with an increased efficacy when combined with MAP kinase inhibitors. Furthermore, our study strongly underlines the potency of Syk inhibitors as a potential therapeutic treatment option for MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth-Miriam Koerber
- Medical Clinic III, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Andrea Erika Held
- Medical Clinic III, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annkristin Heine
- Medical Clinic III, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Kotthoff
- Medical Clinic III, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Solveig Nora Daecke
- Medical Clinic III, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anita Bringmann
- Medical Clinic III, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Brossart
- Medical Clinic III, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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27
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Kuiatse I, Baladandayuthapani V, Lin HY, Thomas SK, Bjorklund CC, Weber DM, Wang M, Shah JJ, Zhang XD, Jones RJ, Ansell SM, Yang G, Treon SP, Orlowski RZ. Targeting the Spleen Tyrosine Kinase with Fostamatinib as a Strategy against Waldenström Macroglobulinemia. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2538-45. [PMID: 25748087 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WMG) is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by good initial responses to standard therapeutics, but only a minority of patients achieve complete remissions, and most inevitably relapse, indicating a need for novel agents. B-cell receptor signaling has been linked to clonal evolution in WMG, and Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is overexpressed in primary cells, suggesting that it could be a novel and rational target. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We studied the impact of the Syk inhibitor fostamatinib on BCWM.1 and MWCL-1 WMG-derived cell lines both in vitro and in vivo, as well as on primary patient cells. RESULTS In WMG-derived cell lines, fostamatinib induced a time- and dose-dependent reduction in viability, associated with activation of apoptosis. At the molecular level, fostamatinib reduced activation of Syk and Bruton's tyrosine kinase, and also downstream signaling through MAPK kinase (MEK), p44/42 MAPK, and protein kinase B/Akt. As a single agent, fostamatinib induced tumor growth delay in an in vivo model of WMG, and reduced viability of primary WMG cells, along with inhibition of p44/42 MAPK signaling. Finally, fostamatinib in combination with other agents, including dexamethasone, bortezomib, and rituximab, showed enhanced activity. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data support the translation of approaches targeting Syk with fostamatinib to the clinic for patients with relapsed and possibly even newly diagnosed WMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isere Kuiatse
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Heather Y Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sheeba K Thomas
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chad C Bjorklund
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Donna M Weber
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael Wang
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jatin J Shah
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xing-Ding Zhang
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard J Jones
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Guang Yang
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven P Treon
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Z Orlowski
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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28
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Perova T, Grandal I, Nutter LMJ, Papp E, Matei IR, Beyene J, Kowalski PE, Hitzler JK, Minden MD, Guidos CJ, Danska JS. Therapeutic potential of spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition for treating high-risk precursor B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:236ra62. [PMID: 24828076 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intensified and central nervous system (CNS)-directed chemotherapy has improved outcomes for pediatric B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) but confers treatment-related morbidities. Moreover, many patients suffer relapses, underscoring the need to develop new molecular targeted B-ALL therapies. Using a mouse model, we show that leukemic B cells require pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR)-independent spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) signaling in vivo for survival and proliferation. In diagnostic samples from human pediatric and adult B-ALL patients, SYK and downstream targets were phosphorylated regardless of pre-BCR expression or genetic subtype. Two small-molecule SYK inhibitors, fostamatinib and BAY61-3606, attenuated the growth of 69 B-ALL samples in vitro, including high-risk (HR) subtypes. Orally administered fostamatinib reduced heavy disease burden after xenotransplantation of HR B-ALL samples into immunodeficient mice and decreased leukemia dissemination into spleen, liver, kidneys, and the CNS of recipient mice. Thus, SYK activation sustains the growth of multiple HR B-ALL subtypes, suggesting that SYK inhibitors may improve outcomes for HR and relapsed B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Perova
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ildiko Grandal
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Lauryl M J Nutter
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Eniko Papp
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Irina R Matei
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Joseph Beyene
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Paul E Kowalski
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Johann K Hitzler
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. Ontario Cancer Institute and Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2M9, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jayne S Danska
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.
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29
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Brazeau JF, Rosse G. Phenyl carboxamide analogues as spleen tyrosine kinase (syk) inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:278-9. [PMID: 24900823 DOI: 10.1021/ml500047f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Brazeau
- Structure Guided Chemistry, Dart Neuroscience LLC, 7473 Lusk Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gerard Rosse
- Structure Guided Chemistry, Dart Neuroscience LLC, 7473 Lusk Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
- Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
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30
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Accelerated therapeutic progress in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Ann Hematol 2014; 93:541-56. [PMID: 24375125 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the world. Clinically, biologically, and pathologically, DLBCL is a heterogeneous entity with a range of potential outcomes. Immunochemotherapy regimens, consisting of the chimeric monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in combination with chemotherapy, have improved the outcomes. Relapsed DLBCL is generally treated with salvage immunochemotherapy followed by high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation; however, DLBCL is not yet curable in up to a third of patients. The real promise for cure lies in novel agents and their rational combinations. The improved understanding of DLBCL subtypes and gene expression profiling has led to the identification of targeted drugs that may allow for subtype specific therapy. We have summarized the existing data on the prognostic factors and the treatment of DLBCL, including the use of novel agents such as lenalidomide, carfilzomib, and ibrutinib. We also share our thoughts on the direction of future clinical trials.
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Hill RJ, Lou Y, Tan SL. B-cell antigen receptor signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: therapeutic targets and translational opportunities. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 32:377-96. [PMID: 23886341 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.818141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by clonally expanded and molecularly heterogeneous populations of B lymphocytes with impaired apoptotic mechanisms. This occurs as a result of multiple genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, including chromosomal aberrations and enhancer region hypomethylation, often impinging on intracellular signaling pathways that are essential to normal B-cell activation, proliferation, and survival. The B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling is one such pathway usurped by malignant B cells, as exemplified by the early phase clinical success achieved by small-molecule agents targeting key players involved in the pathway. Such new targeted agents, including those that inhibit the function of Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), along with the current standard therapy comprising chemo-immunotherapies with or without B-cell depleting biologic agent rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody), should expand the armamentarium for CLL therapy. We review the therapeutic agents currently in clinical development which target different effectors of the malignant BCR signaling, and discuss their overlapping and discriminating translational opportunities in the context of CLL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Hill
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Norman P. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a review of the patent literature 2010 - 2013. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:573-95. [PMID: 24555683 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.890184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The non-receptor tyrosine kinase, spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), is primarily expressed in haematopoietic cells and appears to be particularly important in B cells. Syk is involved in signal transduction processes and appears to regulate allergic, inflammatory and autoimmune responses. It also appears to play a significant role in the development of haematological malignancies. Inhibitors of Syk are potentially useful in treating asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphomas. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the increasing number of patent filings between 2010 and 2013 claiming Syk inhibitors and focuses on the multiple structural classes of Syk inhibitors disclosed. It also comments on recent developments with Syk inhibitors, both clinical results and licensing deals. EXPERT OPINION The increased interest in the identification of Syk inhibitors has seen a sharp increase in patent filings claiming such compounds. However, the number of these is well below that of filings relating to other pro-inflammatory kinases (p38, JAK). These filings have also claimed an increasingly diverse range of chemical classes moving away from the 2,4-diaminopyrimidine motif present in drugs such as fostamatinib and PRT-06207. Many of the claimed compounds are Syk inhibitors with potencies considerably better than fostamatinib. However, good kinase selectivity is also likely to be essential if a Syk inhibitor is to prove useful enough to emulate the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib in gaining marketing authorisation. Recent clinical failures with Syk inhibitors are expected to result in a decrease in the rate of patent filings claiming Syk inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Norman
- Norman Consulting , 18 Pink Lane, Burnham, Bucks, SL1 8JW , UK
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Syk/JNK/AP-1 signaling pathway mediates interleukin-6-promoted cell migration in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:545-59. [PMID: 24398980 PMCID: PMC3907824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15010545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) typically migrates and metastasizes. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine associated with disease status and cancer outcomes. The effect of IL-6 on human OSCC cells, however, is unknown. Here, we showed that IL-6 increased cell migration and Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in OSCC cells. Pretreatment of OSCC cells with IL-6R monoclonal antibody (mAb) significantly abolished IL-6-induced cell migration and ICAM-1 expression. By contrast, IL-6-mediated cell motility and ICAM-1 upregulation were attenuated by the Syk and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitors. Stimulation of OSCC cells with IL-6 promoted Syk and JNK phosphorylation. Furthermore, IL-6 enhanced AP-1 activity, and the IL-6R mAb, Syk inhibitor, or JNK inhibitor all reduced IL-6-mediated c-Jun phosphorylation, c-Jun binding to the ICAM-1 promoter, and c-Jun translocation into the nucleus. Our results indicate that IL-6 enhances the migration of OSCC cells by increasing ICAM-1 expression through the IL-6R receptor and the Syk, JNK, and AP-1 signal transduction pathways.
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Niemann CU, Wiestner A. B-cell receptor signaling as a driver of lymphoma development and evolution. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:410-21. [PMID: 24060900 PMCID: PMC4208312 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The B-cell receptor (BCR) is essential for normal B-cell development and maturation. In an increasing number of B-cell malignancies, BCR signaling is implicated as a pivotal pathway in tumorigenesis. Mechanisms of BCR activation are quite diverse and range from chronic antigenic drive by microbial or viral antigens to autostimulation of B-cells by self-antigens to activating mutations in intracellular components of the BCR pathway. Hepatitis C virus infection can lead to the development of splenic marginal zone lymphoma, while Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. In some of these cases, successful treatment of the infection removes the inciting antigen and results in resolution of the lymphoma. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia has been recognized for decades as a malignancy of auto-reactive B-cells and its clinical course is in part determined by the differential response of the malignant cells to BCR activation. In a number of B-cell malignancies, activating mutations in signal transduction components of the BCR pathway have been identified; prominent examples are activated B-cell-like (ABC) diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) that carry mutations in CD79B and CARD11 and display chronic active BCR signaling resulting in constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway. Despite considerable heterogeneity in biology and clinical course, many mature B-cell malignancies are highly sensitive to kinase inhibitors that disrupt BCR signaling. Thus, targeted therapy through inhibition of BCR signaling is emerging as a new treatment paradigm for many B-cell malignancies. Here, we review the role of the BCR in the pathogenesis of B-cell malignancies and summarize clinical results of the emerging class of kinase inhibitors that target this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten U Niemann
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Morales-Torres J. The status of fostamatinib in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 8:609-15. [PMID: 23078058 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fostamatinib (R788) is a prodrug rapidly converted to its active metabolite on oral administration. This (known as R406) is a potent inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase, required for the expression of a number of proinflammatory cytokines. Fostamatinib has shown significantly superior efficacy (when compared with placebo) in the control of patients with rheumatoid arthritis not responding to methotrexate in Phase II clinical trials. Treatment emergent adverse events with a higher frequency than in those on placebo included diarrhea, hypertension, urinary tract infections, neutropenia and elevated transaminases. The studied doses have shown a linear pharmacokinetic pattern and the administration of methotrexate does not affect it. Fostamatinib may have a role in the therapy of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with poor response to conventional therapy. If these results are confirmed once Phase III studies are completed, it may find a place in the evolving treatment algorithm for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Morales-Torres
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Aranda de la Parra, Hidalgo 329-704, León 37000, GTO, Mexico.
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Tzenaki N, Papakonstanti EA. p110δ PI3 kinase pathway: emerging roles in cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 3:40. [PMID: 23459844 PMCID: PMC3585436 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Class IA PI3Ks consists of three isoforms of the p110 catalytic subunit designated p110α, p110β, and p110δ which are encoded by three separate genes. Gain-of-function mutations on PIK3CA gene encoding for p110α isoform have been detected in a wide variety of human cancers whereas no somatic mutations of genes encoding for p110β or p110δ have been reported. Unlike p110α and p110β which are ubiquitously expressed, p110δ is highly enriched in leukocytes and thus the p110δ PI3K pathway has attracted more attention for its involvement in immune disorders. However, findings have been accumulated showing that the p110δ PI3K plays a seminal role in the development and progression of some hematologic malignancies. A wealth of knowledge has come from studies showing the central role of p110δ PI3K in B-cell functions and B-cell malignancies. Further data have documented that wild-type p110δ becomes oncogenic when overexpressed in cell culture models and that p110δ is the predominant isoform expressed in some human solid tumor cells playing a prominent role in these cells. Genetic inactivation of p110δ in mice models and highly-selective inhibitors of p110δ have demonstrated an important role of this isoform in differentiation, growth, survival, motility, and morphology with the inositol phosphatase PTEN to play a critical role in p110δ signaling. In this review, we summarize our understanding of the p110δ PI3K signaling pathway in hematopoietic cells and malignancies, we highlight the evidence showing the oncogenic potential of p110δ in cells of non-hematopoietic origin and we discuss perspectives for potential novel roles of p110δ PI3K in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Tzenaki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete Heraklion, Greece
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Tan SL, Liao C, Lucas MC, Stevenson C, DeMartino JA. Targeting the SYK-BTK axis for the treatment of immunological and hematological disorders: recent progress and therapeutic perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:294-309. [PMID: 23396081 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK) and Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) are non-receptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases that are primarily expressed in cells of hematopoietic lineage. Both are key mediators in coupling activated immunoreceptors to downstream signaling events that affect diverse biological functions, from cellular proliferation, differentiation and adhesion to innate and adaptive immune responses. As such, pharmacological inhibitors of SYK or BTK are being actively pursued as potential immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Deregulation of SYK or BTK activity has also been implicated in certain hematological malignancies. To date, from a clinical perspective, pharmacological inhibition of SYK activity has demonstrated encouraging efficacy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) have benefited from covalent inhibitors of BTK in early clinical studies. Here, we review and discuss recent insights into the emerging role of the SYK-BTK axis in innate immune cell function as well as in the maintenance of survival and homing signals for tumor cell progression. The current progress on the clinical development of SYK and BTK inhibitors is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng-Lai Tan
- Inflammation Discovery and Therapeutic Area, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
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Novel Agents and Emerging Strategies for Targeting the B-Cell Receptor Pathway in CLL. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2012; 4:e2012067. [PMID: 23170196 PMCID: PMC3499997 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2012.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease of malignant CD5+ B lymphocytes that are characterized by frequent expression of autoreactive B-cell receptors (BCRs) and marked dependence on microenvironmental signals for proliferation and survival. Among the latter, signals propagated through the BCR are believed to play a key role in leukemia initiation, maintenance and evolution. Drugs that can disrupt these signals have recently emerged as potential therapeutic agents in CLL and several of them are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Particularly promising clinical responses have been obtained with inhibitors of the kinases SYK, BTK, and PI3Kδ, which function by blocking BCR signal transduction. In addition, recent studies focusing on the phosphatase PTPN22, which is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases and is markedly overexpressed in CLL cells, suggest that it may be possible in the future to develop strategies that will selectively reprogram BCR survival signals into signals that induce leukemic cell death. This review focuses on the biological basis behind these strategies and highlights some of the most promising BCR-targeting agents in ongoing preclinical and clinical studies.
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González M, Cerecetto H. Quinoxaline derivatives: a patent review (2006--present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:1289-302. [PMID: 22971178 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.724677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quinoxaline scaffold is included in a large number of therapeutic agents because of its physicochemical properties that make the difference between them and the carbono analogue, naphthalene. AREAS COVERED This review of patented products presents the quinoxaline heterocycle as part of the structural patent claims from a medicinal chemistry perspective. EXPERT OPINION We centred our discussion in the various drug patent applications of the quinoxaline and its derivatives. The applications are based firstly in the specific enzyme target with very low development in the disease treatment. Only for cancer and antimicrobial agents they were specifically determined but little is mentioned in order to insight in the last development activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes González
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica-Instituto de Química Biológica-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
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40
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Lovering F, McDonald J, Whitlock GA, Glossop PA, Phillips C, Bent A, Sabnis Y, Ryan M, Fitz L, Lee J, Chang JS, Han S, Kurumbail R, Thorarensen A. Identification of type-II inhibitors using kinase structures. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:657-64. [PMID: 22759374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, overactivation of which is thought to contribute to autoimmune diseases as well as allergy and asthma. Protein kinases have a highly conserved ATP binding site, thus making challenging the design of selective small molecule inhibitors. It has been well documented that some protein kinases can be stabilized in their inactive conformations (Type-II inhibitors). Herein, we describe a protein structure/ligand-based approach to successfully identify ligands that bind to novel conformations of spleen tyrosine kinase. By utilizing kinase protein crystal structures both in the public domain (RCSB) and within Pfizer's protein crystal database, we report the discovery of the first spleen tyrosine kinase Type-II ligands. Compounds 1 and 3 were found to bind to the DFG-out conformation of spleen tyrosine kinase, while compound 2 binds to a DFG-in, C-Helix-out conformation. In this instance, the C-helix moved significantly to create a large hydrophobic pocket rarely seen in kinase protein crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lovering
- World Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide R & D, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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Pauls SD, Lafarge ST, Landego I, Zhang T, Marshall AJ. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway in normal and malignant B cells: activation mechanisms, regulation and impact on cellular functions. Front Immunol 2012; 3:224. [PMID: 22908014 PMCID: PMC3414724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is a central signal transduction axis controlling normal B cell homeostasis and activation in humoral immunity. The p110δ PI3K catalytic subunit has emerged as a critical mediator of multiple B cell functions. The activity of this pathway is regulated at multiple levels, with inositol phosphatases PTEN and SHIP both playing critical roles. When deregulated, the PI3K pathway can contribute to B cell malignancies and autoantibody production. This review summarizes current knowledge on key mechanisms that activate and regulate the PI3K pathway and influence normal B cell functional responses including the development of B cell subsets, antigen presentation, immunoglobulin isotype switch, germinal center responses, and maintenance of B cell anergy. We also discuss PI3K pathway alterations reported in select B cell malignancies and highlight studies indicating the functional significance of this pathway in malignant B cell survival and growth within tissue microenvironments. Finally, we comment on early clinical trial results, which support PI3K inhibition as a promising treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Pauls
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Yan C, Liu C, Jin Q, Li Z, Tao B, Cai Z. The promoter methylation of the Syk gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines. Oncol Lett 2012; 4:505-508. [PMID: 22970047 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the mRNA and protein expression levels of the Syk gene as well as its promoter methylation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines. The CNE-1 (highly differentiated), CNE-2 (poorly differentiated) and NP69 (non-cancerous human immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cells) cell lines were used in the present study. The MS-PCR, Q-RT-PCR and western blotting methods were used to examine the Syk gene promoter methylation levels and mRNA and protein expression in the three cell lines. The promoter methylation levels in CNE-1, CNE-2 and NP69 cells were 36%, 62% and 0, respectively. The mRNA levels in CNE-1 and CNE-2 cells were 42±3.5 and 28±2% of that in NP69, respectively; the protein levels in CNE-1 and CNE-2 cells were 36±4.5 and 16±2.5 of that in NP69, respectively; the statistical differences between groups were significant. The lower differentiation levels of the NPC cell lines correlate with lower levels of mRNA and protein expression of the Syk gene, as well as higher promoter methylation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yan
- Departments of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P.R. China
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Singh R, Masuda ES, Payan DG. Discovery and development of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3614-43. [PMID: 22257213 DOI: 10.1021/jm201271b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Singh
- Rigel, Inc., 1180 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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Abstract
The B-cell receptor (BCR) is a key survival molecule for normal B cells and for most B-cell malignancies. Recombinatorial and mutational patterns in the clonal immunoglobulin (Ig) of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have revealed 2 major IgMD-expressing subsets and an isotype-switched variant, each developing from distinct B-cell populations. Tracking of conserved stereotypic features of Ig variable regions characteristic of U-CLL indicate circulating naive B cells as the likely cells of origin. In CLL, engagement of the BCR by antigen occurs in vivo, leading to down-regulated expression and to an unanticipated modulation of glycosylation of surface IgM, visible in blood cells, especially in U-CLL. Modulated glycoforms of sIgM are signal competent and could bind to environmental lectins. U-CLL cases express more sIgM and have increased signal competence, linking differential signaling responses to clinical behavior. Mapping of BCR signaling pathways identifies targets for blockade, aimed to deprive CLL cells of survival and proliferative signals. New inhibitors of BCR signaling appear to have clinical activity. In this Perspective, we discuss the functional significance of the BCR in CLL, and we describe strategies to target BCR signaling as an emerging therapeutic approach.
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