1
|
Matamá T, Costa C, Fernandes B, Araújo R, Cruz CF, Tortosa F, Sheeba CJ, Becker JD, Gomes A, Cavaco-Paulo A. Changing human hair fibre colour and shape from the follicle. J Adv Res 2024; 64:45-65. [PMID: 37967812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural hair curvature and colour are genetically determined human traits, that we intentionally change by applying thermal and chemical treatments to the fibre. Presently, those cosmetic methodologies act externally and their recurrent use is quite detrimental to hair fibre quality and even to our health. OBJECTIVES This work represents a disruptive concept to modify natural hair colour and curvature. We aim to model the fibre phenotype as it is actively produced in the follicle through the topical delivery of specific bioactive molecules to the scalp. METHODS Transcriptome differences between curly and straight hairs were identified by microarray. In scalp samples, the most variable transcripts were mapped by in situ hybridization. Then, by using appropriate cellular models, we screened a chemical library of 1200 generic drugs, searching for molecules that could lead to changes in either fibre colour or curvature. A pilot-scale, single-centre, investigator-initiated, prospective, blind, bilateral (split-scalp) placebo-controlled clinical study with the intervention of cosmetics was conducted to obtain a proof of concept (RNEC n.92938). RESULTS We found 85 genes transcribed significantly different between curly and straight hair, not previously associated with this human trait. Next, we mapped some of the most variable genes to the inner root sheath of follicles, reinforcing the role of this cell layer in fibre shape moulding. From the drug library screening, we selected 3 and 4 hits as modulators of melanin synthesis and gene transcription, respectively, to be further tested in 33 volunteers. The intentional specific hair change occurred: 8 of 14 volunteers exhibited colour changes, and 16 of 19 volunteers presented curvature modifications, by the end of the study. CONCLUSION The promising results obtained are the first step towards future cosmetics, complementary or alternative to current methodologies, taking hair styling to a new level: changing hair from the inside out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Matamá
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Cristiana Costa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno Fernandes
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rita Araújo
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO - Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Célia F Cruz
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Francisco Tortosa
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, CHLN - Hospital de Santa Maria / Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Unidade de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Rua Mário Botas (Parque das Nações), 1998-018, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Caroline J Sheeba
- ICVS - Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; NIHR Central Commissioning Facility (CCF), Grange House, 15 Church Street, Twickenham, TW1 3NL, UK
| | - Jörg D Becker
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Andreia Gomes
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Solfarcos - Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Solutions Ltd, Avenida Imaculada Conceição n. 589, 4700-034 Braga, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang T. A Modeling and Machine Learning Pipeline to Rationally Design Treatments to Restore Neuroendocrine Disorders in Heterogeneous Individuals. Front Genet 2021; 12:656508. [PMID: 34567056 PMCID: PMC8458900 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.656508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity among individual patients presents a fundamental challenge to effective treatment, since a treatment protocol working for a portion of the population often fails in others. We hypothesize that a computational pipeline integrating mathematical modeling and machine learning could be used to address this fundamental challenge and facilitate the optimization of individualized treatment protocols. We tested our hypothesis with the neuroendocrine systems controlled by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. With a synergistic combination of mathematical modeling and machine learning (ML), this integrated computational pipeline could indeed efficiently reveal optimal treatment targets that significantly contribute to the effective treatment of heterogeneous individuals. What is more, the integrated pipeline also suggested quantitative information on how these key targets should be perturbed. Based on such ML revealed hints, mathematical modeling could be used to rationally design novel protocols and test their performances. We believe that this integrated computational pipeline, properly applied in combination with other computational, experimental and clinical research tools, can be used to design novel and improved treatment against a broad range of complex diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saleh R, Majzoub A, Abu El-Hamd M. An update on the treatment of premature ejaculation: A systematic review. Arab J Urol 2021; 19:281-302. [PMID: 34552780 PMCID: PMC8451625 DOI: 10.1080/2090598x.2021.1943273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To analyse the current therapeutic options for patients with premature ejaculation (PE) and highlight their mechanism(s) of action, effectiveness, advantages and limitations. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed database searching for articles exploring different PE treatment modalities. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach was used to report the results of the literature search. A total of 149 articles were included in this review. The currently available treatment methods for PE include behavioural therapy, local anaesthetics, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Most PE treatments are either experimental or used off-label. New treatments are certainly warranted to overcome this exasperating sexual dysfunction.
Abbreviations: AIPE: Arabic Index of Premature Ejaculation; CNS: central nervous system; CYP: cytochrome P450; ED: erectile dysfunction; FDA: United States Food and Drug Administration; H1: histamine receptors; 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine; IELT: The intravaginal ejaculation latency time; IPE: Index of Premature Ejaculation; M1: muscarinic receptors; OCD: obsessive–compulsive disorder; PDE5: phosphodiesterase type 5; PE: premature ejaculation; PEP: Premature Ejaculation Profile; PRO: patient-reported outcome; RCT: randomised controlled trial; SS: Severance Secret (cream); SSRIs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TCAs: tricyclic antidepressants
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramadan Saleh
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Majzoub
- Urology Department, Hamad Medical corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Urology Department, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Abu El-Hamd
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V. Prescribed drugs containing nitrogen heterocycles: an overview. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44247-44311. [PMID: 35557843 PMCID: PMC9092475 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09198g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteroatoms as well as heterocyclic scaffolds are frequently present as the common cores in a plethora of active pharmaceuticals natural products. Statistically, more than 85% of all biologically active compounds are heterocycles or comprise a heterocycle and most frequently, nitrogen heterocycles as a backbone in their complex structures. These facts disclose and emphasize the vital role of heterocycles in modern drug design and drug discovery. In this review, we try to present a comprehensive overview of top prescribed drugs containing nitrogen heterocycles, describing their pharmacological properties, medical applications and their selected synthetic pathways. It is worth mentioning that the reported examples are actually limited to current top selling drugs, being or containing N-heterocycles and their synthetic information has been extracted from both scientific journals and the wider patent literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University PO Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran +98 21 88041344 +98 21 88044051
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University PO Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran +98 21 88041344 +98 21 88044051
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jung EH, Lee YJ, Kim DH, Kang P, Lim CW, Cho CK, Jang CG, Lee SY, Bae JW. Effects of paroxetine on the pharmacokinetics of atomoxetine and its metabolites in different CYP2D6 genotypes. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:1356-1363. [PMID: 33245517 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of paroxetine, a potent inhibitor of CYP2D6, on the pharmacokinetics of atomoxetine and its two metabolites, 4-hydroxyatomoxetine and N-desmethylatomoxetine, in different CYP2D6 genotypes. Twenty-six healthy subjects were recruited and divided into CYP2D6*wt/*wt (*wt=*1 or *2, n = 10), CYP2D6*wt/*10 (n = 9), and CYP2D6*10/*10 groups (n = 7). In atomoxetine phase, all subjects received a single oral dose of atomoxetine (20 mg). In paroxetine phase, after administration of a single oral dose of paroxetine (20 mg) for six consecutive days, all subjects received a single oral dose of atomoxetine with paroxetine. Plasma concentrations of atomoxetine and its metabolites were determined up to 24 h after dosing. During atomoxetine phase, there were significant differences in Cmax and AUC0-24 of atomoxetine and N-desmethylatomoxetine among three genotype groups, whereas significant differences were not found in relation to CYP2D6*10 allele after administration of paroxetine. AUC ratios of 4-hydroxyatomoxetine and N-desmethylatomoxetine to atomoxetine were significantly different among three genotype groups during atomoxetine phase (all, P < 0.001), but after paroxetine treatment significant differences were not found. After paroxetine treatment, AUC0-24 of atomoxetine was increased by 2.3-, 1.7-, and 1.3-fold, in CYP2D6*wt/*wt, CYP2D6*wt/*10, and CYP2D6*10/*10 groups in comparison to atomoxetine phase, respectively. AUC ratio of 4-hydroxyatomoxetine to atomoxetine in each group was significantly decreased, whereas AUC ratio of N-desmethylatomoxetine to atomoxetine significantly increased after administration of paroxetine. In conclusion, paroxetine coadministration significantly affected pharmacokinetic parameters of atomoxetine and its two metabolites, 4-hydroxyatomoxetine and N-desmethylatomoxetine. When atomoxetine was administered alone, Cmax, AUC0-24 and CL/F of atomoxetine were significantly different among the three CYP2D6 genotype groups. However, after paroxetine coadministration, no significant differences in these pharmacokinetic parameters were observed among the CYP2D6 genotype groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eui Hyun Jung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pureum Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Woo Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Woo Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The Synergistic Combination of Everolimus and Paroxetine Exerts Post-ischemic Neuroprotection In Vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1383-1397. [PMID: 30062636 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a debilitating multi-factorial cerebrovascular disorder, representing an area of tremendous unmet medical need. Combination treatment has been proposed as a promising therapeutic approach towards combating ischemic stroke. The present study employs in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) model to evaluate the post-ischemic neuroprotective efficacy of Everolimus and Paroxetine, alone and in combination. Post-OGD treatment with Everolimus and Paroxetine, alone or in combination, significantly improved the cell survival (~ 80%) when compared to the cells subjected to ischemic injury alone. The individual neuroprotective doses of Everolimus and Paroxetine were found to be at 6.25 and 25 nM, respectively. Whereas, the synergistic neuroprotective dose for Everolimus:Paroxetine was 2:10 nM, calculated using the Chou-Talalay combination index and other four mathematical models. The synergistic combination dose downregulated neuroinflammatory genes (Tnf-α, Il1b, Nf-κB, and iNos) and upregulated the neuroprotective genes (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Hif-1, and Epo). The mitochondrial functioning and ROS neutralizing ability increased with combination treatment. Further, the active role of nitric oxide synthase and calmodulin were revealed while exploring the bio-activity of Everolimus and Paroxetine through network pharmacology. The present study for the first time demonstrates the synergistic post-ischemic neuroprotective efficacy of combination treatment with Everolimus and Paroxetine in vitro. Taken together, these findings clearly suggest that Everolimus in combination with Paroxetine may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke, further supporting the combination treatment strategy for this debilitating disorder.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lu S, Song X, Poh SB, Yang H, Wong MW, Zhao Y. Access to Enantiopure Triarylmethanes and 1,1-Diarylalkanes by NHC-Catalyzed Acylative Desymmetrization. Chemistry 2017; 23:2275-2281. [PMID: 28004424 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We present herein an unprecedented, efficient and enantioselective synthesis of triarylmethanes and 1,1-diarylalkanes through N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed acylative desymmetrization of bisphenols. This method utilizes readily available substrates, reagents and a simple procedure to deliver the valuable products in excellent enantiopurity. DFT calculations reveal that the selectivity is governed by the C-C bond cleavage step of the tetrahedral intermediate leading to the ester product. A transition state model featuring a combination of intramolecular hydrogen bond and steric effect is developed to explain the enantioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenci Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaoxiao Song
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Si Bei Poh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Friis SD, Pirnot MT, Buchwald SL. Asymmetric Hydroarylation of Vinylarenes Using a Synergistic Combination of CuH and Pd Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8372-5. [PMID: 27346525 PMCID: PMC5010014 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Detailed in this
Communication is the enantioselective synthesis of 1,1-diarylalkanes,
a structure found in a range of pharmaceutical drug agents and natural
products, through the employment of copper(I) hydride and palladium
catalysis. Judicious choice of ligand for both Cu and Pd enabled this
hydroarylation protocol to work for an extensive array of aryl bromides
and styrenes, including β-substituted vinylarenes and six-membered
heterocycles, under relatively mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stig D Friis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael T Pirnot
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Serretti A, Gibiino S, Drago A. Specificity profile of paroxetine in major depressive disorder: meta-regression of double-blind, randomized clinical trials. J Affect Disord 2011; 132:14-25. [PMID: 20863574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meta-analyses and reviews are powerful tools to inform clinicians on overall effects of their therapeutic choices, but do not provide practically useful clinical profiles for each drug optimal efficacy. Therefore clinicians in everyday practice have to rely mainly on personal or anecdotic experience. The aim of present study was to define the most suitable sociodemographic and disease-related profile for the use of paroxetine as an antidepressant treatment. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCT) in English focused on "paroxetine" and "depressive disorder" or "major depression". We also considered reviews and meta-analyses focusing on paroxetine. Fifty-five total unique RCTs were included and sociodemographic and clinical data as moderator of efficacy measures (standardized mean difference based on Hamilton Depressive Rating Scale and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale) were investigated via meta-regression analysis. RESULTS Paroxetine was significantly characterized by better response in females and in Caucasians, whilst for patients who have been ill for a longer time before treatment, the smaller was the antidepressant effect. Other disease-related variables were not found to be significant moderators in clinical outcome. LIMITATIONS Meta-regression may lack sufficient sensibility to detect specific subtle features, so a failure to find significant effect is not definitive evidence of a lack of effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results, though significant, were generally observed with small estimate values, their clinical relevance is subtle since each feature is expected to influence marginally the whole outcome, and probably a more pronounced effect could result only by analyzing very large samples.
Collapse
|
11
|
Doffoel-Hantz V, Boulitrop-Morvan C, Sparsa A, Bonnetblanc JM, Dalac S, Bédane C. Photosensitivity associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34:e763-5. [PMID: 19817765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a widely prescribed group of antidepressants. We report three cases of photosensitivity induced by fluvoxamine and paroxetine. These photoallergic reactions suggest cross-reactivity between different molecules. Methylation metabolism could explain common photosensitization. Although these drugs are widely prescribed, such photosensitization is rare. Nevertheless, we consider that clinicians and patients should be aware of the risk of photosensitization and these drugs should be stopped before phototherapy or prolonged sun exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Doffoel-Hantz
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Dupuytren, Limoges, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Paras NA, Simmons B, MacMillan DW. A process for the rapid removal of dialkylamino-substituents from aromatic rings. Application to the expedient synthesis of (R)-tolterodine. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
13
|
Marks DM, Park MH, Ham BJ, Han C, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Pae CU. Paroxetine: safety and tolerability issues. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2009; 7:783-94. [PMID: 18983224 DOI: 10.1517/14740330802423168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Paroxetine is a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) available in immediate release and controlled release (CR) formulations. Paroxetine is the most potent inhibitor of serotonin re-uptake among the now available SSRIs. Paroxetine has been approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder (PD), generalised anxiety disorder, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social anxiety disorder (SAD) in adults, whereas paroxetine CR is approved for the treatment of MDD, SAD, PD and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in adults. The overall efficacy of paroxetine seems to be comparable to other SSRIs in the treatment of approved indications, although paroxetine treatment induces more sedation, constipation, sexual dysfunction, discontinuation syndrome and weight gain than other SSRIs. Recent data suggest that paroxetine treatment leads to increased rates of congenital malformations, although this evidence is not conclusive. Paroxetine and paroxetine CR are not indicated for use in the paediatric population and are categorised as Pregnancy Class D. In conclusion, whether the tolerability profile of paroxetine differs substantially from other new antidepressants (including other SSRIs) needs to be determined in adequately powered well-designed randomised controlled comparative clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Marks
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, 2218 Elder Street, Durham 27705, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Neurochemical, behavioral, and physiological effects of pharmacologically enhanced serotonin levels in serotonin transporter (SERT)-deficient mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 201:203-18. [PMID: 18712364 PMCID: PMC2584159 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Serotonin transporter (SERT) knockout (-/-) mice have an altered phenotype in adulthood, including high baseline anxiety and depressive-like behaviors, associated with increased baseline extracellular serotonin levels throughout life. OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of increases in serotonin following the administration of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP) in SERT wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/-), and -/- mice. RESULTS 5-HTP increased serotonin in all five brain areas examined with approximately 2- to 5-fold increases in SERT+/+ and +/- mice, and with greater 4.5- to 11.7-fold increases in SERT-/- mice. Behaviorally, 5-HTP induced exaggerated serotonin syndrome behaviors in SERT-/-, mice with similar effects in male and female mice. Studies suggest promiscuous serotonin uptake by the dopamine transporter (DAT) in SERT-/- mice, and here, the DAT blocker GBR 12909 enhanced 5-HTP-induced behaviors in SERT-/- mice. Physiologically, 5-HTP induced exaggerated temperature effects in SERT-deficient mice. The 5-HT1A antagonist WAY 100635 decreased 5-HTP-induced hypothermia in SERT+/+ and +/- mice with no effect in SERT-/- mice, whereas the 5-HT7 antagonist SB 269970 decreased this exaggerated response in SERT-/- mice only. WAY 100635 and SB 269970 together completely blocked 5-HTP-induced hypothermia in SERT+/- and -/- mice. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that SERT-/- mice have exaggerated neurochemical, behavioral, and physiological responses to further increases in serotonin, and provide the first evidence of intact 5-HT7 receptor function in SERT-/- mice, with interesting interactions between 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors. As roles for 5-HT7 receptors in anxiety and depression were recently established, the current findings have implications for understanding the high anxiety and depressive-like phenotype of SERT-deficient mice.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen WC, Huang CC, Huang CJ, Chien JM, Lin KL, Lu YC, Chen IS, Liu SI, Hsu SS, Chang HT, Chou CT, Jan CR. Mechanism of paroxetine-induced cell death in renal tubular cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 103:407-13. [PMID: 18801027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Paroxetine belongs to the family of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Much research has been performed on the in vitro effect of paroxetine; however, the effect of paroxetine on Madin-Darby canine kidney renal tubular cells is unknown. The present study was aimed at exploring how paroxetine affects viability and to examine the underlying mechanisms. Paroxetine (15-200 microM) was shown to reduce cell viability via inducing apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Paroxetine-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis were not changed by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB203580 and the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125, but was potentiated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor PD98059; inhibited by GF 109203X, a protein kinase C inhibitor; and potentiated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a protein kinase C activator. Paroxetine induced [Ca2+](i) rises; however, pre-treatment with 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetra(acetoxymethyl)ester, a Ca2+ chelator, to prevent 20 microM paroxetine-induced [Ca2+](i) rises did not protect cells from death. H-89 (a protein kinase A inhibitor) and U73122 (a phospholipase C inhibitor) failed to alter paroxetine-induced cell death. The results suggest that in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, paroxetine caused protein kinase C-dependent, Ca2+-independent apoptosis which was potentiated by inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Ping Tung Christian Hospital, Ping Tung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fox MA, Andrews AM, Wendland JR, Lesch KP, Holmes A, Murphy DL. A pharmacological analysis of mice with a targeted disruption of the serotonin transporter. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 195:147-66. [PMID: 17712549 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Partial or complete ablation of serotonin transporter (SERT) expression in mice leads to altered responses to serotonin receptor agonists and other classes of drugs. OBJECTIVES In the current report, we review and integrate many of the major behavioral, physiological, and neurochemical findings in the current literature regarding pharmacological assessments made in SERT mutant mice. RESULTS The absence of normal responses to serotonin reuptake inhibiting (SRI) antidepressants in SERT knockout (-/-) mice demonstrates that actions on SERT are a critical principle mechanism of action of members of this class of antidepressants. Drugs transported by SERT, (+)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 1-methyl-4-(2'-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (2'-NH(2)-MPTP), are also inactive in SERT -/- mice. Temperature, locomotor, and electrophysiological responses to various serotonin receptor agonists, including 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetraline (8-OH-DPAT), ipsapirone, and RU24969, are reduced in SERT -/- mice, despite comparatively lesser reductions in Htr1a and Htr1b binding sites, G-proteins, and other signaling molecules. SERT -/- mice exhibit an approximately 90% reduction in head twitches in response to the Htr2a/2c agonist (+/-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI), associated with a profound reduction in arachidonic acid signaling, yet only modest changes in Htr2a and Htr2c binding sites. SERT -/- mice also exhibit altered behavioral responses to cocaine and ethanol, related to abnormal serotonin, and possibly dopamine and norepinephrine, homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Together, these studies demonstrate a complex and varied array of modified drug responses after constitutive deletion of SERT and provide insight into the role of serotonin, and in particular, its transporter, in the modulation of complex behavior and in the pharmacological actions of therapeutic agents and drugs of abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Fox
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 3D41, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Unschuld PG, Ising M, Erhardt A, Lucae S, Kloiber S, Kohli M, Salyakina D, Welt T, Kern N, Lieb R, Uhr M, Binder EB, Müller-Myhsok B, Holsboer F, Keck ME. Polymorphisms in the serotonin receptor gene HTR2A are associated with quantitative traits in panic disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:424-9. [PMID: 17440930 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders and specifically panic disorder (PD) are caused by complex interactions of environmental and genetic factors. The latter comprise many different genes, from which those involved in serotonergic neurotransmission have received particular attention. Here we report the results from an association candidate-gene approach, where we analyzed 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the gene coding for the serotonin-receptor 2A (HTR2A) in patients suffering from PD and a control sample. We found that the SNP rs2296972 shows an association between the number of T-alleles and severity of symptoms in PD. By performing tests according to the Fisher product method (FPM), an association between HTR2A and the personality trait reward dependence could be shown. Most pronounced effects were observable for the SNPs rs2770304, rs6313, and rs6311. Furthermore, the polymorphisms rs3742278, rs2296972, and rs2770292 form a haplotype, which may be associated with higher susceptibility for PD. These results further underline a possible important role of genetic variations within the system controlling serotonergic neurotransmission for the development and course of disease in PD.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. It is commercially available in both an immediate-release (paroxetine) and a controlled-release formulation (paroxetine CR). The latter product was developed to improve gastrointestinal tolerability. Paroxetine is the most potent inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin among the available SSRIs. It has approved indications for the treatment of major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and social phobia in adults. Paroxetine CR is approved for the treatment of major depression, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in adults. While the overall efficacy of paroxetine appears to be comparable with other SSRIs in the treatment of major depression, it is approved for use in a wider variety of anxiety disorders than any other antidepressant. Long-term data suggest that paroxetine is effective in preventing relapse or recurrence of depression for up to 1 year. Limited data show that paroxetine maintains a therapeutic response over 1 year in obsessive-compulsive disorder and up to 6 months in panic disorder. The side-effect profile of paroxetine is largely similar to that of the other SSRIs, although paroxetine tends to be more sedating and constipating in some patients, perhaps due to its anticholinergic activity. The potential for discontinuation syndrome and weight gain appears to be slightly higher with paroxetine than with other SSRIs. This review focuses on the immediate release and controlled-release formulations of paroxetine. It summarizes the efficacy and tolerability data for both formulations, with a particular emphasis on paroxetine CR which was introduced in 2002. It also discusses emerging evidence in other clinical areas and recent data that have led to modifications in the safety profile of paroxetine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Un Pae
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kozikowski AP, Zhao L, Zhang A, Wang CZ, Flippen-Anderson J, Johnson KM. Structural remodeling of cocaine: design and synthesis of trisubstituted cyclopropanes as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:58-65. [PMID: 16892336 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Kozikowski
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Paras NA, MacMillan DWC. The enantioselective organocatalytic 1,4-addition of electron-rich benzenes to alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:7894-5. [PMID: 12095321 DOI: 10.1021/ja025981p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first enantioselective organocatalytic alkylation of electron-rich benzene rings with alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes has been accomplished. The use of iminium catalysis has provided a new strategy for the enantioselective construction of benzylic stereogenicity, an important chiral synthon for natural product and medicinal agent synthesis. The (2S,5S)-5-benzyl-2-tert-butylimidazolidinone amine catalyst has been found to mediate the conjugate addition of a wide variety of substituted and unsubstituted anilines to unsaturated aldehydes. A diverse spectrum of aldehyde substrates can also be accommodated in this new organocatalytic transformation. While catalyst quantities of 10 mol % were generally employed in this study, successful alkylations conducted with catalyst loadings as low as 1 mol % are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick A Paras
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|