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Cahalane C, Bonezzi J, Shelestak J, Clements R, Boika A, Yun YH, Shriver LP. Targeted Delivery of Anti-inflammatory and Imaging Agents to Microglial Cells with Polymeric Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1816-1826. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Celina Cahalane
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratories, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Jason Bonezzi
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratories, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - John Shelestak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Cunningham Hall, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Robert Clements
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Cunningham Hall, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Aliaksei Boika
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratories, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yang H. Yun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Olson Research Center, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Leah P. Shriver
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratories, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Dyke HJ. Novel 5,6-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-E][1,4]diazepin-4 (1H)-one derivatives for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 17:1183-9. [PMID: 20618064 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.17.9.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This application claims dihydropyrazolodiazepinones as phospho-diesterase 4(PDE4) inhibitors for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The compounds are shown to be potent inhibitors of PDE4B2, but no other biological data are provided. Thus, it is not clear whether these compounds provide any advantage over previously described PDE4 inhibitors or whether the issues frequently associated with PDE4 inhibitors have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel J Dyke
- Argenta Discovery, 8/9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex, CM19 5TR, UK
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Abstract
The ingestion of alcohol during pregnancy can result in a group of neurobehavioral abnormalities collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). During the past decade, studies using animal models indicated that early alcohol exposure can dramatically affect neuronal plasticity, an essential property of the central nervous system responsible for the normal wiring of the brain and involved in processes such as learning and memory. The abnormalities in neuronal plasticity caused by alcohol can explain many of the neurobehavioral deficits observed in FASD. Conversely, improving neuronal plasticity may have important therapeutic benefits. In this review, the author discuss the mechanisms that lead to these abnormalities and comment on recent pharmacological approaches that have been showing promising results in improving neuronal plasticity in FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre E Medina
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA.
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Medina AE. Therapeutic utility of phosphodiesterase type I inhibitors in neurological conditions. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:21. [PMID: 21373359 PMCID: PMC3044262 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity is an essential property of the brain that is impaired in different neurological conditions. Phosphodiesterase type 1 (PDE1) inhibitors can enhance levels of the second messengers cAMP/cGMP leading to the expression of neuronal plasticity-related genes, neurotrophic factors, and neuroprotective molecules. These neuronal plasticity enhancement properties make PDE1 inhibitors good candidates as therapeutic agents in many neurological conditions. However, the lack of specificity of the drugs currently available poses a challenge to the systematic evaluation of the beneficial effect of these agents. The development of more specific drugs may pave the way for the use of PDE1 inhibitors as therapeutic agents in cases of neurodevelopmental conditions such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and in degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre E. Medina
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical CenterRichmond, VA, USA
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5
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Tralau-Stewart CJ, Williamson RA, Nials AT, Gascoigne M, Dawson J, Hart GJ, Angell ADR, Solanke YE, Lucas FS, Wiseman J, Ward P, Ranshaw LE, Knowles RG. GSK256066, an exceptionally high-affinity and selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 suitable for administration by inhalation: in vitro, kinetic, and in vivo characterization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:145-54. [PMID: 21205923 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.173690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitors such as roflumilast have established the potential of PDE4 inhibition for the treatment of respiratory diseases. However, PDE4 inhibitor efficacy is limited by mechanism-related side effects such as emesis and nausea. Delivering the inhibitor by the inhaled route may improve therapeutic index, and we describe 6-({3-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]phenyl}sulfonyl)-8-methyl-4-{[3-methyloxy) phenyl]amino}-3-quinolinecarboxamide (GSK256066), an exceptionally high-affinity inhibitor of PDE4 designed for inhaled administration. GSK256066 is a slow and tight binding inhibitor of PDE4B (apparent IC(50) 3.2 pM; steady-state IC(50) <0.5 pM), which is more potent than any previously documented compound, for example, roflumilast (IC(50) 390 pM), tofimilast (IC(50) 1.6 nM), and cilomilast (IC(50) 74 nM). Consistent with this, GSK256066 inhibited tumor necrosis factor α production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human peripheral blood monocytes with 0.01 nM IC(50) (compared with IC(50) values of 5, 22, and 389 nM for roflumilast, tofimilast, and cilomilast, respectively) and by LPS-stimulated whole blood with 126 pM IC(50). GSK256066 was highly selective for PDE4 (>380,000-fold versus PDE1, PDE2, PDE3, PDE5, and PDE6 and >2500-fold against PDE7), inhibited PDE4 isoforms A-D with equal affinity, and had a substantial high-affinity rolipram binding site ratio (>17). When administered intratracheally to rats, GSK256066 inhibited LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophilia with ED(50) values of 1.1 μg/kg (aqueous suspension) and 2.9 μg/kg (dry powder formulation) and was more potent than an aqueous suspension of the corticosteroid fluticasone propionate (ED(50) 9.3 μg/kg). Thus, GSK256066 has been demonstrated to have exceptional potency in vitro and in vivo and is being clinically investigated as a treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy J Tralau-Stewart
- Drug Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Krahe TE, Paul AP, Medina AE. Phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibition does not restore ocular dominance plasticity in a ferret model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 34:493-8. [PMID: 20028352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that deficits in neuronal plasticity account for some of the neurological problems observed in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Recently, we showed that early alcohol exposure results in a permanent impairment in visual cortex ocular dominance (OD) plasticity in a ferret model of FASD. This disruption can be reversed, however, by treating animals with a Phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 1 inhibitor long after the period of alcohol exposure. AIM Because the mammalian brain presents different types of PDE isoforms we tested here whether inhibition of PDE type 4 also ameliorates the effects of alcohol on OD plasticity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ferrets received 3.5 g/Kg alcohol i.p. (25% in saline) or saline as control every other day between postnatal day (P) 10 to P30, which is roughly equivalent to the third trimester equivalent of human gestation. Following a prolonged alcohol-free period (10 to 15 days), ferrets had the lid of the right eye sutured closed for 4 days and were examined for ocular dominance changes at the end of the period of deprivation. RESULTS Using in vivo electrophysiology we show that inhibition of PDE4 by rolipram does not restore OD plasticity in alcohol-treated ferrets. CONCLUSION This result suggests that contrary to PDE1, PDE4 inhibition does not play a role in the restoration of OD plasticity in the ferret model of FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Krahe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0709, USA
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Hori M, Iwama T, Asakura Y, Kawanishi M, Kamon J, Hoshino A, Takahashi S, Takahashi K, Nakaike S, Tsuruzoe N. NT-702 (parogrelil hydrochloride, NM-702), a novel and potent phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, suppress the asthmatic response in guinea pigs, with both bronchodilating and anti-inflammatory effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 618:63-9. [PMID: 19616537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of NT-702 (parogrelil hydrochloride, NM-702, 4-bromo-6-[3-(4-chlorophenyl) propoxy]-5-[(pyridine-3-ylmethyl) amino] pyridazin-3(2H)-one hydrochloride), a selective phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, on the asthmatic response in guinea pigs. NT-702 at a concentration of 1 x 10(-7)M elevated the cyclic adenosine monophosphate content in prostaglandin E(2)-treated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle cells. Leukotriene (LT) D(4)- and histamine-induced contraction of isolated guinea pig tracheal strips was inhibited by NT-702, with EC(50) values of 3.2 x 10(-7) and 2.5 x 10(-7)M, respectively. In an in vivo study, NT-702 suppressed LTD(4)-induced bronchoconstriction and the ovalbumin-induced immediate asthmatic response in guinea pigs through its bronchodilating effect. Furthermore, NT-702 also suppressed the ovalbumin-induced late asthmatic response, airway hyperresponsiveness, and the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These results suggest that NT-702 has an anti-inflammatory effect as well as a bronchodilating effect and might be useful as a novel potent therapeutic agent for the treatment of bronchial asthma, a new type of agent with both a bronchodilating and an anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Hori
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Function and Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Saitama, Japan.
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Kodimuthali A, Jabaris SSL, Pal M. Recent advances on phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5471-89. [PMID: 18686943 DOI: 10.1021/jm800582j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Kodimuthali
- New Drug Discovery, R & D Center, Matrix Laboratories Limited, Anrich Industrial Estate, Bollaram, Jinnaram Mandal, Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, 502 325, India
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Paramá A, Castro R, Arranz JA, Sanmartín ML, Lamas J, Leiro J. Scuticociliate cysteine proteinases modulate turbot leucocyte functions. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:945-56. [PMID: 17761435 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The effects exerted by cysteine proteinases isolated from the histiophagous ciliate Philasterides dicentrarchi on the phagocytic functions of turbot pronephric leucocytes (PL) were investigated. The enzymes were tested at concentrations of 125, 250 and 500 microg ml(-1), and it was found that the viability of the leucocytes was not affected after treatment for 24h. Leucocyte migration was inhibited by the cysteine proteinases in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the ascitic fluid obtained from turbot experimentally infected with P. dicentrarchi induced high chemotactic activity in the turbot PL. The proteinases did not affect yeast cell phagocytosis but increased intracellular production of the superoxide anion (O2(-)). Stimulation with the proteinases did not alter the PGE2 levels in supernatants from 24-h cultures of PL, however, beta-glucans (100 microg ml(-1)) provoked a large increase in PGE2 levels, which were inhibited after addition of 10 microg ml(-1) of indomethacin, a non-selective inhibitor of COX2 enzymatic activity. The mean PGE2 level in ascitic fluid from turbot, experimentally infected with P. dicentrarchi, was 500 pg ml(-1), and the addition of low levels of PGE2 (62.5 pg ml(-1)) to PL cultures stimulated O2(-) production, although addition of PGE2 at concentrations higher than 250 pg ml(-1) blocked the increase in stimulation. Addition of cysteine proteinases to 24-h cultures of PL also increased mRNA levels in the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta. The results revealed the capacity of cysteine proteinases isolated from P. dicentrarchi to modulate the innate immune response of turbot, which together with the inflammation mediators produced during infection, may play an important role in pathogenesis of the disease and in the survival of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paramá
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, C/ Constantino Candeira, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Bergamaschi A, Corsi M, Garnier MJ. Synergistic effects of cAMP-dependent signalling pathways and IL-1 on IL-6 production by H19-7/IGF-IR neuronal cells. Cell Signal 2006; 18:1679-84. [PMID: 16497477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
cAMP-dependent signalling cascades regulate a number of CNS functions including brain inflammation processes. In this study, we characterized IL-1-induced IL-6 production in hippocampal cells using H19-7/IGF-IR cells and investigated the effect of changes in intracellular cAMP levels on IL-1 activity. IL-1 potently induced IL-6 mRNA expression with a corresponding increase in IL-6 release, in a time- and dose-dependent manner with a maximal at 24 h and with an EC50 value of 0.11 ng/ml. Cell pre-treatment with the IL-1sR antagonist produced a rightward shift of IL-1 dose-response effect with a corresponding decrease in IL-1 potency. IL-1-induced IL 6 release was attenuated in the presence of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 but was not significantly affected by the PKA inhibitor KT 5720. Western blotting analysis of phospho-CREB cell content showed a marked increase in CREB activation. Similar results were obtained by pharmacologically increasing cAMP using dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP) or the cAMP-specific type-4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram. Both dbcAMP and rolipram increased IL-6 production to about 50% of IL-1 effect. However, in the presence of IL-1, IL-6 production was further potentiated by either dbcAMP and rolipram, reaching 300% and 500% IL-1-induced levels. These data implicate the role of cAMP-dependent pathways on IL-6 production in neuronal cells and suggest novel synergistic mechanisms of regulation of cytokine production in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bergamaschi
- Neuropharmacology Research Department, GlaxoSmithKline S.p.A., Psychiatry Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, Via A. Fleming 4, IT-37135 Verona, Italy
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Conlon DA, Drahus-Paone A, Ho GJ, Pipik B, Helmy R, McNamara JM, Shi YJ, Williams JM, Macdonald D, Deschênes D, Gallant M, Mastracchio A, Roy B, Scheigetz J. Process Development and Large-Scale Synthesis of a PDE4 Inhibitor. Org Process Res Dev 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/op050116l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Conlon
- Department of Process Research and Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, U.S.A., and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R
| | - Antoinette Drahus-Paone
- Department of Process Research and Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, U.S.A., and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R
| | - Guo-Jie Ho
- Department of Process Research and Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, U.S.A., and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R
| | - Brenda Pipik
- Department of Process Research and Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, U.S.A., and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R
| | - Roy Helmy
- Department of Process Research and Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, U.S.A., and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R
| | - James M. McNamara
- Department of Process Research and Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, U.S.A., and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R
| | - Yao-Jun Shi
- Department of Process Research and Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, U.S.A., and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R
| | - J. Michael Williams
- Department of Process Research and Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, U.S.A., and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R
| | - Dwight Macdonald
- Department of Process Research and Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, U.S.A., and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R
| | - Denis Deschênes
- Department of Process Research and Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, U.S.A., and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R
| | - Michel Gallant
- Department of Process Research and Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, U.S.A., and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R
| | - Anthony Mastracchio
- Department of Process Research and Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, U.S.A., and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R
| | - Bruno Roy
- Department of Process Research and Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, U.S.A., and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R
| | - John Scheigetz
- Department of Process Research and Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, U.S.A., and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada H9R
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Ochiai H, Ohtani T, Ishida A, Kusumi K, Kato M, Kohno H, Odagaki Y, Kishikawa K, Yamamoto S, Takeda H, Obata T, Nakai H, Toda M. Highly potent PDE4 inhibitors with therapeutic potential. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:4645-65. [PMID: 15358291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2004] [Revised: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that the dose-limiting side effects of PDE4 inhibitors could be mediated via the central nervous system prompted us to design and synthesize a hydrophilic piperidine analog to improve the side effect profile of Ariflo 1, which is an orally active second-generation PDE4 inhibitor. During evaluation of various water-soluble piperidine analogs, 2a-b, 11b-14b, and 17a showed therapeutic potential in cross-species comparison studies. The following three findings were obtained: (1) The hydroxamic acid group, a well known metal chelator, caused a marked increase of inhibitory activity. (2) Water-soluble piperidine analogs lacked the configurational isomerism of Ariflo 1 without loss of inhibitory activity. (3) Replacement of the 4-methoxy residue with a difluoromethoxy residue led to an increase of in vivo potency. Structure-activity relationships are presented. Single-dose rat pharmacokinetic data for 11b, 12b, and 17a are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ochiai
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Osaka, Mishima 618-8585, Japan
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Abstract
Psoriasis is a relatively common, chronic skin disease affecting 1-2% of the population in the developed countries. It is an inflammatory, autoimmune skin disorder characterised by an accelerated rate of epidermal proliferation and disordered differentiation. Since our last review in 1999, considerable progress has been made in understanding the immunopathogenesis of this disease, and new drugs have become available for its treatment. Recent clinical trials showed the efficacy of novel biotechnology approaches, such as blocking tumour necrosis factor-alpha or T-cell-mediated immune response by the anti-CD2, anti-CD11a, anti-B7, anti-CD4 or anti-CD25 approaches. Agents which block type 1 cytokines or skew immune reactions into type 2 are other promising approaches. Other possible targets are chemokines and their receptors, the cytokines and receptors involved in T cell trafficking into the skin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Relatively little development is reported of the drugs targeting the keratinocyte or the classical antipsoriatic compounds which include glucocorticoids, vitamin D derivatives and cytostatic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gniadecki
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
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Haack T, Fattori R, Napoletano M, Pellacini F, Fronza G, Raffaini G, Ganazzoli F. Phthalazine PDE IV inhibitors: Conformational study of some 6-methoxy-1,4-disubstituted derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:4425-33. [PMID: 15927474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the detailed conformational analysis and synthesis of a series of phthalazine phosphodiesterase-type (IV) (PDE IV) inhibitors bearing either mono- or dichloro 4-methylenepyridine at the 'down' position of the phthalazine nucleus or different heterocycles at the 'top' position 4 of the phthalazine moiety. Both the mono- and dichloro 4-methylenepyridine units linked at carbon C1 of the phthalazine nucleus show identical conformational behaviour with the substituent preferentially oriented towards the external part of the molecule and the pyridine plane almost orthogonal to that of phthalazine ring. The heterocyclic five-membered rings linked at carbon C4 of phthalazine show quite different conformational behaviour. The 1,3-thiazole ring exists in a well-defined conformation almost coplanar with respect to the phthalazine nucleus while the 1,2,4-triazole and the 1,3-diazole heterocycles show a great conformational freedom with large torsion angles. Compound 3 bearing the thiazole ring at C4 displays the major biological activity, thus suggesting that a planar and rather rigid conformation of the pentacycle should favour the PDE IV inhibition capacity of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haack
- Inpharzam Ricerche, Zambon Group, Via ai Söi, 6807 Taverne, Switzerland.
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15
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Practical application of new catalytic methods: a concise synthesis of a potent PDE IV inhibitor. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.03.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Norman P. PDE4 inhibitors: sustained patenting activity as leading drugs near the market. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.10.9.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Norman P. PDE4 inhibitors 2001. Patent and literature activity 2000 - September 2001. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Ochiai H, Ohtani T, Ishida A, Kusumi K, Kato M, Kohno H, Kishikawa K, Obata T, Nakai H, Toda M. Highly potent PDE4 inhibitors with therapeutic potential. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:207-10. [PMID: 14684329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Based on the hypothesis that the dose-limiting side effects of PDE4 inhibitors could be mediated via the central nervous system (CNS), design and synthesis of a hydrophilic analogue is considered to be one approach to improving the side-effect profile of Ariflo 1. Water-soluble piperidine derivatives were found to possess therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ochiai
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
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Manley PW, Acemoglu M, Marterer W, Pachinger W. Large-Scale Negishi Coupling as Applied to the Synthesis of PDE472, an Inhibitor of Phosphodiesterase Type 4D. Org Process Res Dev 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/op025615q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. Manley
- Novartis Pharma AG, Preclinical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland, and Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical and Analytical Development, Process R & D, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Murat Acemoglu
- Novartis Pharma AG, Preclinical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland, and Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical and Analytical Development, Process R & D, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Marterer
- Novartis Pharma AG, Preclinical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland, and Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical and Analytical Development, Process R & D, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Werner Pachinger
- Novartis Pharma AG, Preclinical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland, and Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical and Analytical Development, Process R & D, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Marx D, Tassabehji M, Heer S, Hüttenbrink KB, Szelenyi I. Modulation of TNF and GM-CSF release from dispersed human nasal polyp cells and human whole blood by inhibitors of different PDE isoenzymes and glucocorticoids. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2002; 15:7-15. [PMID: 11969359 DOI: 10.1006/pupt.2001.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the inhibitors of different PDE isoenzymes (PDE 1-5) on the production of two pro-inflammatory cytokines - tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Two in vitro models were used to compare the antiinflammatory properties of PDE inhibitors with that of glucocorticoids. The effect on TNF release from diluted human blood following lipopolysaccharide (LPS from Salmonella abortus equi) stimulation as well as the GM-CSF and TNF release from human nasal polyp cells following allergic stimulation were investigated. Both models proofed to be well suited for the characterisation of the antiinflammatory properties of new chemical entities. In diluted human blood and dispersed human nasal polyp cells the induced TNF release was most potently suppressed by selective PDE4 inhibitors. Amrinone and milrinone, selective PDE3 inhibitors, suppressed TNF secretion to a lesser extent. The effects of theophylline (unspecific PDE inhibitor), vinpocetine (PDE1 inhibitor), EHNA (PDE2 inhibitor) and the PDE5 inhibitors zaprinast and E 4021 were weak. In human blood, the tested glucocorticoids beclomethasone, dexamethasone and fluticasone inhibited the LPS induced TNF release potently in a concentration dependent manner, whereas in dispersed human nasal polyp cells, the effect of the glucocorticoids on allergically induced TNF release, with the exception of dexamethasone, was much less pronounced. Glucocorticoids were the most potent inhibitors of GM-CSF release and the effect correlates well with the affinity to the glucocorticoid receptor. The selective PDE 4 inhibitors, and to a certain extent the PDE3 inhibitors amrinone and milrinone, reduced the GM-CSF release in a concentration dependent manner. In all investigations selective PDE4 inhibitors reduced TNF release to a much higher degree (4-10 fold) than GM-CSF release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Degenhard Marx
- Pulmonary Pharmacology, Corporate Research ASTA Medica AG, Arzneimittelwerk Dresden GmbH, Radebeul, Germany.
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21
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Billah M, Cooper N, Cuss F, Davenport RJ, Dyke HJ, Egan R, Ganguly A, Gowers L, Hannah DR, Haughan AF, Kendall HJ, Lowe C, Minnicozzi M, Montana JG, Naylor R, Oxford J, Peake JC, Piwinski JJ, Runcie KA, Sabin V, Sharpe A, Shih NY, Warneck JBH. Synthesis and profile of SCH351591, a novel PDE4 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1621-3. [PMID: 12039576 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and pharmacological profiles of some 2-trifluoromethyl-8-methoxyquinoline-5-carboxamides are described. SCH351591 is a potent selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Motasim Billah
- Schering-Plough Corporation, Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033-0530, USA
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22
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Billah M, Buckley GM, Cooper N, Dyke HJ, Egan R, Ganguly A, Gowers L, Haughan AF, Kendall HJ, Lowe C, Minnicozzi M, Montana JG, Oxford J, Peake JC, Picken CL, Piwinski JJ, Naylor R, Sabin V, Shih NY, Warneck JBH. 8-Methoxyquinolines as PDE4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1617-9. [PMID: 12039575 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and pharmacological profile of a novel series of 2-substituted 8-methoxyquinolines is described. The 2-trifluoromethyl compound was found to be a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Motasim Billah
- Schering-Plough Corporation, Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033-0530, USA
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23
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Andrés JI, Alonso JM, Díaz A, Fernández J, Iturrino L, Martínez P, Matesanz E, Freyne EJ, Deroose F, Boeckx G, Petit D, Diels G, Megens A, Somers M, Van Wauwe J, Stoppie P, Cools M, De Clerck F, Peeters D, de Chaffoy D. Synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazol-2-one and 2-cyanoiminoimidazole derivatives: novel series of PDE4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:653-8. [PMID: 11844693 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This communication describes the synthesis and in vitro PDE4 inhibitory activity of a novel series of imidazol-2-one and 2-cyanoiminoimidazole derivatives. The compounds described were also tested in in vivo models to evaluate their anti-inflammatory activity after topical administration as well as their gastro-intestinal side effects. Several compounds proved to be potent PDE4 inhibitors and some 2-cyanoiminoimidazoles showed less pronounced gastro-intestinal side effects than reference compounds but maintained anti-inflammatory activity after topical administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ignacio Andrés
- Janssen-Cilag, Basic Research Centre, Jarama s/n, 45007, Toledo, Spain.
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24
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Napoletano M, Norcini G, Pellacini F, Marchini F, Morazzoni G, Fattori R, Ferlenga P, Pradella L. Phthalazine PDE4 inhibitors. Part 3: the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of derivatives with a hydrogen bond acceptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:5-8. [PMID: 11738561 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00668-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This communication describes the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel and potent series of phthalazine phosphodiesterase type (IV) (PDE4) inhibitors. The interaction with two distinct polar binding sites allowed us to eliminate the cyclopentyloxy substitution from rolipram-like analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Napoletano
- Inpharzam Ricerche, Zambon Group, Via Ai Soi, 6807, Taverne, Switzerland.
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25
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Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes are responsible for the inactiviation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is a cAMP specific phosphodiesterase expressed in inflammatory cells such as eosinophils. Inhibition of PDE4 results in an elevation of cAMP in these cells, which in turn downregulates the inflammatory response. The anti-inflammatory effects of PDE4 inhibitors have been well documented both in vitro and in vivo in a range of animal models. The potential use of PDE4 inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), has received considerable attention from the pharmaceutical industry but to date, there are no selective PDE4 inhibitors on the market. Early PDE4 inhibitors, such as rolipram suffered from dose limiting side effects, including nausea and emesis, which severely restricted their therapeutic utility. Second generation compounds such as cilomilast have been identified with reduced side effect liability. Indeed, cilomilast is showing good therapeutic effects in clinical trials for asthma and COPD and represents the most advanced selective PDE4 inhibitor for any indication. The utility of this class of inhibitor in other inflammatory diseases is less well advanced. However, data in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and MS suggests that there is also significant potential for PDE4 inhibitors as treatments for these diseases and the results of clinical trials in these disease areas are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel J Dyke
- Celltech R&D Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB1 6GS, UK.
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26
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Van der Mey M, Hatzelmann A, Van der Laan IJ, Sterk GJ, Thibaut U, Timmerman H. Novel selective PDE4 inhibitors. 1. Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling of 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2H-phthalazin-1-ones and analogues. J Med Chem 2001; 44:2511-22. [PMID: 11472205 DOI: 10.1021/jm010837k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of 6-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyridazin-3-ones and a novel series of 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2H-phthalazin-1-ones were prepared and tested on the cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase (PDE3) and cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE4) enzymes. All tested compounds were found to specifically inhibit PDE4 except for pyridazinone 3b, which showed moderate PDE4 (pIC(50) = 6.5) as well as PDE3 (pIC(50) = 6.6) inhibitory activity. In both the pyridazinone and phthlazinone series it was found that N-substitution is beneficial for PDE4 inhibition, whereas in the pyridazinone series it also accounts for PDE4 selectivity. In the phthalazinone series, the cis-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydrophthalazinones and their corresponding 4a,5,8,8a-tetrahydro analogues showed potent PDE4 inhibitory potency (10/11c,d: pIC(50) = 7.6-8.4). A molecular modeling study revealed that the cis-fused cyclohexa(e)ne rings occupy a region in space different from that occupied by the other fused (un)saturated hydrocarbon rings applied; we therefore assume that the steric interactions of these rings with the binding site play an important role in enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Van der Mey
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam.
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27
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Abstract
The health burden of asthma is increasing globally at an alarming rate, providing a strong impetus for the development of new therapeutics, particularly drugs that may prevent development of the disease. Currently available inhaled bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs are effective in most asthmatic patients, but this palliative therapy requires long-term daily administration. Despite considerable efforts by the pharmaceutical industry, it has been difficult to develop novel therapeutic agents, the leukotriene antagonists being the only new class of asthma treatments to be licensed in the past 30 years. It is clearly important to understand more about the underlying mechanisms of asthma and about how currently used drugs work before rational improvements in therapy can be expected. There are numerous therapies in clinical development that combat the inflammation found in asthma, specifically targeting eosinophils, IgE, adhesion molecules, cytokines (interleukin-4, -5, -13) and chemokines, inflammatory mediators, and cell signaling (kinase inhibitors). In particular, there is the obvious need for new therapy for severe asthma that is poorly controlled by high-dose corticosteroids as well as agents to counter acute emergency asthma. A long-term goal is to develop disease-modifying immunotherapy that could be introduced in childhood to alter the natural history of asthma. Thanks to the extensive efforts of the pharmaceutical industry, we can expect the introduction of a range of novel therapies for asthma in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Hansel
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Clinical Studies Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6HP, UK.
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28
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Napoletano M, Norcini G, Pellacini F, Marchini F, Morazzoni G, Ferlenga P, Pradella L. Phthalazine PDE4 inhibitors. Part 2: the synthesis and biological evaluation of 6-methoxy-1,4-disubstituted derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:33-7. [PMID: 11140727 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This communication describes the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel and potent series of phosphodiesterase type IV (PDE4) inhibitors. The compounds described present substituents in position 4 of the phthalazine ring to replace the commonly observed cyclopentyloxy moiety of rolipram analogues. Preliminary evidences of reduced side effects compared to standards and improved pharmacokinetic properties for selected derivatives are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Napoletano
- Inpharzam Ricerche, Zambon Group, Taverne, Switzerland.
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29
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Chapter 5. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(01)36045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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30
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Napoletano M, Norcini G, Pellacini F, Marchini F, Morazzoni G, Ferlenga P, Pradella L. The synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of phthalazine PDE4 inhibitors I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2235-8. [PMID: 11012037 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This communication describes the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel and potent series of phosphodiesterase type IV (PDE4) inhibitors. The compounds described represent conformationally constrained analogues of RP 73401, Piclamilast. Preliminary evidences of reduced side effects of II compared to standards are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Napoletano
- Inpharzam Ricerche, Zambon Group, Cadempino, Switzerland.
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31
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Abstract
The prevalence of asthma is increasing dramatically despite major changes in monitoring and treatment of this disease. Currently available bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs are effective in most patients, although these can have side effects and are mainly symptomatic. Many drugs are now in development for the treatment of asthma. Most of these new therapies are aimed at inhibition of the inflammatory components, with better safety profiles than steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Bertrand
- Institut de Recherche Jouveinal/Parke Davis, Fresnes, France.
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32
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Sasaki T, Kotera J, Yuasa K, Omori K. Identification of human PDE7B, a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 271:575-83. [PMID: 10814504 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a human cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE7B) cDNA from human caudate nucleus. The human PDE7B was composed of 450 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 51,835 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence of human PDE7B was 64.1% identical to that of human PDE7A (67.1% identity in the catalytic region). Northern blot analysis demonstrated that PDE7B transcripts were abundantly expressed in the putamen, caudate nucleus, and heart followed by skeletal muscle, pancreas, and occipital pole. Recombinant PDE7B expressed in transfected COS-7 cells had a low cAMP K(m) value of 0. 13 microM, which is similar to the K(m) value of recombinant human PDE7A expressed in transfected COS-7 cells. Interestingly, the relative V(max) value of recombinant PDE7B was half to one-third of recombinant PDE7A. The PDE7B activity was inhibited by dipyridamole and SCH51866, with IC(50) values of 1.1 microM and 1.5 microM, respectively. Thus, the PDE7B exhibited unique tissue distribution in humans and kinetic profiles. Human PDE7B showed the lowest K(m) values compared to the other cAMP-hydrolyzing PDEs which have been reported to be expressed in the brain. Therefore, human PDE7B may be involved in the control of cAMP-mediated neural activity and cAMP metabolism in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sasaki
- Discovery Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., 2-50, Kawagishi-2-chome, Toda, Saitama, 335-8505, Japan
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