1
|
Yaghoubi A, Ghazvini K, Hasanian SM, Avan A, Soleimanpour S, Khazaei M. Bacterial Peptides and Bacteriocins as a Promising Therapy for Solid Tumor. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3105-3113. [PMID: 36154595 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220921150037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The conventional treatment is faced with limitations in treating solid tumors due to their specific pathophysiology. Several novel therapeutics have been introduced in recent decades to treat solid tumors. Among these new methods, tumor therapy using bacterial products like bacteriocins and peptides has been of great interest due to their unique characteristics and advantages of them in comparison to the conventional treatment, including that they can precisely target tumor cells, selective toxicity for tumor cells, low side effect on normal cells, toxicity activity for MDR cancer cells, used as the target delivery vehicles and enhancing drug delivery. Moreover, their small size and low molecular weight have made them easy to synthesize and modify. Furthermore, in recent years, genetic engineering has expanded the therapeutic ability of peptides to treat solid tumors, which results in overcoming the peptide drawbacks. The present review mainly focuses on the new advances in applying bacterial peptides and bacteriocins in treating human solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Yaghoubi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hasanian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical, Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Davodabadi F, Sarhadi M, Arabpour J, Sargazi S, Rahdar A, Díez-Pascual AM. Breast cancer vaccines: New insights into immunomodulatory and nano-therapeutic approaches. J Control Release 2022; 349:844-875. [PMID: 35908621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is known to be a highly heterogeneous disease that is clinically subdivided into four primary molecular subtypes, each having distinct morphology and clinical implications. These subtypes are principally defined by hormone receptors and other proteins involved (or not involved) in BC development. BC therapeutic vaccines [including peptide-based vaccines, protein-based vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines (DNA/RNA vaccines), bacterial/viral-based vaccines, and different immune cell-based vaccines] have emerged as an appealing class of cancer immunotherapeutics when used alone or combined with other immunotherapies. Employing the immune system to eliminate BC cells is a novel therapeutic modality. The benefit of active immunotherapies is that they develop protection against neoplastic tissue and readjust the immune system to an anti-tumor monitoring state. Such immunovaccines have not yet shown effectiveness for BC treatment in clinical trials. In recent years, nanomedicines have opened new windows to increase the effectiveness of vaccinations to treat BC. In this context, some nanoplatforms have been designed to efficiently deliver molecular, cellular, or subcellular vaccines to BC cells, increasing the efficacy and persistence of anti-tumor immunity while minimizing undesirable side effects. Immunostimulatory nano-adjuvants, liposomal-based vaccines, polymeric vaccines, virus-like particles, lipid/calcium/phosphate nanoparticles, chitosan-derived nanostructures, porous silicon microparticles, and selenium nanoparticles are among the newly designed nanostructures that have been used to facilitate antigen internalization and presentation by antigen-presenting cells, increase antigen stability, enhance vaccine antigenicity and remedial effectivity, promote antigen escape from the endosome, improve cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, and produce humoral immune responses in BC cells. Here, we summarized the existing subtypes of BC and shed light on immunomodulatory and nano-therapeutic strategies for BC vaccination. Finally, we reviewed ongoing clinical trials on BC vaccination and highlighted near-term opportunities for moving forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Davodabadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sarhadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743463, Iran
| | - Javad Arabpour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743463, Iran.
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol 98613-35856, Iran.
| | - Ana M Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hashemzadeh N, Dolatkhah M, Adibkia K, Aghanejad A, Barzegar-Jalali M, Omidi Y, Barar J. Recent advances in breast cancer immunotherapy: The promising impact of nanomedicines. Life Sci 2021; 271:119110. [PMID: 33513401 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the prevalent cancers among women. Generally, the treatment of BC is mostly based on several prominent strategies, including chemotherapy, surgery, endocrine therapy, molecular targeted therapy, and radiation. Owing to the growing knowledge about the complexity of BC pathobiology, immunotherapy as a promising treatment modality has substantially improved the patients' care in the clinic. Immunotherapy is used to harness the patient's immune system to recognize and battle devious cancer cells. As a novel therapy approach, this emerging strategy targets the key molecular entities of tumor tissue. To achieve maximal therapeutic impacts, the dynamic interplay between cancer and immune cells needs to be fully comprehended. The key molecular machinery of solid tumors can be targeted by nanoscale immunomedicines. While discussing the potential biomarkers involved in the initiation and progression of BC, we aimed to provide comprehensive insights into the immunotherapy and articulate the recent advances in terms of the therapeutic strategies used to control this disease, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T cells therapy, and nanomedicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Hashemzadeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mitra Dolatkhah
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elsharkawy SS, Elrheem MA, Elrheem SA. The Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs): Did We Find the Missed Piece of the Huge Puzzle? OPEN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2021; 11:146-161. [DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2021.112017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
5
|
Fuentes-Antrás J, Guevara-Hoyer K, Baliu-Piqué M, García-Sáenz JÁ, Pérez-Segura P, Pandiella A, Ocaña A. Adoptive Cell Therapy in Breast Cancer: A Current Perspective of Next-Generation Medicine. Front Oncol 2020; 10:605633. [PMID: 33194771 PMCID: PMC7653090 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.605633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become a cornerstone in the treatment of cancer and changed the way clinicians and researchers approach tumor vulnerabilities. Durable responses are commonly observed with immune checkpoint inhibitors in highly immunogenic tumors, while the infusion of T cells genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has shown impressive efficacy in certain types of blood cancer. Nevertheless, harnessing our own immunity has not proved successful for most breast cancer patients. In the era of genomic medicine, cellular immunotherapies may provide a more personalized and dynamic tool against tumors displaying heterogeneous mutational landscapes and antigenic pools. This approach encompasses multiple strategies including the adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and engineered immune components such as CAR constructs and engineered T cell receptors. Although far from permeating the clinical setting, technical advances have been overwhelming in recent years, with continuous improvement in traditional challenges such as toxicity, adoptive cell persistence, and intratumoral trafficking. Also, there is an avid search for neoantigens that can be targeted by these strategies, either alone or in combination. In this work, we aim to provide a clinically-oriented overview of preclinical and clinical data regarding the use of cellular immunotherapies in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Fuentes-Antrás
- Breast Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Department, San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kissy Guevara-Hoyer
- Clinical Immunology Department, San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Baliu-Piqué
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ángel García-Sáenz
- Breast Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Department, San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Pérez-Segura
- Breast Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Department, San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- Breast Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Department, San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nakasone ES, Hurvitz SA, McCann KE. Harnessing the immune system in the battle against breast cancer. Drugs Context 2018; 7:212520. [PMID: 29456568 PMCID: PMC5810622 DOI: 10.7573/dic.212520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in women and the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Despite major innovations in early detection and advanced therapeutics, up to 30% of women with node-negative breast cancer and 70% of women with node-positive breast cancer will develop recurrence. The recognition that breast tumors are infiltrated by a complex array of immune cells that influence their development, progression, and metastasis, as well as their responsiveness to systemic therapies has sparked major interest in the development of immunotherapies. In fact, not only the native host immune system can be altered to promote potent antitumor response, but also its components can be manipulated to generate effective therapeutic strategies. We present here a review of the major approaches to immunotherapy in breast cancers, both successes and failures, as well as new therapies on the horizon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Nakasone
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sara A Hurvitz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelly E McCann
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Akram M, Iqbal M, Daniyal M, Khan AU. Awareness and current knowledge of breast cancer. Biol Res 2017; 50:33. [PMID: 28969709 PMCID: PMC5625777 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a worldwide public health dilemma and is currently the most common tumour in the globe. Awareness of breast cancer, public attentiveness, and advancement in breast imaging has made a positive impact on recognition and screening of breast cancer. Breast cancer is life-threatening disease in females and the leading cause of mortality among women population. For the previous two decades, studies related to the breast cancer has guided to astonishing advancement in our understanding of the breast cancer, resulting in further proficient treatments. Amongst all the malignant diseases, breast cancer is considered as one of the leading cause of death in post menopausal women accounting for 23% of all cancer deaths. It is a global issue now, but still it is diagnosed in their advanced stages due to the negligence of women regarding the self inspection and clinical examination of the breast. This review addresses anatomy of the breast, risk factors, epidemiology of breast cancer, pathogenesis of breast cancer, stages of breast cancer, diagnostic investigations and treatment including chemotherapy, surgery, targeted therapies, hormone replacement therapy, radiation therapy, complementary therapies, gene therapy and stem-cell therapy etc for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Directorate of Medical Sciences, GC University Faisalabad, Old Campus, Allam Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Iqbal
- Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University Karachi, Main Campus, Sharea Madinat al-Hikmah, Mohammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi, 74600 Sindh Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University Karachi, Main Campus, Sharea Madinat al-Hikmah, Mohammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi, 74600 Sindh Pakistan
| | - Asmat Ullah Khan
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, RibeirãoPreto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, AV. Bandeirantes, 3900, RibeirãoPreto, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, School of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Hajira Road, Shamsabad, Rawalakot, 12350 Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Su M, Huang CX, Dai AP. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Therapeutic Tools for Breast Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:905-10. [PMID: 27039716 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.3.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the major threats to female health, and its incidence is rapidly increasing in many countries. Currently, breast cancer is treated with surgery, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or both. However, a substantial proportion of breast cancer patients might have a risk for local relapse that leads to recurrence of their disease and/or metastatic breast cancer. Therefore searching for new and potential strategies for breast cancer treatment remains necessary. Immunotherapy is an attractive and promising approach that can exploit the ability of the immune system to identify and destroy tumors and thus prevent recurrence and metastatic lesions. The most promising and attractive approach of immunotherapeutic research in cancer is the blockade of immune checkpoints. In this review, we discuss the potential of certain inhibitors of immune checkpoints, such as antibodies targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death 1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), in breast cancer therapeutics. Immune checkpoint inhibitors may represent future standards of care for breast cancer as monotherapy or combined with standard therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Su
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China E-mail :
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Peptide-Based Treatment: A Promising Cancer Therapy. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:761820. [PMID: 26568964 PMCID: PMC4629048 DOI: 10.1155/2015/761820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many new therapies are currently being used to treat cancer. Among these new methods, chemotherapy based on peptides has been of great interest due to the unique advantages of peptides, such as a low molecular weight, the ability to specifically target tumor cells, and low toxicity in normal tissues. In treating cancer, peptide-based chemotherapy can be mainly divided into three types, peptide-alone therapy, peptide vaccines, and peptide-conjugated nanomaterials. Peptide-alone therapy may specifically enhance the immune system's response to kill tumor cells. Peptide-based vaccines have been used in advanced cancers to improve patients' overall survival. Additionally, the combination of peptides with nanomaterials expands the therapeutic ability of peptides to treat cancer by enhancing drug delivery and sensitivity. In this review, we mainly focus on the new advances in the application of peptides in treating cancer in recent years, including diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Activation of neuroimmune pathways increases therapeutic effects of radiotherapy on poorly differentiated breast carcinoma. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 48:174-85. [PMID: 25736062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies document the importance of neuronal dysfunction in cancer development and metastasis. We reported previously that both depletion of neuropeptides in capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve endings and vagotomy increases metastasis of triple negative breast carcinoma. Of the sensory neuropeptides, Substance P (SP) is distributed widely for regulation of immune functions. We therefore examined the affects of continuous exposure to low doses of SP on brain metastatic cells of the mouse breast carcinoma (4TBM) in the presence of radiotherapy (RT) thought to increase antigenicity of cancer cells. 4TBM cells have a cancer stem cell phenotype and induce extensive visceral metastasis after orthotopic inoculation into the mammary pad. Results demonstrated that SP treatment decreases the number of tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells as well as the TNF-α response to LPS challenge. SP also increased CD4+Cd25(bright) cells in draining lymph nodes of tumor-bearing animals and IFN-γ secretion from leukocyte culture prepared from lymph nodes and spleens of tumor-bearing animals. SP also prevented tumor-induced degeneration of sensory nerve endings and altered release of angiogenic factors from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) and tumor explants. In accordance with these observed immunological effects, combination treatment of continuous SP with a single dose of RT induced complete tumor regression and significantly reduced or prevented metastasis in 50% of the animals while suppressing primary tumor growth and metastasis in the remaining mice. These original findings demonstrate that SP through neuroimmune modulation can prevent formation of immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment, enhance cytotoxic immunity in the presence of RT and prevent metastatic growth.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lin M, Li SY, Xu KC, Liu ZP, Mu F, Yuan YY, Wang XH, Chen JB, Li Q. Safety and efficacy study of lung cancer stem cell vaccine. Immunol Res 2015; 62:16-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Gelao L, Criscitiello C, Esposito A, De Laurentiis M, Fumagalli L, Locatelli MA, Minchella I, Santangelo M, De Placido S, Goldhirsch A, Curigliano G. Dendritic cell-based vaccines: clinical applications in breast cancer. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:349-60. [PMID: 24762078 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the immune system is involved in the carcinogenesis process and the antitumor immune responses impact the clinical outcome, thus emphasizing the concept of cancer immune surveillance. In this context, dendritic cells (DCs) seem to play a crucial role, as they are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and are able to stimulate naive T lymphocytes and to generate memory T lymphocytes. Immunotherapy with DC-based vaccines is a very attractive approach to treat cancer, offering the potential for high tumor-specific cytotoxicity. Although breast cancer (BC) is traditionally considered a poorly immunogenic tumor, increasing numbers of both preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that vaccination with DCs is capable of inducing an antitumor-specific response, while being well tolerated and safe. However, clinical objective responses are still disappointing and many reasons may explain the difficulty of developing effective DC-based therapies for BC. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of DCs, and the major clinical indications for DC-based immunotherapy in BC with related drawbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Gelao
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
López C, Callau C, Bosch R, Korzynska A, Jaén J, García-Rojo M, Bueno G, Salvadó MT, Álvaro T, Oños M, Fernández-Carrobles MDM, Llobera M, Baucells J, Orero G, Lejeune M. Development of automated quantification methodologies of immunohistochemical markers to determine patterns of immune response in breast cancer: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e005643. [PMID: 25091015 PMCID: PMC4127922 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lymph nodes are one of the main sites where an effective immune response develops. Normally, axillary nodes are the first place where breast cancer produces metastases. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of immune cells, especially dendritic cells, in the evolution of breast cancer. The goal of the project is to identify differences in the patterns of immune infiltrates, with particular emphasis on dendritic cells, in tumour and axillary node biopsies between patients with and without metastases in the axillary nodes at the time of diagnosis. It is expected that these differences will be able to explain differences in survival, relapse and clinicopathological variables between the two groups. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study will involve 100 patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 2000 and 2007, 50% of whom have metastases in the axillary lymph node at diagnosis. In selected patients, two cylinders from biopsies of representative areas of tumour and axillary nodes (with and without metastasis) will be selected and organised in tissue microarrays. Samples will be stained using immunohistochemical techniques for different markers of immune response and dendritic cells. Two images of each cylinder will be captured under standardised conditions for each marker. Each marker will be quantified automatically by digital image procedures using Image-Pro Plus and Image-J software. Associations of survival, relapse and other clinicopathological variables with the automatically quantified levels of immune infiltrates in patients with and without axillary node metastasis will be sought. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The present project has been approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII (Ref: 22p/2011). Those patients whose biopsies and clinical data are to be used will give their signed informed consent. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Terres de l'Ebre, IISPV, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAP) Jordi Gol, URV, UAB, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Cristina Callau
- Molecular Biology and Research Section, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, IISPV, URV, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Ramon Bosch
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, IISPV, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Anna Korzynska
- Laboratory of Processing Systems of Microscopic Image Information, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joaquín Jaén
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, IISPV, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Marcial García-Rojo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de Jerez, Jerez de la Frontera, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Gloria Bueno
- VISILAB, Engineering School, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mª Teresa Salvadó
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, IISPV, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Tomás Álvaro
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, IISPV, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Montse Oños
- Department of Gynaecology, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, IISPV, Tortosa, Spain
| | | | - Montserrat Llobera
- Department of Oncology, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, IISPV, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Jordi Baucells
- Department of Informatics, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, IISPV, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Guifré Orero
- Molecular Biology and Research Section, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, IISPV, URV, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Marylène Lejeune
- Molecular Biology and Research Section, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, IISPV, URV, Tortosa, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boyle ST, Kochetkova M. Breast cancer stem cells and the immune system: promotion, evasion and therapy. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:203-11. [PMID: 24997735 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-014-9323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are believed to be a subset of heterogeneous tumour cells responsible for tumour initiation, growth, local invasion, and metastasis. In breast cancer, numerous factors have been implicated in regulation of cancer stem cells, but there is still a paucity of information regarding precise molecular and cellular mechanisms guiding their pathobiology. Components of both the adaptive and the innate immune system have been shown to play a crucial role in supporting breast cancer growth and spread, and recently some immune mediators, both molecules and cells, have been reported to influence breast cancer stem cell biology. This review summarises a small, pioneering body of evidence for the potentially important function of the "immuniche" in maintaining and supporting breast cancer stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Boyle
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mohit E, Hashemi A, Allahyari M. Breast cancer immunotherapy: monoclonal antibodies and peptide-based vaccines. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:927-61. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.916211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
16
|
Oji Y, Tatsumi N, Fukuda M, Nakatsuka SI, Aoyagi S, Hirata E, Nanchi I, Fujiki F, Nakajima H, Yamamoto Y, Shibata S, Nakamura M, Hasegawa K, Takagi S, Fukuda I, Hoshikawa T, Murakami Y, Mori M, Inoue M, Naka T, Tomonaga T, Shimizu Y, Nakagawa M, Hasegawa J, Nezu R, Inohara H, Izumoto S, Nonomura N, Yoshimine T, Okumura M, Morii E, Maeda H, Nishida S, Hosen N, Tsuboi A, Oka Y, Sugiyama H. The translation elongation factor eEF2 is a novel tumor‑associated antigen overexpressed in various types of cancers. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1461-9. [PMID: 24589652 PMCID: PMC4027928 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that cancer immunotherapy could be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. In the present study, to identify novel tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), the proteins expressed in a panel of cancer cells were serologically screened by immunoblot analysis and the eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) was identified as an antigen that was recognized by IgG autoantibody in sera from a group of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) or colon cancer. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that serum eEF2 IgG Ab levels were significantly higher in colorectal and gastric cancer patients compared to healthy individuals. Immunohistochemistry experiments showed that the eEF2 protein was overexpressed in the majority of lung, esophageal, pancreatic, breast and prostate cancers, HNSCC, glioblastoma multiforme and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Knockdown of eEF2 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) significantly inhibited the growth in four eEF2-expressing cell lines, PC14 lung cancer, PCI6 pancreatic cancer, HT1080 fibrosarcoma and A172 glioblastoma cells, but not in eEF2-undetectable MCF7 cells. Furthermore, eEF2-derived 9-mer peptides, EF786 (eEF2 786-794 aa) and EF292 (eEF2 292-300 aa), elicited cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from an HLA-A*24:02- and an HLA-A*02:01-positive healthy donor, respectively, in an HLA-A-restricted manner. These results indicated that the eEF2 gene is overexpressed in the majority of several types of cancers and plays an oncogenic role in cancer cell growth. Moreover, the eEF2 gene product is immunogenic and a promising target molecule of cancer immunotherapy for several types of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Oji
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Tatsumi
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Fukuda
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Sayaka Aoyagi
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Erika Hirata
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Isamu Nanchi
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Fujiki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakajima
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yamamoto
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Syohei Shibata
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiyo Nakamura
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kana Hasegawa
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takagi
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Fukuda
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hoshikawa
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yui Murakami
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahide Mori
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Toneyama National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Inoue
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Naka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Shimizu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Takarazuka City Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | | | - Riichiro Nezu
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Inohara
- Department of Otolaryngology and Sensory Organ Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuichi Izumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yoshimine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Meinoshin Okumura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Maeda
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Toneyama National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sumiyuki Nishida
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tsuboi
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Oka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugiyama
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wright SE, Rewers-Felkins KA, Chowdhury NI, Ahmed J, Srivastava SK, Lockwood-Cooke PR. Tucaresol down-modulation of MUC1-stimulated human mononuclear cells. Immunol Invest 2013; 43:160-9. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2013.860161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
18
|
Xu J, Niu L, Mu F, Liu S, Leng Y, Liao M, Zeng J, Yao F, Chen J, Li J, Xu K. Percutaneous comprehensive cryoablation for metastatic esophageal cancer after failure of radical surgery. Cryobiology 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
19
|
Madsen CB, Lavrsen K, Steentoft C, Vester-Christensen MB, Clausen H, Wandall HH, Pedersen AE. Glycan elongation beyond the mucin associated Tn antigen protects tumor cells from immune-mediated killing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72413. [PMID: 24039759 PMCID: PMC3765166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane bound mucins are up-regulated and aberrantly glycosylated during malignant transformation in many cancer cells. This results in a negatively charged glycoprotein coat which may protect cancer cells from immune surveillance. However, only limited data have so far demonstrated the critical steps in glycan elongation that make aberrantly glycosylated mucins affect the interaction between cancer cells and cytotoxic effector cells of the immune system. Tn (GalNAc-Ser/Thr), STn (NeuAcα2-6GalNAc-Ser/Thr), T (Galβ1–3GalNAc-Ser/Thr), and ST (NeuAcα2-6Galβ1–3GalNAc-Ser/Thr) antigens are recognized as cancer associated truncated glycans, and are expressed in many adenocarcinomas, e.g. breast- and pancreatic cancer cells. To investigate the role of the cancer associated glycan truncations in immune-mediated killing we created glyco-engineered breast- and pancreatic cancer cells expressing only the shortest possible mucin-like glycans (Tn and STn). Glyco-engineering was performed by zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) knockout (KO) of the Core 1 enzyme chaperone COSMC, thereby preventing glycan elongation beyond the initial GalNAc residue in O-linked glycans. We find that COSMC KO in the breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines T47D and Capan-1 increases sensitivity to both NK cell mediated antibody-dependent cellular-cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated killing. In addition, we investigated the association between total cell surface expression of MUC1/MUC16 and NK or CTL mediated killing, and observed an inverse correlation between MUC16/MUC1 expression and the sensitivity to ADCC and CTL-mediated killing. Together, these data suggest that up-regulation of membrane bound mucins protects cells from immune mediated killing, and that particular glycosylation steps, as demonstrated for glycan elongation beyond Tn and STn, can be important for fine tuning of the immune escape mechanisms in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B. Madsen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Lavrsen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catharina Steentoft
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malene B. Vester-Christensen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans H. Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (HHW); (AEP)
| | - Anders Elm Pedersen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (HHW); (AEP)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Niu L, Mu F, Zhang C, Li Y, Liu W, Jiang F, Li L, Liu C, Zeng J, Yao F, Chen J, Li J, Zuo J, Xu K. Cryotherapy protocols for metastatic breast cancer after failure of radical surgery. Cryobiology 2013; 67:17-22. [PMID: 23619024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To retrospectively assess the effect of cryotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) but without local recurrence after resection of the primary lesion, we divided 120 MBC patients into cryotherapy (91 patients) and chemotherapy (29 patients) groups. In the cryotherapy group, 37 patients with tumor recurrence received multiple cryoablations, while 54 patients received only a single cryoablation. Moreover, 62 cryotherapy-group patients underwent cryoablation immediately after the detection of metastases (timely cryotherapy); 35 patients received simultaneous immunotherapy (cryo-immunotherapy), and 29 patients underwent cryoablation in our hospital 3 months after receiving chemotherapy in other centers (chemo-cryotherapy and delayed cryotherapy). Overall survival (OS) after the diagnosis of MBC was assessed after a 10-year follow-up. The median OS was higher in the cryotherapy group (55 months) than in the chemotherapy group (27 months; P<0.0001). In the cryotherapy group, longer median OS was associated with multiple (76 months) rather than single cryoablations (48 months; P=0.0005) and with timely (67 months) rather than delayed cryoablation (48 months; P=0.0012). The median OS was higher after cryo-immunotherapy (83 months) than after chemo-cryotherapy (48 months) or cryotherapy alone (43 months; P<0.0001 for both). In conclusion, timely and multiple cryoablations, especially when combined with immunotherapy, offer significant advantages over chemotherapy in extending the OS of MBC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Niu
- Fuda Cancer Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, No 2 Tangdexi Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510665, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bruno JG. A review of therapeutic aptamer conjugates with emphasis on new approaches. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:340-57. [PMID: 24276022 PMCID: PMC3816688 DOI: 10.3390/ph6030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential to emulate or enhance antibodies with nucleic acid aptamers while lowering costs has prompted development of new aptamer-protein, siRNA, drug, and nanoparticle conjugates. Specific focal points of this review discuss DNA aptamers covalently bound at their 3' ends to various proteins for enhanced stability and greater pharmacokinetic lifetimes in vivo. The proteins can include Fc tails of IgG for opsonization, and the first component of complement (C1q) to trigger complement-mediated lysis of antibiotic-resistant Gram negative bacteria, cancer cells and possibly some parasites during vulnerable stages. In addition, the 3' protein adduct may be a biotoxin, enzyme, or may simply be human serum albumin (HSA) or a drug known to bind HSA, thereby retarding kidney and other organ clearance and inhibiting serum exonucleases. In this review, the author summarizes existing therapeutic aptamer conjugate categories and describes his patented concept for PCR-based amplification of double-stranded aptamers followed by covalent attachment of proteins or other agents to the chemically vulnerable overhanging 3' adenine added by Taq polymerase. PCR amplification of aptamers could dramatically lower the current $2,000/gram cost of parallel chemical oligonucleotide synthesis, thereby enabling mass production of aptamer-3'-protein or drug conjugates to better compete against expensive humanized monoclonal antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John G Bruno
- Operational Technologies Corporation, 4100 NW Loop 410, Suite 230, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ursini-Siegel J. Can pharmacological receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors sensitize poor outcome breast tumors to immune-based therapies? Front Oncol 2013; 3:23. [PMID: 23408142 PMCID: PMC3570790 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) drive breast cancer progression, particularly in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and basal tumors, the two worst prognosis subtypes. Tumor cells recruit host stromal components, including immune cells, which strongly influence disease progression. This has been studied in human breast cancer and translated to murine models of breast cancer. Stromal immune components including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer cells, destroy cancer cells through a process termed immune surveillance. Unfortunately, clinically detectable tumors escape these immune protective effects through their ability to limit the infiltration, activation, and/or survival of CTLs in breast tumors. The immunosuppressed state of established tumors limits the success rate of immune-based therapies, and possibly other therapeutic modalities that depend on host immunity. Published studies demonstrate that RTKs facilitate breast cancer progression, in part, by establishing immune suppression. This raises the intriguing possibility that pharmacological RTK inhibitors may be exploited to sensitize breast cancer patients to immune-based therapies.
Collapse
|
23
|
DU JIUWEI, XU KEYI, FANG LIYI, QI XINLAN. Interleukin-17, produced by lymphocytes, promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis in a mouse model of breast cancer. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:1099-102. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
24
|
Armstrong AC, Gilham DE. Targeting breast cancer vaccines to dendritic cells: improved immunological responses with less protein? Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:106. [PMID: 22643384 PMCID: PMC3446337 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The central goal of cancer immunotherapy is to control tumors through the mobilization of the patient's immune system. Vaccines targeting the Her2/neu proto-oncogene have been tested with some early encouraging responses in breast cancer. However, a more effective set of vaccines targeting specific immune cell subtypes may provide a more potent means to stimulate anti-tumor immunity. Dendritic cell-specific antibodies fused with the Her2/neu protein proved effective at generating immune responses in preclinical models. Importantly, only low amounts of protein vaccine were required to generate this response, which has potentially significant implications for the future clinical development of Her2/neu-targeted vaccines and other vaccine targets.
Collapse
|