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New therapeutic perspectives for IgA nephropathy in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:497-506. [PMID: 32040630 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04475-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Childhood IgA nephropathy (cIgAN) differs from the adult by having an abrupt clinical onset, often presenting as an acute attack that can progress to a chronic phase. No treatment guidelines have been established for the treatment of cIgAN. Given the severity of acute attack in children, and the number of life-years at stake, pediatricians prescribe immunosuppression in addition to renin-angiotensin system blockade. Non-specific immunosuppressors, such as corticosteroids, have systemic toxic effects, and given recent therapeutic advances in adult glomerulonephritis, new tailored strategies should be expected for children. The mucosal immune system has been highlighted as a key player in IgAN pathogenesis, and several biomarkers have been identified with a direct role in pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss current studies of conventional and novel therapeutic approaches for cIgAN.
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Coppo R. Biomarkers and targeted new therapies for IgA nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:725-731. [PMID: 27324471 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) has variable clinical presentation and outcome. There is a need to identify children who have the potential to progress to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Biomarkers related to the pathogenetic process of IgAN can detect risk factors and identify targets for new therapies. Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a specific biomarker of IgAN and could be the first treatment target. In experimental mice, reduction of IgA1 deposits and hematuria was observed after treatment with a bacterial protease that selectively cleaves human IgA1. Glycan-targeted drugs that may act to neutralize Gd-IgA1 inhibit abnormal enzymatic glycosylation of IgA1 or deplete cells producing Gd-IgA1. The autoimmune response to Gd-IgA1 produces autoantibodies that are sensitive and specific biomarkers of IgAN development and progression and suggests the possible benefits of anti-B cell therapies directed against CD20, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), or B cell receptor, and also proteasome inhibitors. The activation of complement in IgAN offers new biomarkers and the rationale for using complement inhibitors, including eculizumab. Renal pathological features represent sensitive biomarkers of added value over clinical data and may drive steroid therapy in selected cases. Finally, the hypothesis of the involvement of intestinal mucosal immunity in the pathogenesis of IgAN suggests the possibility of avoiding the systemic effect of steroid. Enteric budesonide targeting Peyer's patches at the ileocecal junction is an interesting option that has provided some preliminary favorable results in IgAN. In conclusion, the identification of new biomarkers is a promising area for therapies targeting IgAN in patients at risk of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Coppo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Regina Margherita Hospital, Fondazione Ricerca Molinette, Turin, Italy.
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Muto M, Manfroi B, Suzuki H, Joh K, Nagai M, Wakai S, Righini C, Maiguma M, Izui S, Tomino Y, Huard B, Suzuki Y. Toll-Like Receptor 9 Stimulation Induces Aberrant Expression of a Proliferation-Inducing Ligand by Tonsillar Germinal Center B Cells in IgA Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:1227-1238. [PMID: 27920152 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016050496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The TNF family member a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL; also known as TNFSF13), produced by myeloid cells, participates in the generation and survival of antibody-producing plasma cells. We studied the potential role of APRIL in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). We found that a significant proportion of germinal centers (GCs) in tonsils of patients with IgAN contained cells aberrantly producing APRIL, contributing to an overall upregulation of tonsillar APRIL expression compared with that in tonsils of control patients with tonsillitis. In IgAN GC, antigen-experienced IgD-CD38+/-CD19+ B cells expressing a switched IgG/IgA B cell receptor produced APRIL. Notably, these GC B cells expressed mRNA encoding the common cleavable APRIL-α but also, the less frequent APRIL-δ/ζ mRNA, which encodes a protein that lacks a furin cleavage site and is, thus, the uncleavable membrane-bound form. Significant correlation between TLR9 and APRIL expression levels existed in tonsils from patients with IgAN. In vitro, repeated TLR9 stimulation induced APRIL expression in tonsillar B cells from control patients with tonsillitis. Clinically, aberrant APRIL expression in tonsillar GC correlated with greater proteinuria, and patients with IgAN and aberrant APRIL overexpression in tonsillar GC responded well to tonsillectomy, with parallel decreases in serum levels of galactose-deficient IgA1. Taken together, our data indicate that antibody disorders in IgAN associate with TLR9-induced aberrant expression of APRIL in tonsillar GC B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Muto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Benoit Manfroi
- Analytical Immunology for Chronic Pathologies, Albert Bonniot Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/University Joseph Fourier U823, Grenoble, France
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Joh
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nagai
- Division of Nephrology and Diabetology, Narita Memorial Hospital, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Sachiko Wakai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Treatment Corporation, Okubo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian Righini
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France; and
| | - Masayuki Maiguma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shozo Izui
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yasuhiko Tomino
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bertrand Huard
- Analytical Immunology for Chronic Pathologies, Albert Bonniot Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/University Joseph Fourier U823, Grenoble, France;
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan;
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Rasche FM, Keller F, Rasche WG, Schiekofer S, Boldt A, Sack U, Fahnert J. Why, when and how should immunosuppressive therapy considered in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy? Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186:115-133. [PMID: 27283488 PMCID: PMC5054563 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. Lifelong mesangial deposition of IgA1 complexes subsist inflammation and nephron loss, but the complex pathogenesis in detail remains unclear. In regard to the heterogeneous course, classical immunosuppressive and specific therapeutic regimens adapted to the loss of renal function will here be discussed in addition to the essential common renal supportive therapy. Renal supportive therapy alleviates secondary, surrogate effects or sequelae on renal function and proteinuria of high intraglomerular pressure and subsequent nephrosclerosis by inhibition of the renin angiotensin system (RAASB). In patients with physiological (ΔGFR < 1·5 ml/min/year) or mild (ΔGFR 1·5-5 ml/min/year) decrease of renal function and proteinuric forms (> 1 g/day after RAASB), corticosteroids have shown a reduction of proteinuria and might protect further loss of renal function. In patients with progressive loss of renal function (ΔGFR > 3 ml/min within 3 months) or a rapidly progressive course with or without crescents in renal biopsy, cyclophosphamide with high-dose corticosteroids as induction therapy and azathioprine maintenance has proved effective in one randomized controlled study of a homogeneous cohort in loss of renal function (ΔGFR). Mycophenolic acid provided further maintenance in non-randomized trials. Differentiated, precise, larger, randomized, placebo-controlled studies focused on the loss of renal function in the heterogeneous forms of IgAN are still lacking. Prospectively, fewer toxic agents will be necessary in the treatment of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Rasche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Neurology, Dermatology, Clinic for Endocrinology, Nephrology, Section of Nephrology, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - F Keller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - W G Rasche
- Department of Head Medicine and Oral Health, Department of Ophthalmology, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Schiekofer
- Center for Geriatric Medicine at Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Boldt
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - U Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Fahnert
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Dicker M, Maresch D, Strasser R. Glyco-engineering for the production of recombinant IgA1 with distinct mucin-type O-glycans in plants. Bioengineered 2016; 7:484-489. [PMID: 27333379 PMCID: PMC5241791 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1201251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a common autoimmune disease that is characterized by formation and deposition of IgA1-containing immune complexes frequently leading to end-stage kidney disease. The IgA1 in these immune complexes carries aberrantly glycosylated O-glycans. In circulating IgA1 these galactose-deficient mucin-type O-glycans are bound by autoantibodies and thus, contribute to immune complex formation and pathogenesis. Even though the disease is associated with the overproduction of aberrant O-glycans on IgA1, specific structure-function-studies of mucin-type O-glycans are limited. Compared to other expression hosts, plants offer the opportunity for de novo synthesis of O-glycans on recombinant glycoproteins as they are lacking the mammalian O-glycosylation pathway. Recently, we demonstrated that Nicotiana benthamiana are suitable for the generation of distinct O-glycans on recombinant IgA1. Here, we expand our engineering repertoire by in planta generation of galactose-deficient and α2,6-sialylated O-glycans which are the prevailing glycans detected on IgA1 from patients with IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Dicker
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Lin TJ, Yang SS, Hua KF, Tsai YL, Lin SH, Ka SM. SPAK plays a pathogenic role in IgA nephropathy through the activation of NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:214-224. [PMID: 27519267 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Sterile 20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) can stimulate production of proinflammatory cytokines and interact with inflammation-related molecules. However, it has yet to be determined whether SPAK plays a pathophysiological role in the complicated pathological mechanisms of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), which is mainly characterized by mesangial cell (MC) proliferation and is the most common form of glomerulonephritis. In the present study, we examined the pathophysiological role of SPAK in IgAN using a mouse model and cell models. Our results clearly showed that (1) SPAK deficiency prevents the development of IgAN and inhibits production of immune/inflammatory mediators and T cell activation and proliferation; and (2) when primed with IgA immune complexes (IgA IC), both peritoneal macrophages and primary MCs from SPAK knockout mice show markedly reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibition of NF-κB/MAPKs activation. We proposed that activation of SPAK and the NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathway in MCs, macrophages and T cells of the glomerulus may be a mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of IgAN. The activation of SPAK in renal tubuloepithelial cells either directly by IgA IC or an indirect action of the activated MCs or infiltrating mononuclear leukocytes seen in the kidney may further aggravate the disease process of IgAN. Our results suggest that SPAK is a potential therapeutic target for the glomerular disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Jung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of BioMedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuk-Man Ka
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Dicker M, Tschofen M, Maresch D, König J, Juarez P, Orzaez D, Altmann F, Steinkellner H, Strasser R. Transient Glyco-Engineering to Produce Recombinant IgA1 with Defined N- and O-Glycans in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:18. [PMID: 26858738 PMCID: PMC4731523 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The production of therapeutic antibodies to combat pathogens and treat diseases, such as cancer is of great interest for the biotechnology industry. The recent development of plant-based expression systems has demonstrated that plants are well-suited for the production of recombinant monoclonal antibodies with defined glycosylation. Compared to immunoglobulin G (IgG), less effort has been undertaken to express immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is the most prevalent antibody class at mucosal sites and a promising candidate for novel recombinant biopharmaceuticals with enhanced anti-tumor activity. Here, we transiently expressed recombinant human IgA1 against the VP8* rotavirus antigen in glyco-engineered ΔXT/FT Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Mass spectrometric analysis of IgA1 glycopeptides revealed the presence of complex biantennary N-glycans with terminal N-acetylglucosamine present on the N-glycosylation site of the CH2 domain in the IgA1 alpha chain. Analysis of the peptide carrying nine potential O-glycosylation sites in the IgA1 alpha chain hinge region showed the presence of plant-specific modifications including hydroxyproline formation and the attachment of pentoses. By co-expression of enzymes required for initiation and elongation of human O-glycosylation it was possible to generate disialylated mucin-type core 1 O-glycans on plant-produced IgA1. Our data demonstrate that ΔXT/FT N. benthamiana plants can be engineered toward the production of recombinant IgA1 with defined human-type N- and O-linked glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Dicker
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Marc Tschofen
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Julia König
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Paloma Juarez
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Plant Biology, Spanish Research Council Agency – Polytechnic University of ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Diego Orzaez
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Plant Biology, Spanish Research Council Agency – Polytechnic University of ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Richard Strasser,
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