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Lomakin YA, Kaminskaya AN, Stepanov AV, Shmidt AA, Gabibov AG, Belogurov AA. High-Throughput Platform for B-Cell Screening Based on Fluorescent Phage-Display Technology. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 167:446-451. [PMID: 31493253 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A system for detection of malignantly transformed cells, including follicular lymphoma Bcells, was developed and experimentally validated. The system is based on the use of bacteriophages carrying exposed ligands for pathogenic B-cell receptors. The efficiency of binding to target cells is several times higher than in systems with chemically synthesized biotinylated peptides. The new method is proposed as a noninvasive diagnostic test for mapping B-cell lymphoma and for determining the specificity of B-cell receptors and high-throughput combinatorial selection of various repertories of B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya A Lomakin
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia.
| | - A N Kaminskaya
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Stepanov
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
| | - A A Shmidt
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A G Gabibov
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Belogurov
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Cao Y, Zhou X, Zhou M, Xu D, Ma Q, Zhang P, Huang X, Li Q, Ma D, Zhou J. Inhibition of STAT3 activity re-activates anti-tumor immunity but fails to restore the immunogenicity of tumor cells in a B-cell lymphoma model. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:1153-62. [PMID: 24915165 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of patients with advanced lymphoma become refractory or relapse after initial treatment due to the persistence of minimal residual disease. Ideal immunotherapy strategy for eradicating the minimal residual disease of lymphoma and preventing the tendency to relapse need to be developed. Here, we use a mice model mimicked the disease entities of aggressive B-cell lymphoma dynamically to analyze the host anti-lymphoma immunity during the progression of lymphoma. We have shown that STAT3 activity was gradually enhanced in host immune effector cells with the progression of lymphoma. Inhibition of the STAT3 activity with a small molecule inhibitor was able to effectively enhance the function of both host innate and adaptive immunity, and thereby delayed the progression of lymphoma. Despite the therapeutic benefits were achieved by using of the STAT3 inhibitor, disrupting of STAT3 pathway did not prevent the eventual development of lymphoma due to the presence of point mutation of β2M, which controls immune recognition by T cells. Our findings highlight the complexity of the mechanism of immune evasion; therefore a detailed analysis of genes involved in the immune recognition process should be essential before an elegant immunotherapy strategy could be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department of Hematology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei PR China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Department of Hematology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei PR China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Hematology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei PR China
| | - Danmei Xu
- Department of Hematology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei PR China
| | - Quanfu Ma
- Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei PR China
| | - Peilin Zhang
- Department of Hematology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Huang
- Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei PR China
| | - Qinlu Li
- Department of Hematology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei PR China
| | - Ding Ma
- Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei PR China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei PR China; Cancer Biology Research Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei PR China
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3
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Targeted alpha-therapy using [Bi-213]anti-CD20 as novel treatment option for radio- and chemoresistant non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells. Oncotarget 2014; 4:218-30. [PMID: 23474846 PMCID: PMC3712568 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is an emerging treatment option for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) producing higher overall response and complete remission rates compared with unlabelled antibodies. However, the majority of patients treated with conventional or myeloablative doses of radiolabelled antibodies relapse. The development of RIT with alpha-emitters is attractive for a variety of cancers because of the high linear energy transfer (LET) and short path length of alpha-radiation in human tissue, allowing higher tumour cell kill and lower toxicity to healthy tissues. In this study, we investigated the molecular effects of the alpha-emitter Bi-213 labelled to anti-CD20 antibodies ([Bi-213]anti-CD20) on cell cycle and cell death in sensitive and radio-/chemoresistant NHL cells. [Bi-213]anti-CD20 induced apoptosis, activated caspase-3, caspase-2 and caspase-9 and cleaved PARP specifically in CD20-expressing sensitive as well as in chemoresistant, beta-radiation resistant and gamma-radiation resistant NHL cells. CD20 negative cells were not affected by [Bi-213]anti-CD20 and unspecific antibodies labelled with Bi-213 could not kill NHL cells. Breaking radio-/chemoresistance in NHL cells using [Bi-213]anti-CD20 depends on caspase activation as demonstrated by complete inhibition of [Bi-213]anti-CD20-induced apoptosis with zVAD.fmk, a specific inhibitor of caspases activation. This suggests that deficient activation of caspases was reversed in radioresistant NHL cells using [Bi-213]anti-CD20. Activation of mitochondria, resulting in caspase-9 activation was restored and downregulation of Bcl-xL and XIAP, death-inhibiting proteins, was found after [Bi-213]anti-CD20 treatment in radio-/chemosensitive and radio-/chemoresistant NHL cells. [Bi-213]anti-CD20 seems to be a promising radioimmunoconjugate to improve therapeutic success by breaking radio- and chemoresistance selectively in CD20-expressing NHL cells via re-activating apoptotic pathways through reversing deficient activation of caspases and the mitochondrial pathway and downregulation of XIAP and Bcl-xL.
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Abstract
Standard therapies for many common cancers remain toxic and are often ineffective. Cellular immunotherapy has the potential to be a highly targeted alternative, with low toxicity to normal tissues but a high capacity to eradicate tumor. In this chapter we describe approaches that generate cellular therapies using active immunization with cells, proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids, as well as efforts that use adoptive transfer of effector cells that directly target antigens on malignant cells. Many of these approaches are proving successful in hematologic malignancy and in melanoma. In this chapter we discuss the advantages and limitations of each and how over the next decade investigators will attempt to broaden their reach, increase their efficacy, and simplify their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma V Okur
- Baylor College of Medicine, Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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5
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Tobin E, Denardo G, Zhang N, Epstein AL, Liu C, Denardo S. Combination immunotherapy with anti-CD20 and anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibodies induces synergistic anti-lymphoma effects in human lymphoma cell lines. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 48:944-56. [PMID: 17487739 DOI: 10.1080/10428190701272272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rituximab is effective in about one half of patients with indolent lymphoma. Even these patients relapse and develop rituximab resistance. To increase potency and circumvent resistance, the anti-lymphoma effects of rituximab, an anti-CD20 MAb(1), combined with chLym-1(2), an anti-HLA-DR MAb, were assessed in human lymphoma cell lines by examining growth inhibition and cell death, apoptosis induction, ADCC(3) and CDC(4). There were additive effects in all assays and synergism in cell lines, such as B35M, which displayed resistance to either MAb alone. In B35M cells, combined rituximab and chLym-1 induced a 27-fold direct reduction in viable cells, whereas equivalent concentrations of rituximab or chLym-1 alone induced only a 1-fold and 10-fold reduction in viable cells, respectively. Because these results occurred at MAb concentrations readily achievable in patients, they suggest that this combination immunotherapy regimen may increase the potency and range of effectiveness of these MAbs in lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Tobin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1044, Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Binyamin L, Alpaugh RK, Hughes TL, Lutz CT, Campbell KS, Weiner LM. Blocking NK cell inhibitory self-recognition promotes antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in a model of anti-lymphoma therapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6392-401. [PMID: 18424763 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.6392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human NK cells lyse Ab-coated target cells through the process of Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Improving ADCC responses is desirable because it is thought to be an important antitumor mechanism for some Abs. NK cell inhibitory receptors, such as killer cell Ig-like receptors, engage with MHC class I molecules on self-cells to block NK cell activation. Accordingly, we enhanced ADCC responses by blocking NK cell inhibitory receptors, thus perturbing induction of the self-recognition signal. In a cell line model of anti-lymphoma therapy, the combination of rituximab with an Ab that blocks inhibitory self-recognition yielded increased NK cell-mediated target cell lysis when compared with rituximab alone. To validate this proof-of-concept, we then used a more representative approach in which an individual's fresh primary NK cells encountered autologous, EBV-transformed B cells. In this system, rituximab and a combination of Abs that block NK cell inhibitory receptors yielded improved NK cell-mediated lysis over rituximab alone. The results show, for the first time, that disruption of inhibitory self-recognition can efficiently promote ADCC in a human model, applying an autologous system in which physiologic checkpoints are in place. This method provides an alternative approach to potentiate the therapeutic benefit of antitumor Abs that mediate ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Binyamin
- Department of Medical Oncology and Division of Basic Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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9
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Choi JH, Lee WK, Han SH, Ha S, Ahn SM, Kang JS, Choi YJ, Yun CH. Identification and characterization of nonapeptide targeting a human B cell lymphoma, Raji. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:852-8. [PMID: 18442789 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Here, we identified a novel peptide specifically targeting a human B cell lymphoma, Raji, through a conventional phage display method. The amino acid sequence, 'CTLPHLKMC' was obtained with the highest frequency from a nonapeptide-expressing phage library. The phage clone encoding CTLPHLKMC peptide sequence avidly bound to Raji cells compared with control phage clones. Furthermore, flow-cytometric analysis on the biotinylated synthetic CTLPHLKMC peptide demonstrated the high binding affinity to Raji cells in a dose-dependent manner whereas it has binding activity to neither human peripheral blood mononuclear cells including normal B cell derived from healthy donors nor other leukemia cells including THP-1, HL-60, Jurkat and IM-9. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry following immunoprecipitation assay showed that a potential host receptor for the peptide is a variable region of human immunoglobulin heavy chain which would be a specific phenotypic marker of Raji. In conclusion, these results suggest that the peptide, 'CTLPHLKMC', is a specific ligand to a Raji cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huk Choi
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Comparative Immunology, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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Yan J, Allendorf DJ, Li B, Yan R, Hansen R, Donev R. The Role of Membrane Complement Regulatory Proteins in Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78952-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Pagel JM, Pantelias A, Hedin N, Wilbur S, Saganic L, Lin Y, Axworthy D, Hamlin DK, Wilbur DS, Gopal AK, Press OW. Evaluation of CD20, CD22, and HLA-DR Targeting for Radioimmunotherapy of B-Cell Lymphomas. Cancer Res 2007; 67:5921-8. [PMID: 17575162 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the promise of radioimmunotherapy using anti-CD20 antibodies (Ab) for the treatment of relapsed patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), most patients treated with conventional doses of (131)I-tositumomab or (90)Y-ibritumomab eventually relapse. We did comparative assessments using conventional radioimmunotherapy targeting CD20, CD22, and HLA-DR on human Ramos, Raji, and FL-18 lymphoma xenografts in athymic mice to assess the potential for improving the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy by targeting other NHL cell surface antigens. Results of biodistribution studies showed significant differences in tumor localization consistent with variable antigenic expression on the different lymphoma cell lines. Interestingly, the radioimmunoconjugate that yielded the best tumor-to-normal organ ratios differed in each tumor model. We also explored administering all three (111)In-1,4,7,10-tetra-azacylododecane N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid antibodies in combination, but discovered, surprisingly, that this approach did not augment the localization of radioactivity to tumors compared with the administration of the best single radiolabeled Ab alone. These data suggest that conventional radioimmunotherapy using anti-CD20, anti-HLA-DR, or anti-CD22 Abs is effective when used singly and provides targeted uptake of radiolabel into the tumor that is dependent on the levels of antigen expression. Improvements in tumor-to-normal organ ratios of radioactivity cannot be achieved using directly labeled Abs in combination but may be afforded by novel pretargeting methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Pagel
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, and Aletheon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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Tawara T, Hasegawa K, Sugiura Y, Tahara T, Ishida I, Kataoka S. Fully human antibody exhibits pan-human leukocyte antigen-DR recognition and high in vitro/vivo efficacy against human leukocyte antigen-DR-positive lymphomas. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:921-8. [PMID: 17428256 PMCID: PMC11160095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
HD8, a fully human monoclonal antibody specific for human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR), was generated by using the transchromosome mouse that bears the human immunoglobulin genes. HD8 could bind to all 13 tested HLA-DR-positive cell lines and 35 B-cells from healthy donors. Epitope mapping revealed that while the antibody recognizes the most polymorphic region of the HLA-DRB chain, its critical epitope residues are conserved in the major alleles. Indeed, HD8 could recognize 99.2% of HLA-DRB alleles. Since its essential epitope residues are also largely conserved in HLA-DP and HLA-DQ, HD8 could recognize 100% and 66% of the HLA-DP and HLA-DQ alleles tested, respectively. HD8 exerted strong antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro, and significantly extended the life span of immunocompromised mice inoculated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines. The HD8 antibody may be highly useful in HLA-DR-targeted immunotherapy as it is likely to evoke similarly strong responses in individuals carrying different HLA-DR alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Tawara
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Kirin Brewing Company, Ltd, Gunma, Japan
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13
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Singh H, Serrano LM, Pfeiffer T, Olivares S, McNamara G, Smith DD, Al-Kadhimi Z, Forman SJ, Gillies SD, Jensen MC, Colcher D, Raubitschek A, Cooper LJN. Combining adoptive cellular and immunocytokine therapies to improve treatment of B-lineage malignancy. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2872-80. [PMID: 17363611 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the lineage-specific cell-surface molecules CD19 and CD20 present on many B-cell malignancies are targets for both antibody- and cell-based therapies. Coupling these two treatment modalities is predicted to improve the antitumor effect, particularly for tumors resistant to single-agent biotherapies. This can be shown using an immunocytokine, composed of a CD20-specific monoclonal antibody fused to biologically active interleukin 2 (IL-2), combined with ex vivo expanded human umbilical cord blood-derived CD8(+) T cells, that have been genetically modified to be CD19 specific, for adoptive transfer after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. We show that a benefit of targeted delivery of recombinant IL-2 by the immunocytokine to the CD19(+)CD20(+) tumor microenvironment is improved in vivo persistence of the CD19-specific T cells, and this results in an augmented cell-mediated antitumor effect. Phase I trials are under way using anti-CD20-IL-2 immunocytokine and CD19-specific T cells as monotherapies, and our results warrant clinical trials using combination of these two immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/immunology
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjeet Singh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope National Medical Center, USA
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15
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Bowles JA, Weiner GJ. CD16 polymorphisms and NK activation induced by monoclonal antibody-coated target cells. J Immunol Methods 2005; 304:88-99. [PMID: 16109421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CD16 and natural killer (NK) cells appear to play a central role in mediating the anti-tumor effects of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy, yet little is known about changes in NK cells that result from interaction of the NK cells with mAb-coated tumor cells under physiologic conditions. We developed a system using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and either transformed B cells or breast cancer cells to assess how mAbs impact on NK cell phenotype. Rituximab, apolizumab and trastuzumab induced modulation of CD16 and upregulation of CD54 on NK cells when the appropriate target cells were present. Higher concentrations of mAb were needed to induce these changes on NK cells from subjects with the lower affinity CD16 polymorphism. Phenotypic changes were greater in NK cells from subjects with the higher affinity polymorphism even when saturating concentrations of mAb were used, demonstrating increased concentration of mAb can overcome some, but not all, of the influence CD16 polymorphisms have on NK activation. These studies provide a straightforward and easily reproducible technique to measure the ability of mAb-coated tumor cells to activate NK cells in vitro which should be particularly useful as mAbs with varying affinity for both target antigen and Fc receptor (FcR) are developed.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Bowles
- 5970 JPP, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
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Abstract
Three agents have recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: alefacept, efalizumab, and etanercept. The field of dermatology has now entered a new era, joining other disciplines of medicine that have been using biologic agents for decades. These new therapies offer psoriatic patients the potential for safe and effective long-term management of this disease. This article reviews how an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of psoriasis led to the development of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Sobell
- SkinCare Physicians of Chestnut Hill, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
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