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Müller F, De Virgiliis F, Kong G, Zhou L, Serger E, Chadwick J, Sanchez-Vassopoulos A, Singh AK, Eswaramoorthy M, Kundu TK, Di Giovanni S. CBP/p300 activation promotes axon growth, sprouting, and synaptic plasticity in chronic experimental spinal cord injury with severe disability. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001310. [PMID: 36126035 PMCID: PMC9488786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interruption of spinal circuitry following spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts neural activity and is followed by a failure to mount an effective regenerative response resulting in permanent neurological disability. Functional recovery requires the enhancement of axonal and synaptic plasticity of spared as well as injured fibres, which need to sprout and/or regenerate to form new connections. Here, we have investigated whether the epigenetic stimulation of the regenerative gene expression program can overcome the current inability to promote neurological recovery in chronic SCI with severe disability. We delivered the CBP/p300 activator CSP-TTK21 or vehicle CSP weekly between week 12 and 22 following a transection model of SCI in mice housed in an enriched environment. Data analysis showed that CSP-TTK21 enhanced classical regenerative signalling in dorsal root ganglia sensory but not cortical motor neurons, stimulated motor and sensory axon growth, sprouting, and synaptic plasticity, but failed to promote neurological sensorimotor recovery. This work provides direct evidence that clinically suitable pharmacological CBP/p300 activation can promote the expression of regeneration-associated genes and axonal growth in a chronic SCI with severe neurological disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Müller
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco De Virgiliis
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guiping Kong
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luming Zhou
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Serger
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Chadwick
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Akash Kumar Singh
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, JNCASR, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Tapas K. Kundu
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, JNCASR, Bangalore, India
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Simone Di Giovanni
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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2
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Park HW, Oh S, Lee KH, Lee BH, Chang MS. Olig2-expressing Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Functional Recovery after Contusive Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Stem Cells 2018; 11:177-186. [PMID: 30408408 PMCID: PMC6285288 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc18071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Glial scarring and inflammation after spinal cord injury (SCI) interfere with neural regeneration and functional recovery due to the inhibitory microenvironment of the injured spinal cord. Stem cell transplantation can improve functional recovery in experimental models of SCI, but many obstacles to clinical application remain due to concerns regarding the effectiveness and safety of stem cell transplantation for SCI patients. In this study, we investigated the effects of transplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) that were genetically modified to express Olig2 in a rat model of SCI. Methods Bone marrow-derived hMSCs were genetically modified to express Olig2 and transplanted one week after the induction of contusive SCI in a rat model. Spinal cords were harvested 7 weeks after transplantation. Results Transplantation of Olig2-expressing hMSCs significantly improved functional recovery in a rat model of contusive SCI model compared to the control hMSC-transplanted group. Transplantation of Olig2-expressing hMSCs also attenuated glial scar formation in spinal cord lesions. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that transplanted Olig2-expressing hMSCs were partially differentiated into Olig1-positive oligodendrocyte-like cells in spinal cords. Furthermore, NF-M-positive axons were more abundant in the Olig2-expressing hMSC-transplanted group than in the control hMSC-transplanted group. Conclusions We suggest that Olig2-expressing hMSCs are a safe and optimal cell source for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Woo Park
- Laboratory of Stem Cell & Neurobiology, Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute & School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Cell Biology, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soonyi Oh
- Laboratory of Stem Cell & Neurobiology, Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute & School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Lee
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Dongseo University, Busan, Korea
| | - Bae Hwan Lee
- Department of Physiology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Chang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell & Neurobiology, Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute & School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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3
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Guizar-Sahagun G, Martinez-Cruz A, Franco-Bourland RE, Cruz-García E, Corona-Juarez A, Diaz-Ruiz A, Grijalva I, Reyes-Alva HJ, Madrazo I. Creation of an intramedullary cavity by hemorrhagic necrosis removal 24 h after spinal cord contusion in rats for eventual intralesional implantation of restorative materials. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176105. [PMID: 28414769 PMCID: PMC5393885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramedullary hemorrhagic necrosis occurs early after spinal cord injury at the site of injury and adjacent segments. It is considered harmful because of its potential to aggravate secondary injury, and to interfere with axonal regeneration; it might also lead to an unfavorable environment for intralesional implants. Removal of hemorrhagic necrosis has been attempted before with variable results. The invasive nature of these procedures carries the risk of exacerbating damage to the injured cord. The overall objective for this study was to test several strategies for non-damaging removal of hemorrhagic necrosis and characterize the resulting cavity looking for a space for future intralesional therapeutic implants in rats with acute cord injury. Rats were subjected to graded cord contusion, and hemorrhagic necrosis was removed after 24h. Three grades of myelotomy (extensive, medium sized, and small) were tested. Using the small surgical approach to debridement, early and late effects of the intervention were determined by histology and by analytical and behavioral analysis. Appearance and capacity of the resulting cavity were characterized. Satisfactory removal of hemorrhagic necrosis was achieved with all three surgical approaches to debridement. However, bleeding in spared cord tissue was excessive after medium sized and extensive myelotomies but similar to control injured rats after small cord surgery. Small surgical approach to debridement produced no swelling nor acute inflammation changes, nor did it affect long-term spontaneous locomotor recovery, but resulted in modest improvement of myelination in rats subjected to both moderate and severe injuries. Cavity created after intervention was filled with 10 to 15 μL of hydrogel. In conclusion, by small surgical approach to debridement, removal of hemorrhagic necrosis was achieved after acute cord contusion thereby creating intramedullary spaces without further damaging the injured spinal cord. Resulting cavities appear suitable for future intralesional placement of pro-reparative cells or other regenerative biomaterials in a clinically relevant model of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Guizar-Sahagun
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Proyecto Camina A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Rebecca E. Franco-Bourland
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Proyecto Camina A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Cruz-García
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Araceli Diaz-Ruiz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Israel Grijalva
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Proyecto Camina A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Horacio J. Reyes-Alva
- Department of Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Mexico, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Madrazo
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Proyecto Camina A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
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Grosso C, Valentão P, Ferreres F, Andrade PB. Bioactive marine drugs and marine biomaterials for brain diseases. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2539-89. [PMID: 24798925 PMCID: PMC4052305 DOI: 10.3390/md12052539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrates produce a plethora of bioactive compounds, which serve as inspiration for marine biotechnology, particularly in drug discovery programs and biomaterials development. This review aims to summarize the potential of drugs derived from marine invertebrates in the field of neuroscience. Therefore, some examples of neuroprotective drugs and neurotoxins will be discussed. Their role in neuroscience research and development of new therapies targeting the central nervous system will be addressed, with particular focus on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In addition, the neuronal growth promoted by marine drugs, as well as the recent advances in neural tissue engineering, will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Federico Ferreres
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, Campus University Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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5
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Krishna V, Konakondla S, Nicholas J, Varma A, Kindy M, Wen X. Biomaterial-based interventions for neuronal regeneration and functional recovery in rodent model of spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med 2013; 36:174-90. [PMID: 23809587 PMCID: PMC3654443 DOI: 10.1179/2045772313y.0000000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT There is considerable interest in translating laboratory advances in neuronal regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI). A multimodality approach has been advocated for successful functional neuronal regeneration. With this goal in mind several biomaterials have been employed as neuronal bridges either to support cellular transplants, to release neurotrophic factors, or to do both. A systematic review of this literature is lacking. Such a review may provide insight to strategies with a high potential for further investigation and potential clinical application. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the design strategies and outcomes after biomaterial-based multimodal interventions for neuronal regeneration in rodent SCI model. To analyse functional outcomes after implantation of biomaterial-based multimodal interventions and to identify predictors of functional outcomes. METHODS A broad PubMed, CINHAL, and a manual search of relevant literature databases yielded data from 24 publications; 14 of these articles included functional outcome information. Studies reporting behavioral data in rat model of SCI and employing biodegradable polymer-based multimodal intervention were included. For behavioral recovery, studies using severe injury models (transection or severe clip compression (>16.9 g) or contusion (50 g/cm)) were categorized separately from those investigating partial injury models (hemisection or moderate-to-severe clip compression or contusion). RESULTS The cumulative mean improvements in Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores after biomaterial-based interventions are 5.93 (95% CI = 2.41 - 9.45) and 4.44 (95% CI = 2.65 - 6.24) for transection and hemisection models, respectively. Factors associated with improved outcomes include the type of polymer used and a follow-up period greater than 6 weeks. CONCLUSION The functional improvement after implantation of biopolymer-based multimodal implants is modest. The relationship with neuronal regeneration and functional outcome, the effects of inflammation at the site of injury, the prolonged survival of supporting cells, the differentiation of stem cells, the effective delivery of neurotrophic factors, and longer follow-up periods are all topics for future elucidation. Future investigations should strive to further define specific factors associated with improved functional outcomes in clinically relevant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhor Krishna
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | | | - Joyce Nicholas
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Abhay Varma
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; and Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC, USA
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6
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Paspala SA, Vishwakarma SK, Murthy TV, Rao TN, Khan AA. Potential role of stem cells in severe spinal cord injury: current perspectives and clinical data. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2012; 5:15-27. [PMID: 24198535 PMCID: PMC3781762 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s28477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation for spinal cord injury (SCI) along with new pharmacotherapy research offers the potential to restore function and ease the associated social and economic burden in the years ahead. Various sources of stem cells have been used in the treatment of SCI, but the most convincing results have been obtained with neural progenitor cells in preclinical models. Although the use of cell-based transplantation strategies for the repair of chronic SCI remains the long sought after holy grail, these approaches have been to date the most successful when applied in the subacute phase of injury. Application of cell-based strategies for the repair and regeneration of the chronically injured spinal cord will require a combinational strategy that may need to include approaches to overcome the effects of the glial scar, inhibitory molecules, and use of tissue engineering strategies to bridge the lesion. Nonetheless, cell transplantation strategies are promising, and it is anticipated that the Phase I clinical trials of some form of neural stem cell-based approach in SCI will commence very soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ab Paspala
- PAN Research Foundation, CARE, Hyderabad, India ; The Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
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7
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Quadrato G, Di Giovanni S. Gatekeeper between quiescence and differentiation: p53 in axonal outgrowth and neurogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23206596 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398309-1.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor and tumor suppressor gene p53 regulates a wide range of cellular processes including DNA damage/repair, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and cell metabolism. In the past several years, a specific novel role for p53 in neuronal biology has emerged. p53 orchestrates the polarity of self-renewing divisions in neural stem cells both during embryonic development and in adulthood and coordinates the timing for cell fate specification. In postmitotic neurons, p53 regulates neurite outgrowth and postinjury axonal regeneration via neurotrophin-dependent and -independent signaling by both transcriptional and posttranslational control of growth cone remodeling. This review provides an insight into the molecular mechanisms upstream and downstream p53 both during neural development and following axonal injury. Their understanding may provide therapeutic targets to enhance neuroregeneration following nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Quadrato
- Laboratory for NeuroRegeneration and Repair, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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8
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Yoon C, Tuszynski MH. Frontiers of spinal cord and spine repair: experimental approaches for repair of spinal cord injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 760:1-15. [PMID: 23281510 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4090-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of injured CNS neurons was once thought to be an unachievable goal. Most patients with significant damage to the spinal cord suffer from permanently impaired neurological function. A century of research, however, has led to an understanding of multiple factors that limit CNS regeneration and from this knowledge experimental strategies have emerged for enhancing CNS repair. Some of these approaches have undergone human translation. Nevertheless, translating experimental findings to human trials has been more challenging than anticipated. In this chapter, we will review the current state of knowledge regarding central axonal growth failure after injury, and approaches taken to enhance recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choya Yoon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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9
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Cui YF, Xu JC, Hargus G, Jakovcevski I, Schachner M, Bernreuther C. Embryonic stem cell-derived L1 overexpressing neural aggregates enhance recovery after spinal cord injury in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17126. [PMID: 21445247 PMCID: PMC3060805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An obstacle to early stem cell transplantation into the acutely injured spinal cord is poor survival of transplanted cells. Transplantation of embryonic stem cells as substrate adherent embryonic stem cell-derived neural aggregates (SENAs) consisting mainly of neurons and radial glial cells has been shown to enhance survival of grafted cells in the injured mouse brain. In the attempt to promote the beneficial function of these SENAs, murine embryonic stem cells constitutively overexpressing the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 which favors axonal growth and survival of grafted and imperiled cells in the inhibitory environment of the adult mammalian central nervous system were differentiated into SENAs and transplanted into the spinal cord three days after compression lesion. Mice transplanted with L1 overexpressing SENAs showed improved locomotor function when compared to mice injected with wild-type SENAs. L1 overexpressing SENAs showed an increased number of surviving cells, enhanced neuronal differentiation and reduced glial differentiation after transplantation when compared to SENAs not engineered to overexpress L1. Furthermore, L1 overexpressing SENAs rescued imperiled host motoneurons and parvalbumin-positive interneurons and increased numbers of catecholaminergic nerve fibers distal to the lesion. In addition to encouraging the use of embryonic stem cells for early therapy after spinal cord injury L1 overexpression in the microenvironment of the lesioned spinal cord is a novel finding in its functions that would make it more attractive for pre-clinical studies in spinal cord regeneration and most likely other diseases of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Cui
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätskrankenhaus Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jin-Chong Xu
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätskrankenhaus Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Hargus
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätskrankenhaus Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätskrankenhaus Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätskrankenhaus Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MS); (CB)
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätskrankenhaus Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MS); (CB)
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10
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Giovanni SD. Molecular targets for axon regeneration: focus on the intrinsic pathways. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:1387-98. [DOI: 10.1517/14728220903307517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Catania A. Neuroprotective actions of melanocortins: a therapeutic opportunity. Trends Neurosci 2008; 31:353-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Shi S, Cheng C, Zhao J, Chen M, Qin J, Gao S, Shen A. Expression of p27kip1 and Skp2 in the adult spinal cord following sciatic nerve injury. J Mol Neurosci 2007; 32:64-71. [PMID: 17873289 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-007-0015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skp2 (S-phase-associated kinase protein-2) is involved in ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of p27kip1, which plays important roles in cell cycle regulation and neurogenesis in the developing central nervous system (CNS). But their distribution and function in the nervous system lesion and regeneration remains unclear. In this study, we examined expression and relationship of p27kip1 and Skp2 in adult rat spinal cord following sciatic nerve injury. It was illustrated that they localized mainly in neurons and astrocytes of spinal cord, and might also expressed in other glial cells according to the results of immunohistochemistry. Sciatic nerve crush and transection resulted in a significant up-regulation of Skp2 and a down-regulation of p27kip1 in spinal cord. Statistical analysis indicated negative correlation between the number of p27kip1 and Skp2 positive cells in the ventral horn following the sciatic nerve lesion. Immunoprecipitation further showed that they interacted with each other in the regenerating process. Thus, p27kip1 and Skp2 likely play an important role in spinal cord regeneration after peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Shi
- The Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
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13
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Zimmer MB, Nantwi K, Goshgarian HG. Effect of spinal cord injury on the respiratory system: basic research and current clinical treatment options. J Spinal Cord Med 2007; 203:98-108. [PMID: 17853653 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to an impairment of the respiratory system. The more rostral the level of injury, the more likely the injury will affect ventilation. In fact, respiratory insufficiency is the number one cause of mortality and morbidity after SCI. This review highlights the progress that has been made in basic and clinical research, while noting the gaps in our knowledge. Basic research has focused on a hemisection injury model to examine methods aimed at improving respiratory function after SCI, but contusion injury models have also been used. Increasing synaptic plasticity, strengthening spared axonal pathways, and the disinhibition of phrenic motor neurons all result in the activation of a latent respiratory motor pathway that restores function to a previously paralyzed hemidiaphragm in animal models. Human clinical studies have revealed that respiratory function is negatively impacted by SCI. Respiratory muscle training regimens may improve inspiratory function after SCI, but more thorough and carefully designed studies are needed to adequately address this issue. Phrenic nerve and diaphragm pacing are options available to wean patients from standard mechanical ventilation. The techniques aimed at improving respiratory function in humans with SCI have both pros and cons, but having more options available to the clinician allows for more individualized treatment, resulting in better patient care. Despite significant progress in both basic and clinical research, there is still a significant gap in our understanding of the effect of SCI on the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beth Zimmer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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14
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Braddock M. Natural product promotes repair of injured spinal cord. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:251-5. [PMID: 17243945 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.2.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Braddock
- Discovery Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK.
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15
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Zimmer MB, Nantwi K, Goshgarian HG. Effect of spinal cord injury on the respiratory system: basic research and current clinical treatment options. J Spinal Cord Med 2007; 30:319-30. [PMID: 17853653 PMCID: PMC2031930 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2007.11753947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to an impairment of the respiratory system. The more rostral the level of injury, the more likely the injury will affect ventilation. In fact, respiratory insufficiency is the number one cause of mortality and morbidity after SCI. This review highlights the progress that has been made in basic and clinical research, while noting the gaps in our knowledge. Basic research has focused on a hemisection injury model to examine methods aimed at improving respiratory function after SCI, but contusion injury models have also been used. Increasing synaptic plasticity, strengthening spared axonal pathways, and the disinhibition of phrenic motor neurons all result in the activation of a latent respiratory motor pathway that restores function to a previously paralyzed hemidiaphragm in animal models. Human clinical studies have revealed that respiratory function is negatively impacted by SCI. Respiratory muscle training regimens may improve inspiratory function after SCI, but more thorough and carefully designed studies are needed to adequately address this issue. Phrenic nerve and diaphragm pacing are options available to wean patients from standard mechanical ventilation. The techniques aimed at improving respiratory function in humans with SCI have both pros and cons, but having more options available to the clinician allows for more individualized treatment, resulting in better patient care. Despite significant progress in both basic and clinical research, there is still a significant gap in our understanding of the effect of SCI on the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beth Zimmer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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16
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Tang BL, Low CB. Genetic Manipulation of Neural Stem Cells for Transplantation into the Injured Spinal Cord. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2006; 27:75-85. [PMID: 17151948 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-006-9119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The injured adult spinal cord is not conducive for neuronal regeneration and neurogenesis. Engrafted neural precursor cells (NPCs) differentiate largely into astroglia, with only a very small percentage becoming neurons (which might replace injured neurons) or oligodendroglia (which might improve injury induced demyelination of spared neurons). Several recent attempts have been made to enhanced neurogenesis or oligodendroglia differentiation of transplanted NPCs by genetic manipulation. These include exogenous expression of noggin, with the idea of antagonizing the astroglia differentiation promoting Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs). Direct attempts to enhance neurogenesis have also been made in transgenic over-expression of neurogenic basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. These experiments resulted in some interesting observations, which we discuss here in the light of recent advances in development of cell-based engraftment therapy for spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Garden City, Singapore.
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