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Jiang YK, Li W, Qiu YY, Yue M. Advances in targeted therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive in advanced gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:2318-2334. [PMID: 38994153 PMCID: PMC11236256 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i6.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging therapeutic methods represented by targeted therapy are effective supplements to traditional first-line chemoradiotherapy resistance. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is one of the most important targets in targeted therapy for gastric cancer. Trastuzumab combined with chemotherapy has been used as the first-line treatment for advanced gastric cancer. The safety and efficacy of pertuzumab and margetuximab in the treatment of gastric cancer have been verified. However, monoclonal antibodies, due to their large molecular weight, inability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and drug resistance, lead to decreased therapeutic efficacy, so it is necessary to explore the efficacy of other HER2-targeting therapies in gastric cancer. Small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as lapatinib and pyrrotinib, have the advantages of small molecular weight, penetrating the blood-brain barrier and high oral bioavailability, and are expected to become the drugs of choice for perioperative treatment and neoadjuvant therapy of gastric cancer after validation by large-scale clinical trials in the future. Antibo-drug conjugate, such as T-DM1 and T-DXd, can overcome the resistance of monoclonal antibodies despite their different mechanisms of tumor killing, and are a supplement for the treatment of patients who have failed the treatment of monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab. Therefore, after more detailed stratification of gastric cancer patients, various gastric cancer drugs targeting HER2 are expected to play a more significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Kun Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- Health Management Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying-Yang Qiu
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Meng Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
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2
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Ren X, Feng C, Wang Y, Chen P, Wang S, Wang J, Cao H, Li Y, Ji M, Hou P. SLC39A10 promotes malignant phenotypes of gastric cancer cells by activating the CK2-mediated MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1757-1769. [PMID: 37524874 PMCID: PMC10474099 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier family 39 member 10 (SLC39A10) belongs to a subfamily of zinc transporters and plays a key role in B-cell development. Previous studies have reported that its upregulation promotes breast cancer metastasis by enhancing the influx of zinc ions (Zn2+); however, its role in gastric cancer remains totally unclear. Here, we found that SLC39A10 expression was frequently increased in gastric adenocarcinomas and that SLC39A10 upregulation was strongly associated with poor patient outcomes; in addition, we identified SLC39A10 as a direct target of c-Myc. Functional studies showed that ectopic expression of SLC39A10 in gastric cancer cells dramatically enhanced the proliferation, colony formation, invasiveness abilities of these gastric cancer cells and tumorigenic potential in nude mice. Conversely, SLC39A10 knockdown inhibited gastric cancer cell proliferation and colony formation. Mechanistically, SLC39A10 exerted its carcinogenic effects by increasing Zn2+ availability and subsequently enhancing the enzyme activity of CK2 (casein kinase 2). As a result, the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways, two major downstream effectors of CK2, were activated, while c-Myc, a downstream target of these two pathways, formed a vicious feedback loop with SLC39A10 to drive the malignant progression of gastric cancer. Taken together, our data demonstrate that SLC39A10 is a functional oncogene in gastric cancer and suggest that targeting CK2 is an alternative therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer patients with high SLC39A10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Ren
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Chao Feng
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Pu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Simeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Jianling Wang
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Hongxin Cao
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yujun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710004, Xi'an, P. R. China.
| | - Meiju Ji
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, P. R. China.
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Hou
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, P. R. China.
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, P. R. China.
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3
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Yang K, Lu L, Liu H, Wang X, Gao Y, Yang L, Li Y, Su M, Jin M, Khan S. A comprehensive update on early gastric cancer: defining terms, etiology, and alarming risk factors. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:255-273. [PMID: 33121300 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1845140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early gastric cancer (EGC) is a well-defined gastric malignancy that is limited to the mucosa or submucosa, irrespective of lymph node metastasis. At an early stage, gastric cancer often does not cause symptoms until it becomes advanced, and it is a heterogeneous disease and usually encountered in its late stages. AREA COVERED This comprehensive review will provide a novel insight into the evaluation of EGC epidemiology, defining terms, extensive etiology and risk factors, and timely diagnosis since prevention is an essential approach for controlling this cancer and reducing its morbidity and mortality. EXPERT OPINION The causative manner of EGC is complex and multifactorial. In recent years, researchers have made significant contributions to understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of EGC, and standardization in the evaluation of disease activity. Though the incidence of this cancer is steadily declining in some advanced societies owing to appropriate interventions, there remains a serious threat to health in developing nations. Early detection of resectable gastric cancer is crucial for better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Yang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital , Tianjin, PR, China
| | - Lijie Lu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing, PR, China
| | - Huayi Liu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital , Tianjin, PR, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital , Tianjin, PR, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital , Tianjin, PR, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital , Tianjin, PR, China
| | - Yupeng Li
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital , Tianjin, PR, China
| | - Meiling Su
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital , Tianjin, PR, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital , Tianjin, PR, China
| | - Samiullah Khan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, PR, China
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Afshari F, Soleyman-Jahi S, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Roviello G, Rezaei N. The promising role of monoclonal antibodies for gastric cancer treatment. Immunotherapy 2020; 11:347-364. [PMID: 30678552 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death world-wide. Despite improvements in prevention, early detection and various therapeutic options, the prognosis is still poor. GC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage with survivals less than 1 year. Chemotherapy as the mainstay of treatment in advanced stage is not of notable advantages, underlining the need for novel more effective therapeutic options. Based on current knowledge of molecular and cellular mechanisms, a number of novel biologic approaches such as monoclonal antibodies have been recently introduced for cancer treatment that mainly affect the immune system or target signaling pathways playing role in cancer and metastasis development. In this review, various monoclonal antibodies for GC therapy were explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Afshari
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Soleyman-Jahi
- Digestive Diseases Research Cores Center, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, USA.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), St. Louis, USA.,Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Giandomenico Roviello
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, San Donato Hospital, Via Nenni 20, Arezzo, Italy.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Arezzo, Italy
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Sheffield, UK
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Satala CB, Jung I, Stefan-van Staden RI, Kovacs Z, Molnar C, Bara T, Fulop ZZ, Gurzu S. HER2 Heterogeneity in Gastric Cancer: A Comparative Study, Using Two Commercial Antibodies. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:8860174. [PMID: 33144857 PMCID: PMC7596543 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8860174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although amplification of the gene encoding human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is used as an indicator for response to trastuzumab, the reported response rate is low, and few patients with gastric cancer (GC) benefit from this individualized therapy. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein (HER2), in GC samples, using two commercial immunohistochemical (IHC) antibodies, and to validate the results by checking HER2 gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). METHODS We assessed the IHC expression of HER2 using the polyclonal antibody from Dako and CB11 clone from Leica, in 93 consecutive cases of GC samples. In all of the cases, FISH analysis was also performed using the BOND-MAX platform. RESULTS No significant difference was observed between the two HER2 antibodies. Of the 93 cases, 22.58% demonstrated at least focal and 1+ HER2 positivity. Seven cases (7.53%) exhibited 3+ expression, and another 7 carcinomas (7.53%) were equivocal (2+). HER2 amplification was seen in 11 cases (11.83%), 10 of which were differentiated adenocarcinomas. In 5 of the cases, 2-5 sections were examined, which proved the extremely high intratumorally/intraglandular heterogeneity. FISH heterogeneity was higher in cases with only 2+ positivity on IHC assessment, compared with those showing at least one small focus of 3+ overexpression. HER2 amplification proved to be an independent negative prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS Due to the highly heterogeneous aspect of GC, at least 3-4 slides should be assessed by IHC, before considering a tumor to be HER2-negative. In cases with small 3+ foci representing less than 5% of tumor and in equivocal (2+) cases, FISH analysis remains the gold standard method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Bogdan Satala
- 1Department of Pathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Targu-Mures, Romania
- 2Department of Pathology, Clinical County Emergency Hospital, Targu-Mures, Romania
| | - Ioan Jung
- 1Department of Pathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Targu-Mures, Romania
| | - Raluca Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- 3Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Zsolt Kovacs
- 4Department of Pathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
| | - Calin Molnar
- 5Department of Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
- 6Department of Surgery, Clinical County Emergency Hospital, Targu-Mures, Romania
| | - Tivadar Bara
- 6Department of Surgery, Clinical County Emergency Hospital, Targu-Mures, Romania
| | - Zsolt Zoltan Fulop
- 5Department of Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
- 6Department of Surgery, Clinical County Emergency Hospital, Targu-Mures, Romania
| | - Simona Gurzu
- 1Department of Pathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Targu-Mures, Romania
- 2Department of Pathology, Clinical County Emergency Hospital, Targu-Mures, Romania
- 7Department of Pathology, Research Center (CCAMF), Tirgu-Mures, Romania
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6
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Fang H, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Wang X, Wang H, Wang Y, Chai F, Jiang Y, Jin Z, Wan Y, Zhu L, Ma S. Regional Hyperthermia Combined with Chemotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Open Med (Wars) 2019; 14:85-90. [PMID: 30847395 PMCID: PMC6401389 DOI: 10.1515/med-2019-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aims to investigate the potential effects of regional hyperthermia combined with chemotherapy (RHCT) as a treatment strategy for advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Method 118 AGC patients were randomly divided into treatment plans with chemotherapy (CT) alone or with RHCT. The prognostic value of clinicopathologic characteristics was assessed in terms of overall survival of AGC patients. Results The disease control rate was determined to be 70.9% and 46.0% for the RHCT and CT group, respectively (P = 0.006). The median survival was determined to be 23.5 months for the RHCT group and 14.0 months for the CT group (P = 0.010). The 3-year survival rate for the RHCT group was 11.4% and 0% for the CT group (P = 0.018). No difference in grade 3 or 4 adverse events was observed between the two groups (P > 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that hyperthermia, disease stage, Glasgow prognostic score, and abdominal metastasis were closely associated with the prognosis of these AGC patients. Conclusion The study suggests that combination treatment with RHCT for AGC has clinical potential for both short- and long-term curative effects without compromising toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Fang
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Department of Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhibing Wu
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Chai
- Department of Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiling Jiang
- Department of Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongqiang Jin
- Department of Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wan
- Department of Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lucheng Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, No. 34, Yanguan Lane, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenglin Ma
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 261, Huansha Road, Hangzhou, China
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Buhmeida A, Assidi M, Al-Maghrabi J, Dallol A, Sibiany A, Al-Ahwal M, Chaudhary A, Abuzenadah A, Al-Qahtani M. Membranous or Cytoplasmic HER2 Expression in Colorectal Carcinoma: Evaluation of Prognostic Value Using Both IHC & BDISH. Cancer Invest 2018; 36:129-140. [PMID: 29504811 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2018.1439054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human epidermal growth factor recptor-2 (HER2) was identified as a driver gene in several types of cancers with both prognostic and predictive value. However, the molecular association of HER2 gene mutation with HER2 gene amplification and/or protein expression in cancer tissues has not been clearly defined. Moreover, there is little information available on HER2 status role in tumor progression and metastasis in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) compared to other solid tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate both HER2 amplification and protein expression profiles using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and bright-field dual in situ hybridization (BDISH) techniques, respectively. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed to accommodate a total of 243 CRC formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples of consent patients and stained by IHC and BDISH methods. The expression patterns of HER2 protein status were evaluated and correlated to HER2 gene amplification status and then assessed for its prognostic value. RESULTS The expression profile of 58% samples showed cytoplasmic expression patterns of different categories. Interestingly, only 1% showed strong (+3) membranous expression pattern of HER2 with perfect match with their corresponding gene amplification status (>2). However, the cytoplasmic HER2 protein status did not show significant correlation with most clinicopathological features and survival outcomes except with age (p = 0.04) and tumor size (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the membranous HER2 gene/protein status is infrequent, while the main fraction of HER2 overexpression was cytoplasmic and lacking prognostic value. This cytoplasmic HER2 overexpression was induced through a gene-amplification independent pathway, making the HER2 gene status evaluation approach in those cases not worthy. Further investigations about the molecular pathways of the cytoplasmic HER2 protein in CRC and its associations with survival outcomes are required to allow either a breakthrough in CRC management; or to confirm the hypothesis of a marginal role in CRC onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbaset Buhmeida
- a Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mourad Assidi
- a Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia.,b KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaudah Al-Maghrabi
- c Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Dallol
- a Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia.,b KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Sibiany
- d Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Al-Ahwal
- e Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeel Chaudhary
- a Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Abuzenadah
- a Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia.,b KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Qahtani
- a Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
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Yun S, Koh J, Nam SK, Park JO, Lee SM, Lee K, Lee KS, Ahn SH, Park DJ, Kim HH, Choe G, Kim WH, Lee HS. Clinical significance of overexpression of NRG1 and its receptors, HER3 and HER4, in gastric cancer patients. Gastric Cancer 2018; 21:225-236. [PMID: 28573357 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-017-0732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuregulin 1 (NRG1), a ligand for human epidermal growth factor (HER) 3 and HER4, can activates cell signaling pathways to promote carcinogenesis and metastasis. METHODS To investigate the clinicopathologic significance of NRG1 and its receptors, immunohistochemistry was performed for NRG1, HER3, and HER4 in 502 consecutive gastric cancers (GCs). Furthermore, HER2, microsatellite instability (MSI), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status were investigated. NRG1 gene copy number (GCN) was determined by dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 388 available GCs. RESULTS NRG1 overexpression was observed in 141 (28.1%) GCs and closely correlated with HER3 (P = 0.034) and HER4 (P < 0.001) expression. NRG1 overexpression was significantly associated with aggressive features, including infiltrative tumor growth, lymphovascular, and neural invasion, high pathologic stage, and poor prognosis (all P < 0.05), but not associated with EBV, MSI, or HER2 status. Multivariate analysis identified NRG1 overexpression as an independent prognostic factor for survival (P = 0.040). HER3 and HER4 expressions were observed in 157 (31.3%) and 277 (55.2%), respectively. In contrast to NRG1, expression of these proteins was not associated with survival. NRG1 GCN gain (GCN ≥ 2.5) was detected in 14.7% patients, including two cases of amplification, and was moderately correlated with NRG1 overexpression (κ, 0.459; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although our results indicate a lack of prognostic significance of HER3 and HER4 overexpression in GC, overexpression of their ligand, NRG1, was associated with aggressive clinical features and represented an independent unfavorable prognostic factor. Therefore, NRG1 is a potential prognostic and therapeutic biomarker in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Yun
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Samkwang Medical Laboratories, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Nam
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
| | - Jung Ok Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
| | - Sung Mi Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
| | - Kyoungyul Lee
- Department of Pathology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Kangwon, South Korea
| | - Kyu Sang Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Do Joong Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Gheeyoung Choe
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea.
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Yoon C, Cho SJ, Chang KK, Park DJ, Ryeom SW, Yoon SS. Role of Rac1 Pathway in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stem-like Cell Phenotypes in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1106-1116. [PMID: 28461325 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rac1, a Rho GTPase family member, is dysregulated in a variety of tumor types including gastric adenocarcinoma, but little is known about its role in cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). Therefore, Rac1 activity and inhibition were examined in gastric adenocarcinoma cells and mouse xenograft models for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and CSC phenotypes. Rac1 activity was significantly higher in spheroid-forming or CD44+ gastric adenocarcinoma CSCs compared with unselected cells. Rac1 inhibition using Rac1 shRNA or a Rac1 inhibitor (NSC23766) decreased expression of the self-renewal transcription factor, Sox-2, decreased spheroid formation by 78%-81%, and prevented tumor initiation in immunodeficient mice. Gastric adenocarcinoma CSCs had increased expression of the EMT transcription factor Slug, 4.4- to 8.3-fold greater migration, and 4.2- to 12.6-fold greater invasion than unselected cells, and these increases could be blocked completely with Rac1 inhibition. Gastric adenocarcinoma spheroid cells were resistant to 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin chemotherapy, and this chemotherapy resistance could be reversed with Rac1 shRNA or NSC23766. The PI3K/Akt pathway may be upstream of Rac1, and JNK may be downstream of Rac1. In the MKN-45 xenograft model, cisplatin inhibited tumor growth by 50%, Rac1 inhibition by 35%, and the combination by 77%. Higher Rac1 activity, in clinical specimens from gastric adenocarcinoma patients who underwent potentially curative surgery, correlated with significantly worse survival (P = 0.017). In conclusion, Rac1 promotes the EMT program in gastric adenocarcinoma and the acquisition of a CSC state. Rac1 inhibition in gastric adenocarcinoma cells blocks EMT and CSC phenotypes, and thus may prevent metastasis and augment chemotherapy.Implications: In gastric adenocarcinoma, therapeutic targeting of the Rac1 pathway may prevent or reverse EMT and CSC phenotypes that drive tumor progression, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance. Mol Cancer Res; 15(8); 1106-16. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhwan Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Soo-Jeong Cho
- Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Kevin K Chang
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Do Joong Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sandra W Ryeom
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sam S Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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10
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Lu W, Li M, Wang H, Liu L, Lu S. An epidermal growth factor receptor exon 19 mutation in a mucin-producing gastric cancer sample from a Chinese patient. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2016; 46:502-6. [PMID: 27004903 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a subgroup of gastric cancer patients might benefit from epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors. METHODS A total of 103 gastric cancer samples were collected for this study. High-resolution melting and deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing were used to detect epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in exons 19 and 21. RESULTS Polymerase chain reaction-high-resolution melting was successfully performed on all 103 samples. Aberrant melting curves were found in only one sample. Sanger sequencing revealed a 15 bp deletion (c.2235_2249del; p.Glu746_Ala750del) in epidermal growth factor receptor exon 19. The sample was from a male patient, and the pathological diagnosis was a mucin-producing gastric cancer with lymph node metastasis. To date, this is the first report on epidermal growth factor receptor exon 19 mutation in gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS An epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in exon 19 was identified in mucin-producing gastric cancer sample from a male patient. This mutation indicates that the small subgroup of patients with mucin-producing gastric cancer might benefit from epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Lu
- Laboratory Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Department of Pathology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian
| | - Mei Li
- Laboratory Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian
| | - Lina Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Shen Lu
- Laboratory Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian
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11
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Xiong D, Liu Z, Bian T, Li J, Huang W, Jing P, Liu L, Wang Y, Zhong Z. GX1-mediated anionic liposomes carrying adenoviral vectors for enhanced inhibition of gastric cancer vascular endothelial cells. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:699-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Kosova F, Kurt FO, Olmez E, Tuğlu I, Arı Z. Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on matrix molecules and angiogenetic and anti-angiogenetic factors in gastric cancer cells cultured on different substrates. Biotech Histochem 2015; 91:38-47. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2015.1072769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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13
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Yoon C, Cho SJ, Aksoy BA, Park DJ, Schultz N, Ryeom SW, Yoon SS. Chemotherapy Resistance in Diffuse-Type Gastric Adenocarcinoma Is Mediated by RhoA Activation in Cancer Stem-Like Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:971-83. [PMID: 26482039 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Lauren diffuse type of gastric adenocarcinoma (DGA), as opposed to the intestinal type (IGA), often harbors mutations in RHOA, but little is known about the role of RhoA in DGA. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined RhoA activity and RhoA pathway inhibition in DGA cell lines and in two mouse xenograft models. RhoA activity was also assessed in patient tumor samples. RESULTS RhoA activity was higher in DGA compared with IGA cell lines and was further increased when grown as spheroids to enrich for cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) or when sorted using the gastric CSC marker CD44. RhoA shRNA or the RhoA inhibitor Rhosin decreased expression of the stem cell transcription factor, Sox2, and decreased spheroid formation by 78% to 81%. DGA spheroid cells had 3- to 5-fold greater migration and invasion than monolayer cells, and this activity was Rho-dependent. Diffuse GA spheroid cells were resistant in a cytotoxicity assay to 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin chemotherapy, and this resistance could be reversed with RhoA pathway inhibition. In two xenograft models, cisplatin inhibited tumor growth by 40% to 50%, RhoA inhibition by 32% to 60%, and the combination by 77% to 83%. In 288 patient tumors, increased RhoA activity correlated with worse overall survival in DGA patients (P = 0.017) but not in IGA patients (P = 0.612). CONCLUSIONS RhoA signaling promotes CSC phenotypes in DGA cells. Increased RhoA activity is correlated with worse overall survival in DGA patients, and RhoA inhibition can reverse chemotherapy resistance in DGA CSC and in tumor xenografts. Thus, the RhoA pathway is a promising new target in DGA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhwan Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Soo-Jeong Cho
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Bülent Arman Aksoy
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Do Joong Park
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nikolaus Schultz
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sandra W Ryeom
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sam S Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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14
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Lee HW, Jang KSB, Choi HJ, Jo A, Cheong JH, Chun KH. Celastrol inhibits gastric cancer growth by induction of apoptosis and autophagy. BMB Rep 2015; 47:697-702. [PMID: 24667175 PMCID: PMC4345515 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the interest in natural products for the treatment of cancer is increasing because they are the pre-screened candidates. In the present study, we demonstrate the therapeutic effect of celastrol, a triterpene extracted from the root bark of Chinese medicine on gastric cancer. The proliferation of AGS and YCC-2 cells were most sensitively decreased in six kinds of gastric cancer cell lines after the treatment with celastrol. Celastrol inhibited the cell migration and increased G1 arrest in cell-cycle populations in both cell lines. The treatment with celastrol significantly induced autophagy and apoptosis and increased the expression of autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins. We also found an increase in phosphorylated AMPK following a decrease in all phosphorylated forms of AKT, mTOR and S6K after the treatment with celastrol. Moreover, gastric tumor burdens were reduced in a dose-dependent manner by celastrol administration in a xenografted mice model. Taken together, celastrol distinctly inhibits the gastric cancer cell proliferation and induces autophagy and apoptosis. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(12): 697-702]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752; Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Kenny Seung Bin Jang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752; Asia Pacific International School, Seoul 139-852, Korea
| | - Hye Ji Choi
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Medical Research Institute, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Medical Research Institute, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cheong
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Medical Research Institute, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Medical Research Institute, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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15
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Peng Z, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhou J, Lu M, Li Q, Shen L. Serum HER2 extracellular domain as a potential alternative for tissue HER2 status in metastatic gastric cancer patients. Biomark Med 2015; 8:663-70. [PMID: 25123035 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.14.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We investigated whether serum concentrations of the HER2 extracellular domain (ECD) can be used as an alternative to test tissue HER2 status in metastatic gastric cancer. MATERIALS & METHODS A total of 133 cases of metastatic gastric cancer were included in present study. Serum HER2 ECD was measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine optimal serum HER2 ECD concentrations for differentiation between positive and negative HER2 status. RESULTS The median level of serum HER2 ECD was 9.6 ng/ml in metastatic gastric cancer patients. There was a significant relationship between serum and tissue levels of HER2 protein (p < 0.001). Area under the curve for serum HER2 ECD was 0.771 (95% CI: 0.682-0.860). CONCLUSION Levels of serum HER2 ECD are highly correlated with tissue HER2 status in metastatic gastric cancer. Serum HER2 ECD assay can be considered as a potential alternative for tissue HER2 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis & Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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16
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Lee HW, Kim SJ, Choi IJ, Song J, Chun KH. Targeting Notch signaling by γ-secretase inhibitor I enhances the cytotoxic effect of 5-FU in gastric cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:593-603. [PMID: 26134677 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current medication for gastric cancer patients has a low success rate and the patients develop rapid tolerance to these drugs. Therefore, the development of new regimens is desired. In this study, we determined that Notch-signaling-related genes were overexpressed and activated in gastric cancer patients and gastric cancer cell lines. According to recent studies, γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), which function as Notch signaling inhibitors, could be used as therapeutic drugs in cancer. We demonstrated that GSI I (cbz-IL-CHO) is the most effective GSI in gastric cancer cells. We also determined the cell survival signaling-related proteins that were affected by GSI I. The levels of phosphorylated AKT were significantly decreased upon GSI I treatment, and constitutively activated myristoylated AKT completely blocked GSI I-induced apoptosis and cell survival, suggesting that inhibition of AKT signaling is critical for GSI I-mediated effects in gastric cancer cells. In order to maximize the effects and safety of GSI I, a combination treatment with GSI I and 5-FU was performed. Inhibition of gastric cancer cell proliferation with the combination treatment was significantly better than that with the single treatment. All phosphorylated forms of AKT, p44/42, JNK, and p38 were drastically changed by the combination treatment. Orthotopically transplanted gastric tumor burdens in mice were reduced using the combined treatment. The outcomes of this study clearly demonstrated the therapeutic potential of GSI I in gastric cancer, as well as the greater efficacy of the combined treatment of GSI I with 5-FU. Therefore, we suggest that further clinical trials examining the potential of combined GSI I and 5-FU treatment in gastric cancer patients be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Yun C, Gang L, Rongmin G, Xu W, Xuezhi M, Huanqiu C. Essential role of Her3 in two signaling transduction patterns: Her2/Her3 and MET/Her3 in proliferation of human gastric cancer. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:1700-9. [PMID: 25400108 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Various receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways were verified in many cancers including gastric cancer (GC), We sought to investigate the expression of RTKs including Her2, Her3, and Met and their transduction patterns in human GC. Over-expression of Her2, Her3, and c-Met in human GC was verified by immunohistochemistry leading to constitutive activation of RTK signaling pathways. Combined RTKs expression was valuable indicators for poor prognosis of GC patients. Using ErbB2 specific inhibitor Lapatinib and c-Met specific inhibitor PHA-665752, we further demonstrated that this constitutive activation of RTK signaling is necessary for the survival of GC cells. However, various RTK pattern: Her3/Her2 and Met/Her3 were verified in the transduction growth stimulus from outside via both AKT and MAPK signaling. Moreover, the essential roles of Her3 in both two heterodimers were obtained which showed significantly attenuated growth effect due to Her3 knockdown both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, various molecular transduction patterns: Her2/Her3 and Met/Her3 were verified in human GC, and Her3 could serve as a potential target in GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Gang
- Gastric Tumor Center, General Surgery Department, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gu Rongmin
- Gastric Tumor Center, General Surgery Department, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Gastric Tumor Center, General Surgery Department, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Xuezhi
- Gastric Tumor Center, General Surgery Department, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Huanqiu
- Gastric Tumor Center, General Surgery Department, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Vita FD, Martino ND, Fabozzi A, Laterza MM, Ventriglia J, Savastano B, Petrillo A, Gambardella V, Sforza V, Marano L, Auricchio A, Galizia G, Ciardiello F, Orditura M. Clinical management of advanced gastric cancer: the role of new molecular drugs. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:14537-58. [PMID: 25356019 PMCID: PMC4209522 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fourth most common malignant neoplasm and the second leading cause of death for cancer in Western countries with more than 20000 new cases yearly diagnosed in the United States. Surgery represents the main approach for this disease but, notwithstanding the advances in surgical techniques, we observed a minimal improvement in terms of overall survival with a significant increasing of relapsing disease rates. Despite the development of new drugs has significantly improved the effectiveness of chemotherapy, the prognosis of patients with unresectable or metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma remains poor. Recently, several molecular target agents have been investigated; in particular, trastuzumab represents the first target molecule showing improvements in overall survival in human epithelial growth factor 2-positive gastric cancer patients. New molecules targeting vascular epithelial growth factor, mammalian target of rapamycin, and anti hepatocyte growth factor-c-Met pathway are also under investigation, with interesting results. Anyway, it seems necessary to select more accurately the population to treat with new agents by the identification of new biomarkers in order to optimize the results. In this paper we review the actual "scenario" of targeted treatments, also focusing on the new agents in development for gastric cancer and gastro-esophageal carcinoma, discussing their efficacy and potential applications in clinical practice.
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19
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Jurkowska G, Piotrowska-Staworko G, Guzińska-Ustymowicz K, Kemona A, Świdnicka-Siergiejko A, Łaszewicz W, Dąbrowski A. The impact of Helicobacter pylori on EGF, EGF receptor, and the c-erb-B2 expression. Adv Med Sci 2014; 59:221-6. [PMID: 25051417 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF), its receptor (EGFR), and c-erb-B2 protein, which is homological with the EGF receptor, in gastric mucosa, may play a role in gastric carcinogenesis. We assessed if the infection and eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) affects the gastric expression of growth factors and serum gastrin concentrations. PATIENTS/METHODS We examined immunohistochemically gastric EGF and both receptors' expression in: gastric cancer (GC; n=29), chronic gastritis with H. pylori infection (GHp+; n=40) before and after eradication and in patients without H. pylori infection (GHp-; n=42). RESULTS Before the eradication therapy, gastric mucosal EGF and both receptor's expressions in GHp+ patients were increased compared to GHp- (p<0.05), but were similar to GC. After eradication, EGF and the receptor's expression significantly decreased in the gastric body. Both EGFR and c-erb-B2 expression in the antrum were still higher than in GHp- (p<0.05), and remained comparable to GC. CONCLUSIONS In patients with H. pylori infection the gastric mucosal EGF, EGFR, and c-erb-B2 expressions are similar to those observed in gastric cancer. The persistence of the antral expression of receptors after eradication, at a level comparable to the gastric cancer group, suggests their eventual role in the progression of changes initiated by H. pylori toward carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Jurkowska
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | | | | | - Andrzej Kemona
- Department of Medical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Wiktor Łaszewicz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Regional Hospital, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Dąbrowski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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20
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Wang L, Yuan H, Li Y, Han Y. The role of HER3 in gastric cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:809-12. [PMID: 25194439 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in the world. HER family tyrosine kinases play a critical role in the development of gastric cancer. The HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases includes EGF receptor (EGFR), HER2, HER3, and HER4. Targeted drugs antineoplastic therapies such as EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors have application with confrontation of gastric cancer. However, less attention has been paid to the oncogenic functions of HER3 essepecially in the gastric cancer due to its lack of intrinsic kinase activity. Recent work, however, has placed the role of HER3 in gastric cancer in the spotlight as a key signaling hub in several contexts. First, HER3 overexpression may be associated with poor prognosis and unfavorable survival mediated by PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Second, a large amount of direct evidence has emerged the benefit of anti-HER3 agents in combination with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors as well as anti-HER2 agents in gastric cancer. Furthermore, we can further elucidate the relationship between HER3 and MET inhibitors in gastric cancer that the development of resistance to MET inhibitors may result from the overexpression of HER3. This review focuses on the current achievements of the relationship between HER3 and gastric cancer in vivo and in vitro, the development of HER3 molecule-targeted therapy, additionally, the challenge which we will meet in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Hengheng Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yanjing Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China.
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21
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Yoon C, Park DJ, Schmidt B, Thomas NJ, Lee HJ, Kim TS, Janjigian YY, Cohen DJ, Yoon SS. CD44 expression denotes a subpopulation of gastric cancer cells in which Hedgehog signaling promotes chemotherapy resistance. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3974-88. [PMID: 24947926 PMCID: PMC4135312 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastric cancers may harbor a subset of cells with cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, including chemotherapy resistance, and CD44 is a gastric CSC marker. The Hedgehog (HH) pathway is a key developmental pathway that can be subverted by CSCs during tumorigenesis. Here, we examine the role of HH signaling in CD44(+) gastric cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Gastric cancer cell lines, tumor xenografts, and patient tumors were examined. RESULTS Gastric cancer cell lines AGS, MKN-45, and NCI-N87 grown as spheroids or sorted for CD44(+) were found to have upregulation of HH pathway proteins. HH inhibition using Smoothened (Smo) shRNA or vismodegib (VIS) decreased spheroid formation and colony formation. CD44(+) cells, compared with unselected cells, were also resistant to 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin chemotherapy, and this resistance was reversed in vitro and in xenografts with Smo shRNA or VIS. CD44(+) cells also had significantly more migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth, and these properties could all be blocked with HH inhibition. Clinical tumor samples from a phase II trial of chemotherapy with or without VIS for advanced gastric cancer were analyzed for CD44 expression. In the chemotherapy alone group, high CD44 expression was associated with decreased survival, whereas in the chemotherapy plus VIS group, high CD44 expression was associated with improved survival. CONCLUSIONS HH signaling maintains CSC phenotypes and malignant transformation phenotypes in CD44(+) gastric cancer cells, and HH inhibition can reverse chemotherapy resistance in CD44(+) cells. Gastric cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and the strategy of combining chemotherapy with HH inhibition may only be effective in tumors with high CD44 levels.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Anilides/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cisplatin/administration & dosage
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Fluorouracil/administration & dosage
- Hedgehog Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Leucovorin/administration & dosage
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Prognosis
- Pyridines/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Smoothened Receptor
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Stomach Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/mortality
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | | | - Hae-June Lee
- Departments of Surgery and Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Deirdre J Cohen
- Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Li Z, Wu J, Ji M, Shi L, Xu B, Jiang J, Wu C. Prognostic role of lemur tyrosine kinase 3 in postoperative gastric cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2014; 2:756-760. [PMID: 25054042 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2014.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of gastric cancer has been unsatisfactory thus far; therefore, novel targets and treatment strategies are urgently required. Lemur tyrosine kinase (LMTK)3 is an estrogen receptor-α (ERα) modulator with a central role in endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Moreover, the expression and polymorphisms of LMTK3 are correlated with the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Since estrogen receptor (ER) is also expressed and plays a role in gastric cancer, we herein investigated the expression of the LMTK3 protein in 83 gastric cancer patients by tissue microarray and analyzed the correlation between LMTK3 expression and the prognosis of gastric cancer. Our results demonstrated that LMTK3 was more frequently expressed in gastric cancer tissues compared to non-cancerous mucosa (79.5 vs. 45.8%, respectively; P=0.000). The LMTK3 expression was significantly correlated with the depth of invasion (P=0.002) and disease stage (P=0.035). The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the postoperative survival of the LMTK3-negative group was superior to that of the LMTK3-positive group (P=0.043). Moreover, the multivariate analysis identified LMTK3 expression as an independent prognostic factor for patients with gastric cancer (P=0.019). These findings suggested that the expression of LMTK3 may be a negative prognostic factor in patients with gastric cancer. Moreover, targeting LMTK3 is a potential strategy for the treatment of gastric cancer, although the biological functions of LMTK3 in gastric cancer require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguang Li
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Mei Ji
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Liangrong Shi
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Changping Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
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Nielsen TO, Friis-Hansen L, Poulsen SS, Federspiel B, Sorensen BS. Expression of the EGF family in gastric cancer: downregulation of HER4 and its activating ligand NRG4. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94606. [PMID: 24728052 PMCID: PMC3984243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a major cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women. The epidermal growth factor receptors are EGFR, HER2, HER3 and HER4. Of the four epidermal growth factor receptors, EGFR and HER2 are well-known oncogenes involved in gastric cancer. Little, however, is known about the role played by HER3 and HER4 in this disease. We obtained paired samples from the tumor and the adjacent normal tissue from the same patient undergoing surgery for gastric cancer. Using RT-qPCR, we quantified the mRNA expression of the four receptors including the HER4 splicing isoforms and all the ligands activating these receptors. Using immunohistochemistry, the protein expression of HER4 was also quantified. We found that HER2 mRNA expression was upregulated in the tumor tissue compared to the matched normal tissue (p = 0.0520). All ligands with affinity for EGFR were upregulated, whereas the expression of EGFR was unchanged. Interestingly, we found the mRNA expression of HER4 (p = 0.0002) and its ligand NRG4 (p = 0.0009) to be downregulated in the tumor tissue compared to the matched normal tissue. HER4 downregulation was demonstrated for all the alternatively spliced isoforms of this receptor. These results support the involvement of EGFR and HER2 in gastric cancer and suggest an interesting association of reduced HER4 expression with development of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lennart Friis-Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Seier Poulsen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Federspiel
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Boe Sandahl Sorensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
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24
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Her3 is associated with poor survival of gastric adenocarcinoma: Her3 promotes proliferation, survival and migration of human gastric cancer mediated by PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Med Oncol 2014; 31:903. [PMID: 24623015 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ErbB3 (Her3) is a membrane-bound protein which can form heterodimers with other EGF receptor family members with kinase activity. Previous reports identified Her3 as a significant predictor of poor survival in human gastric cancer (GC), but its mechanism has remained unclear. We sought to investigate the mechanism of Her3 in GC and its association with clinical characteristics. Her3 was detected by both real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 161 GC patients, and its related downstream signaling PI3K/AKT activity and clinical characteristics were accessed by statistical analysis. Her3 siRNA was used in both in vitro and in vivo assay to investigate the mechanism. Her3 expression was significantly increased in human GC compared with adjacent normal gastric tissues as observed by both real-time PCR and IHC. Her3 expression was associated with downstream AKT activation and increased tumor size, metastasis and poor survival in GC patients. Knockdown of Her3 in human GC cell line can inhibit cell proliferation and tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo by inactivation of AKT. Her3 knockdown had no observed impact on Her2 expression or activity. G2/M arrest was investigated due to decreased CyclinB1 and p27(kip1) at T157. Increased apoptosis occurred in Her3 silenced GC cell treated with cisplatin due to decreased BAD at S112. Moreover, Her3 silence can inhibit cell migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo by down-regulating MMPs via PI3K/AKT signaling. Her3 is a new prognostic factor associated with tumor growth and metastasis via PI3K/AKT signaling.
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25
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Hong L, Han Y, Liu J, Brain L. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2: a therapeutic target in gastric cancer. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 7:759-65. [PMID: 24134151 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2013.837804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) is preferentially amplified and overexpressed in the diffuse type of gastric cancer. This review evaluates the expression and function of FGFR2 in gastric cancer, and analyzes the use of its inhibitors for gastric cancer therapy. This review also discusses the limitations of FGFR2-based therapy, and envisages future developments toward the clinical applications of FGFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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26
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The VEGF pathway in lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:1169-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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He M, Wang L, Pu J, Yang Q, Li G, Hao J. Proliferin-related protein overexpression in SGC‑7901 gastric cancer cells inhibits in vitro cell growth and tumorigenesis in nude mice. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:2243-8. [PMID: 23589131 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As reported in the literature, the worldwide 5-year overall survival rate for patients with gastric cancer receiving surgical treatment in the progressive stage is less than 25%. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Our preliminary studies demonstrated that proliferin-related protein (PRP) inhibits the proliferation of TM3 Leydig testicular cells. To evaluate whether PRP has antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo, we stably expressed PRP in SGC-7901 gastric carcinoma cells. PRP inhibited the proliferation and cell cycle progression of SCG-7901 cells, as determined by cell growth and cell cycle assays. Transwell experiments demonstrated that PRP inhibited the cell migration and invasion of SCG-7901 cells. Western blotting demonstrated that PRP-overexpressing cells had upregulated matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and downregulated tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1). In a xenograft tumor formation assay using nude mice, tumors formed by PRP-overexpressing cells had significantly lower weights than those formed by control cells, and the tumor inhibitory rate reached 71.9%. We demonstrated for the first time that PRP inhibits gastric carcinoma cell proliferation, motility, and tumorigenicity in vivo, suggesting that PRP may become an important target for the development of gastric cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Institute of Life Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
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28
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Superior antitumor activity of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel in experimental gastric cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58037. [PMID: 23460921 PMCID: PMC3584019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second common cause of cancer related death worldwide and lacks highly effective treatment for advanced disease. Nab-paclitaxel is a novel microtubule-inhibitory cytotoxic agent that has not been tested in gastric cancer as of yet. In this study, human gastric cancer cell lines AGS, NCI-N87 and SNU16 were studied. Nab-paclitaxel inhibited cell proliferation with an IC50 of 5 nM in SNU16, 23 nM in AGS and 49 nM in NCI-N87 cells after 72-hour treatment, which was lower than that of oxaliplatin (1.05 μM to 1.51 μM) and epirubicin (0.12 μM to 0.25 μM). Nab-paclitaxel treatment increased expression of the mitotic-spindle associated phospho-stathmin irrespective of the baseline total or phosphorylated stathmin level, and induced mitotic cell death as confirmed through increased expression of cleaved-PARP and caspase-3. After a two-week nab-paclitaxel, oxaliplatin or epirubicin treatment, the average in vivo local tumor growth inhibition rate was 77, 17.2 and 21.4 percent, respectively (p = 0.002). Effects of therapy on tumoral proliferative and apoptotic indices corresponded with tumor growth inhibition data, while expression of phospho-stathmin also increased in tissues. There was an increase in median animal survival after nab-paclitaxel treatment (93 days) compared to controls (31 days, p = 0.0007), oxaliplatin (40 days, p = 0.0007) or to docetaxel therapy (81 days, p = 0.0416). The strong antitumor activity of nab-paclitaxel in experimental gastric cancer supports such microtubule-inhibitory strategy for clinical application. Nab-paclitaxel benefits were observed independent from phosphorylated stathmin expression at baseline, putting into question the consideration of nab-paclitaxel use in gastric cancer based on this putative biomarker.
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29
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Abstract
Although c-Abl and Arg non-receptor tyrosine kinases are well known for driving leukemia development, their role in solid tumors has not been appreciated until recently. Accumulating evidence now indicates that c-Abl and/or Arg are activated in some solid tumor cell lines via unique mechanisms that do not involve gene mutation/translocation, and c-Abl/Arg activation promotes matrix degradation, invasion, proliferation, tumorigenesis, and/or metastasis, depending on the tumor type. However, some data suggest that c-Abl also may suppress invasion, proliferation, and tumorigenesis in certain cell contexts. Thus, c-Abl/Arg may serve as molecular switches that suppress proliferation and invasion in response to some stimuli (e.g., ephrins) or when inactive/regulated, or as promote invasion and proliferation in response to other signals (e.g., activated growth factor receptors, loss of inhibitor expression), which induce sustained activation. Clearly, more data are required to determine the extent and prevalence of c-Abl/Arg activation in primary tumors and during progression, and additional animal studies are needed to substantiate in vitro findings. Furthermore, c-Abl/Arg inhibitors have been used in numerous solid tumor clinical trials; however, none of these trials were restricted to patients whose tumors expressed highly activated c-Abl/Arg (targeted trial). Targeted trials are critical for determining whether c-Abl/Arg inhibitors can be effective treatment options for patients whose tumors are driven by c-Abl/Arg.
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30
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Zhang C, Awasthi N, Schwarz MA, Schwarz RE. Establishing a peritoneal dissemination xenograft mouse model for survival outcome assessment of experimental gastric cancer. J Surg Res 2012. [PMID: 23201270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer is a common reason for unresectability, a frequent recurrence mechanism, and a common cause for death. The present study was performed to test peritoneal dissemination gastric cancer xenografts mouse models that would support survival outcome analyses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human gastric cancer cell lines AGS, NCI-N87, and SNU-16 were intraperitoneally injected into nude mice and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. The peritoneal tumor formation and mouse survival were compared among different groups. Mice were treated with oxaliplatin (5 mg/kg) and NVP-BEZ235 (10 mg/kg). RESULTS The formation rate of peritoneal cancer after intraperitoneal injection of 5 × 10(6) SNU16, NCI-N87, and AGS cells was 2/8, 6/8, and 0/8 in nude mice, and 6/6, 6/6, and 0/6 in SCID mice, respectively. Median animal survival with peritoneal dissemination was 74 d for NCI-N87 cells (10 × 10(6)), 95 d for SNU16 cells (10 × 10(6)), 78 d for SNU16 cells (20 × 10(6)), and 44 d for SNU16 cells (40 × 10(6)). In a therapeutic experiment with 40 × 10(6) SNU16 cells, animal survival was significantly improved by oxaliplatin treatment compared with the control group (58.5 d versus 45 d, P < 0.001), but not by NVP-BEZ235 (48 d versus 45 d, P = 0.249) treatment. In the accompanying subcutaneous SNU16 mouse model, relative tumor volume compared with controls was not significantly decreased by oxaliplatin treatment (P = 0.151) but by NVP-BEZ235 therapy (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Peritoneal gastric cancer xenografts were successfully established after intraperitoneal injection NCI-N87 and SNU16 cells. These findings provide a useful survival outcome assessment model for experimental gastric cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Zhang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas,TX 75390-8548, USA
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31
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Abstract
HER3 (ErbB3) is a unique member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family (ErbB family). It functions only through dimerization with other members of the ErbB family and modulates activity and sensitivity to targeted cancer therapies. This paper briefly describes the mechanism of HER3 in signal transduction and its potential role in acquired resistance to EGFR- and HER2-targeted therapies. We also consider recent developments in HER3-targeting therapeutics and their combination with inhibitors of other ErbB members in clinical applications.
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32
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He H, Baldwin GS. p21-activated kinases and gastrointestinal cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:33-9. [PMID: 23092728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
p21-activated kinases (PAKs) were initially identified as effector proteins downstream from GTPases of the Rho family. To date, six members of the PAK family have been discovered in mammalian cells. PAKs play important roles in growth factor signalling, cytoskeletal remodelling, gene transcription, cell proliferation and oncogenic transformation. A large body of research has demonstrated that PAKs are up-regulated in several human cancers, and that their overexpression is linked to tumour progression and resistance to therapy. Structural and biochemical studies have revealed the mechanisms involved in PAK signalling, and opened the way to the development of PAK-targeted therapies for cancer treatment. Here we summarise recent findings from biological and clinical research on the role of PAKs in gastrointestinal cancer, and discuss the current status of PAK-targeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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33
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Berghoff AS, Bago-Horvath Z, Ilhan-Mutlu A, Magerle M, Dieckmann K, Marosi C, Birner P, Widhalm G, Steger GG, Zielinski CC, Bartsch R, Preusser M. Brain-only metastatic breast cancer is a distinct clinical entity characterised by favourable median overall survival time and a high rate of long-term survivors. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1454-8. [PMID: 23047551 PMCID: PMC3493775 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical course of breast cancer patients with brain metastases (BM) as only metastatic site (brain-only metastatic breast cancer (BO-MBC)) has been insufficiently explored. METHODS All breast cancer patients with BM treated at our institution between 1990 and 2011 were identified. For each patient, full information on follow-up and administered therapies was mandatory for inclusion. Oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and Her2 status were determined according to standard protocols. Statistical analyses including computation of survival probabilities was performed. RESULTS In total, 222 female patients (26% luminal; 47% Her2; 27% triple negative) with BM of MBC were included in this study. In all, 38/222 (17%) BM patients did not develop extracranial metastases (ECM) during their disease course and were classified as BO-MBC. Brain-only-MBC was not associated with breast cancer subtype or number of BM. The median overall survival of BO-MBC patients was 11 months (range 0-69) and was significantly longer than in patients with BM and ECM (6 months, range 0-104; P=0.007). In all, 7/38 (18%) BO-MBC patients had long-term survival of >3 years after diagnosis of BM and long-term survival was significantly more common in BO-MBC patients as compared with BM patients with ECM (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Brain-only metastatic behaviour occurs in around 17% of breast cancer with BM and is not associated with breast cancer subtype. Exploitation of all multimodal treatment options is warranted in BO-MBC patients, as these patients have favourable prognosis and long-term survival is not uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Berghoff
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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