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Boutin L, Roger E, Gayat E, Depret F, Blot-Chabaud M, Chadjichristos CE. The role of CD146 in renal disease: from experimental nephropathy to clinics. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:11-21. [PMID: 37993561 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial dysfunction is a major risk factor in the development of renal diseases. Recent studies pointed out a major interest for the inter-endothelial junction protein CD146, as its expression is modulated during renal injury. Indeed, some complex mechanisms involving this adhesion molecule and its multiple ligands are observed in a large number of renal diseases in fundamental or clinical research. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent literature on the role of CD146 in renal pathophysiology, from experimental nephropathy to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boutin
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Condition, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-S1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020, Paris, France
| | - Elena Roger
- INSERM, UMR-S1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020, Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Gayat
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Condition, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
| | - François Depret
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Condition, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
| | | | - Christos E Chadjichristos
- INSERM, UMR-S1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020, Paris, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, 75013, Paris, France.
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Čoma M, Manning JC, Kaltner H, Gál P. The sweet side of wound healing: galectins as promising therapeutic targets in hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation/remodeling. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:41-53. [PMID: 36716023 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2175318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the molecular and cellular processes involved in skin wound healing may pave the way for the development of innovative approaches to transforming the identified natural effectors into therapeutic tools. Based on the extensive involvement of the ga(lactoside-binding)lectin family in (patho)physiological processes, it has been well established that galectins are involved in a wide range of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. AREAS COVERED In the present paper, we provide an overview of the biological role of galectins in repair and regeneration, focusing on four main phases (hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation/remodeling) of skin repair using basic wound models (open excision vs. sutured incision). EXPERT OPINION The reported data make a strong case for directing further efforts to treat excisional and incisional wounds differently. Functions of galectins essentially result from their modular presentation. In fact, Gal-1 seems to play a role in the early phases of healing (anti-inflammatory) and wound contraction, Gal-3 accelerates re-epithelization and increases tensile strength (scar inductor). Galectins have also become subject of redesigning by engineering to optimize the activity. Clinically relevant, these new tools derived from the carbohydrate recognition domain platform may also prove helpful for other purposes, such as potent antibacterial agglutinins and opsonins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matúš Čoma
- Department of Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Inc, Košice, Slovak Republic.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Gál
- Department of Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Inc, Košice, Slovak Republic.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic.,Prague Burn Center, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Královske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Nonaka Y, Ogawa T, Shoji H, Nishi N, Kamitori S, Nakamura T. Crystal structure and conformational stability of a galectin-1 tandem-repeat mutant with a short linker. Glycobiology 2021; 32:251-259. [PMID: 34735570 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of the domain architecture of galectins has been attempted to analyze their biological functions and to develop medical applications. Several types of galectin-1 repeat mutants were previously reported but, however, it was not clear whether the native structure of the wild type was retained. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of a galectin-1 tandem-repeat mutant with a short linker peptide, and compared the unfolding profiles of the wild type and mutant by chemical denaturation. The structure of the mutant was consistent with that of the dimer of the wild type, and both carbohydrate-binding sites were retained. The unfolding curve of the wild type with lactose suggested that the dimer dissociation and the tertiary structure unfolding was concomitant at micromolar protein concentrations. The midpoint denaturant concentration of the wild type was dependent on the protein concentration and lower than that of the mutant. Linking the two subunits significantly stabilized the tertiary structure. The mutant exhibited higher T-cell growth-inhibition activity and comparable hemagglutinating activity. Structural stabilization may prevent the oxidation of the internal cysteine residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nonaka
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shoji
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Nozomu Nishi
- Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Kamitori
- Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takanori Nakamura
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Nonaka Y, Ogawa T, Shoji H, Nishi N, Kamitori S, Nakamura T. Modulation of the carbohydrate-binding specificity of two Xenopus proto-type galectins by site-directed mutagenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140684. [PMID: 34146732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The galectin family is a representative soluble lectin group, which is responsible for the modulation of various cell functions. Although the carbohydrate-binding specificity of galectins has been well-studied, the relationship between protein structure and specificity remains to be elucidated. We previously reported the characteristics of a Xenopus laevis skin galectin, xgalectin-Va, which had diverged from galectin-1. The carbohydrate selectivity of xgalectin-Va was different from that of human galectin-1 and xgalectin-Ib (a Xenopus laevis galectin-1 homolog). In this study, we clarified the key residues for this selectivity by site-directed mutagenesis. Substitution of two amino acids of xgalectin-Va, Val56Gly/Lys76Arg, greatly enhanced the binding ability to N-acetyllactosamine and conferred significant T-cell growth inhibition activity, although the wild type had no activity. These two residues, Gly54 and Arg74 in galectin-1, would cooperatively contribute to the N-acetyllactosamine recognition. The loop region between the S4 and S5 β-strands was involved in the binding to the TF-antigen disaccharide. The loop substitution successfully changed the carbohydrate selectivity of xgalectin-Va and xgalectin-Ib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nonaka
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shoji
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nozomu Nishi
- Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Takanori Nakamura
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
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Gál P, Vasilenko T, Kováč I, Čoma M, Jakubčo J, Jakubčová M, Peržeľová V, Urban L, Kolář M, Sabol F, Luczy J, Novotný M, Majerník J, Gabius HJ, Smetana KJ. Human galectin‑3: Molecular switch of gene expression in dermal fibroblasts in vitro and of skin collagen organization in open wounds and tensile strength in incisions in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:99. [PMID: 33300056 PMCID: PMC7723164 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular and cellular processes in skin wound healing can pave the way for devising innovative concepts by turning the identified natural effectors into therapeutic tools. Based on the concept of broad-scale engagement of members of the family of galactoside-binding lectins (galectins) in pathophysiological processes, such as cancer or tissue repair/regeneration, the present study investigated the potential of galectins-1 (Gal-1) and −3 (Gal-3) in wound healing. Human dermal fibroblasts, which are key cells involved in skin wound healing, responded to galectin exposure (Gal-1 at 300 or Gal-3 at 600 ng/ml) with selective changes in gene expression among a panel of 84 wound-healing-related genes, as well as remodeling of the extracellular matrix. In the case of Gal-3, positive expression of Ki67 and cell number increased when using a decellularized matrix produced by Gal-3-treated fibroblasts as substrate for culture of interfollicular keratinocytes. In vivo wounds were topically treated with 20 μg/ml Gal-1 or −3, and collagen score was found to be elevated in excisional wound repair in rats treated with Gal-3. The tensile strength measured in incisions was significantly increased from 79.5±17.5 g/mm2 in controls to 103.1±21.4 g/mm2 after 21 days of healing. These data warrant further testing mixtures of galectins and other types of compounds, for example a combination of galectins and TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gál
- Department of Biomedical Research, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 66 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomáš Vasilenko
- Department of Biomedical Research, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 66 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivan Kováč
- Department of Biomedical Research, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 66 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Matúš Čoma
- Department of Biomedical Research, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 66 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Jakubčo
- Department of Biomedical Research, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 66 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Jakubčová
- Department of Biomedical Research, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 66 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Vlasta Peržeľová
- Department of Biomedical Research, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 66 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Lukáš Urban
- Department of Biomedical Research, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 66 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Kolář
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of The Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Sabol
- Department of Heart Surgery, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 66 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Luczy
- Department of Heart Surgery, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 66 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Novotný
- Department of Biomedical Research, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 66 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaroslav Majerník
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 66 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig‑Maximilian‑University, D‑80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Karel Jr Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague
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Zheng Y, Su J, Miller MC, Geng J, Xu X, Zhang T, Mayzel M, Zhou Y, Mayo KH, Tai G. Topsy-turvy binding of negatively charged homogalacturonan oligosaccharides to galectin-3. Glycobiology 2020; 31:341-350. [PMID: 32909036 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is crucial to many physiological and pathological processes. The generally accepted dogma is that galectins function extracellularly by binding specifically to β(1→4)-galactoside epitopes on cell surface glycoconjugates. Here, we used crystallography and NMR spectroscopy to demonstrate that negatively charged homogalacturonans (HG, linear polysaccharides of α(1→4)-linked-D-galacturonate (GalA)) bind to the galectin-3 carbohydrate recognition domain. The HG carboxylates at the C6 positions in GalA rings mandate that this saccharide bind galectin-3 in an unconventional, "topsy-turvy" orientation that is flipped by about 180o relative to that of the canonical β-galactoside lactose. In this binding mode, the reducing end GalA β-anomer of HGs takes the position of the nonreducing end galactose residue in lactose. This novel orientation maintains interactions with the conserved tryptophan and seven of the most crucial lactose-binding residues, albeit with different H-bonding interactions. Nevertheless, the HG molecular orientation and new interactions have essentially the same thermodynamic binding parameters as lactose. Overall, our study provides structural details for a new type of galectin-sugar interaction that broadens glycospace for ligand binding to Gal-3 and suggests how the lectin may recognize other negatively charged polysaccharides like glycoaminoglycans (e.g. heparan sulfate) on the cell surface. This discovery impacts on our understanding of galectin-mediated biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiyong Su
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jie Geng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xuejiao Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Maksim Mayzel
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Applications Department, Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Guihua Tai
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
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Wang Z, Xu Q, Zhang N, Du X, Xu G, Yan X. CD146, from a melanoma cell adhesion molecule to a signaling receptor. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:148. [PMID: 32782280 PMCID: PMC7421905 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD146 was originally identified as a melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) and highly expressed in many tumors and endothelial cells. However, the evidence that CD146 acts as an adhesion molecule to mediate a homophilic adhesion through the direct interactions between CD146 and itself is still lacking. Recent evidence revealed that CD146 is not merely an adhesion molecule, but also a cellular surface receptor of miscellaneous ligands, including some growth factors and extracellular matrixes. Through the bidirectional interactions with its ligands, CD146 is actively involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes of cells. Overexpression of CD146 can be observed in most of malignancies and is implicated in nearly every step of the development and progression of cancers, especially vascular and lymphatic metastasis. Thus, immunotherapy against CD146 would provide a promising strategy to inhibit metastasis, which accounts for the majority of cancer-associated deaths. Therefore, to deepen the understanding of CD146, we review the reports describing the newly identified ligands of CD146 and discuss the implications of these findings in establishing novel strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
| | - Qingji Xu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Nengwei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Hepatobiliary Tumor Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100038, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Du
- Departments of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100038, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhong Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Hepatobiliary Tumor Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100038, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Zhang Z, Miller MC, Xu X, Song C, Zhang F, Zheng Y, Zhou Y, Tai G, Mayo KH. NMR-based insight into galectin-3 binding to endothelial cell adhesion molecule CD146: Evidence for noncanonical interactions with the lectin's CRD β-sandwich F-face. Glycobiology 2020; 29:608-618. [PMID: 31094416 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) binds to cell adhesion glycoprotein CD146 to promote cytokine secretion and mediate endothelial cell migration. Here, we used Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 15N-Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) spectroscopy to investigate binding between 15N-labeled Gal-3 and the extracellular domain (eFL) of purified CD146 (five Ig-like ectodomains D1-D5) and a shorter, D5-deleted version of CD146 (D1-D4). Binding of Gal-3 and its carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) to CD146 D1-D4 is greatly reduced vis-à-vis CD146 eFL, supporting the proposal of a larger number of glycosylation sites on D5. Even though the canonical sugar-binding β-sheet S-face (β-strands 1, 10, 3, 4, 5, 6) of the Gal-3 β-sandwich is involved in interactions with CD146 (e.g. N-linked glycosylation sites), equivalent HSQC spectral perturbations at residues on the opposing Gal-3 F-face β-sheet (β-strands 11, 2, 7, 8, 9) indicate involvement of the Gal-3 F-face in binding CD146. This is supported by the observation that addition of lactose, while significantly attenuating Gal-3 binding (primarily with the S-face) to CD146 eFL, does not abolish it. Bio-Layer Interferometry studies with Gal-3 F-face mutants yield KD values to demonstrate a significant decrease (L203A) or increase (V204A, L218A, T243A) in net binding to CD146 eFL compared to wild type Gal-3. However, HSQC lactose titrations show no highly significant effects on sugar binding to the Gal-3 CRD S-face. Overall, our findings indicate that Gal-3 binding to CD146 is more involved than simple interactions with β-galactoside epitopes on the cell receptor, and that there is a direct role for the lectin's CRD F-face in the CD146 binding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Michelle C Miller
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuejiao Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Chengcheng Song
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Guihua Tai
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, 6-155 Jackson Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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García Caballero G, Kaltner H, Kutzner TJ, Ludwig AK, Manning JC, Schmidt S, Sinowatz F, Gabius HJ. How galectins have become multifunctional proteins. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:509-539. [PMID: 31922250 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Having identified glycans of cellular glycoconjugates as versatile molecular messages, their recognition by sugar receptors (lectins) is a fundamental mechanism within the flow of biological information. This type of molecular interplay is increasingly revealed to be involved in a wide range of (patho)physiological processes. To do so, it is a vital prerequisite that a lectin (and its expression) can develop more than a single skill, that is the general ability to bind glycans. By studying the example of vertebrate galectins as a model, a total of five relevant characteristics is disclosed: i) access to intra- and extracellular sites, ii) fine-tuned gene regulation (with evidence for co-regulation of counterreceptors) including the existence of variants due to alternative splicing or single nucleotide polymorphisms, iii) specificity to distinct glycans from the glycome with different molecular meaning, iv) binding capacity also to peptide motifs at different sites on the protein and v) diversity of modular architecture. They combine to endow these lectins with the capacity to serve as multi-purpose tools. Underscoring the arising broad-scale significance of tissue lectins, their numbers in terms of known families and group members have steadily grown by respective research that therefore unveiled a well-stocked toolbox. The generation of a network of (ga)lectins by evolutionary diversification affords the opportunity for additive/synergistic or antagonistic interplay in situ, an emerging aspect of (ga)lectin functionality. It warrants close scrutiny. The realization of the enormous potential of combinatorial permutations using the five listed features gives further efforts to understand the rules of functional glycomics/lectinomics a clear direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja J Kutzner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fred Sinowatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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The Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Microenvironment as a Potential Target for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040440. [PMID: 30925774 PMCID: PMC6520833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Similarly to other types of malignant tumours, the incidence of head and neck cancer is increasing globally. It is frequently associated with smoking and alcohol abuse, and in a broader sense also with prolonged exposure to these factors during ageing. A higher incidence of tumours observed in younger populations without a history of alcohol and tobacco abuse may be due to HPV infection. Malignant tumours form an intricate ecosystem of cancer cells, fibroblasts, blood/lymphatic capillaries and infiltrating immune cells. This dynamic system, the tumour microenvironment, has a significant impact on the biological properties of cancer cells. The microenvironment participates in the control of local aggressiveness of cancer cells, their growth, and their consequent migration to lymph nodes and distant organs during metastatic spread. In cancers originating from squamous epithelium, a similarity was demonstrated between the cancer microenvironment and healing wounds. In this review, we focus on the specificity of the microenvironment of head and neck cancer with emphasis on the mechanism of intercellular crosstalk manipulation for potential therapeutic application.
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Miller MC, Zheng Y, Zhou Y, Tai G, Mayo KH. Galectin-3 binds selectively to the terminal, non-reducing end of β(1→4)-galactans, with overall affinity increasing with chain length. Glycobiology 2019; 29:74-84. [PMID: 30204870 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactans are linear polysaccharides of β(1→4)-linked galactose residues. Although they can antagonize galectin function, the nature of their binding to galectins needs to be better defined to develop them as drugs. Here, we investigated interactions between galectin-3 (Gal-3) and a series of galactans ranging in weight average molecular weight from 670 to 7550 Da. 15N-1H HSQC NMR studies with 15N-labeled Gal-3 carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) indicate that each of these galactans interacts primarily with residues in β-strands 4, 5 and 6 on the canonical, β-galactoside sugar binding S-face. Although these galactans also bind to full length Gal-3 (CRD plus N-terminal tail) to the same extent, it appears that binding to the S-face attenuates interactions between the CRD F-face and N-terminal tail, making interpretation of site-specific binding unclear. Following assignment of galactan 13C and 1H resonances using HSQC, HMBC and TOCSY experiments, we used 13C-1H HSQC data to demonstrate that the Gal-3 CRD binds to the terminal, non-reducing end of these galactans, regardless of their size, but with binding affinity increasing as the galactan chain length increases. Overall, our findings increase understanding as to how galactans interact with Gal-3 at the non-reducing, terminal end of galactose-containing polysaccharides as found on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, 6-155 Jackson Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Guihua Tai
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, 6-155 Jackson Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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12
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Reesink HL, Nixon AJ, Su J, Liu S, Sutton RM, Mann S, Watts AE, Peterson RP. Galectins-1 and-3 Increase in Equine Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:288. [PMID: 30525048 PMCID: PMC6256174 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are potent regulators of cell adhesion, growth and apoptosis in diverse cell types, including chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts. Elevations in synovial fluid galectin-3 have been observed in rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and experimental inflammatory arthritis in animal models, whereas galectin-1 is thought to be protective. Less is known about galectins-1 and-3 in osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, the purpose of this study was: (1) to determine whether galectin-1 and-3 synovial fluid concentrations and synovial membrane and cartilage histochemical staining were altered following osteochondral injury in an experimental equine osteoarthritis (OA) model and (2) to measure galectin-1 and-3 mRNA expression and synovial fluid concentrations in naturally occurring equine carpal OA. Synovial fluid galectin-1 and-3 concentrations were quantified using custom ELISAs in two research horse cohorts undergoing experimental OA induction (n = 5 and 4) and in a cohort of horses with naturally occurring carpal OA (n = 57). Galectin mRNA expression in synovial membrane and cartilage tissue obtained from carpal joints of horses with naturally occurring OA was measured using RT-qPCR, and galectin immunostaining was assessed in synovial membrane and osteochondral tissues in the experimental model (n = 5). Synovial fluid galectin-1 and-3 concentrations increased following experimental carpal osteochondral fragmentation. Cartilage galectin-1 mRNA expression increased with OA severity in naturally occurring disease. The superficial zone of healthy articular cartilage stained intensely for galectin-3 in sham-operated joints, whereas galectin-1 staining was nearly absent. Chondrocyte galectin-1 and-3 immunoreactivity increased following cartilage injury, particularly in galectin-1 positive chondrones. Galectins-1 and-3 are present in healthy equine synovial fluid and increase following post-traumatic OA. Healthy superficial zone chondrocytes express galectin-3, whereas galectin-1 chondrocyte staining is limited predominantly to chondrones and injured cartilage. Further work is needed to clarify the functions of galectins-1 and-3 in healthy and OA joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L. Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Alan J. Nixon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sherry Liu
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ryan M. Sutton
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sabine Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ashlee E. Watts
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ryan P. Peterson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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13
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Galectin-1 as an Emerging Mediator of Cardiovascular Inflammation: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:8696543. [PMID: 30524200 PMCID: PMC6247465 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8696543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1), an evolutionarily conserved β-galactoside-binding lectin, controls immune cell homeostasis and tempers acute and chronic inflammation by blunting proinflammatory cytokine synthesis, engaging T-cell apoptotic programs, promoting expansion of T regulatory (Treg) cells, and deactivating antigen-presenting cells. In addition, this lectin promotes angiogenesis by co-opting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) 2 signaling pathway. Since a coordinated network of immunomodulatory and proangiogenic mediators controls cardiac homeostasis, this lectin has been proposed to play a key hierarchical role in cardiac pathophysiology via glycan-dependent regulation of inflammatory responses. Here, we discuss the emerging roles of Gal-1 in cardiovascular diseases including acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, Chagas cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension, and ischemic stroke, highlighting underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Whereas Gal-1 administration emerges as a potential novel treatment option in acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, Gal-1 blockade may contribute to attenuate pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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14
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Miller MC, Zheng Y, Yan J, Zhou Y, Tai G, Mayo KH. Novel polysaccharide binding to the N-terminal tail of galectin-3 is likely modulated by proline isomerization. Glycobiology 2018; 27:1038-1051. [PMID: 28973299 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between galectins and polysaccharides are crucial to many biological processes, and yet these are some of the least understood, usually being limited to studies with small saccharides and short oligosaccharides. The present study is focused on human galectin-3 (Gal-3) interactions with a 60 kDa rhamnogalacturonan RG-I-4 that we use as a model to garner information as to how galectins interact with large polysaccharides, as well as to develop this agent as a therapeutic against human disease. Gal-3 is unique among galectins, because as the only chimera-type, it has a long N-terminal tail (NT) that has long puzzled investigators due to its dynamic, disordered nature and presence of numerous prolines. Here, we use 15N-1H heteronuclear single quantum coherence NMR spectroscopy to demonstrate that multiple sites on RG-I-4 provide epitopes for binding to three sites on 15N-labeled Gal-3, two within its carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and one at a novel site within the NT encompassing the first 40 residues that are highly conserved among all species of Gal-3. Moreover, strong binding of RG-I-4 to the Gal-3 NT occurs on a very slow time scale, suggesting that it may be mediated by cis-trans proline isomerization, a well-recognized modulator of many biological activities. The NT binding epitope within RG-I-4 appears to reside primarily in the side chains of the polysaccharide, some of which are galactans. Our results provide new insight into the role of the NT in Gal-3 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Y Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Jingmin Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Guihua Tai
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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15
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Morgante A, Ulivieri A, Magi F, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Salehi LB, Ricci A. Galectin-3: One Molecule for an Alphabet of Diseases, from A to Z. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020379. [PMID: 29373564 PMCID: PMC5855601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates basic cellular functions such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. It is not surprising, therefore, that this protein is involved in the pathogenesis of many relevant human diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, chronic inflammation and scarring affecting many different tissues. The papers published in the literature have progressively increased in number during the last decades, testifying the great interest given to this protein by numerous researchers involved in many different clinical contexts. Considering the crucial role exerted by Gal-3 in many different clinical conditions, Gal-3 is emerging as a new diagnostic, prognostic biomarker and as a new promising therapeutic target. The current review aims to extensively examine the studies published so far on the role of Gal-3 in all the clinical conditions and diseases, listed in alphabetical order, where it was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Lavra
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Morgante
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo De Francesco
- Department of Oncological Science, Breast Unit, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Operative Unit Surgery of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leila B Salehi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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16
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Macromolecular assemblies of complex polysaccharides with galectin-3 and their synergistic effects on function. Biochem J 2017; 474:3849-3868. [PMID: 28986508 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although pectin-derived polysaccharides can antagonize galectin function in various pathological disorders, the nature of their binding interactions needs to be better defined for developing them as drugs. Moreover, given their relatively large size and complexity, pectin-derived polysaccharides are also useful as model systems to assess inter-polysaccharide and protein-polysaccharide interactions. Here, we investigated interactions between galectin-3 (Gal-3) and pectin-derived polysaccharides: a rhamnogalacturonan (RG) and two homogalacturonans (HGs). BioLayer Interferometry and fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assays indicate that these polysaccharides bind Gal-3 with macroscopic or apparent KD values of 49 nM, 46 µM, and 138 µM, respectively. 15N-1H heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR studies reveal that these polysaccharides interact primarily with the F-face of the Gal-3 carbohydrate recognition domain. Even though their binding to Gal-3 does not inhibit Gal-3-mediated T-cell apoptosis and only weakly attenuates hemagglutination, their combination in specific proportions increases activity synergistically along with avidity for Gal-3. This suggests that RG and HG polysaccharides act in concert, a proposal supported by polysaccharide particle size measurements and 13C-1H HSQC data. Our model has HG interacting with RG to promote increased avidity of RG for Gal-3, likely by exposing additional lectin-binding sites on the RG. Overall, the present study contributes to our understanding of how complex HG and RG polysaccharides interact with Gal-3.
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17
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Kim MH, Wu WH, Choi JH, Kim J, Jun JH, Ko Y, Lee JH. Galectin-1 from conditioned medium of three-dimensional culture of adipose-derived stem cells accelerates migration and proliferation of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Wound Repair Regen 2017; 26 Suppl 1:S9-S18. [PMID: 28857355 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes and fibroblasts cells play important roles in the skin-wound healing process and are the cell types activated by trauma. Activated cells participate in epithelialization, granulation, scar tissue formation, wound remodeling, and angiogenesis via a series of cellular activities including migration and proliferation. Previous studies reported that the conditioned medium (CM) of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) stimulated the migration and proliferation of cell types involved in the skin wound healing process; however, these studies only show ADSC-CM effects that were obtained using 2-dimensional (2D) culture. Recently, 3-dimensional (3D) culture has been considered as a more physiologically appropriate system than 2D culture for ADSC cultures; therefore, ADSC-CM was collected from 3D culture (ADSC-CM-3D) and compared with ADSC-CM from 2D culture (ADSC-CM-2D) to investigate the effects on the migration and proliferation of human keratinocytes (HaCaTs) and fibroblasts. The migrations of the HaCaT cells and fibroblasts were significantly higher with ADSC-CM-3D compared with the 2D culture; similarly, the proliferation of HaCaT cells was also highly stimulated by ADSC-CM-3D. Proteomic analyses of the ADSC-CM revealed that collagens and actins were highly expressed in the 3D-culture system. Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP), and galectin-1 were specifically expressed only in ADSC-CM-3D. Especially, through antibody neutralization, galectin-1 in ADSC-CM-3D was found to be an important factor for the migration of human keratinocytes. Therefore, these results suggest that ADSC-CM-3D was more effective in the wound healing than ADSC-CM-2D, and galectin-1 in ADSC-CM-3D was could be a promising option for skin-wound healing. Furthermore, the differential expressions of several ADSC-CM proteins between the 2D- and 3D-culture systems may be used as basic information for the development of efficient wound-healing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ho Kim
- Eulji Medi-Bio Research Institute, Eulji University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen Hao Wu
- Eulji Medi-Bio Research Institute, Eulji University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Choi
- Eulji Medi-Bio Research Institute, Eulji University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 plus Program, Graduated School, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyun Jun
- Eulji Medi-Bio Research Institute, Eulji University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 plus Program, Graduated School, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ko
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hun Lee
- Eulji Medi-Bio Research Institute, Eulji University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eulji General Hospital, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Katzenmaier EM, Kloor M, Gabius HJ, Gebert J, Kopitz J. Analyzing epigenetic control of galectin expression indicates silencing of galectin-12 by promoter methylation in colorectal cancer. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:962-970. [PMID: 29098769 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Galectins, a class of lectins with specificity for ß-galactoside containing glycoconjugates, modulate several cellular processes that are involved in the control of normal cell growth, differentiation, cell-cell, and cell matrix interactions. Pathological alterations of the galectin expression pattern have been implicated in the development and progression of cancer. We therefore analyzed epigenetic mechanisms for control of galectin expression in 9 colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. Our data demonstrate that expression of galectins-1, -2, -7, -8, and -9 can be regulated by histone acetylation in CRC cell lines. In addition, the same set of galectins was also found to be modulated by DNA methylation. Of particular note, galectin-12 is silenced in all tested CRC cell lines but known to be re-expressed upon butyrate-induced differentiation and present in normal colonic mucosa. Loss of galectin-12 expression in undifferentiated CRC cells is associated with promoter hypermethylation and for the first time we provide detailed methylation analysis of the promoter region. In CRC tumor tissue, galectin-12 expression was downregulated in 66% of CRC tissue specimens as compared to adjacent normal tissue hinting to a possible tumor-suppressing function in CRC. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(12):962-970, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Katzenmaier
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Gebert
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juergen Kopitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Arcolia V, Journe F, Renaud F, Leteurtre E, Gabius HJ, Remmelink M, Saussez S. Combination of galectin-3, CK19 and HBME-1 immunostaining improves the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:4183-4189. [PMID: 28943926 PMCID: PMC5592881 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, fine-needle aspiration is the most frequently used pre-operative technique for diagnosis of malignant thyroid tumors, however, pathologists are unable to reach efficient and accurate differential diagnoses between benign and malignant thyroid nodules. To aid in resolving this issue, immunohistochemistry for galectins (gal)-1, −3, −7, −8, cytokeratin 19 (CK19), Hector Battifora Mesothelial Epitope-1 (HBME-1) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) was performed on two tissue microarrays composed of 66 follicular adenomas (FA) and 66 papillary carcinomas (PC). The identification of optimal cut-off levels and the diagnostic value of single immunomarkers or combinations were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Signal intensities for gal-1, gal-3, CK19 and HBME-1 were significantly greater in PC compared with FA (P<0.001). Conversely, expression levels of TPO were significantly increased in FA compared with PC (P<0.001). Gal-3 and CK19 appeared to be the most sensitive markers (97 and 98%, respectively), whereas galectin-1 was the most specific (97%). The combination of gal-3, CK19 and HBME-1 acted as the most efficient and informative marker panel reaching the greatest specificity (97%) and sensitivity (95%) for the diagnosis of PCs. The findings suggest that this combination of markers may improve the reliability of diagnosis of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Arcolia
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.,Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Jules Bordet Institute, Free University of Brussels, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Renaud
- Lille University, UMR-S 1172, JPARC, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leteurtre
- Lille University, UMR-S 1172, JPARC, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Myriam Remmelink
- Department of Pathology, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sven Saussez
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.,Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Free University of Brussels, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Arcolia V, Journe F, Wattier A, Leteurtre E, Renaud F, Gabius HJ, Remmelink M, Decaestecker C, Rodriguez A, Boutry S, Laurent S, Saussez S. Galectin-1 is a diagnostic marker involved in thyroid cancer progression. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:760-770. [PMID: 28677745 PMCID: PMC5564411 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is the most commonly used pre-operative technique for diagnosis of malignant thyroid tumor. However, many benign lesions, with indeterminate diagnosis following FNA, are referred to surgery. Based on multifunctionality of the endogenous galectin-1, we aimed to assess its status for early diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Immunohistochemistry for galectin-1 and -3 was performed on a clinical series of 69 cases of thyroid lesions. Galectin-1 expression was further examined in two additional tissue microarrays (TMA) composed of 66 follicular adenomas and 66 papillary carcinomas in comparison to galectin-3 and cytokeratin-19 (CK19). In addition, a knockdown of galectin-1 in papillary (TPC-1) and anaplastic (8505C) thyroid cancer cell lines was achieved by lentiviral transduction for in vitro experiments. A murine orthotopic thyroid cancer model was used to investigate tumor growth and metastatic ability. Immunohistochemical analyses of galectin-1 and -3 in the series of 69 cases of thyroid lesions revealed that galectin-1 was completely absent in the epithelial compartment of all benign thyroid lesions. Levels of both galectins significantly increased in the cytoplasmic compartment of malignant thyroid cells. Galectin-1 expression in the TMA yielded an excellent specificity (97%), while galectin-3 and CK19 presented a higher sensitivity (>97%) in discriminating benign from malignant thyroid lesions. In vitro experiments revealed that migration was negatively affected in TPC-1 galectin-1 knockdown (KD) cells, and that proliferation and invasion capacity of 8505C cells decreased after galectin-1 KD. Moreover, an orthotopic mouse model displayed a lower rate of tumor development with galectin-1 KD thyroid anaplastic cancer cells than in the control. Our findings support the introduction of galectin-1 as a reliable diagnostic marker for thyroid carcinomas. Its involvement in cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumor growth also intimate functional involvement of galectin-1 in the progression of thyroid carcinoma, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Arcolia
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Aurore Wattier
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle Leteurtre
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPARC - Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Florence Renaud
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPARC - Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Myriam Remmelink
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Decaestecker
- Laboratory of Image, Signal Processing and Acoustics (LISA), Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Rodriguez
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Boutry
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sven Saussez
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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21
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Bertleff-Zieschang N, Bechold J, Grimm C, Reutlinger M, Schneider P, Schneider G, Seibel J. Exploring the Structural Space of the Galectin-1-Ligand Interaction. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1477-1481. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Bertleff-Zieschang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Julius Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Julian Bechold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Julius Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Clemens Grimm
- Biozentrum der Julius Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Michael Reutlinger
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH); Department Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Petra Schneider
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH); Department Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH); Department Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Julius Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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Bivalent O -glycoside mimetics with S /disulfide/ Se substitutions and aromatic core: Synthesis, molecular modeling and inhibitory activity on biomedically relevant lectins in assays of increasing physiological relevance. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3158-3170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kaltner H, Toegel S, Caballero GG, Manning JC, Ledeen RW, Gabius HJ. Galectins: their network and roles in immunity/tumor growth control. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:239-256. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Teaming up synthetic chemistry and histochemistry for activity screening in galectin-directed inhibitor design. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:285-301. [PMID: 28013366 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of endogenous lectins is their ability to select a few distinct glycoconjugates as counterreceptors for functional pairing from the natural abundance of cellular glycoproteins and glycolipids. As a consequence, assays to assess inhibition of lectin binding should necessarily come as close as possible to the physiological situation, to characterize an impact of a synthetic compound on biorelevant binding with pharmaceutical perspective. We here introduce in a proof-of-principle manner work with sections of paraffin-embedded tissue (jejunum, epididymis) and labeled adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins, harboring one (galectin-1 and galectin-3) or two (galectin-8) types of lectin domain. Six pairs of synthetic lactosides from tailoring of the headgroup (3'-O-sulfation) and the aglycone (β-methyl to aromatic S- and O-linked extensions) as well as three bi- to tetravalent glycoclusters were used as test compounds. Varying extents of reduction in staining intensity by synthetic compounds relative to unsubstituted/free lactose proved the applicability and sensitivity of the method. Flanking cytofluorimetric assays on lectin binding to native cells gave similar grading, excluding a major impact of tissue fixation. The experiments revealed cell/tissue binding of galectin-8 preferentially via one domain, depending on the cell type so that the effect of an inhibitor in a certain context cannot be extrapolated to other cells/tissues. Moreover, the work with the other galectins attests that this assay enables comprehensive analysis of the galectin network in serial tissue sections to determine overlaps and regional differences in inhibitory profiles.
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Majewski J, André S, Jones E, Chi E, Gabius HJ. X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence diffraction studies of interaction between human adhesion/growth-regulatory galectin-1 and DPPE-GM1 lipid monolayer at an air/water interface. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:943-56. [PMID: 26542007 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915070135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The specific interaction of ganglioside GM1 with the homodimeric (prototype) endogenous lectin galectin-1 triggers growth regulation in tumor and activated effector T cells. This proven biorelevance directed interest to studying association of the lectin to a model surface, i.e. a 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine/ganglioside GM1 (80 : 20 mol%) monolayer, at a bioeffective concentration. Surface expansion by the lectin insertion was detected at a surface pressure of 20 mN/m. On combining the methods of grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and X-ray reflectivity, a transient decrease in lipid-ordered phase of the monolayer was observed. The measured electron density distribution indicated that galectin-1 is oriented with its long axis in the surface plane, ideal for cis-crosslinking. The data reveal a conspicuous difference to the way the pentameric lectin part of the cholera toxin, another GM1-specific lectin, is bound to the monolayer. They also encourage further efforts to monitor effects of structurally different members of the galectin family such as the functionally antagonistic chimera-type galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Majewski
- Manuel Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center, Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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Dan X, Ng TB, Wong JH, Chan YS, Cheung RCF, Chan WY. A hemagglutinin isolated from Northeast China black beans induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2201-11. [PMID: 27235832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of colorectal cancer is closely related with the lifestyle, especially the dietary habits of patients. Epidemiological researches have demonstrated a negative correlation between legume consumption and colorectal cancer incidence. Lectins/hemagglutinins are a type of carbohydrate binding proteins which are abundantly stored in legumes. Their eminent pH-stability allows them to survive digestion and remain active in the intestine where they may have direct contact with colorectal tumors. It is therefore interesting to explore the direct interaction between lectins/hemagglutinins and colorectal cancer. In the present research, we reported a detailed research on the interaction between a hemagglutinin isolated from an edible legume with two colorectal cancer cell lines. This hemagglutinin (NCBBH) was found to first bind to tumor cell membrane as early as 30min post treatment and was gradually transported inside the cytoplasm within 3h, with some of it localized in the Golgi apparatus and some in the lysosomes. After its entrance, the hemagglutinin induced aggregation of the Golgi apparatus, which in turn adversely affected the transportation of protein from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus, resulting in protein accumulation in ER and ER stress. The hemagglutinin-treated cells also manifested severe mitochondrial malformation and membrane depolarization, accompanied by obvious apoptosis characteristics, like chromatin condensation, phosphatidylserine exposure and caspase activation. Collectively, our results indicate that the hemaggltuinin could successfully enter the cytoplasm of colorectal cancer cells and adversely affect their growth, providing a mechanism in support of the application of edible legumes to the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Dan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yau Sang Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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Gabius HJ, Manning JC, Kopitz J, André S, Kaltner H. Sweet complementarity: the functional pairing of glycans with lectins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1989-2016. [PMID: 26956894 PMCID: PMC11108359 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates establish the third alphabet of life. As part of cellular glycoconjugates, the glycans generate a multitude of signals in a minimum of space. The presence of distinct glycotopes and the glycome diversity are mapped by sugar receptors (antibodies and lectins). Endogenous (tissue) lectins can read the sugar-encoded information and translate it into functional aspects of cell sociology. Illustrated by instructive examples, each glycan has its own ligand properties. Lectins with different folds can converge to target the same epitope, while intrafamily diversification enables functional cooperation and antagonism. The emerging evidence for the concept of a network calls for a detailed fingerprinting. Due to the high degree of plasticity and dynamics of the display of genes for lectins the validity of extrapolations between different organisms of the phylogenetic tree yet is inevitably limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - J C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - J Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - H Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
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Blanchard H, Bum-Erdene K, Bohari MH, Yu X. Galectin-1 inhibitors and their potential therapeutic applications: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:537-54. [PMID: 26950805 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1163338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Galectins have affinity for β-galactosides. Human galectin-1 is ubiquitously expressed in the body and its expression level can be a marker in disease. Targeted inhibition of galectin-1 gives potential for treatment of inflammatory disorders and anti-cancer therapeutics. AREAS COVERED This review discusses progress in galectin-1 inhibitor discovery and development. Patent applications pertaining to galectin-1 inhibitors are categorised as monovalent- and multivalent-carbohydrate-based inhibitors, peptides- and peptidomimetics. Furthermore, the potential of galectin-1 protein as a therapeutic is discussed along with consideration of the unique challenges that galectin-1 presents, including its monomer-dimer equilibrium and oxidized and reduced forms, with regard to delivering an intact protein to a pathologically relevant site. EXPERT OPINION Significant evidence implicates galectin-1's involvement in cancer progression, inflammation, and host-pathogen interactions. Conserved sequence similarity of the carbohydrate-binding sites of different galectins makes design of specific antagonists (blocking agents/inhibitors of function) difficult. Key challenges pertaining to the therapeutic use of galectin-1 are its monomer-dimer equilibrium, its redox state, and delivery of intact galectin-1 to the desired site. Developing modified forms of galectin-1 has resulted in increased stability and functional potency. Gene and protein therapy approaches that deliver the protein toward the target are under exploration as is exploitation of different inhibitor scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Blanchard
- a Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University , Gold Coast Campus , Queensland , Australia
| | - Khuchtumur Bum-Erdene
- a Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University , Gold Coast Campus , Queensland , Australia
| | | | - Xing Yu
- a Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University , Gold Coast Campus , Queensland , Australia
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Akimoto Y, Ikehara S, Yamaguchi T, Kim J, Kawakami H, Shimizu N, Hori M, Sakakita H, Ikehara Y. Galectin expression in healing wounded skin treated with low-temperature plasma: Comparison with treatment by electronical coagulation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 605:86-94. [PMID: 26827730 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Low-temperature plasma is useful for the care of wounded skin. It accelerates wound healing. However, the mechanism of this effect has not been fully elucidated yet. Galectin-1 is reported to accelerate wound healing via the Smad signaling pathway. In the present study to clarify whether or not galectins were expressed during the process of wound healing in the plasma-treated skin, we examined the effect of low-temperature plasma on galectin expression in the healing skin. We compared the effects of low-temperature plasma on the expression of galectin-1, -2, and -3 in the healing skin with those of electrocoagulation conducted with a high-frequency electrical coagulator. Immediately after the start of low-temperature plasma treatment following the incision made in the skin, a membrane-like structure was formed on the surface of the wound. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that these galectins were localized in the membrane-like structure of the plasma-treated skin. The expressions of these galectins were increased by the low-temperature plasma treatment, whereas they were inhibited by the electrocoagulation. These results suggest that galectins were involved in the wound healing of low-temperature plasma-treated skin. Galectins will thus be good markers for further examination of the effects of low-temperature plasma on the healing of wounded skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Akimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, 181-8611, Japan.
| | - Sanae Ikehara
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, The National Institutes of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, The National Institutes of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Jaeho Kim
- Electronics and Photonics Research Institute, AIST, Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Hayato Kawakami
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimizu
- International University of Health and Welfare, Sanno Hospital, Akasaka, 107-0052, Japan
| | - Masaru Hori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hajime Sakakita
- Electronics and Photonics Research Institute, AIST, Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ikehara
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, The National Institutes of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 107-0052, Japan
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Toegel S, Weinmann D, André S, Walzer SM, Bilban M, Schmidt S, Chiari C, Windhager R, Krall C, Bennani-Baiti IM, Gabius HJ. Galectin-1 Couples Glycobiology to Inflammation in Osteoarthritis through the Activation of an NF-κB-Regulated Gene Network. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1910-21. [PMID: 26792806 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that ranks among the leading causes of adult disability. Mechanisms underlying osteoarthritis pathogenesis are not yet fully elucidated, putting limits to current disease management and treatment. Based on the phenomenological evidence for dysregulation within the glycome of chondrocytes and the network of a family of adhesion/growth-regulatory lectins, that is, galectins, we tested the hypothesis that Galectin-1 is relevant for causing degeneration. Immunohistochemical analysis substantiated that Galectin-1 upregulation is associated with osteoarthritic cartilage and subchondral bone histopathology and severity of degeneration (p < 0.0001, n = 29 patients). In vitro, the lectin was secreted and it bound to osteoarthritic chondrocytes inhibitable by cognate sugar. Glycan-dependent Galectin-1 binding induced a set of disease markers, including matrix metalloproteinases and activated NF-κB, hereby switching on an inflammatory gene signature (p < 10(-16)). Inhibition of distinct components of the NF-κB pathway using dedicated inhibitors led to dose-dependent impairment of Galectin-1-mediated transcriptional activation. Enhanced secretion of effectors of degeneration such as three matrix metalloproteinases underscores the data's pathophysiological relevance. This study thus identifies Galectin-1 as a master regulator of clinically relevant inflammatory-response genes, working via NF-κB. Because inflammation is critical to cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis, this report reveals an intimate relation of glycobiology to osteoarthritic cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Daniela Weinmann
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja M Walzer
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Core Facility Genomics, Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Catharina Chiari
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Krall
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and
| | | | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Miller MC, Ippel H, Suylen D, Klyosov AA, Traber PG, Hackeng T, Mayo KH. Binding of polysaccharides to human galectin-3 at a noncanonical site in its carbohydrate recognition domain. Glycobiology 2016; 26:88-99. [PMID: 26646771 PMCID: PMC4851716 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a multifunctional lectin, unique to galectins by the presence of a long N-terminal tail (NT) off of its carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Many previous studies have investigated binding of small carbohydrates to its CRD. Here, we used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((15)N-(1)H heteronuclear single quantum coherence data) to assess binding of (15)N-Gal-3 (and truncated (15)N-Gal-3 CRD) to several, relatively large polysaccharides, including eight varieties of galactomannans (GMs), as well as a β(1 → 4)-polymannan and an α-branched mannan. Overall, we found that these polysaccharides with a larger carbohydrate footprint interact primarily with a noncanonical carbohydrate-binding site on the F-face of the Gal-3 CRD β-sandwich, and to a less extent, if at all, with the canonical carbohydrate-binding site on the S-face. While there is no evidence for interaction with the NT itself, it does appear that the NT somehow mediates stronger interactions between the Gal-3 CRD and the GMs. Significant Gal-3 resonance broadening observed during polysaccharide titrations indicates that interactions occur in the intermediate exchange regime, and analysis of these data allows estimation of affinities and stoichiometries that range from 4 × 10(4) to 12 × 10(4) M(-1) per site and multiple sites per polysaccharide, respectively. We also found that lactose can still bind to the CRD S-face of GM-bound Gal-3, with the binding of one ligand attenuating affinity of the other. These data are compared with previous results on Gal-1, revealing differences and similarities. They also provide research direction to the development of these polysaccharides as galectin-targeting therapeutics in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hans Ippel
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Suylen
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anatole A Klyosov
- Galectin Therapeutics, 4960 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Suite 240, Norcross, GA 30071, USA
| | - Peter G Traber
- Galectin Therapeutics, 4960 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Suite 240, Norcross, GA 30071, USA
| | - Tilman Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Merging carbohydrate chemistry with lectin histochemistry to study inhibition of lectin binding by glycoclusters in the natural tissue context. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 145:185-99. [PMID: 26553286 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of glycans by lectins leads to cell adhesion and growth regulation. The specificity and selectivity of this process are determined by carbohydrate structure (sequence and shape) and topology of its presentation. The synthesis of (neo)glycoconjugates with bi- to oligo-valency (glycoclusters) affords tools to delineate structure-activity relationships by blocking lectin binding to an artificial matrix, often a glycoprotein, or cultured cell lines. The drawback of these assays is that glycan presentation is different from that in tissues. In order to approach the natural context, we here introduce lectin histochemistry on fixed tissue sections to determine the susceptibility of binding of two plant lectins, i.e., GSA-II and WGA, to a series of 10 glycoclusters. Besides valency, this panel covers changes in the anomeric position (α/β) and the atom at the glycosidic linkage (O/S). Flanked by cell and solid-phase assays with human tumor lines and two mucins, respectively, staining (intensity and profile) was analyzed in sections of murine jejunum, stomach and epididymis as a function of glycocluster presence. The marked and differential sensitivity of signal generation to structural aspects of the glycoclusters proves the applicability of this method. This enables comparisons between data sets obtained by using (neo)glycoconjugates, cells and the tissue context as platforms. The special advantage of processing tissue sections is the monitoring of interference with lectin association at sites that are relevant for functionality. Testing glycoclusters in lectin histochemistry will especially be attractive in cases of multi-target recognition (glycans, proteins and lipids) by a tissue lectin.
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Kaltner H, Singh T, Manning JC, Raschta AS, André S, Sinowatz F, Gabius HJ. Network monitoring of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins: localization of the five canonical chicken proteins in embryonic and maturing bone and cartilage and their introduction as histochemical tools. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:2051-70. [PMID: 26340709 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Divergence from an ancestral gene leads to a family of homologous proteins. Whether they are physiologically distinct, similar, or even redundant is an open question in each case. Defining profiles of tissue localization is a step toward giving diversity a functional meaning. Due to the significance of endogenous sugar receptors (lectins) as effectors for a wide range of cellular activities we have focused on galectins. The comparatively low level of network complexity constituted by only five canonical proteins makes chicken galectins (CGs) an attractive choice to perform comprehensive analysis, here studied on bone/cartilage as organ system. Galectin expression was monitored by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry using non-cross-reactive antibodies. Overall, three galectins (CG-1B, CG-3, CG-8) were present with individual expression patterns, one was found exclusively in the mesenchyme (CG-1A), the fifth (CG-2) not being detectable. The documented extents of separation are a sign for functional divergence; in cases with overlapping stainings, as for example in the osteoprogenitor layer or periosteum, cooperation may also be possible. Recombinant production enabled the introduction of the endogenous lectins as tools for binding-site localization. Their testing revealed developmental regulation and cell-type-specific staining. Of relevance for research on mammalian galectins, this study illustrates that certain cell types can express more than one galectin, letting functional interrelationships appear likely. Thus, complete network analysis irrespective of its degree of complexity is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Kaltner
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanuja Singh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne-Sarah Raschta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Fred Sinowatz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
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Peržeľová V, Sabol F, Vasilenko T, Novotný M, Kováč I, Slezák M, Ďurkáč J, Hollý M, Pilátová M, Szabo P, Varinská L, Čriepoková Z, Kučera T, Kaltner H, André S, Gabius HJ, Mučaji P, Smetana K, Gál P. Pharmacological activation of estrogen receptors-α and -β differentially modulates keratinocyte differentiation with functional impact on wound healing. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:21-8. [PMID: 26397183 PMCID: PMC4687436 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen deprivation is considered responsible for many age-related processes, including poor wound healing. Guided by previous observations that estradiol accelerates re‑epithelialization through estrogen receptor (ER)‑β, in the present study, we examined whether selective ER agonists [4,4',4''-(4-propyl [1H] pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)‑trisphenol (PPT), ER‑α agonist; 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN), ER‑β agonist] affect the expression of basic proliferation and differentiation markers (Ki‑67, keratin‑10, ‑14 and ‑19, galectin‑1 and Sox‑2) of keratinocytes using HaCaT cells. In parallel, ovariectomized rats were treated daily with an ER modulator, and wound tissue was removed 21 days after wounding and routinely processed for basic histological analysis. Our results revealed that the HaCaT keratinocytes expressed both ER‑α and ‑β, and thus are well-suited for studying the effects of ER agonists on epidermal regeneration. The activation of ER‑α produced a protein expression pattern similar to that observed in the control culture, with a moderate expression of Ki‑67 being observed. However, the activation of ER‑β led to an increase in cell proliferation and keratin‑19 expression, as well as a decrease in galectin‑1 expression. Fittingly, in rat wounds treated with the ER‑β agonist (DPN), epidermal regeneration was accelerated. In the present study, we provide information on the mechanisms through which estrogens affect the expression patterns of selected markers, thus modulating keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation; in addition, we demonstrate that the pharmacological activation of ER-α and -β has a direct impact on wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasta Peržeľová
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - František Sabol
- Department of Heart Surgery, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomáš Vasilenko
- Department of Surgery, Košice‑Šaca Hospital and Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Novotný
- Department for Biomedical Research, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivan Kováč
- Department for Biomedical Research, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Slezák
- Department for Biomedical Research, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Ďurkáč
- Department for Biomedical Research, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Hollý
- Department for Biomedical Research, East‑Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Pilátová
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Szabo
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Varinská
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Čriepoková
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomáš Kučera
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig‑Maximilians‑University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig‑Maximilians‑University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig‑Maximilians‑University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pavel Mučaji
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Gál
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Smorodinova N, Kaltner H, Jirsová K, Hrdličková-Cela E, André S, Kučera T, Smetana K, Gabius HJ. Regulatory Impact of Amniotic Membrane Transplantation on Presence of Adhesion/Growth-Regulatory Galectins-1 and -7 in Corneal Explants from Acanthamoeba Keratitis Patients: Clinical Note. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:740-6. [PMID: 26338079 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1061022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the impact of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) in corneal explants on presence of two multifunctional endogenous lectins, i.e. galectins-1 and -7. METHODS Ten corneal explants from AK patients (five with previous AMT and five controls without this treatment) and seven specimens of disease-free control cornea were processed by indirect fluorescent immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Immunostaining for both galectins was obtained in the epithelium, stroma and the endothelial layer of all controls, with the strongest positivity in the epithelium. Significantly decreased intensity for galectin-1 was recorded in the epithelium of corneal explants from patients with AK and AMT. The signal for galectin-7 was significantly decreased in the epithelium of AK patients and normalized after AMT. CONCLUSIONS AMT has a marked impact on presence of the two galectins in opposite directions, encouraging complete profiling for this family of endogenous effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Smorodinova
- a First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague , Albertov , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Veterinärstrasse, Munich , Germany
| | - Katerina Jirsová
- c Laboratory of the Biology and Pathology of the Eye , Department of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine and General Teaching Hospital, Charles University in Prague , Ke Karlovu , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Enkela Hrdličková-Cela
- d Department of Ophthalmology , First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague , U Nemocnice , Prague .,e Lexum European Eye Clinic , Antala Staška, Prague , Czech Republic and
| | - Sabine André
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Veterinärstrasse, Munich , Germany
| | - Tomáš Kučera
- a First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague , Albertov , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- f First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Charles University in Prague , U Nemocnice , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Veterinärstrasse, Munich , Germany
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Forsythe P. Microbes taming mast cells: Implications for allergic inflammation and beyond. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:169-75. [PMID: 26130124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing awareness of a relationship between our microbiota and the pathogenesis of allergy and other inflammatory diseases. In investigating the mechanisms underlying microbiota modulation of allergy the focus has been on the induction phase; alterations in the phenotype and function of antigen presenting cells, induction of regulatory T cells and shifts in Th1/Th2 balance. However there is evidence that microbes can influence the effector phase of disease, specifically that certain potentially beneficial bacteria can attenuate mast cell activation and degranulation. Furthermore, it appears that different non-pathogenic bacteria can utilize distinct mechanisms to stabilize mast cells, acting locally though direct interaction with the mast cell at mucosal sites or attenuating systemic mast cell dependent responses, likely through indirect signaling mechanisms. The position of mast cells on the frontline of defense against pathogens also suggests they may play an important role in fostering the host-microbiota relationship. Mast cells are also conduits of neuro-immuo-endocrine communication, suggesting the ability of microbes to modulate cell responses may have implications for host physiology beyond immunology. Further investigation of mast cell regulation by non-pathogenic or symbiotic bacteria will likely lead to a greater understanding of host microbiota interaction and the role of the microbiome in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Forsythe
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, The Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Gabius HJ, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, André S. The glycobiology of the CD system: a dictionary for translating marker designations into glycan/lectin structure and function. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:360-76. [PMID: 25981696 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The profile of cell surface molecules, the biochemical platform for cellular communication, can be likened to a molecular fingerprint. Historically, raising monoclonal antibodies by immunization with cells has been instrumental in obtaining tools suited for phenotyping and functional analysis. Initially for leukocyte antigens, the resulting cluster of differentiation (CD) nomenclature has become a popular system for classification. Glycans presented on proteins or lipids and receptors for carbohydrate structures (lectins) are part of the CD list. Our review presents biochemical and biomedical highlights of the respective CD entries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Vértesy S, Michalak M, Miller MC, Schnölzer M, André S, Kopitz J, Mayo KH, Gabius HJ. Structural significance of galectin design: impairment of homodimer stability by linker insertion and partial reversion by ligand presence. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:199-210. [PMID: 25796447 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins translate information encoded in glycan chains of cellular glycoconjugates into bioeffects. The topological presentation of contact sites for cognate sugar binding is a crucial factor toward this end. To dissect the significance of such phylogenetically conserved properties, the design and engineering of non-natural variants are attractive approaches. Here, a homodimeric human lectin, i.e. adhesion/growth-regulatory galectin-1, is converted into a tandem-repeat display by introducing the 33-amino-acid linker of another family member (i.e. galectin-8). The yield of variant was reduced by about a third. This protein had ∼10-fold higher activity in hemagglutination. Nearly complete sequence determination by mass-spectrometric in-source decay and fingerprinting excluded the presence of any modifications. When (1)H-(15)N heteronuclear single-quantum coherence data on the (15)N-labeled variant and wild-type protein were compared, changes in chemical shifts, signal intensities and resonance multiplicities revealed reduction of stability of interfacial contacts between the lectin domains and an increase in inter-domain flexibility. When both binding sites in the variant were loaded with ligand, association of the two carbohydrate recognition domains was enhanced, corroborated by gel filtration. Dynamic changes in the spatial presentation of the two lectin domains in the context of a tandem-repeat display can alter counterreceptor targeting relative to the fixed positions found in the proto-type galectin homodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Vértesy
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Veterinär-straße 13, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Malwina Michalak
- Abteilung für Angewandte Tumorbiologie, Pathologisches Institut, Klinikum der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Str., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Funktionelle Proteomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Veterinär-straße 13, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Abteilung für Angewandte Tumorbiologie, Pathologisches Institut, Klinikum der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Str., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Veterinär-straße 13, 80539 München, Germany
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Lectins: getting familiar with translators of the sugar code. Molecules 2015; 20:1788-823. [PMID: 25621423 PMCID: PMC6272290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20021788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The view on the significance of the presence of glycans in glycoconjugates is undergoing a paradigmatic change. Initially mostly considered to be rather inert and passive, the concept of the sugar code identifies glycans as highly versatile platform to store information. Their chemical properties endow carbohydrates to form oligomers with unsurpassed structural variability. Owing to their capacity to engage in hydrogen (and coordination) bonding and C-H/π-interactions these “code words” can be “read” (in Latin, legere) by specific receptors. A distinct class of carbohydrate-binding proteins are the lectins. More than a dozen protein folds have developed carbohydrate-binding capacity in vertebrates. Taking galectins as an example, distinct expression patterns are traced. The availability of labeled endogenous lectins facilitates monitoring of tissue reactivity, extending the scope of lectin histochemistry beyond that which traditionally involved plant lectins. Presentation of glycan and its cognate lectin can be orchestrated, making a glycan-based effector pathway in growth control of tumor and activated T cells possible. In order to unravel the structural basis of lectin specificity for particular glycoconjugates mimetics of branched glycans and programmable models of cell surfaces are being developed by strategic combination of lectin research with synthetic and supramolecular chemistry.
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Marcelo F, Garcia-Martin F, Matsushita T, Sardinha J, Coelho H, Oude-Vrielink A, Koller C, André S, Cabrita EJ, Gabius HJ, Nishimura SI, Jiménez-Barbero J, Cañada FJ. Delineating Binding Modes of Gal/GalNAc and Structural Elements of the Molecular Recognition of Tumor-Associated Mucin Glycopeptides by the Human Macrophage Galactose-Type Lectin. Chemistry 2014; 20:16147-55. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Lin YT, Chen JS, Wu MH, Hsieh IS, Liang CH, Hsu CL, Hong TM, Chen YL. Galectin-1 accelerates wound healing by regulating the neuropilin-1/Smad3/NOX4 pathway and ROS production in myofibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:258-268. [PMID: 25007042 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts have a key role in wound healing by secreting growth factors and chemoattractants to create new substrates and proteins in the extracellular matrix. We have found that galectin-1, a β-galactose-binding lectin involved in many physiological functions, induces myofibroblast activation; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we reveal that galectin-1-null (Lgals1(-/-)) mice exhibited a delayed cutaneous wound healing response. Galectin-1 induced myofibroblast activation, migration, and proliferation by triggering intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. A ROS-producing protein, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), was upregulated by galectin-1 through the neuropilin-1/Smad3 signaling pathway in myofibroblasts. Subcutaneous injection of galectin-1 into wound areas accelerated the healing of general and pathological (streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus) wounds and decreased the mortality of diabetic mice with skin wounds. These findings indicate that galectin-1 is a key regulator of wound repair that has therapeutic potential for pathological or imperfect wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Te Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Sian Chen
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Heng Wu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Shan Hsieh
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsien Liang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Lung Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Ming Hong
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yuh-Ling Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Human osteoarthritic knee cartilage: fingerprinting of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins in vitro and in situ indicates differential upregulation in severe degeneration. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 142:373-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Mifková A, Kodet O, Szabo P, Kučera J, Dvořánková B, André S, Koripelly G, Gabius HJ, Lehn JM, Smetana K. Synthetic polyamine BPA-C8 inhibits TGF-β1-mediated conversion of human dermal fibroblast to myofibroblasts and establishment of galectin-1-rich extracellular matrix in vitro. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1465-70. [PMID: 24867251 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a role in the progression of malignant tumors. They are formed by conversion of fibroblasts to smooth muscle α-actin-positive (SMA-positive) myofibroblasts. Polyamines are known to change the arrangement of the actin cytoskeleton by binding to the anionic actin. We tested the effect of the synthetic polyamine BPA-C8 on the transition of human dermal fibroblasts to myofibroblasts induced either by TGF-β1 alone or by TGF-β1 together with adhesion/growth-regulatory galectin-1. Pre-existing CAFs, myofibroblasts from pancreatitis, and rat smooth muscle cells were also exposed to BPA-C8. BPA-C8 impaired myofibroblast formation from activated fibroblasts, but it had no effect on cells already expressing SMA. BPA-C8 also reduced the occurrence of an extracellular matrix around the activated fibroblasts. The reported data thus extend current insights into polyamine activity, adding interference with tumor progression to the tumor-promoting processes warranting study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžběta Mifková
- Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague (Czech Republic); Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, V Úvalu 5, 150 00 Prague (Czech Republic)
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Duray A, De Maesschalck T, Decaestecker C, Remmelink M, Chantrain G, Neiveyans J, Horoi M, Leroy X, Gabius HJ, Saussez S. Galectin fingerprinting in naso-sinusal diseases. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:23-32. [PMID: 24859692 PMCID: PMC4067427 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins, a family of endogenous lectins, are multifunctional effectors that act at various sites and can be used in immunohistochemical localization studies of diseased states. Since they form a potentially cooperative and antagonistic network, we tested the hypothesis that histopathological fingerprinting of galectins could refine the molecular understanding of naso-sinusal pathologies. Using non-cross-reactive antibodies against galectin-1, -3, -4, -7, -8 and -9, we characterized the galectin profiles in chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyposis, inverted papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas. The expression, signal location and quantitative parameters describing the percentage of positive cells and labeling intensity were assessed for various cases. We discovered that inverted papillomas showed a distinct galectin immunohistochemical profile. Indeed, epithelial overexpression of galectin-3 (P=0.0002), galectin-4 (P<10−6), galectin-7 (P<10−6) and galectin-9 (P<10−6) was observed in inverted papillomas compared to non-malignant diseases. Regarding carcinomas, we observed increased expression of galectin-9 (P<10−6) in epithelial cells compared to non-tumor pathologies. Our results suggest that galectin-3, -4, -7 and -9 could be involved in the biology of inverted papillomas. In addition, we observed that the expression of galectin in naso-sinusal diseases seems to be affected by tumor progression and not inflammatory or allergic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaëlle Duray
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Thibault De Maesschalck
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Decaestecker
- Laboratory of Image, Signal Processing and Acoustics (LISA), Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Myriam Remmelink
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gilbert Chantrain
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Neiveyans
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Mihaela Horoi
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Leroy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hôpital Claude Huriez and Centre de Biologie-Pathologie, CHRU, Lille, France
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Saussez
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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Solís D, Bovin NV, Davis AP, Jiménez-Barbero J, Romero A, Roy R, Smetana K, Gabius HJ. A guide into glycosciences: How chemistry, biochemistry and biology cooperate to crack the sugar code. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:186-235. [PMID: 24685397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most demanding challenge in research on molecular aspects within the flow of biological information is posed by the complex carbohydrates (glycan part of cellular glycoconjugates). How the 'message' encoded in carbohydrate 'letters' is 'read' and 'translated' can only be unraveled by interdisciplinary efforts. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides a didactic step-by-step survey of the concept of the sugar code and the way strategic combination of experimental approaches characterizes structure-function relationships, with resources for teaching. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The unsurpassed coding capacity of glycans is an ideal platform for generating a broad range of molecular 'messages'. Structural and functional analyses of complex carbohydrates have been made possible by advances in chemical synthesis, rendering production of oligosaccharides, glycoclusters and neoglycoconjugates possible. This availability facilitates to test the glycans as ligands for natural sugar receptors (lectins). Their interaction is a means to turn sugar-encoded information into cellular effects. Glycan/lectin structures and their spatial modes of presentation underlie the exquisite specificity of the endogenous lectins in counterreceptor selection, that is, to home in on certain cellular glycoproteins or glycolipids. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding how sugar-encoded 'messages' are 'read' and 'translated' by lectins provides insights into fundamental mechanisms of life, with potential for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Solís
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 07110 Bunyola, Mallorca, Illes Baleares, Spain.
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117871 GSP-7, V-437, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Anthony P Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Romero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - René Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Karel Smetana
- Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 München, Germany.
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Ruiz FM, Scholz BA, Buzamet E, Kopitz J, André S, Menéndez M, Romero A, Solís D, Gabius HJ. Natural single amino acid polymorphism (F19Y) in human galectin-8: detection of structural alterations and increased growth-regulatory activity on tumor cells. FEBS J 2014; 281:1446-1464. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico M. Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Físico-Química; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas; Madrid Spain
| | - Barbara A. Scholz
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie; Tierärztliche Fakultät; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Germany
| | - Eliza Buzamet
- Departamento de Química-Física Biológica; Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano; CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid Spain
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Abteilung Angewandte Tumorbiologie; Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie; Tierärztliche Fakultät; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Germany
| | - Margarita Menéndez
- Departamento de Química-Física Biológica; Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano; CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid Spain
| | - Antonio Romero
- Departamento de Biología Físico-Química; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas; Madrid Spain
| | - Dolores Solís
- Departamento de Química-Física Biológica; Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano; CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid Spain
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie; Tierärztliche Fakultät; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Germany
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Gabius HJ, Kayser K. Introduction to glycopathology: the concept, the tools and the perspectives. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:4. [PMID: 24443956 PMCID: PMC4029355 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual slides The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1670639891114983. Analyzing the flow of biological information is a fundamental challenge for basic sciences. The emerging results will then lend themselves to the development of new approaches for medical applications. Toward this end, the products of protein/lipid glycosylation deserve special attention. The covalent attachment of sugars to these carriers means much more than just a change of the carriers’ physicochemical properties. In principle, the ubiquitous presence of glycoconjugates and the close inspection of the particular structural ‘talents’ of carbohydrates provide suggestive evidence for information coding by sugars. In fact, the theoretical number of ‘words’ (oligomers) formed by ‘letters’ (monosaccharides) is by far higher than by using nucleotides or amino acids. In other words, glycans harbor an unsurpassed coding capacity. The cyto- and histochemical detection of dynamic changes in the profile of cellular glycans (glycome, the equivalent of the proteome) by sugar receptors such as antibodies used as tools underscores the suitability of carbohydrates for such a task. The resulting staining patterns can be likened to a molecular fingerprint. By acting as ligand (counterreceptor) for endogenous receptors (tissue lectins), glycan epitopes become partners in a specific recognition pair, and the sugar-encoded information can then be translated into effects, e.g. in growth regulation. Of note, expression of both sides of such a pair, i.e. lectin and cognate glycan, can physiologically be orchestrated for optimal efficiency. Indeed, examples how to prevent autoimmune diseases by regulatory T cells and restrict carcinoma growth by a tumor suppressor attest occurrence of co-regulation. In consequence, these glycans have potential to establish a new class of functional biomarkers, and mapping presence of their receptors is warranted. In this review, the cyto- and histochemical methods, which contribute to explore information storage and transfer within the sugar code, are described. This introduction to the toolbox is flanked by illustrating the application of each type of tool in histopathology, with focus on adhesion/growth-regulating galectins. Together with an introduction to fundamental principles of the sugar code, the review is designed to guide into this field and to inspire respective research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Chair of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr 13, D-80539, Munich, Germany.
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Kübler D, Seidler J, André S, Kumar S, Schwartz-Albiez R, Lehmann WD, Gabius HJ. Phosphorylation of multifunctional galectins by protein kinases CK1, CK2, and PKA. Anal Biochem 2013; 449:109-17. [PMID: 24333252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation is known to have a strong impact on protein functions. We analyzed members of the lectin family of multifunctional galectins as targets of the protein kinases CK1, CK2, and PKA. Galectins are potent growth regulators able to bind both glycan and peptide motifs at intra- and extracellular sites. Performing in vitro kinase assays, galectin phosphorylation was detected by phosphoprotein staining and autoradiography. The insertion of phosphoryl groups varied to a large extent depending on the type of kinase applied and the respective galectin substrate. Sites of phosphorylation observed in the recombinant galectins were determined by a strategic combination of phosphopeptide enrichment and nano-ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nanoUPLC-MS/MS). By in silico modeling, phosphorylation sites were visualized three-dimensionally. Our results reveal galectin-type-specific Ser-/Thr-dependent phosphorylation beyond the known example of galectin-3. These data are the basis for functional studies and also illustrate the analytical sensitivity of the applied methods for further work on human lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kübler
- Biomolecular Interactions, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Sonu Kumar
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Wolf-Dieter Lehmann
- Core Facility Molecular Structural Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Berbís MÁ, André S, Cañada FJ, Pipkorn R, Ippel H, Mayo KH, Kübler D, Gabius HJ, Jiménez-Barbero J. Peptides derived from human galectin-3 N-terminal tail interact with its carbohydrate recognition domain in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:126-31. [PMID: 24269589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a multi-functional effector protein that functions in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, as well as extracellularly following non-classical secretion. Structurally, Gal-3 is unique among galectins with its carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) attached to a rather long N-terminal tail composed mostly of collagen-like repeats (nine in the human protein) and terminating in a short non-collagenous terminal peptide sequence unique in this lectin family and not yet fully explored. Although several Ser and Tyr sites within the N-terminal tail can be phosphorylated, the physiological significance of this post-translational modification remains unclear. Here, we used a series of synthetic (phospho)peptides derived from the tail to assess phosphorylation-mediated interactions with (15)N-labeled Gal-3 CRD. HSQC-derived chemical shift perturbations revealed selective interactions at the backface of the CRD that were attenuated by phosphorylation of Tyr 107 and Tyr 118, while phosphorylation of Ser 6 and Ser 12 was essential. Controls with sequence scrambling underscored inherent specificity. Our studies shed light on how phosphorylation of the N-terminal tail may impact on Gal-3 function and prompt further studies using phosphorylated full-length protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Álvaro Berbís
- Chemical and Physical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - F Javier Cañada
- Chemical and Physical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rüdiger Pipkorn
- Central Peptide Synthesis Unit, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans Ippel
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dieter Kübler
- Biomolecular Interactions, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical and Physical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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