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Koziróg A, Brycki B, Pielech-Przybylska K. Impact of Cationic and Neutral Gemini Surfactants on Conidia and Hyphal Forms of Aspergillus brasiliensis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E873. [PMID: 29543767 PMCID: PMC5877734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the biological activity of two cationic gemini surfactants, hexamethylene-1,6-bis-(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonium bromide) C6 and pentamethylene-1,5-bis-(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecyla,.mmonium bromide) C5, and their two neutral analogs, hexamethylene-1,6-bis-(N-methyl-N-dodecylamine) (A6) and pentamethylene-1,5-bis-(N-methyl-N-dodecylamine) (A5). Experiments were performed with Aspergillus brasiliensis, which is used in the standard tests for biocides. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for conidia and mycelium were determined using the dilution method. The viability of the conidia was evaluated using the plate count method. The dry mass of the mycelium was determined using the thermogravimetric method. Ergosterol was extracted from the mycelium and evaluated by gas chromatography. The effect of gemini surfactants on fungal morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Cationic gemini surfactants were found to be active at lower concentrations compared to their non-ionic analogues, rapidly reducing the total number of conidia that were able to grow. They also decreased both the ergosterol content in the mycelium and its dry weight. These results suggest that cationic gemini surfactants C6 and C5 could have a wide range of practical applications as active compounds. However, it should be remembered that usage at too low concentrations, below the MIC, will only lead to short-term disturbances in the development of conidia and mycelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koziróg
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Bogumił Brycki
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Pielech-Przybylska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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Sant DG, Tupe SG, Ramana CV, Deshpande MV. Fungal cell membrane-promising drug target for antifungal therapy. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1498-1510. [PMID: 27667746 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Increase in invasive fungal infections over the past few years especially in immunocompromised patients prompted the search for new antifungal agents with improved efficacy. Current antifungal armoury includes very few effective drugs like Amphotericin B; new generation azoles, including voriconazole and posaconazole; echinocandins like caspofungin and micafungin to name a few. Azole class of antifungals which target the fungal cell membrane are the first choice of treatment for many years because of their effectiveness. As the fungal cell membrane is predominantly made up of sterols, glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids, the role of lipids in pathogenesis and target identification for improved therapeutics were largely pursued by researchers during the last few years. Present review focuses on cell membrane as an antifungal target with emphasis on membrane biogenesis, structure and function of cell membrane, cell membrane inhibitors, screening assays, recent advances and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Sant
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - S G Tupe
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - C V Ramana
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - M V Deshpande
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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3
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Design, synthesis and mode of action of novel 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole derivatives bearing semicarbazone and thiosemicarbazone moiety as potent antimicrobial agents. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Yamskov IA, Kuskov AN, Babievsky KK, Berezin BB, Krayukhina MA, Samoylova NA, Tikhonov VE, Shtilman MI. Novel liposomal forms of antifungal antibiotics modified by amphiphilic polymers. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683808060112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Chua PR, Roof DM, Lee Y, Sakowicz R, Clarke D, Pierce D, Stephens T, Hamilton M, Morgan B, Morgans D, Nakai T, Tomasi A, Maxon ME. Effective killing of the human pathogen Candida albicans by a specific inhibitor of non-essential mitotic kinesin Kip1p. Mol Microbiol 2007; 65:347-62. [PMID: 17573815 PMCID: PMC1976386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Kinesins from the bipolar (Kinesin-5) family are conserved in eukaryotic organisms and play critical roles during the earliest stages of mitosis to mediate spindle pole body separation and formation of a bipolar mitotic spindle. To date, genes encoding bipolar kinesins have been reported to be essential in all organisms studied. We report the characterization of CaKip1p, the sole member of this family in the human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. C. albicans Kip1p appears to localize to the mitotic spindle and loss of CaKip1p function interferes with normal progression through mitosis. Inducible excision of CaKIP1 revealed phenotypes unique to C. albicans, including viable homozygous Cakip1 mutants and an aberrant spindle morphology in which multiple spindle poles accumulate in close proximity to each other. Expression of the C. albicans Kip1 motor domain in Escherichia coli produced a protein with microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity that was inhibited by an aminobenzothiazole (ABT) compound in an ATP-competitive fashion. This inhibition results in ‘rigor-like’, tight association with microtubules in vitro. Upon treatment of C. albicans cells with the ABT compound, cells were killed, and terminal phenotype analysis revealed an aberrant spindle morphology similar to that induced by loss of the CaKIP1 gene. The ABT compound discovered is the first example of a fungal spindle inhibitor targeted to a mitotic kinesin. Our results also show that the non-essential nature and implementation of the bipolar motor in C. albicans differs from that seen in other organisms, and suggest that inhibitors of a non-essential mitotic kinesin may offer promise as cidal agents for antifungal drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope R Chua
- Cytokinetics, 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Watanabe H, Azuma M, Igarashi K, Ooshima H. Valinomycin Affects the Morphology of Candida albicans. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2005; 58:753-8. [PMID: 16506692 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2005.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microbial metabolites were screened for inhibitors of hyphal growth in Candida albicans. Inhibitory activity was found among metabolites of a culture of an actinomycete, which had been isolated from soil. The active substance inhibited hyphal growth and induced growth as a chain of yeast cells under hyphal growth induction conditions. The active substance was purified and analyzed with 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectra. The substance was identified as valinomycin, and commercial valinomycin inhibited hyphal growth as effectively as the purified metabolite. The effective concentration was from 0.49 to 62.5 microg/ml. Valinomycin also inhibited hyphal growth in other dimorphic fungi, Candida tropicalis and Aureobasidium pullulans. These results suggest that valinomycin may be a useful tool for understanding the morphological transition of dimorphic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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Gollapudy R, Ajmani S, Kulkarni SA. Modeling and interactions of Aspergillus fumigatus lanosterol 14-α demethylase `A' with azole antifungals. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:2937-50. [PMID: 15142553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2003] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent identification of the sterol 14-alpha demethylase genes (CYP51 A and B) from Aspergillus fumigatus and other species by Mellado et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 2001, 39(7), 2431-2438), has opened up possibilities of investigating the interactions of azole antifungals with the enzyme(s) from fungi. This study describes for the first time, a model of the three-dimensional structure of A. fumigatus 14-alpha demethylase (AF-CYP51A), using the crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 14-alpha demethylase (PDB code:1EA1) as a template. The paper also describes the various interactions between azole antifungals and the target from A. fumigatus (AF-CYP51A). Quantitative evaluation of these interactions is done using COMBINE analysis to understand contributions of active site residues to ligand activity. It also provides explanation for the activity/inactivity of different ligands for AF-CYP51A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Gollapudy
- VLife Science Technologies Pvt. Ltd, 1 Akshay Residency, Plot # 50 Anand Park, Aundh Pune 411 007, India
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Ma D. Applications of yeast in drug discovery. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2002; 57:117-62. [PMID: 11728000 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8308-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is perhaps the best-studied eukaryotic organism. Its experimental tractability, combined with the remarkable conservation of gene function throughout evolution, makes yeast the ideal model genetic organism. Yeast is a non-pathogenic model of fungal pathogens used to identify antifungal targets suitable for drug development and to elucidate mechanisms of action of antifungal agents. As a model of fundamental cellular processes and metabolic pathways of the human, yeast has improved our understanding and facilitated the molecular analysis of many disease genes. The completion of the Saccharomyces genome sequence helped launch the post-genomic era, focusing on functional analyses of whole genomes. Yeast paved the way for the systematic analysis of large and complex genomes by serving as a test bed for novel experimental approaches and technologies, tools that are fast becoming the standard in drug discovery research
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ma
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Masubuchi K, Okada T, Kohchi M, Murata T, Tsukazaki M, Kondoh O, Yamazaki T, Satoh Y, Ono Y, Tsukaguchi T, Kobayashi K, Ono N, Inoue T, Horii I, Shimma N. Synthesis and antifungal activities of novel 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase inhibitors. Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1273-6. [PMID: 11392535 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Highly potent 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase inhibitors, 7b, 10a, 10b and 12, have been identified by the chemical modification of the ornithine residue of a fungicidal macrocyclic lipopeptidolactone, RO-09-3655 (1), isolated from the cultured broth of Deuteromycotinia spp. These compounds showed stronger antifungal activity against systemic candidiasis as well as pulmonary aspergillosis in mice, and less hepatotoxicity as compared with 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Masubuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Nippon Roche Research Center, Kamakura, Kanagawra, Japan
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Luberto C, Toffaletti DL, Wills EA, Tucker SC, Casadevall A, Perfect JR, Hannun YA, Del Poeta M. Roles for inositol-phosphoryl ceramide synthase 1 (IPC1) in pathogenesis of C. neoformans. Genes Dev 2001; 15:201-12. [PMID: 11157776 PMCID: PMC312614 DOI: 10.1101/gad.856001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a leading cause of life-threatening fungal infection in immunocompromised patients. Inositol-phosphoryl ceramide synthase 1 (Ipc1) is a fungus-specific enzyme, encoded by the essential IPC1 gene, that catalyzes the formation of complex sphingolipids and may also regulate the levels of phytoceramide and diacylglycerol. Here, we investigated the functions of this essential gene by modulating its expression in C. neoformans using a galactose-inducible promoter. Down-regulation of IPC1 significantly lowers the expression of certain virulence traits such as melanin pigmentation and, remarkably, impairs pathogenicity of C. neoformans in an established rabbit model. Interestingly, we found that IPC1 down-regulation significantly decreases the intracellular growth of C. neoformans in the J774.16 murine macrophage-like cells. Finally, we studied the effect of IPC1 expression under different stress conditions and found that down-regulation of IPC1 confers a defect on in vitro growth at low pH. Because this environment is similar to that in the phagolysosome of J774.16 macrophage-like cells, our findings indicate that down-regulation of IPC1 confers a growth defect in vivo through a pH-dependent mechanism. In conclusion, our study is the first to define a novel and crucial function of Ipc1 in fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Luberto
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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