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Zhao J, Zhu Y, Han ML, Lu J, Yu HH, Wickremasinghe H, Zhou QT, Bergen P, Rao G, Velkov T, Lin YW, Li J. Model-informed dose optimisation of polymyxin-rifampicin combination therapy against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 62:106902. [PMID: 37380093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial resistance is a major global threat. Because of the stagnant antibiotic pipeline, synergistic antibiotic combination therapy has been proposed to treat rapidly emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. We investigated antimicrobial synergy of polymyxin/rifampicin combination against MDR Acinetobacter baumannii. METHODS In vitro static time-kill studies were performed over 48 h at an initial inoculum of ∼107 CFU/mL against three polymyxin-susceptible but MDR A. baumannii isolates. Membrane integrity was examined at 1 and 4 h post-treatment to elucidate the mechanism of synergy. Finally, a semi-mechanistic PK/PD model was developed to simultaneously describe the time course of bacterial killing and prevention of regrowth by mono- and combination therapies. RESULTS Polymyxin B and rifampicin alone produced initial killing against MDR A. baumannii but were associated with extensive regrowth. Notably, the combination showed synergistic killing across all three A. baumannii isolates with bacterial loads below the limit of quantification for up to 48 h. Membrane integrity assays confirmed the role of polymyxin-driven outer membrane remodelling in the observed synergy. Subsequently, the mechanism of synergy was incorporated into a PK/PD model to describe the enhanced uptake of rifampicin due to polymyxin-induced membrane permeabilisation. Simulations with clinically utilised dosing regimens confirmed the therapeutic potential of this combination, particularly in the prevention of bacterial regrowth. Finally, results from a neutropenic mouse thigh infection model confirmed the in vivo synergistic killing of the combination against A. baumannii AB5075. CONCLUSION Our results showed that polymyxin B combined with rifampicin is a promising option to treat bloodstream and tissue infection caused by MDR A. baumannii and warrants clinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Zhao
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Infection Program and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yan Zhu
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Infection Program and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mei-Ling Han
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Infection Program and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jing Lu
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Infection Program and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi H Yu
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Infection Program and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hasini Wickremasinghe
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Infection Program and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Phillip Bergen
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Infection Program and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gauri Rao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yu-Wei Lin
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Infection Program and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Infection Program and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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2
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Jeffrey M, Denny KJ, Lipman J, Conway Morris A. Differentiating infection, colonisation, and sterile inflammation in critical illness: the emerging role of host-response profiling. Intensive Care Med 2023; 49:760-771. [PMID: 37344680 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-023-07108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Infection results when a pathogen produces host tissue damage and elicits an immune response. Critically ill patients experience immune activation secondary to both sterile and infectious insults, with overlapping clinical phenotypes and underlying immunological mechanisms. Patients also undergo a shift in microbiota with the emergence of pathogen-dominant microbiomes. Whilst the combination of inflammation and microbial shift has long challenged intensivists in the identification of true infection, the advent of highly sensitive molecular diagnostics has further confounded the diagnostic dilemma as the number of microbial detections increases. Given the key role of the host immune response in the development and definition of infection, profiling the host response offers the potential to help unravel the conundrum of distinguishing colonisation and sterile inflammation from true infection. This narrative review provides an overview of current approaches to distinguishing colonisation from infection using routinely available techniques and proposes matrices to support decision-making in this setting. In searching for new tools to better discriminate these states, the review turns to the understanding of the underlying pathobiology of the host response to infection. It then reviews the techniques available to assess this response in a clinically applicable context. It will cover techniques including profiling of transcriptome, protein expression, and immune functional assays, detailing the current state of knowledge in diagnostics along with the challenges and opportunities. The ultimate infection diagnostic tool will likely combine an assessment of both host immune response and sensitive pathogen detection to improve patient management and facilitate antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jeffrey
- John V Farman Intensive Care Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Level 4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kerina J Denny
- Department of Intensive Care, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Lipman
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Jamieson Trauma Institute and Intensive Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Nimes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nimes, France
| | - Andrew Conway Morris
- John V Farman Intensive Care Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Level 4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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3
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Denny KJ, Lea RA, Lindell-Innes R, Haupt LM, Heffernan AJ, Harvey NR, Hughes O, Cao VT, Stuart J, Paterson DL, McNamara JF, Ungerer JPJ, Pretorius CJ, Griffiths LR, Lipman J. Diagnosing sepsis in the ICU: Comparison of a gene expression signature to pre-existing biomarkers. J Crit Care 2023; 76:154286. [PMID: 36965223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2023.154286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to identify a gene signature that discriminates between sepsis and aseptic inflammation in patients administered antibiotics in the intensive care unit and compare it to commonly utilised sepsis biomarkers. METHODS 91 patients commenced on antibiotics were retrospectively diagnosed as having: (i) blood culture positive sepsis; (ii) blood culture negative sepsis; or (iii) aseptic inflammation. Bloods were collected after <24 h of antibiotic commencement for both gene expression sequencing analysis and measurement of previously identified biomarkers. RESULTS 53 differentially expressed genes were identified that accurately discriminated between blood culture positive sepsis and aseptic inflammation in a cohort of patients given antibiotics [aROC 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95-0.99)]. This gene signature was validated in a publicly available database. The gene signature outperformed previously identified sepsis biomarkers including C-reactive protein [aROC 0.72 (95% CI, 0.57-0.87)], NT-Pro B-type Natriuretic Peptide [aROC 0.84 (95% CI, 0.73-0.96)], and Septicyte™ LAB [aROC 0.8 (95% CI, 0.68-0.93)], but was comparable to Procalcitonin [aROC 0.96 (95% CI, 0.9-1)]. CONCLUSIONS A gene expression signature was identified that accurately discriminates between sepsis and aseptic inflammation in patients given antibiotics in the intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerina J Denny
- Department of Intensive Care, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Rodney A Lea
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ross Lindell-Innes
- Department of Haematology, Canberra Hospital, Woden, Canberra, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Sciences of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron J Heffernan
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Harvey
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Hughes
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Van T Cao
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janine Stuart
- Intensive Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - David L Paterson
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Campus, Brisbane, Australia; ADVANCE-ID, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - John F McNamara
- University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacobus P J Ungerer
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carel J Pretorius
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Lipman
- Intensive Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Jaimeson Trauma Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Nimes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nimes, France
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Honeycomb resin-based spin-column solid-phase extraction for efficient determination of alectinib and its metabolite in human urine. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1690:463787. [PMID: 36652815 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alectinib and its metabolite, M4, have demonstrated a satisfactory clinical therapeutic effect in the treatment of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Due to individual differences among patients, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is critical for guaranteeing appropriate clinical drug use. To realize TDM for alectinib and its metabolite, M4, a honeycomb phenol-formaldehyde resin (PFR) with excellent hydrophilic properties, abundant adsorption force, and a stable porous structure was synthesized by modifying the porogens F127 and P123. The prepared PFR was employed as an adsorbent in a simple and efficient spin-column solid-phase extraction (SPE) process. A rapid method for detecting alectinib and its metabolite M4 in urine was thereby established. The established method showed a linear range of 0.0200 μg mL-1-5.00 μg mL-1 and the recovery range of 98.8-103% for spiked urine samples, with relative standard deviations of ≤ 4.87% (n = 3). Our results proved the practicability of the proposed honeycomb-PFR spin-column SPE method in TDM for alectinib and its metabolite, M4.
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Evaluation of the Clinical Outcome and Cost Analysis of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Emergency Department in Saudi Arabia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111478. [PMID: 36358133 PMCID: PMC9686469 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to assess the prevalence and antibiotic-treatment patterns of respiratory tract infections (RTIs), prevalence and types of antibiotic-prescribing errors, and the cost of inappropriate antibiotic use among emergency department (ED) patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the ED in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Patient characteristics (age, sex, weight, allergies, diagnostic tests (CX-Ray), cultures, microorganism types, and prescription characteristics) were studied. During the study, 3185 cases were diagnosed with RTIs: adults (>15 years) 55% and pediatrics (<15 years) 44%. The overall prevalence of RTIs was 21%, differentiated by upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) (URTI 13.4%; LRTI 8.4%), of total visits. Three main antibiotics (ATB) categories were prescribed in both age groups: penicillin (pediatrics 43%; adults 26%), cephalosporin (pediatrics 29%; adults 19%), and macrolide (pediatrics 26%; adults 38%). The prevalence of inappropriate ATB prescriptions was 53% (pediatrics 35%; adults 67%). Errors in ATB included selection (3.3%), dosage (22%), frequency (3%), and duration (32%). There is a compelling need to create antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs to improve antibiotic use due to the high number of prescriptions in the ED deemed as inappropriate. This will help to prevent unwanted consequences on the patients and the community associated with antibiotic use.
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Taylor A, Zerfas I, Le C, D'Amico F, Heath FR, Baumgartner M. Treatment of Acute Bronchitis and its Impact on Return Emergency Department Visits. J Emerg Med 2022; 63:10-16. [PMID: 35933264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics are not recommended in healthy, uncomplicated adults for the treatment of acute bronchitis, yet are still often prescribed. No randomized studies have examined whether prescribing antibiotics in the emergency department (ED) impacts hospital return rates. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to compare hospital return rates between those who were prescribed an antibiotic vs. those who were not prescribed an antibiotic for the treatment of acute bronchitis. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was completed evaluating patients aged 18-64 years who presented to a community teaching hospital ED with acute bronchitis between January 2017 and December 2019. The primary outcomes were 30-day ED return and hospital admissions from initial ED visit. The rates of ED return or readmitted were compared for patients prescribed an antibiotic for treatment of acute bronchitis vs. those patients who were not prescribed an antibiotic. RESULTS Of the 752 patients included, 311 (41%) were prescribed antibiotics. Baseline demographics were similar between both groups. Of those prescribed an antibiotic, 26 of 311 (8.4%) returned to the hospital within 30 days compared with 33 of 441 patients (7.5%) who were not prescribed an antibiotic (odds ratio 1.13; 95% confidence interval 0.66-1.92). CONCLUSIONS There was no association found between antibiotic therapy for treatment of acute bronchitis and return to the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Zerfas
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christina Le
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank D'Amico
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - F Richard Heath
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Zhu HJ, Duan CP, Qin L, Liu JL, Wang YQ, Li J, Zhang YL, Zhang MD. Luminescence sensing for one Zn MOF and improvement of hydrogen evolution performance by cobalt doping. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Parra-Rodriguez L, Guillamet MCV. Antibiotic Decision-Making in the ICU. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 43:141-149. [PMID: 35172364 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1741014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that Intensive Care Units (ICUs) are a focal point in antimicrobial consumption with a major influence on the ecological consequences of antibiotic use. With the high prevalence and mortality of infections in critically ill patients, and the clinical challenges of treating patients with septic shock, the impact of real life clinical decisions made by intensivists becomes more significant. Both under- and over-treatment with unnecessarily broad spectrum antibiotics can lead to detrimental outcomes. Even though substantial progress has been made in developing rapid diagnostic tests that can help guide antibiotic use, there is still a time window when clinicians must decide the empiric antibiotic treatment with insufficient clinical data. The continuous streams of data available in the ICU environment make antimicrobial optimization an ongoing challenge for clinicians but at the same time can serve as the input for sophisticated models. In this review, we summarize the evidence to help guide antibiotic decision-making in the ICU. We focus on 1) deciding IF: to start antibiotics, 2) choosing the spectrum of the empiric agents to use, and 3) de-escalating the chosen empiric antibiotics. We provide a perspective on the role of machine learning and artificial intelligence models for clinical decision support systems that can be incorporated seamlessly into clinical practice in order to improve the antibiotic selection process and, more importantly, current and future patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Parra-Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - M Cristina Vazquez Guillamet
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Lazzaro A, De Girolamo G, Filippi V, Innocenti GP, Santinelli L, Ceccarelli G, Trecarichi EM, Torti C, Mastroianni CM, d’Ettorre G, Russo A. The Interplay between Host Defense, Infection, and Clinical Status in Septic Patients: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020803. [PMID: 35054993 PMCID: PMC8776148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection injures its own tissues and organs. Despite significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world, its pathogenesis and mechanisms are not clearly understood. In this narrative review, we aimed to summarize the recent developments in our understanding of the hallmarks of sepsis pathogenesis (immune and adaptive immune response, the complement system, the endothelial disfunction, and autophagy) and highlight novel laboratory diagnostic approaches. Clinical management is also discussed with pivotal consideration for antimicrobic therapy management in particular settings, such as intensive care unit, altered renal function, obesity, and burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Lazzaro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Gabriella De Girolamo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Valeria Filippi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Giuseppe Pietro Innocenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Letizia Santinelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Enrico Maria Trecarichi
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.M.T.); (C.T.)
| | - Carlo Torti
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.M.T.); (C.T.)
| | - Claudio Maria Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Gabriella d’Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.D.G.); (V.F.); (G.P.I.); (L.S.); (G.C.); (C.M.M.); (G.d.)
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.M.T.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Taramasso L, Magnasco L, Portunato F, Briano F, Vena A, Giacobbe DR, Dentone C, Robba C, Ball L, Loconte M, Patroniti N, Frisoni P, D'Angelo R, Dettori S, Mikulska M, Pelosi P, Bassetti M. Clinical presentation of secondary infectious complications in COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit treated with tocilizumab or standard of care. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 94:39-44. [PMID: 34511338 PMCID: PMC8403658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The hypothesis of this study is that tocilizumab should affect common signs of infection due to its immunosuppressive properties. Primary aim of the study was to investigate whether the administration of tocilizumab to critically ill patients with COVID-19, led to a different clinical presentation of infectious complications compared to patients who did not receive tocilizumab. Secondary aim was investigating differences in laboratory parameters between groups. METHODS Single-centre retrospective study, enrolling COVID-19 patients who developed a microbiologically confirmed infectious complication [ventilator associated pneumonia or bloodstream infection] after intensive care unit [ICU] admission and either treated with tocilizumab or not [controls]. RESULTS A total of 58 patients were included, 25 treated with tocilizumab and 33 controls. Median time from tocilizumab administration to infection onset was 10 days [range 2-26]. Patients were 78% male, with median age 65 years [range 45-79]. At first clinical presentation of the infectious event, the frequency of hypotension [11/25, 44% vs. 11/33, 33%], fever [8/25, 32% vs. 10/33, 30%] or hypothermia [0/25,0%, vs. 2/33, 6%], and oxygen desaturation [6/25, 28% vs 4/33, 12%], as well as the frequency of SOFA score increase of ≥ 2 points [4/25, 16%,vs. 4/33, 12%] was similar in tocilizumab treated patients and controls [p>0.1 for all comparisons]. Among laboratory parameters, C-Reactive Protein elevation was reduced in tocilizumab treated patients compared to controls [8/25, 32% vs. 22/33, 67%, p=0.009]. CONCLUSION The clinical features of infectious complications in critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU were not affected by tocilizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Taramasso
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Laura Magnasco
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Portunato
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Briano
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences [DISSAL], University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Vena
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele R Giacobbe
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy; Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences [DISSAL], University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Dentone
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Robba
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ball
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy; Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics [DISC], University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Loconte
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicolò Patroniti
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy; Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics [DISC], University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Frisoni
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Raffaele D'Angelo
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Dettori
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences [DISSAL], University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Mikulska
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy; Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences [DISSAL], University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy; Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics [DISC], University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy; Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences [DISSAL], University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Hamill LM, Bonnett J, Baxter MF, Kreutz M, Denny KJ, Keijzers G. Antimicrobial Prescribing in the Emergency Department; Who Is Calling the Shots? Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070843. [PMID: 34356764 PMCID: PMC8300735 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing in the emergency department (ED) can lead to poor outcomes. It is unknown how often the prescribing clinician is guided by others, and whether prescriber factors affect appropriateness of prescribing. This study aims to describe decision making, confidence in, and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing in the ED. Methods: Descriptive study in two Australian EDs using both questionnaire and medical record review. Participants were clinicians who prescribed antimicrobials to patients in the ED. Outcomes of interest were level of decision-making (self or directed), confidence in indication for prescribing and appropriateness (5-point Likert scale, 5 most confident). Appropriateness assessment of the prescribing event was by blinded review using the National Antibiotic Prescribing Survey appropriateness assessment tool. All analyses were descriptive. Results: Data on 88 prescribers were included, with 61% making prescribing decisions themselves. The 39% directed by other clinicians were primarily guided by more senior ED and surgical subspecialty clinicians. Confidence that antibiotics were indicated (Likert score: 4.20, 4.35 and 4.35) and appropriate (Likert score: 4.07, 4.23 and 4.29) was similar for juniors, mid-level and senior prescribers, respectively. Eighty-five percent of prescriptions were assessed as appropriate, with no differences in appropriateness by seniority, decision-making or confidence. Conclusions: Over one-third of prescribing was guided by senior ED clinicians or based on specialty advice, primarily surgical specialties. Prescriber confidence was high regardless of seniority or decision-maker. Overall appropriateness of prescribing was good, but with room for improvement. Future qualitative research may provide further insight into the intricacies of prescribing decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Hamill
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury DHB, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand;
| | - Julia Bonnett
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia; (J.B.); (M.F.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Megan F. Baxter
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia; (J.B.); (M.F.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Melina Kreutz
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia; (J.B.); (M.F.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Kerina J. Denny
- Department of Intensive Care, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia;
| | - Gerben Keijzers
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia; (J.B.); (M.F.B.); (M.K.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Heffernan AJ, Denny KJ. Host Diagnostic Biomarkers of Infection in the ICU: Where Are We and Where Are We Going? Curr Infect Dis Rep 2021; 23:4. [PMID: 33613126 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-021-00747-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Early identification of infection in the critically ill patient and initiation of appropriate treatment is key to reducing morbidity and mortality. On the other hand, the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials leads to harms, many of which may be exaggerated in the critically ill population. The current method of diagnosing infection in the intensive care unit relies heavily on clinical gestalt; however, this approach is plagued by biases. Therefore, a reliable, independent biomarker holds promise in the accurate determination of infection. We discuss currently used host biomarkers used in the intensive care unit and review new and emerging approaches to biomarker discovery. Recent Findings White cell count (including total white cell count, left shift, and the neutrophil-leucocyte ratio), C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin are the most common host diagnostic biomarkers for sepsis used in current clinical practice. However, their utility in the initial diagnosis of infection, and their role in the subsequent decision to commence treatment, remains limited. Novel approaches to biomarker discovery that are currently being investigated include combination biomarkers, host 'sepsis signatures' based on differential gene expression, site-specific biomarkers, biomechanical assays, and incorporation of new and pre-existing host biomarkers into machine learning algorithms. Summary To date, no single reliable independent biomarker of infection exists. Whilst new approaches to biomarker discovery hold promise, their clinical utility may be limited if previous mistakes that have afflicted sepsis biomarker research continue to be repeated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Heffernan
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD Australia
- Centre for Translational Anti-infective Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Kerina J Denny
- Department of Intensive Care, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, QLD Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD Australia
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13
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Antibiotic stewardship in direct-to-consumer telemedicine consultations leads to high adherence to best practice guidelines and a low prescription rate. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 105:130-134. [PMID: 33578013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the antibiotic prescription rate in low-risk patients evaluated at a telemedicine program that adopts antibiotic stewardship protocols. METHODS Adult patients who accessed a single direct-to-consumer telemedicine center (Jan/2019-Feb/2020) were retrospectively enrolled. Diseases amenable to antimicrobial treatment were classified under five diagnostic groups: upper respiratory tract infection (URI), acute pharyngotonsillitis (PT), acute sinusitis (AS), urinary tract infection (UTI), and acute diarrhea (AD). Physicians were trained on and advised to strictly follow the current guideline recommendations supported by institutional antibiotic stewardship protocols, readily available online during consultations. We analyzed the antibiotic prescription rate among patients, referral rate, and antibiotic class through descriptive statistics. RESULTS A total of 2328 patients were included in the study. A total of 2085 (89·6%) patients were discharged with usual recommendations, medication (if needed), and instructions about red flags, while 243 (10·4%) were referred to a face-to-face consultation. Among the discharged patients, the antibiotic prescription rates by the diagnostic group were URI - 2·5%, PT - 35·0%, AS - 51·8%, UTI - 91.6%, and AD - 1·6%. In most cases, prescribed antibiotics were in line with institutional stewardship protocols. CONCLUSIONS Low prescription rate of antibiotics can be achieved using antibiotic stewardship protocols at direct-to-consumer telemedicine consultations, showing high adherence to international guidelines. These results reinforce telemedicine as a cost-effective and safe strategy for the initial assessment of acute non-urgent symptoms.
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Peng L, Gao Y, Zhang G, Tian X, Xu H, Yu Q, Cheng J, Li Y, Li Q, Chen Y, Zhao W, Luo Z. Effects of continuous venovenous hemofiltration on vancomycin trough concentrations in critically ill children. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:224. [PMID: 33708851 PMCID: PMC7940948 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Vancomycin trough concentrations are associated with clinical outcomes and drug adverse effects. This study investigates the effects of continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) on vancomycin trough concentrations in critically ill children with a vancomycin dosage of 40–60 mg/kg/day. Methods Children with steady-state vancomycin trough concentrations admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) between January 2016 and December 2019 were retrospectively enrolled. Patients were divided into CVVH and non-CVVH groups according to treatment differences and renal function. Vancomycin trough concentrations were then compared between the groups, and risk factors for supratherapeutic trough concentrations (>20 mg/L) were analyzed with logistic regression. Results Of the 119 patients included, 35 were enrolled in the CVVH group and 84 in the non-CVVH group. Median vancomycin trough concentrations were significantly higher in the CVVH group than those in the non-CVVH group [14.9 (IQR =9.6–19.6) vs. 9.3 (IQR =7.0–13.4), P<0.001] and the proportion of therapeutic trough concentrations (10–20 mg/L) was similar between CVVH and non-CVVH groups (54.3% vs. 39.3%, P=0.133). However, CVVH therapy patients had a significantly higher proportion of supratherapeutic trough concentrations (20.0% vs. 1.2%, P=0.001) compared to the non-CVVH group. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) III score ≥28 (OR =13.7; 95% CI, 1.4–137.0; P=0.026] was an independent risk factor for supratherapeutic trough concentrations in critically ill patients. Conclusions CVVH therapy affects vancomycin trough concentrations and is associated with supratherapeutic concentrations with a 40–60 mg/kg/day vancomycin dosage. PRISM III scores ≥28 may serve as an independent risk factor for supratherapeutic trough concentrations in children receiving CVVH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lengyue Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yawen Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangli Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyin Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Huiting Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghong Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinyuan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingfu Chen
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhengxiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
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15
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Acute kidney injury with combination vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam therapy in the ICU: A retrospective cohort study. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106010. [PMID: 32413387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam are commonly used antibiotics. There is increasing evidence to indicate that these therapies in combination predispose patients to acute kidney injury (AKI). However, studies of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with these antibiotics have produced conflicting results. In this single-centre, retrospective cohort study, data was collected on ICU patients prescribed combination vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam (VPT) for at least 48 h, compared with patients prescribed vancomycin with either cefepime or meropenem (VMC) for the same time period. Primary outcome was incidence of AKI; secondary outcomes included a desirability of outcome ranking (DOOR) scale, and association between antibiotic duration and kidney injury. A total of 260 patients were included. AKI was observed in 27% of cases overall. Incidence of AKI was higher with VPT compared with VMC on bivariate (relative risk reduction [RRR] 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9-4.1, P = 0.08) and multivariate (RRR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.9, P = 0.05) analyses. Longer duration of antibiotic therapy was associated with increased rates of AKI independent of which antibiotics were prescribed: RRR 4.9, 95% CI 2.1-11.1, P = <0.001 for 5-6 days compared with <5 days, and RRR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0-5.5, P = 0.05 for >7 days compared with <5 days. This study demonstrated an association between increased risk of nephrotoxicity and combination VPT therapy in ICU patients. The concept remains controversial, with recent suggestions that VPT does not truly cause nephrotoxicity. Given our findings and the weight of previous studies, there is a strong mandate to undertake prospective trials to resolve the issue.
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16
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Denny KJ, Gartside JG, Alcorn K, Cross JW, Maloney S, Keijzers G. Appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing in the Emergency Department. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:515-520. [PMID: 30445465 PMCID: PMC6337898 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotics are some of the most commonly prescribed drugs in the Emergency Department (ED) and yet data describing the overall appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing in the ED is scarce. Objectives To describe the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing in the ED. Methods A retrospective, observational study of current practice. All patients who presented to the ED during the study period and were prescribed at least one antibiotic were included. Specialists from Infectious Disease, Microbiology and Emergency Medicine and a Senior Pharmacist assessed antibiotic appropriateness against evidence-based guidelines. Results A total of 1019 (13.6%) of patient presentations involved the prescription of at least one antibiotic. Of these, 640 (62.8%) antibiotic prescriptions were assessed as appropriate, 333 (32.7%) were assessed as inappropriate and 46 (4.5%) were deemed to be not assessable. Adults were more likely to receive an inappropriate antibiotic prescription than children (36.9% versus 22.9%; difference 14.1%, 95% CI 7.2%–21.0%). Patients who met quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) criteria were more likely to be prescribed inappropriate antibiotics (56.7% versus 36.1%; difference 20.5%, 95% CI, 2.4%–38.7%). There was no difference in the incidence of appropriate antibiotic prescribing based on patient gender, disposition (admitted/discharged), reason for antibiotic administration (treatment/prophylaxis) or time of shift (day/night). Conclusions Inappropriate administration of antibiotics can lead to unnecessary adverse events, treatment failure and antimicrobial resistance. With over one in three antibiotic prescriptions in the ED being assessed as inappropriate, there is a pressing need to develop initiatives to improve antibiotic prescribing to prevent antibiotic-associated patient and community harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerina J Denny
- Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Australia.,Burns, Trauma & Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Kylie Alcorn
- Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jack W Cross
- Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Australia
| | | | - Gerben Keijzers
- Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Denny KJ, Kumar A, Timsit JF, Laupland KB. Extra-cardiac endovascular infections in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med 2019; 46:173-181. [PMID: 31745594 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Vascular infections are associated with high complication rates and mortality. While there is an extensive body of literature surrounding cardiac infections including endocarditis, this is less so the case for other endovascular infections. The objective of this narrative review is to summarize the epidemiology, clinical features, and selected management of severe vascular infections exclusive of those involving the heart. Endovascular infections may involve either the arterial or venous vasculature and may arise in native vessels or secondary to implanted devices. Management is complex and requires multi-disciplinary involvement from the outset. Infective arteritis or device-related arterial infection involves removal of the infected tissue or device. In cases where complete excision is not possible, prolonged courses of antimicrobials are required. Serious infections associated with the venous system include septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular and other deep veins, and intracranial/venous sinuses. Source control is of paramount importance in these cases with adjunctive antimicrobial therapy. The role of anticoagulation is controversial although recommended in the absence of contraindications. An improved understanding of the management of these infections, and thus improved patient outcomes, requires multi-center, international collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerina J Denny
- Department of Intensive Care, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Anand Kumar
- Sections of Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Health Sciences Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Timsit
- AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Medical and Infectious Diseases ICU (MI2), 75018, Paris, France.,University of Paris, IAME, INSERM, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Kevin B Laupland
- Department of Intensive Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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18
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When not to start antibiotics: avoiding antibiotic overuse in the intensive care unit. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 26:35-40. [PMID: 31306790 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most intensive care unit (ICU) patients receive broad-spectrum antibiotics. While lifesaving in some, in others these treatments may be unnecessary and place patients at risk of antibiotic-associated harms. OBJECTIVES To review the literature exploring how we diagnose infection in patients in the ICU and address the safety and utility of a 'watchful waiting' approach to antibiotic initiation with selected patients in the ICU. SOURCES A semi-structured search of PubMed and Cochrane Library databases for articles published in English during the past 15 years was conducted. CONTENT Distinguishing infection from non-infectious mimics in ICU patients is uniquely challenging. At present, we do not have access to a rapid point-of-care test that reliably differentiates between individuals who need antibiotics and those who do not. A small number of studies have attempted to compare early aggressive versus conservative antimicrobial strategies in the ICU. However, this body of literature is small and not robust enough to guide practice. IMPLICATIONS This issue will not likely be resolved until there are diagnostic tests that rapidly and reliably identify the presence or absence of infection in the ICU population. In the meantime, prospective trials that identify clinical situations wherein it is safe to delay or withhold antibiotic initiation in the ICU until the presence of an infection is proven are warranted.
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Zhou YF, Zhou YJ, Ye FZ, Liu WY, Zheng MH. A Novel Use of Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) Score in Guiding Therapeutic Antibiotics Choice for Critically Ill Cirrhotic Patients. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:5005-5014. [PMID: 31278890 PMCID: PMC6628631 DOI: 10.12659/msm.914409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inappropriate use of antibiotics results in antimicrobial resistance and dysbacteriosis. Among critically ill cirrhotic patients, consensus regarding the most optimal prescription strategy for antibiotics use has not been achieved. For these patients, the score for end-stage liver disease (MELD) demonstrated its value in predicting prognosis of cirrhosis. This study investigated use of the MELD score to guide antibiotics choice. MATERIAL AND METHODS We enrolled 1250 patients with cirrhosis. We collected patient information, including antibiotics administration. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of antibiotic administration. Survival curves were constructed based on Cox regression models. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate the hazard ratio, shown by forest plots. RESULTS The population was equally stratified into 4 groups based on the MELD score (Q1: MELD <10; Q2: 10≤ MELD <17; Q3: 17≤ MELD <26; Q4: 26≤ MELD). In Q1, all the HR (hazard ratio) related to the duration of antibiotics use demonstrated no statistical significance. In Q2, the HR related to the duration of antibiotics use revealed a successive decrease. In Q3, the HR showed statistical significance only with a duration of antibiotics use of 7 days or more. In Q4, all the HR were statistically significant. As for categories of antibiotics use, whatever the MELD score was, the HR continued to increase with ascending categories. CONCLUSIONS For low MELD score patients (MELD <17), changing the duration of antibiotics use was not associated with a better prognosis. For high MELD score patients (MELD ≥17), longer duration of antibiotics use was associated with a reduction in mortality. Whatever the MELD score was, an increase of number of antibiotic categories was positively associat ed with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Zhou
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,First Clinical Medical Sciences School, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yu-Jie Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Fang-Zhou Ye
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,First Clinical Medical Sciences School, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Wen-Yue Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ming-Hua Zheng
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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20
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Camargo MS, Mistro S, Oliveira MG, Passos LCS. Association between increased mortality rate and antibiotic dose adjustment in intensive care unit patients with renal impairment. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 75:119-126. [PMID: 30276417 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-018-2565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adjusting the antibiotic dose based on an estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) may result in subdosing, which may actually be significantly more problematic for intensive care unit (ICU) patients than not adjusting the dose. The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes of antibiotic dose adjustment in ICU patients with renal impairment. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted in adult patients admitted to an ICU of a Brazilian hospital from January 2014 to December 2015. The eGFR was determined using Cockcroft-Gault and Modified Diet in Renal Disease equations for each day of hospitalization. Treatment failure was defined based on the clinical, laboratory, and radiological criteria. RESULTS A total of 126 patients were assessed to meet the inclusion criteria and subsequently enrolled in the study (19.9% of patients admitted to the ICU during the study period). Of the 168 opportunities for dose adjustment, 99 (58.9%) adjustments were made. The mean eGFR in the group with dose adjustment was lower than that in the group without dose adjustment (38.5 vs. 40.7 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively). The treatment failure rate among patients with dose adjustment and those treated with the usual dose was 59.3 and 38.9%, respectively (p = 0.023), and the mortality rates in the respective groups were 74.1 and 55.5% (p = 0.033). An association between dose adjustment and treatment failure/mortality rates was also observed in the multivariate analysis including the prognostic score. CONCLUSIONS In ICU patients with renal impairment, adjustments in antibiotic dose based on eGFR, significantly increased the risk of treatment failure and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Silveira Camargo
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Padre Feijó, S/N, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. .,, Rua Rio de Contas, n. 350, Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Sóstenes Mistro
- Post-Graduate Program in Public Health, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Rio de Contas, 58, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Márcio Galvão Oliveira
- Post-Graduate Program in Public Health, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Rio de Contas, 58, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Santana Passos
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Padre Feijó, S/N, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Clinical application of microsampling versus conventional sampling techniques in the quantitative bioanalysis of antibiotics: a systematic review. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:407-423. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional sampling techniques for clinical pharmacokinetic studies often require the removal of large blood volumes from patients. This can result in a physiological or emotional burden, particularly for neonates or pediatric patients. Antibiotic pharmacokinetic studies are typically performed on healthy adults or general ward patients. These may not account for alterations to a patient’s pathophysiology and can lead to suboptimal treatment. Microsampling offers an important opportunity for clinical pharmacokinetic studies in vulnerable patient populations, where smaller sample volumes can be collected. This systematic review provides a description of currently available microsampling techniques and an overview of studies reporting the quantitation and validation of antibiotics using microsampling. A comparison of microsampling to conventional sampling in clinical studies is included.
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22
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Owen EJ, Gibson GA, Buckman SA. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antimicrobials in Critically Ill Patients. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2017; 19:155-162. [PMID: 29272204 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2017.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Critically ill patients with severe infections often have altered pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variables that lead to challenging treatment decisions. These altered variables can often lead to inadequate dosing and poor treatment outcomes. The pharmacokinetic parameters include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Pharmacodynamics is the relationship between drug serum concentrations and pharmacologic and toxicologic properties of the medication. In addition to these altered parameters, these critically ill patients frequently are receiving organ support in the forms of continuous renal replacement therapy or extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation. Altered pharmacodynamics can lead to decreased end-organ perfusion, which can ultimately lead to treatment failure or exposure-related toxicity. The most common antimicrobials utilized in the intensive care unit are classified by the pharmacodynamic principles of time-dependent, concentration-dependent, and concentration dependent with time-dependence. Thus, the aim of this review is to outline pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes of critically ill patients with severe infections and provide strategies for optimal antibiotic agent dosing in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara A Buckman
- 2 Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
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Cvetkovic A, Cvetkovic D, Stojic V, Zdravkovic N. Length of Hospital Stay and Bed Occupancy Rates in Former Yugoslav Republics 1989-2015. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:417. [PMID: 27872593 PMCID: PMC5097957 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Cvetkovic
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of KragujevacKragujevac, Serbia; Surgery Clinic, Clinical Centre KragujevacKragujevac, Serbia
| | - Danijela Cvetkovic
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladislava Stojic
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Zdravkovic
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac Kragujevac, Serbia
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Dorofaeff T, Bandini RM, Lipman J, Ballot DE, Roberts JA, Parker SL. Uncertainty in Antibiotic Dosing in Critically Ill Neonate and Pediatric Patients: Can Microsampling Provide the Answers? Clin Ther 2016; 38:1961-75. [PMID: 27544661 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE With a decreasing supply of antibiotics that are effective against the pathogens that cause sepsis, it is critical that we learn to use currently available antibiotics optimally. Pharmacokinetic studies provide an evidence base from which we can optimize antibiotic dosing. However, these studies are challenging in critically ill neonate and pediatric patients due to the small blood volumes and associated risks and burden to the patient from taking blood. We investigate whether microsampling, that is, obtaining a biologic sample of low volume (<50 μL), can improve opportunities to conduct pharmacokinetic studies. METHODS We performed a literature search to find relevant articles using the following search terms: sepsis, critically ill, severe infection, intensive care AND antibiotic, pharmacokinetic, p(a)ediatric, neonate. For microsampling, we performed a search using antibiotics AND dried blood spots OR dried plasma spots OR volumetric absorptive microsampling OR solid-phase microextraction OR capillary microsampling OR microsampling. Databases searched include Web of Knowledge, PubMed, and EMbase. FINDINGS Of the 32 antibiotic pharmacokinetic studies performed on critically ill neonate or pediatric patients in this review, most of the authors identified changes to the pharmacokinetic properties in their patient group and recommended either further investigations into this patient population or therapeutic drug monitoring to ensure antibiotic doses are suitable. There remain considerable gaps in knowledge regarding the pharmacokinetic properties of antibiotics in critically ill pediatric patients. Implementing microsampling in an antibiotic pharmacokinetic study is contingent on the properties of the antibiotic, the pathophysiology of the patient (and how this can affect the microsample), and the location of the patient. A validation of the sampling technique is required before implementation. IMPLICATIONS Current antibiotic regimens for critically ill neonate and pediatric patients are frequently suboptimal due to a poor understanding of altered pharmacokinetic properties. An assessment of the suitability of microsampling for pharmacokinetic studies in neonate and pediatric patients is recommended before wider use. The method of sampling, as well as the method of bioanalysis, also requires validation to ensure the data obtained reflect the true result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavey Dorofaeff
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Paediatric Intensive Care, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rossella M Bandini
- School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits UQ Critical Care Infection Collaboration, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey Lipman
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Wits UQ Critical Care Infection Collaboration, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Health, Brisbane, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daynia E Ballot
- Wits UQ Critical Care Infection Collaboration, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Suzanne L Parker
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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