1
|
Sun Y, Lv X, Ding P, Wang L, Sun Y, Li S, Zhang H, Gao Z. Exploring the functions of polymers in adenovirus-mediated gene delivery: Evading immune response and redirecting tropism. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:93-104. [PMID: 31386928 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) is a promising viral carrier in gene therapy because of its unique attribution. However, clinical applications of Ad vectors are currently restricted by their immunogenicity and broad native tropism. To address these obstacles, a variety of nonimmunogenic polymers are utilized to modify Ad vectors chemically or physically. In this review, we systemically discuss the functions of polymers in Ad-mediated gene delivery from two aspects: evading the host immune responses to Ads and redirecting Ad tropism. With polyethylene glycol (PEG) first in order, a variety of polymers have been developed to shield the surface of Ad vectors and well accomplished to evade the host immune response, block CAR-dependant cellular uptake, and reduce accumulation in the liver. In addition, shielding Ad vectors with targeted polymers (including targeting ligand-conjugated polymers and bio-responsive polymers) can also efficiently retarget Ad vectors to tumor tissues and reduce their distribution in nontargeted tissues. With its potential to evade the immune response and retarget Ad vectors, modification with polymers has been generally regarded as a promising strategy to facilitate the clinical applications of Ad vectors for virotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: There is no doubt that Adenovirus (Ads) are attractive vectors for gene therapy, with high sophistication and effectiveness in overcoming both extra- and intracellular barriers, which cannot be exceeded by any other nonviral gene vectors. Unfortunately, their clinical applications are still restricted by some critical hurdles, including immunogenicity and native broad tropism. Therefore, a variety of elegant strategies have been developed from various angles to address these hurdles. Among these various strategies, coating Ads with nonimmunogenic polymers has attracted much attention. In this review, we systemically discuss the functions of polymers in Ad-mediated gene delivery from two aspects: evading the host immune responses to Ads and redirecting Ad tropism. In addition, the key factors in Ad modification with polymers have been highlighted and summarized to provide guiding theory for the design of more effective and safer polymer-Ad hybrid gene vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xiaoqian Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Yongjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Zibin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Koo T, Yoon AR, Cho HY, Bae S, Yun CO, Kim JS. Selective disruption of an oncogenic mutant allele by CRISPR/Cas9 induces efficient tumor regression. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:7897-7908. [PMID: 28575452 PMCID: PMC5570104 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 15% of non-small cell lung cancer cases are associated with a mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, which plays a critical role in tumor progression. With the goal of treating mutated EGFR-mediated lung cancer, we demonstrate the use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) system to discriminate between the oncogenic mutant and wild-type EGFR alleles and eliminate the carcinogenic mutant EGFR allele with high accuracy. We targeted an EGFR oncogene harboring a single-nucleotide missense mutation (CTG > CGG) that generates a protospacer-adjacent motif sequence recognized by the CRISPR/Cas9 derived from Streptococcus pyogenes. Co-delivery of Cas9 and an EGFR mutation-specific single-guide RNA via adenovirus resulted in precise disruption at the oncogenic mutation site with high specificity. Furthermore, this CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutant allele disruption led to significantly enhanced cancer cell killing and reduced tumor size in a xenograft mouse model of human lung cancer. Taken together, these results indicate that targeting an oncogenic mutation using CRISPR/Cas9 offers a powerful surgical strategy to disrupt oncogenic mutations to treat cancers; similar strategies could be used to treat other mutation-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeyoung Koo
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Basic Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to the paper as first authors
| | - A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to the paper as first authors
| | - Hee-Yeon Cho
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sangsu Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +82 2 880 9327; . Correspondence may also be addressed to Chae-Ok Yun. Tel: +82 2 2220 0491;
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Basic Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +82 2 880 9327; . Correspondence may also be addressed to Chae-Ok Yun. Tel: +82 2 2220 0491;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jung BK, Lee YK, Hong J, Ghandehari H, Yun CO. Mild Hyperthermia Induced by Gold Nanorod-Mediated Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy Enhances Transduction and Replication of Oncolytic Adenoviral Gene Delivery. ACS NANO 2016; 10:10533-10543. [PMID: 27805805 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenovirus (Ad) is a promising candidate for cancer gene therapy. However, as a monotherapy, it has shown insufficient therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials. In this work, we demonstrate that gold nanorod (GNR)-mediated mild hyperthermia enhances the cellular uptake and consequent gene expression of oncolytic Ad to head and neck tumor cells. We examined the combination of oncolytic Ad expressing vascular endothelial growth factor promoter-targeted artificial transcriptional repressor zinc-finger protein and GNR-mediated mild hyperthermia to improve antitumor effects. The in vitro mechanisms of increased transduction in the presence and absence of hyperthermia were explored followed by evaluation of efficacy of this combination strategy in an animal model. Exposure to optimized hyperthermia conditions improved endocytosis of oncolytic Ad, transgene expression, viral replication, and subsequent cytolysis of head and neck cancer cells. GNR-mediated plasmonic photothermal therapy resulted in precise control of tumor temperature and induction of mild hyperthermia. A combination of oncolytic Ad and GNRs resulted in potent tumor growth inhibition of head and neck tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Kyeong Jung
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - JinWoo Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and of Bioengineering, Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kasala D, Yoon AR, Hong J, Kim SW, Yun CO. Evolving lessons on nanomaterial-coated viral vectors for local and systemic gene therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1689-713. [PMID: 27348247 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors are promising gene carriers for cancer therapy. However, virus-mediated gene therapies have demonstrated insufficient therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials due to rapid dissemination to nontarget tissues and to the immunogenicity of viral vectors, resulting in poor retention at the disease locus and induction of adverse inflammatory responses in patients. Further, the limited tropism of viral vectors prevents efficient gene delivery to target tissues. In this regard, modification of the viral surface with nanomaterials is a promising strategy to augment vector accumulation at the target tissue, circumvent the host immune response, and avoid nonspecific interactions with the reticuloendothelial system or serum complement. In the present review, we discuss various chemical modification strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of viral vectors delivered either locally or systemically. We conclude by highlighting the salient features of various nanomaterial-coated viral vectors and their prospects and directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayananda Kasala
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wan Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kryshtafovych A, Moult J, Baslé A, Burgin A, Craig TK, Edwards RA, Fass D, Hartmann MD, Korycinski M, Lewis RJ, Lorimer D, Lupas AN, Newman J, Peat TS, Piepenbrink KH, Prahlad J, van Raaij MJ, Rohwer F, Segall AM, Seguritan V, Sundberg EJ, Singh AK, Wilson MA, Schwede T. Some of the most interesting CASP11 targets through the eyes of their authors. Proteins 2015; 84 Suppl 1:34-50. [PMID: 26473983 PMCID: PMC4834066 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Critical Assessment of protein Structure Prediction (CASP) experiment would not have been possible without the prediction targets provided by the experimental structural biology community. In this article, selected crystallographers providing targets for the CASP11 experiment discuss the functional and biological significance of the target proteins, highlight their most interesting structural features, and assess whether these features were correctly reproduced in the predictions submitted to CASP11. Proteins 2016; 84(Suppl 1):34–50. © 2015 The Authors. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Moult
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, 20850
| | - Arnaud Baslé
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Burgin
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142
| | | | - Robert A Edwards
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182.,Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182
| | - Deborah Fass
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Marcus D Hartmann
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Mateusz Korycinski
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Richard J Lewis
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrei N Lupas
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Janet Newman
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas S Peat
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kurt H Piepenbrink
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Janani Prahlad
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588
| | - Mark J van Raaij
- Centro Nactional De Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Forest Rohwer
- Department of Biology and Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182
| | - Anca M Segall
- Department of Biology and Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182
| | | | - Eric J Sundberg
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Abhimanyu K Singh
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588
| | - Torsten Schwede
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland. .,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, 4056, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singh AK, Berbís MÁ, Ballmann MZ, Kilcoyne M, Menéndez M, Nguyen TH, Joshi L, Cañada FJ, Jiménez-Barbero J, Benkő M, Harrach B, van Raaij MJ. Structure and Sialyllactose Binding of the Carboxy-Terminal Head Domain of the Fibre from a Siadenovirus, Turkey Adenovirus 3. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139339. [PMID: 26418008 PMCID: PMC4587935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The virulent form of turkey adenovirus 3 (TAdV-3), also known as turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus (THEV), is an economically important poultry pathogen, while the avirulent form is used as a vaccine. TAdV-3 belongs to the genus Siadenovirus. The carboxy-terminal region of its fibre does not have significant sequence similarity to any other adenovirus fibre heads of known structure. Two amino acid sequence differences between virulent and avirulent TAdV-3 map on the fibre head: where virulent TAdV-3 contains Ile354 and Thr376, avirulent TAdV-3 contains Met354 and Met376. We determined the crystal structures of the trimeric virulent and avirulent TAdV-3 fibre head domains at 2.2 Å resolution. Each monomer contains a beta-sandwich, which, surprisingly, resembles reovirus fibre head more than other adenovirus fibres, although the ABCJ-GHID topology is conserved in all. A beta-hairpin insertion in the C-strand of each trimer subunit embraces its neighbouring monomer. The avirulent and virulent TAdV-3 fibre heads are identical apart from the exact orientation of the beta-hairpin insertion. In vitro, sialyllactose was identified as a ligand by glycan microarray analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and crystallography. Its dissociation constant was measured to be in the mM range by isothermal titration calorimetry. The ligand binds to the side of the fibre head, involving amino acids Glu392, Thr419, Val420, Lys421, Asn422, and Gly423 binding to the sialic acid group. It binds slightly more strongly to the avirulent form. We propose that, in vivo, the TAdV-3 fibre may bind a sialic acid-containing cell surface component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu K. Singh
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Álvaro Berbís
- Departamento de Biología Física-Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónika Z. Ballmann
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michelle Kilcoyne
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Margarita Menéndez
- Departamento de Química Física-Biológica, Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR-CSIC) and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), calle Serrano 119, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Thanh H. Nguyen
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lokesh Joshi
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - F. Javier Cañada
- Departamento de Biología Física-Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Departamento de Biología Física-Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias (CIC bioGUNE), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mária Benkő
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Harrach
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark J. van Raaij
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Viral nanoparticles, noble metal decorated viruses and their nanoconjugates. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 222:119-34. [PMID: 24836299 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Virus-based nanotechnology has generated interest in a number of applications due to the specificity of virus interaction with inorganic and organic nanoparticles. A well-defined structure of virus due to its multifunctional proteinaceous shell (capsid) surrounding genomic material is a promising approach to obtain nanostructured materials. Viruses hold great promise in assembling and interconnecting novel nanosized components, allowing to develop organized nanoparticle assemblies. Due to their size, monodispersity, and variety of chemical groups available for modification, they make a good scaffold for molecular assembly into nanoscale devices. Virus based nanocomposites are useful as an engineering material for the construction of smart nanoobjects because of their ability to associate into desired structures including a number of morphologies. Viruses exhibit the characteristics of an ideal template for the formation of nanoconjugates with noble metal nanoparticles. These bioinspired systems form monodispersed units that are highly amenable through genetic and chemical modifications. As nanoscale assemblies, viruses have sophisticated yet highly ordered structural features, which, in many cases, have been carefully characterized by modern structural biological methods. Plant viruses are increasingly being used for nanobiotechnology purposes because of their relative structural and chemical stability, ease of production, multifunctionality and lack of toxicity and pathogenicity in animals or humans. The multifunctional viruses interact with nanoparticles and other functional additives to the generation of bioconjugates with different properties – possible antiviral and antibacterial activities.
Collapse
|
8
|
Nguyen TH, Vidovszky MZ, Ballmann MZ, Sanz-Gaitero M, Singh AK, Harrach B, Benkő M, van Raaij MJ. Crystal structure of the fibre head domain of bovine adenovirus 4, a ruminant atadenovirus. Virol J 2015; 12:81. [PMID: 25994880 PMCID: PMC4451742 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In adenoviruses, primary host cell recognition is generally performed by the head domains of their homo-trimeric fibre proteins. This first interaction is reversible. A secondary, irreversible interaction subsequently takes place via other adenovirus capsid proteins and leads to a productive infection. Although many fibre head structures are known for human mastadenoviruses, not many animal adenovirus fibre head structures have been determined, especially not from those belonging to adenovirus genera other than Mastadenovirus. Methods We constructed an expression vector for the fibre head domain from a ruminant atadenovirus, bovine adenovirus 4 (BAdV-4), consisting of amino acids 414–535, expressed the protein in Escherichia coli, purified it by metal affinity and cation exchange chromatography and crystallized it. The structure was solved using single isomorphous replacement plus anomalous dispersion of a mercury derivative and refined against native data that extended to 1.2 Å resolution. Results Like in other adenoviruses, the BAdV-4 fibre head monomer contains a beta-sandwich consisting of ABCJ and GHID sheets. The topology is identical to the fibre head of the other studied atadenovirus, snake adenovirus 1 (SnAdV-1), including the alpha-helix in the DG-loop, despite of them having a sequence identity of only 15 %. There are also differences which may have implications for ligand binding. Beta-strands G and H are longer and differences in several surface-loops and surface charge are observed. Conclusions Chimeric adenovirus fibres have been used to retarget adenovirus-based anti-cancer and gene therapy vectors. Ovine adenovirus 7 (OAdV-7), another ruminant atadenovirus, is intensively tested as a basis for such a vector. Here, we present the high-resolution atomic structure of the BAdV-4 fibre head domain, the second atadenovirus fibre head structure known and the first of an atadenovirus that infects a mammalian host. Future research should focus on the receptor-binding properties of these fibre head domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh H Nguyen
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoleculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), calle Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Márton Z Vidovszky
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Mónika Z Ballmann
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Marta Sanz-Gaitero
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoleculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), calle Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Abhimanyu K Singh
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoleculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), calle Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Current address: School of Biosciences, Stacey Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Balázs Harrach
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Mária Benkő
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Mark J van Raaij
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoleculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), calle Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Detecting cancers through tumor-activatable minicircles that lead to a detectable blood biomarker. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:3068-73. [PMID: 25713388 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414156112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier detection of cancers can dramatically improve the efficacy of available treatment strategies. However, despite decades of effort on blood-based biomarker cancer detection, many promising endogenous biomarkers have failed clinically because of intractable problems such as highly variable background expression from nonmalignant tissues and tumor heterogeneity. In this work we present a tumor-detection strategy based on systemic administration of tumor-activatable minicircles that use the pan-tumor-specific Survivin promoter to drive expression of a secretable reporter that is detectable in the blood nearly exclusively in tumor-bearing subjects. After systemic administration we demonstrate a robust ability to differentiate mice bearing human melanoma metastases from tumor-free subjects for up to 2 wk simply by measuring blood reporter levels. Cumulative change in reporter levels also identified tumor-bearing subjects, and a receiver operator-characteristic curve analysis highlighted this test's performance with an area of 0.918 ± 0.084. Lung tumor burden additionally correlated (r(2) = 0.714; P < 0.05) with cumulative reporter levels, indicating that determination of disease extent was possible. Continued development of our system could improve tumor detectability dramatically because of the temporally controlled, high reporter expression in tumors and nearly zero background from healthy tissues. Our strategy's highly modular nature also allows it to be iteratively optimized over time to improve the test's sensitivity and specificity. We envision this system could be used first in patients at high risk for tumor recurrence, followed by screening high-risk populations before tumor diagnosis, and, if proven safe and effective, eventually may have potential as a powerful cancer-screening tool for the general population.
Collapse
|
10
|
Herod MR, Pineda RG, Mautner V, Onion D. Quantum dot labelling of adenovirus allows highly sensitive single cell flow and imaging cytometry. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:797-803. [PMID: 25285963 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A quantum dot method for highly efficient labelling of single adenoviral particles is developed. The technique has no impact on viral fitness and allows the imaging and tracking of virus binding and internalisation events using a variety of techniques including imaging cytometry and confocal microscopy. The method is applied to characterise the tropism of different adenoviral vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan R Herod
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Crystal structure of the fibre head domain of the Atadenovirus Snake Adenovirus 1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114373. [PMID: 25486282 PMCID: PMC4259310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are non-enveloped icosahedral viruses with trimeric fibre proteins protruding from their vertices. There are five known genera, from which only Mastadenoviruses have been widely studied. Apart from studying adenovirus as a biological model system and with a view to prevent or combat viral infection, there is a major interest in using adenovirus for vaccination, cancer therapy and gene therapy purposes. Adenoviruses from the Atadenovirus genus have been isolated from squamate reptile hosts, ruminants and birds and have a characteristic gene organization and capsid morphology. The carboxy-terminal virus-distal fibre head domains are likely responsible for primary receptor recognition. We determined the high-resolution crystal structure of the Snake Adenovirus 1 (SnAdV-1) fibre head using the multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion (MAD) method. Despite the absence of significant sequence homology, this Atadenovirus fibre head has the same beta-sandwich propeller topology as other adenovirus fibre heads. However, it is about half the size, mainly due to much shorter loops connecting the beta-strands. The detailed structure of the SnAdV-1 fibre head and other animal adenovirus fibre heads, together with the future identification of their natural receptors, may lead to the development of new strategies to target adenovirus vectors to cells of interest.
Collapse
|
12
|
Moon CY, Choi JW, Kasala D, Jung SJ, Kim SW, Yun CO. Dual tumor targeting with pH-sensitive and bioreducible polymer-complexed oncolytic adenovirus. Biomaterials 2014; 41:53-68. [PMID: 25522965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads) have shown great promise in cancer gene therapy but their efficacy has been compromised by potent immunological, biochemical, and specific tumor-targeting limitations. To take full advantage of the innate cancer-specific killing potency of oncolytic Ads but also exploit the subtleties of the tumor microenvironment, we have generated a pH-sensitive and bio-reducible polymer (PPCBA)-coated oncolytic Ad. Ad-PPCBA complexes showed higher cellular uptake at pH 6.0 than pH 7.4 in both high and low coxsackie and adenovirus receptor-(CAR)-expressing cells, thereby demonstrating Ad-PPCBA's ability to target the low pH hypoxic tumor microenvironment and overcome CAR dependence for target cell uptake. Endocytic mechanism studies indicated that Ad-PPCBA internalization is mediated by macropinocytosis instead of the CAR-dependent endocytic pathway that internalizes naked Ad. VEGF-specific shRNA-expressing oncolytic Ad complexed with PPCBA (RdB/shVEGF-PPCBA) elicited much more potent suppression of U87 human brain cancer cell VEGF gene expression in vitro, and human breast cancer MCF7 cell/Matrigel plug vascularization in a mouse model, when cancer cells had been previously infected at pH 6.0 versus pH 7.4. Moreover, intratumorally and intravenously injected RdB/shVEGF-PPCBA nanocomplexes elicited significantly higher therapeutic efficacy than naked virus in U87-tumor mouse xenograft models, reducing IL-6, ALT, and AST serum levels. These data demonstrated PPCBA's biocompatibility and capability to shield the Ad surface to prevent innate immune response against Ad after both intratumoral and systemic administration. Taken together, these results demonstrate that smart, tumor-specific, oncolytic Ad-PPCBA complexes can be exploited to treat both primary and metastatic tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yoon Moon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Woo Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayananda Kasala
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Jung
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wan Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Singh AK, Ballmann MZ, Benkő M, Harrach B, van Raaij MJ. Crystallization of the C-terminal head domain of the fibre protein from a siadenovirus, turkey adenovirus 3. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:1135-9. [PMID: 24100566 PMCID: PMC3792674 DOI: 10.1107/s174430911302397x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Turkey adenovirus 3 belongs to the genus Siadenovirus. Its predicted fibre protein consists of an N-terminal virus-attachment domain, a central shaft domain and a head domain at the C-terminus. The head domain has little sequence identity to known adenovirus fibre head structures. Crystals of the fibre head domain consisting of amino acids 304-454 with an N-terminal purification tag were produced. Crystals of native and selenomethionine-derivatized protein belonged to space group I23 (unit-cell parameter 99 Å). They diffracted synchrotron radiation to 2.0 and 2.14 Å resolution, respectively, and are expected to contain one monomer in the asymmetric unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu K. Singh
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB–CSIC), Calle Darwin 3, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónika Z. Ballmann
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Benkő
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Harrach
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark J. van Raaij
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB–CSIC), Calle Darwin 3, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Host cell autophagy modulates early stages of adenovirus infections in airway epithelial cells. J Virol 2012; 87:2307-19. [PMID: 23236070 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02014-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses typically cause mild infections in the upper or lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or ocular epithelium. However, adenoviruses may be life-threatening in patients with impaired immunity and some serotypes cause epidemic outbreaks. Attachment to host cell receptors activates cell signaling and virus uptake by endocytosis. At present, it is unclear how vital cellular homeostatic mechanisms affect these early steps in the adenovirus life cycle. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway for recycling intracellular components that is upregulated during periods of cell stress. Autophagic cargo is sequestered in double-membrane structures called autophagosomes that fuse with endosomes to form amphisomes which then deliver their content to lysosomes. Autophagy is an important adaptive response in airway epithelial cells targeted by many common adenovirus serotypes. Using two established tissue culture models, we demonstrate here that adaptive autophagy enhances expression of the early region 1 adenovirus protein, induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and production of new viral progeny in airway epithelial cells infected with adenovirus type 2. We have also discovered that adenovirus infections are tightly regulated by endosome maturation, a process characterized by abrupt exchange of Rab5 and Rab7 GTPases, associated with early and late endosomes, respectively. Moreover, endosome maturation appears to control a pool of early endosomes capable of fusing with autophagosomes which enhance adenovirus infection. Many viruses have evolved mechanisms to induce autophagy in order to aid their own replication. Our studies reveal a novel role for host cell autophagy that could have a significant impact on the outcome of respiratory infections.
Collapse
|
15
|
Toivonen R, Koskenvuo J, Merentie M, Söderström M, Ylä-Herttuala S, Savontaus M. Intracardiac injection of a capsid-modified Ad5/35 results in decreased heart toxicity when compared to standard Ad5. Virol J 2012. [PMID: 23190872 PMCID: PMC3546865 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical gene therapy trials for cardiovascular diseases have demonstrated the crucial role of efficient gene delivery and transfection technologies in achieving clinically relevant results. We hypothesized that the use of tropism-modified adenoviruses would improve transduction efficacy and to this end we analyzed the transduction efficiency and toxicity of standard Ad5 and tropism-modified Ad5/35 in combination with ultrasound-guided intramyocardial gene delivery. METHODS Ultrasound-guided intracardiac injections were used to deliver 1 × 10(10) pfu/ml Ad5-lacZ and Ad5/35-lacZ vectors into mouse left ventricle wall. Since Ad5/35 uses human CD46 as its primary receptor, we used transgenic hCD46Ge mice expressing human CD46 at levels comparable to man. Mice were sacrificed 6 or 14 days post-injection and immunohistochemistry and X-gal staining were used to detect transgene and viral receptor expression. Virus-induced cardiac toxicity was evaluated by a pathologist. RESULTS The intramyocardial injection was well tolerated and both Ad5-lacZ and Ad5/35-lacZ were able to give robust transgene expression after a single injection. Interestingly, while Ad5-lacZ was able to generate greater transgene expression than Ad5/35-lacZ, it also evoked more severe tissue damage with large areas of interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration and myocyte necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound-guided intramyocardial injection is an effective and safe way to deliver vectors to the heart. The observed severe tissue damage of Ad5-lacZ greatly undermines the efficient transgene expression and suggests that Ad5/35 capsid modification can result in safer adenoviral vectors for cardiovascular gene therapy, although at the cost of some vector transduction efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raine Toivonen
- Turku Centre for biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6B 5th floor, Turku, FIN-20520, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Both advanced-stage lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma are associated with a poor prognosis. Advances in treatment regimens for both diseases have had only a modest effect on their progressive course. Gene therapy for thoracic malignancies represents a novel therapeutic approach and has been evaluated in several clinical trials. Strategies have included induction of apoptosis, tumor suppressor gene replacement, suicide gene expression, cytokine-based therapy, various vaccination approaches, and adoptive transfer of modified immune cells. This review considers the clinical results, limitations, and future directions of gene therapy trials for thoracic malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Vachani
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
de Vrij J, Dautzenberg IJC, van den Hengel SK, Magnusson MK, Uil TG, Cramer SJ, Vellinga J, Verissimo CS, Lindholm L, Koppers-Lalic D, Hoeben RC. A cathepsin-cleavage site between the adenovirus capsid protein IX and a tumor-targeting ligand improves targeted transduction. Gene Ther 2011; 19:899-906. [PMID: 22011643 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses have a great potential as anticancer agents. One strategy to improve their tumor-cell specificity and anti-tumor efficacy is to include tumor-specific targeting ligands in the viral capsid. This can be achieved by fusion of polypeptide-targeting ligands with the minor capsid protein IX. Previous research suggested that protein IX-mediated targeting is limited by inefficient release of protein IX-fused ligands from their cognate receptors in the endosome. This thwarts endosomal escape of the virus particles. Here we describe that the targeted transduction of tumor cells is augmented by a cathepsin-cleavage site between the protein IX anchor and the HER2/neu-binding ZH Affibody molecule as ligand. The cathepsin-cleavage site did not interfere with virus production and incorporation of the Affibody molecules in the virus capsid. Virus particles harboring the cleavable protein IX-ligand fusion in their capsid transduced the HER2/neu-positive SKOV-3 ovarian carcinoma cells with increased efficiency in monolayer cultures, three-dimensional spheroid cultures and in SKOV-3 tumors grown on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chicken eggs. These data show that inclusion of a cathepsin-cleavage sequence between protein IX and a high-affinity targeting ligand enhances targeted transduction. This modification further augments the applicability of protein IX as an anchor for coupling tumor-targeting ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J de Vrij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liikanen I, Monsurrò V, Ahtiainen L, Raki M, Hakkarainen T, Diaconu I, Escutenaire S, Hemminki O, Dias JD, Cerullo V, Kanerva A, Pesonen S, Marzioni D, Colombatti M, Hemminki A. Induction of interferon pathways mediates in vivo resistance to oncolytic adenovirus. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1858-66. [PMID: 21792178 PMCID: PMC3188743 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses are an emerging experimental approach for treatment of tumors refractory to available modalities. Although preclinical results have been promising, and clinical safety has been excellent, it is also apparent that tumors can become virus resistant. The resistance mechanisms acquired by advanced tumors against conventional therapies are increasingly well understood, which has allowed development of countermeasures. To study this in the context of oncolytic adenovirus, we developed two in vivo models of acquired resistance, where initially sensitive tumors eventually gain resistance and relapse. These models were used to investigate the phenomenon on RNA and protein levels using two types of analysis of microarray data, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Interferon (IFN) signaling pathways were found upregulated and Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) expression was identified as a marker correlating with resistance, while transplantation experiments suggested a role for tumor stroma in maintaining resistance. Furthermore, pathway analysis suggested potential therapeutic targets in oncolytic adenovirus-resistant cells. Improved understanding of the antiviral phenotype causing tumor recurrence is of key importance in order to improve treatment of advanced tumors with oncolytic adenoviruses. Given the similarities between mechanisms of action, this finding might be relevant for other oncolytic viruses as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Liikanen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Mesothelioma represents an especially good target for gene therapy since few effective therapies exist, the disease remained relatively localized until late in its course, the tumor can be accessed relatively easily through the chest wall, and the thin layer of mesothelial cells offers a large surface area for efficient, rapid, and diffuse gene transfer. Gene therapy trials in mesothelioma have shown safety, and some limited evidence of efficacy. We present a review of clinical trials that have been performed in mesothelioma and describe several new approaches currently being pursued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Vachani
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 1016E Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Diaconu I, Cerullo V, Escutenaire S, Kanerva A, Bauerschmitz GJ, Hernandez-Alcoceba R, Pesonen S, Hemminki A. Human adenovirus replication in immunocompetent Syrian hamsters can be attenuated with chlorpromazine or cidofovir. J Gene Med 2011; 12:435-45. [PMID: 20440754 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenoviruses can cause severe toxicity in children and in immunocompromised adults, and therefore a means to abrogate replication would be useful. With regard to cancer treatment, replication competent oncolytic adenoviruses have been safe in humans, although their efficacy has been variable. Therefore, more effective agents are now entering clinical testing and, consequently, replication-associated side effects remain a concern. Preclinical analysis of replication related toxicity has been hampered by a lack of permissive models. Therefore, it has been difficult to study modulation of human adenovirus replication in immune competent animals. METHODS We investigated four different hamster carcinoma cell lines for transduction and cell killing potency in vitro and in vivo. Gene transfer was assessed using replication-deficient adenoviruses expressing luciferase. Cell killing was studied in vitro and in vivo using an oncolytic adenovirus that kills tumor cells by viral replication. After the most promising animal model had been selected, abrogation of virus replication was assessed in vitro and in vivo using a TCID(50) assay. RESULTS The results obtained suggest wild-type adenovirus replication in all four tested Syrian hamster cell lines and also normal organs. Virus replication could be abrogated with chlorpromazine, cidofovir and cytosine arabinoside, and the effect occurred subsequent to nuclear delivery of the viral genome. Attenuation of virus replication also was seen in vivo both in tumors and the liver. CONCLUSIONS Syrian hamsters may comprise a valuable immune competent model for evaluating anti-adenoviral drugs. Furthermore, chlorpromazine or cidofovir might be useful in case of adenovirus replication-associated symptoms in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Diaconu
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program & Transplantation Laboratory & Haartman Institute & Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Luzina IG, Lockatell V, Todd NW, Keegan AD, Hasday JD, Atamas SP. Splice isoforms of human interleukin-4 are functionally active in mice in vivo. Immunology 2011; 132:385-93. [PMID: 21219317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) acts on cultured cells in a species-specific fashion, although several reports have suggested that human (h) IL-4 may be functionally active in rodents in vivo. The latter finding, if true, would not only offer possibilities for pre-clinical testing of novel hIL-4-targeting therapies in animals, but also suggests new opportunities for mechanistic studies of IL-4 and its receptors. Conventional IL-4 is encoded by four exons, whereas its poorly studied alternatively spliced isoform is encoded by exons 1, 3 and 4 (IL-4δ2). Replication-deficient adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of hIL-4 isoforms (hIL-4 or hIL-4δ2) to mouse lungs caused similar pulmonary infiltration of T and B lymphocytes, but not eosinophils. There were significant differences in the changes of pulmonary cytokine milieu induced by hIL-4 compared with hIL-4δ2, with hIL-4δ2 inducing higher levels of pro-inflammatory (tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-1, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1) and T helper type 1 (IL-12 and interferon-γ) cytokines. There was no elevation in endogenous mouse (m) IL-4 or mIL-4δ2 mRNAs, and germ-line deficiency of mIL-4 did not affect the degree of pulmonary infiltration. When combined with an ovalbumin model of asthma, hIL-4δ2 stimulated a greater accumulation of lymphocytes than did hIL-4. Pulmonary infiltration of lymphocytes induced by expression of hIL-4 or hIL-4δ2 was attenuated, but not completely abrogated, by germ-line deficiency of mIL-4Rα or murine signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, suggesting that these signalling molecules mediate the in vivo effects of hIL-4 isoforms in mice. These findings suggest that splice isoforms of human IL-4 are functionally active in vivo in mice, and partially share the effects of the corresponding species-specific isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Koudelka KJ, Manchester M. Chemically modified viruses: principles and applications. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:810-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
23
|
Liu Y, Valadon P, Schnitzer JE. Construction of metabolically biotinylated adenovirus with deleted fiber knob as targeting vector. Virol J 2010; 7:316. [PMID: 21073735 PMCID: PMC2993673 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery vectors based on adenovirus, particularly human adenovirus serotype 5 (hAd5) have great potential for the treatment of variety of diseases. However, the tropism of hAd5 needs to be modified to achieve tissue- or cell- specific therapies for the successful application of this vector system to clinic. Here, we modified hAd5 tropism by replacing the fiber knob which contains the coxsackievirus B and adenovirus receptor (CAR)-binding sites with a biotin acceptor peptide, a truncated form of Propionibacterium shermanii 1.3 S transcarboxylase domain (PSTCD), to enable metabolically biotinylation of the virus. We demonstrate here that the new adenovirus no longer shows CAR-dependent cell uptake and transduction. When metabolically biotinylated and avidin-coated, it forms a nano-complex that can be retargeted to distinct cells using biotinylated antibodies. This vector may prove useful in the path towards achieving targeted gene delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzheng Liu
- Proteogenomics Research Institute for Systems Medicine, 11107 Roselle St., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu ZB, Han ZS, Li QW, Yang H, Lu WZ, Li WY. Enhanced expression of adenovirus encoding rhEPO assisted by BAPTA. Anim Biotechnol 2010; 21:164-9. [PMID: 20665288 DOI: 10.1080/10495391003617838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection efficiency is the key issue for gene delivery using adenovirus vector and usually unsatisfactory. In this study, recombinant adenoviruses encoding recombinant human EPO were prepared using the Adeasy system, and injected into the mammary gland of goats via the teat canal. BAPTA was used to treat the mammary gland to facilitate adenoviruses infection compared with EGTA. Milk serum was collected from the infected mammary gland and characterized by ELISAs and Western blotting. Expression level of rhEPO from the group treated by BAPTA was higher than that treated by EGTA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bin Liu
- Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
de Vrij J, Willemsen RA, Lindholm L, Hoeben RC, Bangma CH, Barber C, Behr JP, Briggs S, Carlisle R, Cheng WS, Dautzenberg IJC, de Ridder C, Dzojic H, Erbacher P, Essand M, Fisher K, Frazier A, Georgopoulos LJ, Jennings I, Kochanek S, Koppers-Lalic D, Kraaij R, Kreppel F, Magnusson M, Maitland N, Neuberg P, Nugent R, Ogris M, Remy JS, Scaife M, Schenk-Braat E, Schooten E, Seymour L, Slade M, Szyjanowicz P, Totterman T, Uil TG, Ulbrich K, van der Weel L, van Weerden W, Wagner E, Zuber G. Adenovirus-derived vectors for prostate cancer gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:795-805. [PMID: 19947826 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death among men in Western countries. Whereas the survival rate approaches 100% for patients with localized cancer, the results of treatment in patients with metastasized prostate cancer at diagnosis are much less successful. The patients are usually presented with a variety of treatment options, but therapeutic interventions in prostate cancer are associated with frequent adverse side effects. Gene therapy and oncolytic virus therapy may constitute new strategies. Already a wide variety of preclinical studies has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of such approaches, with oncolytic prostate-specific adenoviruses as the most prominent vector. The state of the art and future prospects of gene therapy in prostate cancer are reviewed, with a focus on adenoviral vectors. We summarize advances in adenovirus technology for prostate cancer treatment and highlight areas where further developments are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen de Vrij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center , 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Crystallographic structure of porcine adenovirus type 4 fiber head and galectin domains. J Virol 2010; 84:10558-68. [PMID: 20686025 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00997-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus isolate NADC-1, a strain of porcine adenovirus type 4, has a fiber containing an N-terminal virus attachment region, shaft and head domains, and a C-terminal galectin domain connected to the head by an RGD-containing sequence. The crystal structure of the head domain is similar to previously solved adenovirus fiber head domains, but specific residues for binding the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), CD46, or sialic acid are not conserved. The structure of the galectin domain reveals an interaction interface between its two carbohydrate recognition domains, locating both sugar binding sites face to face. Sequence evidence suggests other tandem-repeat galectins have the same arrangement. We show that the galectin domain binds carbohydrates containing lactose and N-acetyl-lactosamine units, and we present structures of the galectin domain with lactose, N-acetyl-lactosamine, 3-aminopropyl-lacto-N-neotetraose, and 2-aminoethyl-tri(N-acetyl-lactosamine), confirming the domain as a bona fide galectin domain.
Collapse
|
27
|
Clarke JM, Morse MA, Lyerly HK, Clay T, Osada T. Adenovirus vaccine immunotherapy targeting WT1-expressing tumors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:875-83. [DOI: 10.1517/14712591003798278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
28
|
Min JJ, Nguyen VH, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging of biological gene delivery vehicles for targeted cancer therapy: beyond viral vectors. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 44:15-24. [PMID: 24899933 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-009-0006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer persists as one of the most devastating diseases in the world. Problems including metastasis and tumor resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy have seriously limited the therapeutic effects of present clinical treatments. To overcome these limitations, cancer gene therapy has been developed over the last two decades for a broad spectrum of applications, from gene replacement and knockdown to vaccination, each with different requirements for gene delivery. So far, a number of genes and delivery vectors have been investigated, and significant progress has been made with several gene therapy modalities in clinical trials. Viral vectors and synthetic liposomes have emerged as the vehicles of choice for many applications. However, both have limitations and risks that restrict gene therapy applications, including the complexity of production, limited packaging capacity, and unfavorable immunological features. While continuing to improve these vectors, it is important to investigate other options, particularly nonviral biological agents such as bacteria, bacteriophages, and bacteria-like particles. Recently, many molecular imaging techniques for safe, repeated, and high-resolution in vivo imaging of gene expression have been employed to assess vector-mediated gene expression in living subjects. In this review, molecular imaging techniques for monitoring biological gene delivery vehicles are described, and the specific use of these methods at different steps is illustrated. Linking molecular imaging to gene therapy will eventually help to develop novel gene delivery vehicles for preclinical study and support the development of future human applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 5 Hak1 dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Vu H Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 5 Hak1 dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology & Bioengineering, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vachani A, Moon E, Wakeam E, Albelda SM. Gene therapy for mesothelioma and lung cancer. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 42:385-93. [PMID: 20160042 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0026rt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Both malignant pleural mesothelioma and advanced stage lung cancer are associated with a poor prognosis. Unfortunately, current treatment regimens have had only a modest effect on their progressive course. Gene therapy for thoracic malignancies represents a novel therapeutic approach and has been evaluated in a number of clinical trials over the last two decades. Using viral vectors or anti-sense RNA, strategies have included induction of apoptosis, tumor suppressor gene replacement, suicide gene expression, cytokine-based therapy, various vaccination approaches, and adoptive transfer of modified immune cells. This review will consider the clinical results, limitations, and future directions of gene therapy trials for thoracic malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Vachani
- University of Pennsylvania, 1016B Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Monsurrò V, Beghelli S, Wang R, Barbi S, Coin S, Di Pasquale G, Bersani S, Castellucci M, Sorio C, Eleuteri S, Worschech A, Chiorini JA, Pederzoli P, Alter H, Marincola FM, Scarpa A. Anti-viral state segregates two molecular phenotypes of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: potential relevance for adenoviral gene therapy. J Transl Med 2010; 8:10. [PMID: 20113473 PMCID: PMC2845551 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a leading cause of cancer mortality for which novel gene therapy approaches relying on tumor-tropic adenoviruses are being tested. Methods We obtained the global transcriptional profiling of primary PDAC using RNA from eight xenografted primary PDAC, three primary PDAC bulk tissues, three chronic pancreatitis and three normal pancreatic tissues. The Affymetrix GeneChip HG-U133A was used. The results of the expression profiles were validated applying immunohistochemical and western blot analysis on a set of 34 primary PDAC and 10 established PDAC cell lines. Permissivity to viral vectors used for gene therapy, Adenovirus 5 and Adeno-Associated Viruses 5 and 6, was assessed on PDAC cell lines. Results The analysis of the expression profiles allowed the identification of two clearly distinguishable phenotypes according to the expression of interferon-stimulated genes. The two phenotypes could be readily recognized by immunohistochemical detection of the Myxovirus-resistance A protein, whose expression reflects the activation of interferon dependent pathways. The two molecular phenotypes discovered in primary carcinomas were also observed among established pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines, suggesting that these phenotypes are an intrinsic characteristic of cancer cells independent of their interaction with the host's microenvironment. The two pancreatic cancer phenotypes are characterized by different permissivity to viral vectors used for gene therapy, as cell lines expressing interferon stimulated genes resisted to Adenovirus 5 mediated lysis in vitro. Similar results were observed when cells were transduced with Adeno-Associated Viruses 5 and 6. Conclusion Our study identified two molecular phenotypes of pancreatic cancer, characterized by a differential expression of interferon-stimulated genes and easily recognized by the expression of the Myxovirus-resistance A protein. We suggest that the detection of these two phenotypes might help the selection of patients enrolled in virally-mediated gene therapy trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladia Monsurrò
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Boulikas T. Clinical overview on Lipoplatin: a successful liposomal formulation of cisplatin. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 18:1197-218. [PMID: 19604121 DOI: 10.1517/13543780903114168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle formulations for packaging existing drugs have been used to treat cancer. Lipoplatin is a liposomal cisplatin encapsulated into liposome nanoparticles of an average diameter of 110 nm. Lipoplatin has substantially reduced the renal toxicity, peripheral neuropathy, ototoxicity, myelotoxicity as well as nausea/vomiting and asthenia of cisplatin in Phase I, II and III clinical studies with enhanced or similar efficacy to cisplatin. During clinical development, 10- to 200-fold higher accumulation of Lipoplatin in solid tumors compared to adjacent normal tissue was found in patients. Targeting of tumor vasculature by Lipoplatin in animals suggested its antiangiogenesis potential and Lipoplatin was proposed to act like a double-sword: as chemotherapy and an antiangiogenesis drug. Lipoplatin has finished successfully one Phase III non-inferiority clinical study as first-line against NSCLC in its combination with paclitaxel showing statistically significant reduction in nephrotoxicity; two more Phase III studies are in progress, one in NSCLC with gemcitabine also showing noninferiority with reduced toxicity and another in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with 5-fluorouracil. A registrational Phase II/III study against pancreatic cancer is in progress under the orphan drug status granted to Lipoplatin by the European Medicines Agency. Phase II studies are continuing in advanced breast cancer with vinorelbine and gastrointestinal cancers with radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil. The highlights of the clinical development of Lipoplatin are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teni Boulikas
- Regulon, Inc., 715 N. Shoreline Blvd., Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tutykhina IL, Shmarov MM, Logunov DY, Naroditsky BS, Gintsburg AL. Recombinant adenoviral nanostructures: Construction and prospects of use in medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078009110032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
33
|
Gonzalez MJ, Plummer EM, Rae CS, Manchester M. Interaction of Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) nanoparticles with antigen presenting cells in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7981. [PMID: 19956734 PMCID: PMC2776531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant viruses such as Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) are increasingly being developed for applications in nanobiotechnology including vaccine development because of their potential for producing large quantities of antigenic material in plant hosts. In order to improve efficacy of viral nanoparticles in these types of roles, an investigation of the individual cell types that interact with the particles is critical. In particular, it is important to understand the interactions of a potential vaccine with antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system. CPMV was previously shown to interact with vimentin displayed on cell surfaces to mediate cell entry, but the expression of surface vimentin on APCs has not been characterized. Methodology The binding and internalization of CPMV by several populations of APCs was investigated both in vitro and in vivo by flow cytometry and fluorescence confocal microscopy. The association of the particles with mouse gastrointestinal epithelium and Peyer's patches was also examined by confocal microscopy. The expression of surface vimentin on APCs was also measured. Conclusions We found that CPMV is bound and internalized by subsets of several populations of APCs both in vitro and in vivo following intravenous, intraperitoneal, and oral administration, and also by cells isolated from the Peyer's patch following gastrointestinal delivery. Surface vimentin was also expressed on APC populations that could internalize CPMV. These experiments demonstrate that APCs capture CPMV particles in vivo, and that further tuning the interaction with surface vimentin may facilitate increased uptake by APCs and priming of antibody responses. These studies also indicate that CPMV particles likely access the systemic circulation following oral delivery via the Peyer's patch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Gonzalez
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Plummer
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chris S. Rae
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marianne Manchester
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Guardado-Calvo P, Llamas-Saiz AL, Fox GC, Glasgow JN, van Raaij MJ. Crystallization of the head and galectin-like domains of porcine adenovirus isolate NADC-1 fibre. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:1149-52. [PMID: 19923738 PMCID: PMC2777046 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309109038287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The porcine adenovirus NADC-1 isolate, a strain of porcine adenovirus type 4, has a fibre with an atypical architecture. In addition to a classical virus attachment region, shaft and head domains, it contains an additional galectin like domain C-terminal to the head domain and connected to the head domain by a long RGD-containing loop. The galectin-like domain contains two putative carbohydrate-recognition domains. The head and galectin-like domains have been independently crystallized. Diffraction data have been obtained to 3.2 angstrom resolution from crystals of the head domain and to 1.9 angstrom resolution from galectin-like domain crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio L. Llamas-Saiz
- Unidad de Rayos X (RIAIDT), Laboratorio Integral de Dinámica y Estructura de Biomoléculas José R. Carracido, Edificio CACTUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gavin C. Fox
- Laboratoire des Proteines Membranaires, Institut de Biologie Structurale J. P. Ebel, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble, France
| | - Joel N. Glasgow
- Divisions of Cardiology and Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, Surgery and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mark J. van Raaij
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Estructural, Instituto de Biología Molecular (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Cientific, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|