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Magnetically-actuated microposts stimulate axon growth. Biophys J 2022; 121:374-382. [PMID: 34979131 PMCID: PMC8822606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
New strategies to promote neuronal regeneration should aim to increase the speed of axonal elongation. Biochemical signaling is a key factor in axon growth, but recent discoveries have shown that mechanical force, through a process referred to as stretch growth, can significantly influence the elongation rate. Here, we develop a method to apply forces to primary hippocampal neurons from mice using magnetic microposts that actuate in response to an external magnetic field. Neurons are cultured onto these microposts and subjected to an average displacement of 0.2 μm at a frequency of 5 Hz. We find that the mechanical stimulation promotes an increase in the length of the axons compared to control conditions. In addition, there is an increase in the density of microtubules and in the amount of cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, providing evidence that stretch growth is accompanied by a mass addition to the neurite. Together, these results indicate that magnetically-actuated microposts can accelerate the rate of axon growth, paving the way for future applications in neuronal regeneration. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Wu Q, Liu J, Liu L, Chen Y, Wang J, Leng L, Yu Q, Duan Z, Wang Y. Establishment of an ex Vivo Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Using a Tissue-Engineered Liver. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3016-3026. [PMID: 33435021 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wu
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lijin Liu
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ling Leng
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qunfang Yu
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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Du Z, Mi S, Yi X, Xu Y, Sun W. Microfluidic system for modelling 3D tumour invasion into surrounding stroma and drug screening. Biofabrication 2018; 10:034102. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aac70c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Oseini AM, Cole BK, Issa D, Feaver RE, Sanyal AJ. Translating scientific discovery: the need for preclinical models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Int 2018; 12:6-16. [PMID: 29299759 PMCID: PMC5815925 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-017-9838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world, affecting about 1/3 of the US general population and remaining as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The hallmark of the disease is the excessive accumulation of fat within the liver cells (hepatocytes), which eventually paves the way to cellular stress, injury and apoptosis. NAFLD is strongly associated with components of the metabolic syndrome and is fast emerging as a leading cause of liver transplant in the USA. Based on clinico-pathologic classification, NAFLD may present as isolated lipid collection (steatosis) within the hepatocytes (referred to as non-alcoholic fatty liver; NAFL); or as the more aggressive phenotype (known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; NASH). There are currently no regulatory agency- approved medication for NAFLD, despite the enormous work and resources that have gone into the study of this condition. Therefore, there remains a huge unmet need in developing and utilizing pre-clinical models that will recapitulate the disease condition in humans. In line with progress being made in developing appropriate disease models, this review highlights the cutting-edge preclinical in vitro and animal models that try to recapitulate the human disease pathophysiology and/or clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul M. Oseini
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, VCU School of Medicine, MCV Box 980341, Richmond, VA 23298-0341, USA
| | - Banumathi K. Cole
- HemoShear Therapeutics, 501 Locust Ave, Suite 301, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA
| | - Danny Issa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, VCU School of Medicine, MCV Box 980341, Richmond, VA 23298-0341, USA
| | - Ryan E. Feaver
- HemoShear Therapeutics, 501 Locust Ave, Suite 301, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, VCU School of Medicine, MCV Box 980341, Richmond, VA 23298-0341, USA
- Physiology and Molecular Pathology, MCV Box 980341, Richmond, VA 23298-0341, USA
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Cole BK, Feaver RE, Wamhoff BR, Dash A. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) models in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 13:193-205. [PMID: 29190166 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1410135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The progressive disease spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which includes non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is a rapidly emerging public health crisis with no approved therapy. The diversity of various therapies under development highlights the lack of consensus around the most effective target, underscoring the need for better translatable preclinical models to study the complex progressive disease and effective therapies. Areas covered: This article reviews published literature of various mouse models of NASH used in preclinical studies, as well as complex organotypic in vitro and ex vivo liver models being developed. It discusses translational challenges associated with both kinds of models, and describes some of the studies that validate their application in NAFLD. Expert opinion: Animal models offer advantages of understanding drug distribution and effects in a whole body context, but are limited by important species differences. Human organotypic in vitro and ex vivo models with physiological relevance and translatability need to be used in a tiered manner with simpler screens. Leveraging newer technologies, like metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics, and the future development of validated disease biomarkers will allow us to fully utilize the value of these models to understand disease and evaluate novel drugs in isolation or combination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ajit Dash
- b Early Development Safety , Genentech Inc , South San Francisco , CA , USA
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Portillo-Lara R, Annabi N. Microengineered cancer-on-a-chip platforms to study the metastatic microenvironment. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4063-4081. [PMID: 27605305 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00718j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
More than 90% of cancer-related deaths can be attributed to the occurrence of metastatic diseases. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the multicellular, biochemical and biophysical stimuli from the tumor microenvironment during carcinogenesis, treatment failure, and metastasis. Therefore, there is a need for experimental platforms that are able to recapitulate the complex pathophysiological features of the metastatic microenvironment. Recent advancements in biomaterials, microfluidics, and tissue engineering have led to the development of living multicellular microculture systems, which are maintained in controllable microenvironments and function with organ level complexity. The applications of these "on-chip" technologies for detection, separation, characterization and three dimensional (3D) propagation of cancer cells have been extensively reviewed in previous works. In this contribution, we focus on integrative microengineered platforms that allow the study of multiple aspects of the metastatic microenvironment, including the physicochemical cues from the tumor associated stroma, the heterocellular interactions that drive trans-endothelial migration and angiogenesis, the environmental stresses that metastatic cancer cells encounter during migration, and the physicochemical gradients that direct cell motility and invasion. We discuss the application of these systems as in vitro assays to elucidate fundamental mechanisms of cancer metastasis, as well as their use as human relevant platforms for drug screening in biomimetic microenvironments. We then conclude with our commentaries on current progress and future perspectives of microengineered systems for fundamental and translational cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Portillo-Lara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 451 Snell Engineering Building, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. and Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - N Annabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 451 Snell Engineering Building, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. and Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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8
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Herzog N, Hansen M, Miethbauer S, Schmidtke KU, Anderer U, Lupp A, Sperling S, Seehofer D, Damm G, Scheibner K, Küpper JH. Primary-like human hepatocytes genetically engineered to obtain proliferation competence display hepatic differentiation characteristics in monolayer and organotypical spheroid cultures. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:341-53. [PMID: 26715207 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes are in great demand during drug development and in hepatology. However, both scarcity of tissue supply and donor variability of primary cells create a need for the development of alternative hepatocyte systems. By using a lentivirus vector system to transfer coding sequences of Upcyte® proliferation genes, we generated non-transformed stable hepatocyte cultures from human liver tissue samples. Here, we show data on newly generated proliferation-competent HepaFH3 cells investigated as conventional two-dimensional monolayer and as organotypical three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture. In monolayer culture, HepaFH3 cells show typical cobblestone-like hepatocyte morphology and anchorage-dependent growth for at least 20 passages. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that characteristic hepatocyte marker proteins cytokeratin 8, human serum albumin, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 were expressed. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that expression levels of analyzed phase I CYP enzymes were at similar levels compared to those of cultured primary human hepatocytes and considerably higher than in the liver carcinoma cell line HepG2. Additionally, transcripts for phase II liver enzymes and transporter proteins OATP-C, MRP2, Oct1, and BSEP were present in HepaFH3. The cells produced urea and converted model compounds such as testosterone, diclofenac, and 7-OH-coumarin into phases I and II metabolites. Interestingly, phases I and II enzymes were expressed at about the same levels in convenient monolayer cultures and complex 3D spheroids. In conclusion, HepaFH3 cells and related primary-like hepatocyte lines seem to be promising tools for in vitro research of liver functions and as test system in drug development and toxicology analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Herzog
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Max Hansen
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Miethbauer
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Schmidtke
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Anderer
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Sperling
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Scheibner
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Heiner Küpper
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
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Transcriptional profiling suggests that Nevirapine and Ritonavir cause drug induced liver injury through distinct mechanisms in primary human hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 255:31-44. [PMID: 26626330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI), a major cause of pre- and post-approval failure, is challenging to predict pre-clinically due to varied underlying direct and indirect mechanisms. Nevirapine, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and Ritonavir, a protease inhibitor, are antiviral drugs that cause clinical DILI with different phenotypes via different mechanisms. Assessing DILI in vitro in hepatocyte cultures typically requires drug exposures significantly higher than clinical plasma Cmax concentrations, making clinical interpretations of mechanistic pathway changes challenging. We previously described a system that uses liver-derived hemodynamic blood flow and transport parameters to restore primary human hepatocyte biology, and drug responses at concentrations relevant to in vivo or clinical exposure levels. Using this system, primary hepatocytes from 5 human donors were exposed to concentrations approximating clinical therapeutic and supra-therapeutic levels of Nevirapine (11.3 and 175.0 μM) and Ritonavir (3.5 and 62.4 μM) for 48 h. Whole genome transcriptomics was performed by RNAseq along with functional assays for metabolic activity and function. We observed effects at both doses, but a greater number of genes were differentially expressed with higher probability at the toxic concentrations. At the toxic doses, both drugs showed direct cholestatic potential with Nevirapine increasing bile synthesis and Ritonavir inhibiting bile acid transport. Clear differences in antigen presentation were noted, with marked activation of MHC Class I by Nevirapine and suppression by Ritonavir. This suggests CD8+ T cell involvement for Nevirapine and possibly NK Killer cells for Ritonavir. Both compounds induced several drug metabolizing genes (including CYP2B6, CYP3A4 and UGT1A1), mediated by CAR activation in Nevirapine and PXR in Ritonavir. Unlike Ritonavir, Nevirapine did not increase fatty acid synthesis or activate the respiratory electron chain with simultaneous mitochondrial uncoupling supporting clinical reports of a lower propensity for steatosis. This in vitro study offers insights into the disparate direct and immune-mediated toxicity mechanisms underlying Nevirapine and Ritonavir toxicity in the clinic.
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Druwe I, Freudenrich TM, Wallace K, Shafer TJ, Mundy WR. Sensitivity of neuroprogenitor cells to chemical-induced apoptosis using a multiplexed assay suitable for high-throughput screening. Toxicology 2015; 333:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Sarkar U, Rivera-Burgos D, Large EM, Hughes DJ, Ravindra KC, Dyer RL, Ebrahimkhani MR, Wishnok JS, Griffith LG, Tannenbaum SR. Metabolite profiling and pharmacokinetic evaluation of hydrocortisone in a perfused three-dimensional human liver bioreactor. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1091-9. [PMID: 25926431 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to cause liver injury primarily involving inflammatory cells such as Kupffer cells, but few in vitro culture models are applicable for investigation of inflammatory effects on drug metabolism. We have developed a three-dimensional human microphysiological hepatocyte-Kupffer cell coculture system and evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids on liver cultures. LPS was introduced to the cultures to elicit an inflammatory response and was assessed by the release of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α. A sensitive and specific reversed-phase-ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry method was used to evaluate hydrocortisone disappearance and metabolism at near physiologic levels. For this, the systems were dosed with 100 nM hydrocortisone and circulated for 2 days; hydrocortisone was depleted to approximately 30 nM, with first-order kinetics. Phase I metabolites, including tetrahydrocortisone and dihydrocortisol, accounted for 8-10% of the loss, and 45-52% consisted of phase II metabolites, including glucuronides of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone. Pharmacokinetic parameters, i.e., half-life, rate of elimination, clearance, and area under the curve, were 23.03 hours, 0.03 hour(-1), 6.6 × 10(-5) l⋅hour(-1), and 1.03 (mg/l)*h, respectively. The ability of the bioreactor to predict the in vivo clearance of hydrocortisone was characterized, and the obtained intrinsic clearance values correlated with human data. This system offers a physiologically relevant tool for investigating hepatic function in an inflamed liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Sarkar
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Dinelia Rivera-Burgos
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Emma M Large
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - David J Hughes
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Kodihalli C Ravindra
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Rachel L Dyer
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Mohammad R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - John S Wishnok
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Steven R Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
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Xu Y, Duncan FE, Xu M, Woodruff TK. Use of an organotypic mammalian in vitro follicle growth assay to facilitate female reproductive toxicity screening. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 28:RD14375. [PMID: 25689754 PMCID: PMC4540697 DOI: 10.1071/rd14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening of pharmaceutical, chemical and environmental compounds for their effects on reproductive health relies on in vivo studies. More robust and efficient methods to assess these effects are needed. Herein we adapted and validated an organotypic in vitro follicle growth (IVFG) assay to determine the impact of compounds on markers of ovarian function. We isolated mammalian follicles and cultured them in the presence of compounds with: (1) known fertotoxicity (i.e. toxicity to the reproductive system; cyclophosphamide and cisplatin); (2) no known fertotoxicity (nalbuphine); and (3) unknown fertotoxicity (Corexit EC 9500 A; CE, Nalco, Chicago, IL, USA). For each compound, we assayed follicle growth, hormone production and the ability of follicle-enclosed oocytes to resume meiosis and produce a mature egg. Cyclophosphamide and cisplatin caused dose-dependent disruption of follicle dynamics, whereas nalbuphine did not. The reproductive toxicity of CE, an oil dispersant used heavily during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, has never been examined in a mammalian system. In the present study, CE compromised follicle morphology and functional parameters. Our findings demonstrate that this IVFG assay system can be used to distinguish fertotoxic from non-toxic compounds, providing an in vitro tool to assess the effects of chemical compounds on reproductive function and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Francesca E. Duncan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
- Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Teresa K. Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
- Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
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Khetani SR, Berger DR, Ballinger KR, Davidson MD, Lin C, Ware BR. Microengineered liver tissues for drug testing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:216-50. [PMID: 25617027 DOI: 10.1177/2211068214566939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of drug attrition. Significant and well-documented differences between animals and humans in liver pathways now necessitate the use of human-relevant in vitro liver models for testing new chemical entities during preclinical drug development. Consequently, several human liver models with various levels of in vivo-like complexity have been developed for assessment of drug metabolism, toxicity, and efficacy on liver diseases. Recent trends leverage engineering tools, such as those adapted from the semiconductor industry, to enable precise control over the microenvironment of liver cells and to allow for miniaturization into formats amenable for higher throughput drug screening. Integration of liver models into organs-on-a-chip devices, permitting crosstalk between tissue types, is actively being pursued to obtain a systems-level understanding of drug effects. Here, we review the major trends, challenges, and opportunities associated with development and implementation of engineered liver models created from primary cells, cell lines, and stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells. We also present key applications where such models are currently making an impact and highlight areas for improvement. In the future, engineered liver models will prove useful for selecting drugs that are efficacious, safer, and, in some cases, personalized for specific patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman R Khetani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dustin R Berger
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kimberly R Ballinger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Matthew D Davidson
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christine Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Brenton R Ware
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Thoma CR, Zimmermann M, Agarkova I, Kelm JM, Krek W. 3D cell culture systems modeling tumor growth determinants in cancer target discovery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:29-41. [PMID: 24636868 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic heterogeneity of cancer cells, cell biological context, heterotypic crosstalk and the microenvironment are key determinants of the multistep process of tumor development. They sign responsible, to a significant extent, for the limited response and resistance of cancer cells to molecular-targeted therapies. Better functional knowledge of the complex intra- and intercellular signaling circuits underlying communication between the different cell types populating a tumor tissue and of the systemic and local factors that shape the tumor microenvironment is therefore imperative. Sophisticated 3D multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) systems provide an emerging tool to model the phenotypic and cellular heterogeneity as well as microenvironmental aspects of in vivo tumor growth. In this review we discuss the cellular, chemical and physical factors contributing to zonation and cellular crosstalk within tumor masses. On this basis, we further describe 3D cell culture technologies for growth of MCTS as advanced tools for exploring molecular tumor growth determinants and facilitating drug discovery efforts. We conclude with a synopsis on technological aspects for on-line analysis and post-processing of 3D MCTS models.
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Riggio C, Nocentini S, Catalayud MP, Goya GF, Cuschieri A, Raffa V, del Río JA. Generation of magnetized olfactory ensheathing cells for regenerative studies in the central and peripheral nervous tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10852-68. [PMID: 23708092 PMCID: PMC3709706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140610852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As olfactory receptor axons grow from the peripheral to the central nervous system (CNS) aided by olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), the transplantation of OECs has been suggested as a plausible therapy for spinal cord lesions. The problem with this hypothesis is that OECs do not represent a single homogeneous entity, but, instead, a functionally heterogeneous population that exhibits a variety of responses, including adhesion and repulsion during cell-matrix interactions. Some studies report that the migratory properties of OECs are compromised by inhibitory molecules and potentiated by chemical gradients. In this paper, we report a system based on modified OECs carrying magnetic nanoparticles as a proof of concept experiment enabling specific studies aimed at exploring the potential of OECs in the treatment of spinal cord injuries. Our studies have confirmed that magnetized OECs (i) survive well without exhibiting stress-associated cellular responses; (ii) in vitro, their migration can be modulated by magnetic fields; and (iii) their transplantation in organotypic slices of spinal cord and peripheral nerve showed positive integration in the model. Altogether, these findings indicate the therapeutic potential of magnetized OECs for CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Riggio
- Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa 56127, Italy; E-Mails: (A.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Sara Nocentini
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mails: (S.N.); (J.A.R.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Catalayud
- Nanoscience Institute of Aragón, University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor, Zaragoza 50018, Spain; E-Mails: (M.P.C.); (G.F.G.)
| | - Gerardo Fabian Goya
- Nanoscience Institute of Aragón, University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor, Zaragoza 50018, Spain; E-Mails: (M.P.C.); (G.F.G.)
| | - Alfred Cuschieri
- Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa 56127, Italy; E-Mails: (A.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa 56127, Italy; E-Mails: (A.C.); (V.R.)
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Luca Ghini 5, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - José Antonio del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mails: (S.N.); (J.A.R.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona 08028, Spain
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Dash A, Simmers MB, Deering TG, Berry DJ, Feaver RE, Hastings NE, Pruett TL, LeCluyse EL, Blackman BR, Wamhoff BR. Hemodynamic flow improves rat hepatocyte morphology, function, and metabolic activity in vitro. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304:C1053-63. [PMID: 23485712 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00331.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro primary hepatocyte systems typically elicit drug induction and toxicity responses at concentrations much higher than corresponding in vivo or clinical plasma C(max) levels, contributing to poor in vitro-in vivo correlations. This may be partly due to the absence of physiological parameters that maintain metabolic phenotype in vivo. We hypothesized that restoring hemodynamics and media transport would improve hepatocyte architecture and metabolic function in vitro compared with nonflow cultures. Rat hepatocytes were cultured for 2 wk either in nonflow collagen gel sandwiches with 48-h media changes or under controlled hemodynamics mimicking sinusoidal circulation within a perfused Transwell device. Phenotypic, functional, and metabolic parameters were assessed at multiple times. Hepatocytes in the devices exhibited polarized morphology, retention of differentiation markers [E-cadherin and hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF-4α)], the canalicular transporter [multidrug-resistant protein-2 (Mrp-2)], and significantly higher levels of liver function compared with nonflow cultures over 2 wk (albumin ~4-fold and urea ~5-fold). Gene expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes was significantly higher (fold increase over nonflow: CYP1A1: 53.5 ± 10.3; CYP1A2: 64.0 ± 15.1; CYP2B1: 15.2 ± 2.9; CYP2B2: 2.7 ± 0.8; CYP3A2: 4.0 ± 1.4) and translated to significantly higher basal enzyme activity (device vs. nonflow: CYP1A: 6.26 ± 2.41 vs. 0.42 ± 0.015; CYP1B: 3.47 ± 1.66 vs. 0.4 ± 0.09; CYP3A: 11.65 ± 4.70 vs. 2.43 ± 0.56) while retaining inducibility by 3-methylcholanthrene and dexamethasone (fold increase over DMSO: CYP1A = 27.33 and CYP3A = 4.94). These responses were observed at concentrations closer to plasma levels documented in vivo in rats. The retention of in vivo-like hepatocyte phenotype and metabolic function coupled with drug response at more physiological concentrations emphasizes the importance of restoring in vivo physiological transport parameters in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dash
- HemoShear, LLC, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA.
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