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Bi YA, Jordan S, King-Ahmad A, West MA, Varma MVS. Mechanistic Determinants of Daprodustat Drug-Drug Interactions and Pharmacokinetics in Hepatic Dysfunction and Chronic Kidney Disease: Significance of OATP1B-CYP2C8 Interplay. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:1336-1345. [PMID: 38404228 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Daprodustat is the first oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor approved recently for the treatment of anemia caused by chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults receiving dialysis. We evaluated the role of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B-mediated hepatic uptake transport in the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of daprodustat using in vitro and in vivo studies, and physiologically-based PK (PBPK) modeling of its drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with inhibitor drugs. In vitro, daprodustat showed specific transport by OATP1B1/1B3 in the transfected cell systems and primary human and monkey hepatocytes. A single-dose oral rifampin (OATP1B inhibitor) reduced daprodustat intravenous clearance by a notable 9.9 ± 1.2-fold (P < 0.05) in cynomolgus monkeys. Correspondingly, volume of distribution at steady-state was also reduced by 5.0 ± 1.1-fold, whereas the half-life change was minimal (1.5-fold), corroborating daprodustat hepatic uptake inhibition by rifampin. A PBPK model accounting for OATP1B-CYP2C8 interplay was developed, which well described daprodustat PK and DDIs with gemfibrozil (CYP2C8 and OATP1B inhibitor) and trimethoprim (weak CYP2C8 inhibitor) within 25% error of the observed data in healthy subjects. About 18-fold increase in daprodustat area under the curve (AUC) following gemfibrozil treatment was found to be associated with strong CYP2C8 inhibition and moderate OATP1B inhibition. Moreover, PK modulation in hepatic dysfunction and subjects with CKD, in comparison to healthy control, was well-captured by the model. CYP2C8 and/or OATP1B inhibitor drugs (e.g., gemfibrozil, clopidogrel, rifampin, and cyclosporine) were predicted to perpetrate moderate-to-strong DDIs in healthy subjects, as well as, in target CKD population. Daprodustat can be used as a sensitive CYP2C8 index substrate in the absence of OATP1B modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Bi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Samantha Jordan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amanda King-Ahmad
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark A West
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Benet LZ, Sodhi JK. The Uses and Advantages of Kirchhoff's Laws vs. Differential Equations in Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and (Even) Chemistry. AAPS J 2023; 25:38. [PMID: 37038013 PMCID: PMC10832327 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In chemistry, rate processes are defined in terms of rate constants, with units of time-1, and are derived by differential equations from amounts. In contrast, when considering drug concentrations in biological systems, particularly in humans, rate processes must be defined in terms of clearance, with units of volume/time, since biological volumes, which are highly dependent on drug partition into biological tissues, cannot be easily determined. In pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and in making drug dosing decisions, drug clearance and changes in drug clearance are paramount. Clearance is defined as the amount of drug eliminated or moved divided by the exposure driving that elimination or movement. Historically, all clearance derivations in pharmacology and pharmacokinetics have been based on the use of differential equations in terms of rate constants and amounts, which are then converted into clearance equations when multiplied/divided by a hypothesized volume of distribution. Here, we show that except for iv bolus dosing, multiple volumes may be relevant. We have recently shown that clearance relationships, as well as rate constant relationships, may be derived independent of differential equations using Kirchhoff's Laws from physics. Kirchhoff's Laws may be simply translated to recognize that when two or more rate-defining processes operate in parallel, the total value of the overall reaction parameter is equal to the sum of those rate-defining processes. In contrast, when two or more rate-defining processes operate in series, the inverse of the total reaction parameter is equal to the sum of the inverse of those rate-defining steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Septerna, South San Francisco, California, USA
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Seidemann L, Prinz S, Scherbel JC, Götz C, Seehofer D, Damm G. Optimization of extracellular matrix for primary human hepatocyte cultures using mixed collagen-Matrigel matrices. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:12-34. [PMID: 36660192 PMCID: PMC9837384 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-5459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Loss of differentiation of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) ex vivo is a known problem of in vitro liver models. Culture optimizations using collagen type I and Matrigel reduce the dedifferentiation process but are not able to prevent it. While neither of these extracellular matrices (ECMs) on their own correspond to the authentic hepatic ECM, a combination of them could more closely resemble the in vivo situation. Our study aimed to systematically analyze the influence of mixed matrices composed of collagen type I and Matrigel on the maintenance and reestablishment of hepatic functions. Therefore, PHHs were cultured on mixed collagen-Matrigel matrices in monolayer and sandwich cultures and viability, metabolic capacity, differentiation markers, cellular arrangement and the cells' ability to repolarize and form functional bile canaliculi were assessed by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), functional assays and immunofluorescence microscopy. Our results show that mixed matrices were superior to pure matrices in maintaining metabolic capacity and hepatic differentiation. In contrast, Matrigel supplementation can impair the development of a proper hepatocytic polarization. Our systematic study helps to compose an optimized ECM to maintain and reestablish hepatic differentiation on cellular and multicellular levels in human liver models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Seidemann
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Prinz
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan-Constantin Scherbel
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Götz
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Georg Damm, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Tel.: +49-341-9739656, E-mail:
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Pachter JA, Dill KA, Sodhi JK, Benet LZ. Review of the application of Kirchhoff's Laws of series and parallel flows to pharmacology: Defining organ clearance. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108278. [PMID: 36075300 PMCID: PMC10832328 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dosing rate decisions for drugs and changes in dosing in a patient due to disease states, drug interactions and pharmacogenomics are all based on clearance, a measure of the body's ability to eliminate drug. The primary organs of elimination are the liver and the kidney. Clearance for each of these organs is a summative composition of biologic processes. In 1857, Gustav Kirchhoff first developed his laws to describe the "motion of electricity in conductors... [and] ...in wires", recognizing that summative processes occur either in parallel or in series. Since then, Kirchhoff's Laws have also been applied to heat transfer, diffusion and drag force on falling objects, but not to pharmacology. Although not previously recognized, renal clearance always follow Kirchhoff's Laws, as does hepatic clearance for drugs where basolateral transporters are not clinically relevant. However, when basolateral transporters are clinically relevant, we demonstrate that the present accepted approach is inconsistent with recognized drug disposition processes. However, this clearance relationship can be easily corrected using Kirchhoff's Laws. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate that Kirchhoff's Laws, which define how to approach rate processes that occur in parallel versus processes that occur in series, can be applicable to pharmacology in addition to the over 160-year recognition of their use in physical sciences. We anticipate that the application to clearance will be only the first of many such pharmacological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Asher Pachter
- State University of New York Stony Brook, Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology and the Department of Physics & Astronomy, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ken A Dill
- State University of New York Stony Brook, Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology and the Department of Physics & Astronomy, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- University of California San Francisco, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- University of California San Francisco, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Cheong EJY, Ng DZW, Chin SY, Wang Z, Chan ECY. Application of a PBPK Model of Rivaroxaban to Prospective Simulations of Drug-Drug-Disease Interactions with Protein Kinase Inhibitors in CA-VTE. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:2267-2283. [PMID: 34837258 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Rivaroxaban is a viable anticoagulant for the management of cancer associated venous thromboembolism (CA-VTE). A previously verified physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rivaroxaban established how its multiple pathways of elimination via both CYP3A4/2J2-mediated hepatic metabolism and organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3)/P-glycoprotein-mediated renal secretion predisposes rivaroxaban to drug-drug-disease interactions (DDDIs) with clinically relevant protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs). We proposed the application of PBPK modelling to prospectively interrogate clinically significant DDIs between rivaroxaban and PKIs (erlotinib and nilotinib) for dose adjustments in CA-VTE. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The inhibitory potencies of the PKIs on CYP3A4/2J2-mediated metabolism of rivaroxaban were characterized. Using prototypical OAT3 inhibitor ketoconazole, in vitro OAT3 inhibition assays were optimized to ascertain the in vivo relevance of derived transport inhibitory constants (Ki ). Untested DDDIs between rivaroxaban and erlotinib or nilotinib were simulated. KEY RESULTS Mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of CYP3A4-mediated rivaroxaban metabolism by both PKIs and MBI of CYP2J2 by erlotinib were established. The importance of substrate specificity and nonspecific binding to derive OAT3-inhibitory Ki values of ketoconazole and nilotinib for the accurate prediction of interactions was illustrated. When simulated rivaroxaban exposure variations with concomitant erlotinib and nilotinib therapy were evaluated using published dose-exposure equivalence metrics and bleeding risk analyses, dose reductions from 20 mg to 15 mg and 10 mg in normal and mild renal dysfunction, respectively, were warranted. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We established a PBPK-DDDI model to prospectively evaluate clinically relevant interactions between rivaroxaban and PKIs for the safe and efficacious management of CA-VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Jing Yi Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Zhi Wei Ng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheng Yuan Chin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ziteng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Yang Q, Li AP. Messenger RNA Expression of Albumin, Transferrin, Transthyretin, Asialoglycoprotein Receptor, Cytochrome P450 Isoform, Uptake Transporter, and Efflux Transporter Genes as a Function of Culture Duration in Prolonged Cultured Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes as Collagen-Matrigel Sandwich Cultures: Evidence for Redifferentiation upon Prolonged Culturing. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:790-802. [PMID: 34135090 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic gene expression as a function of culture duration was evaluated in prolonged cultured human hepatocytes. Human hepatocytes from seven donors were maintained as near-confluent collagen-Matrigelsandwich cultures, with messenger RNA expression for genes responsible for key hepatic functions quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction at culture durations of 0 (day of plating), 2, 7, 9, 16, 23, 26, 29, 36, and 43 days. Key hepatocyte genes were evaluated, including the differentiation markers albumin, transferrin, and transthyretin; the hepatocyte-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A7; uptake transporter isoforms SLC10A1, SLC22A1, SLC22A7, SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, and SLCO2B1; efflux transporter isoforms ATP binding cassette (ABC)B1, ABCB11, ABCC2, ABCC3, ABCC4, and ABCG2; and the nonspecific housekeeping gene hypoxanthine ribosyl transferase 1 (HPRT1). The well established dedifferentiation phenomenon was observed on day 2, with substantial (>80%) decreases in gene expression in day 2 cultures observed for all genes evaluated except HPRT1 and efflux transporters ABCB1, ABCC2, ABCC3 (<50% decrease in expression), ABCC4 (>400% increase in expression), and ABCG2 (no decrease in expression). All genes with a >80% decrease in expression were found to have increased levels of expression on day 7, with peak expression observed on either day 7 or day 9, followed by a gradual decrease in expression up to the longest duration evaluated of 43 days. Our results provide evidence that cultured human hepatocytes undergo redifferentiation upon prolonged culturing. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study reports that although human hepatocytes underwent dedifferentiation upon 2 days of culture, prolonged culturing resulted in redifferentiation based on gene expression of differentiation markers, uptake and efflux transporters, and cytochrome P450 isoforms. The observed redifferentiation suggests that prolonged (>7 days) culturing of human hepatocyte cultures may represent an experimental approach to overcome the initial dedifferentiation process, resulting in "stabilized" hepatocytes that can be applied toward the evaluation of drug properties requiring an extended period of treatment and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | - Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland
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Poulin P, Haddad S. A New Guidance for the Prediction of Hepatic Clearance in the Early Drug Discovery and Development from the in Vitro-to-in Vivo Extrapolation Method and an Approach for Exploring Whether an Albumin-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Phenomenon Could be Present Under in Vivo Conditions. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2841-2858. [PMID: 33857483 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) methods for predicting the hepatic clearance (CL) of drugs based on microsomal or hepatocyte data have certainly advanced; however, there is still place for improving the extrapolations from in vitro assays containing no plasma proteins. Accordingly, there is a discussion on whether the free drug hypothesis or an albumin (ALB)-mediated hepatic uptake phenomenon is the best scaling method. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to guide the prediction of CL and to diagnose which scaling method between the free drug hypothesis and ALB-mediated uptake could be more accurate; this, irrespective of the mechanism(s) governing CL if the drugs can get to the hepatocyte membrane. The analysis of several datasets demonstrated that almost all values of CL in vivo fall within the two calculated values of CL use as boundaries from: 1) the free drug hypothesis, and 2) ALB-mediated uptake. The average value from these two CL boundaries predicted the CL in vivo with an incredible accuracy. Validating these boundaries in preclinical species prior going to human as well as considering the fractional binding in plasma increased the accuracy. Overall, this study is another step towards guiding the CL prediction in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Consultant Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec City, Québec, Canada; School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sami Haddad
- School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Peng Y, Cheng Z, Xie F. Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions: A Review of the Mechanisms, In Vitro and In Silico Approaches. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11020075. [PMID: 33513941 PMCID: PMC7912632 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions (DDIs) occur when a drug alters the absorption, transport, distribution, metabolism or excretion of a co-administered agent. The occurrence of pharmacokinetic DDIs may result in the increase or the decrease of drug concentrations, which can significantly affect the drug efficacy and safety in patients. Enzyme-mediated DDIs are of primary concern, while the transporter-mediated DDIs are less understood but also important. In this review, we presented an overview of the different mechanisms leading to DDIs, the in vitro experimental tools for capturing the factors affecting DDIs, and in silico methods for quantitative predictions of DDIs. We also emphasized the power and strategy of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for the assessment of DDIs, which can integrate relevant in vitro data to simulate potential drug interaction in vivo. Lastly, we pointed out the future directions and challenges for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Feifan Xie
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0731-8265-0446
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Liang X, Park Y, DeForest N, Hao J, Zhao X, Niu C, Wang K, Smith B, Lai Y. In Vitro Hepatic Uptake in Human and Monkey Hepatocytes in the Presence and Absence of Serum Protein and Its In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1283-1292. [PMID: 33037043 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that human hepatic clearance based on in vitro metabolism or transporter assays systematically resulted in underprediction; therefore, large empirical scalars are often needed in either static or physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to accurately predict human pharmacokinetics (PK). In our current investigation, we assessed hepatic uptake in hepatocyte suspension in Krebs-Henseleit buffer in the presence and absence of serum. The results showed that the unbound intrinsic active clearance (CLu,int,active) values obtained by normalizing the unbound fraction in the buffer containing 10% serum were generally higher than the CLu,int,active obtained directly from protein free buffer, suggesting "protein-facilitated" uptake. The differences of CLu,int,active in the buffer with and without protein ranged from 1- to 925-fold and negatively correlated to the unbound serum binding of organic anion transporting polypeptide substrates. When using the uptake values obtained from buffer containing serum versus serum-free buffer, the median of scaling factors (SFs) for CLu,int,active reduced from 24.2-4.6 to 22.7-7.1 for human and monkey, respectively, demonstrating the improvement of in vitro to in vivo extrapolation in a PBPK model. Furthermore, values of CLu,int,active were significantly higher in monkey hepatocytes than that in human, and the species differences appeared to be compound dependent. Scaling up in vitro uptake values derived in assays containing species-specific serum can compensate for the species-specific variabilities when using cynomolgus monkey as a probe animal model. Incorporating SFs calibrated in monkey and together with scaled in vitro data can be a reliable approach for the prospective human PK prediction in early drug discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We investigated the protein effect on hepatic uptake in human and monkey hepatocytes and improved the in vitro to in vivo extrapolation using parameters obtained from the incubation in the present of serum protein. In addition, significantly higher active uptake clearances were observed in monkey hepatocytes than in human, and the species differences appeared to be compound dependent. The physiologically based pharmacokinetic model that incorporates scaling factors calibrated in monkey and together with scaled in vitro human data can be a reliable approach for the prospective human pharmacokinetics prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California
| | - Yeojin Park
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California
| | | | - Jia Hao
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California
| | - Congrong Niu
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California
| | - Kelly Wang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California
| | - Bill Smith
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California
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Human variability in influx and efflux transporters in relation to uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 140:111305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Model-Informed Drug Discovery and Development Strategy for the Rapid Development of Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Combinations. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis requires new effective and safe drug regimens. However, drug discovery and development are challenging, lengthy and costly. The framework of model-informed drug discovery and development (MID3) is proposed to be applied throughout the preclinical to clinical phases to provide an informative prediction of drug exposure and efficacy in humans in order to select novel anti-tuberculosis drug combinations. The MID3 includes pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic and quantitative systems pharmacology models, machine learning and artificial intelligence, which integrates all the available knowledge related to disease and the compounds. A translational in vitro-in vivo link throughout modeling and simulation is crucial to optimize the selection of regimens with the highest probability of receiving approval from regulatory authorities. In vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling provide powerful tools to predict pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions based on preclinical information. Mechanistic or semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models have been successfully applied to predict the clinical exposure-response profile for anti-tuberculosis drugs using preclinical data. Potential pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions can be predicted from in vitro data through IVIVC and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling accounting for translational factors. It is essential for academic and industrial drug developers to collaborate across disciplines to realize the huge potential of MID3.
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Sodhi JK, Liu S, Benet LZ. Challenging the Relevance of Unbound Tissue-to-Blood Partition Coefficient (Kp uu) on Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions. Pharm Res 2020; 37:73. [PMID: 32215750 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02797-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the theoretical/practical utility of the liver-to-blood partition coefficient (Kpuu) for predicting drug-drug interactions (DDIs), and compare the Kpuu-approach to the extended clearance concept AUCR-approach. METHODS The Kpuu relationship was derived from first principles. Theoretical simulations investigated the impact of changes in a single hepatic-disposition process on unbound systemic (AUCB,u) and hepatic exposure (AUCH,u) versus Kpuu. Practical aspects regarding Kpuu utilization were examined by predicting the magnitude of DDI between ketoconazole and midazolam employing published ketoconazole Kpuu values. RESULTS The Kpuu hepatic-disposition relationship is based on the well-stirred model. Simulations emphasize that changes in influx/efflux intrinsic clearances result in Kpuu changes, however AUCH,u remains unchanged. Although incorporation of Kpuu is believed to improve DDI-predictions, utilizing published ketoconazole Kpuu values resulted in prediction errors for a midazolam DDI. CONCLUSIONS There is limited benefit in using Kpuu for DDI-predictions as the AUCR-based approach can reasonably predict DDIs without measurement of intracellular drug concentrations, a difficult task hindered by experimental variability. Further, Kpuu changes can mislead as they may not correlate with changes in AUCB,u or AUCH,u. The well-stirred model basis of Kpuu when applied to hepatic-disposition implies that nuances of intracellular drug distribution are not considered by the Kpuu model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Ave Rm U68, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States
| | - Shuaibing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Ave Rm U68, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States.
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Kimoto E, Obach RS, Varma MV. Identification and quantitation of enzyme and transporter contributions to hepatic clearance for the assessment of potential drug-drug interactions. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:18-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hernández Lozano I, Langer O. Use of imaging to assess the activity of hepatic transporters. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:149-164. [PMID: 31951754 PMCID: PMC7055509 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1718107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Membrane transporters of the SLC and ABC families are abundantly expressed in the liver, where they control the transfer of drugs/drug metabolites across the sinusoidal and canalicular hepatocyte membranes and play a pivotal role in hepatic drug clearance. Noninvasive imaging methods, such as PET, SPECT or MRI, allow for measuring the activity of hepatic transporters in vivo, provided that suitable transporter imaging probes are available.Areas covered: We give an overview of the working principles of imaging-based assessment of hepatic transporter activity. We discuss different currently available PET/SPECT radiotracers and MRI contrast agents and their applications to measure hepatic transporter activity in health and disease. We cover mathematical modeling approaches to obtain quantitative parameters of transporter activity and provide a critical assessment of methodological limitations and challenges associated with this approach.Expert opinion: PET in combination with pharmacokinetic modeling can be potentially applied in drug development to study the distribution of new drug candidates to the liver and their clearance mechanisms. This approach bears potential to mechanistically assess transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions, to assess the influence of disease on hepatic drug disposition and to validate and refine currently available in vitro-in vivo extrapolation methods to predict hepatic clearance of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
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Benet LZ, Bowman CM, Sodhi JK. How Transporters Have Changed Basic Pharmacokinetic Understanding. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:103. [PMID: 31482335 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and continued evolution of the transporter field has caused re-evaluation and refinement of the original principles surrounding drug disposition. In this paper, we emphasize the impact that transporters can have on volume of distribution and how this can affect the other major pharmacokinetic parameters. When metabolic drug-drug interactions or pharmacogenomic variance changes the metabolism of a drug, the volume of distribution appears to be unchanged while clearance, bioavailability, and half-life are changed. When transporters are involved in the drug-drug interactions or pharmacogenomic variance, the volume of distribution can be markedly affected causing counterintuitive changes in half-life. Cases are examined where a volume of distribution change is significant enough that although clearance decreases, half-life decreases. Thus, drug dosing decisions must be made based on CL/F changes, not half-life changes, as such volume of distribution alterations will also influence the half-life results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Avenue, Room U-68, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA.
| | - Christine M Bowman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Avenue, Room U-68, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Avenue, Room U-68, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
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Benet LZ, Bowman CM, Liu S, Sodhi JK. The Extended Clearance Concept Following Oral and Intravenous Dosing: Theory and Critical Analyses. Pharm Res 2018; 35:242. [PMID: 30349948 PMCID: PMC6364828 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To derive the theoretical basis for the extended clearance model of organ elimination following both oral and IV dosing, and critically analyze the approaches previously taken. METHODS We derived from first principles the theoretical basis for the extended clearance concept of organ elimination following both oral and IV dosing and critically analyzed previous approaches. RESULTS We point out a number of critical characteristics that have either been misinterpreted or not clearly presented in previously published treatments. First, the extended clearance concept is derived based on the well-stirred model. It is not appropriate to use alternative models of hepatic clearance. In analyzing equations, clearance terms are all intrinsic clearances, not total drug clearances. Flow and protein binding parameters should reflect blood measurements, not plasma values. In calculating the AUCR-factor following oral dosing, the AUC terms do not include flow parameters. We propose that calculations of AUCR may be a more useful approach to evaluate drug-drug and pharmacogenomic interactions than evaluating rate-determining steps. Through analyses of cerivastatin and fluvastatin interactions with cyclosporine we emphasize the need to characterize volume of distribution changes resulting from transporter inhibition/induction that can affect rate constants in PBPK models. Finally, we note that for oral doses, prediction of systemic and intrahepatic drug-drug interactions do not require knowledge of fu,H or Kp,uu for substrates/victims. CONCLUSIONS The extended clearance concept is a powerful tool to evaluate drug-drug interactions, pharmacogenomic and disease state variance but evaluating the AUCR-factor may provide a more valuable approach than characterizing rate-determining steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143-0912, USA.
| | - Christine M Bowman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143-0912, USA
| | - Shufang Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143-0912, USA
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143-0912, USA
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17
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Caetano-Pinto P, Stahl SH. Perspective on the Application of Microphysiological Systems to Drug Transporter Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1647-1657. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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18
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Kratochwil NA, Triyatni M, Mueller MB, Klammers F, Leonard B, Turley D, Schmaler J, Ekiciler A, Molitor B, Walter I, Gonsard PA, Tournillac CA, Durrwell A, Marschmann M, Jones R, Ullah M, Boess F, Ottaviani G, Jin Y, Parrott NJ, Fowler S. Simultaneous Assessment of Clearance, Metabolism, Induction, and Drug-Drug Interaction Potential Using a Long-Term In Vitro Liver Model for a Novel Hepatitis B Virus Inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:237-248. [PMID: 29453199 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term in vitro liver models are now widely explored for human hepatic metabolic clearance prediction, enzyme phenotyping, cross-species metabolism, comparison of low clearance drugs, and induction studies. Here, we present studies using a long-term liver model, which show how metabolism and active transport, drug-drug interactions, and enzyme induction in healthy and diseased states, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, may be assessed in a single test system to enable effective data integration for physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. The approach is exemplified in the case of (3S)-4-[[(4R)-4-(2-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-5-methoxycarbonyl-2-thiazol-2-yl-1,4-dihydropyrimidin-6-yl]methyl]morpholine-3-carboxylic acid RO6889678, a novel inhibitor of HBV with a complex absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profile. RO6889678 showed an intracellular enrichment of 78-fold in hepatocytes, with an apparent intrinsic clearance of 5.2 µl/min per mg protein and uptake and biliary clearances of 2.6 and 1.6 µl/min per mg protein, respectively. When apparent intrinsic clearance was incorporated into a PBPK model, the simulated oral human profiles were in good agreement with observed data at low doses but were underestimated at high doses due to unexpected overproportional increases in exposure with dose. In addition, the induction potential of RO6889678 on cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and transporters at steady state was assessed and cotreatment with ritonavir revealed a complex drug-drug interaction with concurrent P450 inhibition and moderate UDP-glucuronosyltransferase induction. Furthermore, we report on the first evaluation of in vitro pharmacokinetics studies using HBV-infected HepatoPac cocultures. Thus, long-term liver models have great potential as translational research tools exploring pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in vitro in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Kratochwil
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Miriam Triyatni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Martina B Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Florian Klammers
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Brian Leonard
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Dan Turley
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Josephine Schmaler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Aynur Ekiciler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Birgit Molitor
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Isabelle Walter
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Pierre-Alexis Gonsard
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Charles A Tournillac
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Alexandre Durrwell
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Michaela Marschmann
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Russell Jones
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Mohammed Ullah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Franziska Boess
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Giorgio Ottaviani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Yuyan Jin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Neil J Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.A.K., M.B.M., F.K., A.E., B.M., I.W., P.-A.G., C.A.T., A.D., M.M., R.J., M.U., F.B., N.J.P., S.F.) and Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Areas (M.T., B.L., D.T., J.S.), Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China (G.O., Y.Y.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Arya
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology 4, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jennifer J Kiser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado
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20
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Pan Y, Hsu V, Grimstein M, Zhang L, Arya V, Sinha V, Grillo JA, Zhao P. The Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict the Role of Drug Transporters: Scientific and Regulatory Perspectives. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 56 Suppl 7:S122-31. [PMID: 27385170 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transporters play an important role in drug absorption, disposition, and drug action. The evaluation of drug transporters requires a comprehensive understanding of transporter biology and pharmacology. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models may offer an integrative platform to quantitatively evaluate the role of drug transporters and its interplay with other drug disposition processes such as passive drug diffusion and elimination by metabolizing enzymes. To date, PBPK modeling and simulations integrating drug transporters lag behind that for drug-metabolizing enzymes. In addition, predictive performance of PBPK has not been well established for predicting the role of drug transporters in the pharmacokinetics of a drug. To enhance overall predictive performance of transporter-based PBPK models, it is necessary to have a detailed understanding of transporter biology for proper representation in the models and to have a quantitative understanding of the contribution of transporters in the absorption and metabolism of a drug. This article summarizes PBPK-based submissions evaluating the role of drug transporters to the Office of Clinical Pharmacology of the US Food and Drug Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Pan
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Current affiliation: Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vicky Hsu
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Manuela Grimstein
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vikram Arya
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vikram Sinha
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Joseph A Grillo
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ping Zhao
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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21
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Jaroch K, Jaroch A, Bojko B. Cell cultures in drug discovery and development: The need of reliable in vitro-in vivo extrapolation for pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics assessment. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:297-312. [PMID: 28811111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For ethical and cost-related reasons, use of animals for the assessment of mode of action, metabolism and/or toxicity of new drug candidates has been increasingly scrutinized in research and industrial applications. Implementation of the 3 "Rs"1; rule (Reduction, Replacement, Refinement) through development of in silico or in vitro assays has become an essential element of risk assessment. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK2) modeling is the most potent in silico tool used for extrapolation of pharmacokinetic parameters to animal or human models from results obtained in vitro. Although, many types of in vitro assays are conducted during drug development, use of cell cultures is the most reliable one. Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have been a part of drug development for many years. Nowadays, their role is decreasing in favor of three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures and co-cultures. 3D cultures exhibit protein expression patterns and intercellular junctions that are closer to in vivo states in comparison to classical monolayer cultures. Co-cultures allow for examinations of the mutual influence of different cell lines. However, the complexity and high costs of co-cultures and 3D equipment exclude such methods from high-throughput screening (HTS).3In vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion assessment, as well as drug-drug interaction (DDI), are usually performed with the use of various cell culture based assays. Progress in in silico and in vitro methods can lead to better in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE4) outcomes and have a potential to contribute towards a significant reduction in the number of laboratory animals needed for drug research. As such, concentrated efforts need to be spent towards the development of an HTS in vitro platform with satisfactory IVIVE features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Jaroch
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2 Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Jaroch
- Department and Institute of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Dębowa 3 Street, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland; Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Curie Sklodowskiej 9 Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2 Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Cellular Models and In Vitro Assays for the Screening of modulators of P-gp, MRP1 and BCRP. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040600. [PMID: 28397762 PMCID: PMC6153761 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are highly expressed in tumor cells, as well as in organs involved in absorption and secretion processes, mediating the ATP-dependent efflux of compounds, both endogenous substances and xenobiotics, including drugs. Their expression and activity levels are modulated by the presence of inhibitors, inducers and/or activators. In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies with both known and newly synthesized P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inducers and/or activators have shown the usefulness of these transport mechanisms in reducing the systemic exposure and specific tissue access of potentially harmful compounds. This article focuses on the main ABC transporters involved in multidrug resistance [P-gp, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)] expressed in tissues of toxicological relevance, such as the blood-brain barrier, cardiovascular system, liver, kidney and intestine. Moreover, it provides a review of the available cellular models, in vitro and ex vivo assays for the screening and selection of safe and specific inducers and activators of these membrane transporters. The available cellular models and in vitro assays have been proposed as high throughput and low-cost alternatives to excessive animal testing, allowing the evaluation of a large number of compounds.
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Sun Y, Chothe PP, Sager JE, Tsao H, Moore A, Laitinen L, Hariparsad N. Quantitative Prediction of CYP3A4 Induction: Impact of Measured, Free, and Intracellular Perpetrator Concentrations from Human Hepatocyte Induction Studies on Drug-Drug Interaction Predictions. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:692-705. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.075481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Varma MV, Kimoto E, Scialis R, Bi Y, Lin J, Eng H, Kalgutkar AS, El-Kattan AF, Rodrigues AD, Tremaine LM. Transporter-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Plays an Important Role in the Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Montelukast. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 101:406-415. [PMID: 27648490 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist commonly prescribed for treatment of asthma, is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C8, and has been suggested as a probe substrate for investigating CYP2C8 activity in vivo. We evaluated the quantitative role of hepatic uptake transport in its pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Montelukast was characterized with significant active uptake in human hepatocytes, and showed affinity towards organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) in transfected cell systems. Single-dose rifampicin, an OATP inhibitor, decreased montelukast clearance in rats and monkeys. Clinical DDIs of montelukast were evaluated using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling; and simulation of the interactions with gemfibrozil-CYP2C8 and OATP1B1/1B3 inhibitor, clarithromycin-CYP3A and OATP1B1/1B3 inhibitor, and itraconazole-CYP3A inhibitor, implicated OATPs-CYP2C8-CYP2C8 interplay as the primary determinant of montelukast pharmacokinetics. In conclusion, hepatic uptake plays a key role in the pharmacokinetics of montelukast, which should be taken into account when interpreting clinical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - E Kimoto
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - R Scialis
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Y Bi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - J Lin
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - H Eng
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - A S Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A F El-Kattan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A D Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - L M Tremaine
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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25
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Liu H, Sahi J. Role of Hepatic Drug Transporters in Drug Development. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 56 Suppl 7:S11-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Houfu Liu
- Mechanistic Safety and Disposition, Platform Technology and Science; GlaxoSmithKline R&D; Shanghai China
| | - Jasminder Sahi
- Projects, Standards & Innovation; Asia Pacific DSAR, Sanofi; Shanghai China
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26
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Varma MV, El-Kattan AF. Transporter-Enzyme Interplay: Deconvoluting Effects of Hepatic Transporters and Enzymes on Drug Disposition Using Static and Dynamic Mechanistic Models. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 56 Suppl 7:S99-S109. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manthena V. Varma
- Pharmacokinetics; Dynamics and Metabolism; Worldwide Research and Development; Pfizer Inc; Groton CT USA
| | - Ayman F. El-Kattan
- Pharmacokinetics; Dynamics and Metabolism; Worldwide Research and Development; Pfizer Inc; Cambridge MA USA
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27
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Brian W, Tremaine LM, Arefayene M, de Kanter R, Evers R, Guo Y, Kalabus J, Lin W, Loi CM, Xiao G. Assessment of drug metabolism enzyme and transporter pharmacogenetics in drug discovery and early development: perspectives of the I-PWG. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:615-31. [PMID: 27045656 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.16.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants of drug metabolism enzymes and transporters can result in high pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability, unwanted characteristics of efficacious and safe drugs. Ideally, the contributions of these enzymes and transporters to drug disposition can be predicted from in vitro experiments and in silico modeling in discovery or early development, and then be utilized during clinical development. Recently, regulatory agencies have provided guidance on the preclinical investigation of pharmacogenetics, for application to clinical drug development. This white paper summarizes the results of an industry survey conducted by the Industry Pharmacogenomics Working Group on current practice and challenges with using in vitro systems and in silico models to understand pharmacogenetic causes of variability in drug disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Brian
- Sanofi, Translational Medicine and Early Development, 55 Corporate Drive, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA
| | - Larry M Tremaine
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Research and Development, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Million Arefayene
- Biogen, Early Development Sciences, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ruben de Kanter
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Raymond Evers
- Merck & Co, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ07033, USA
| | - Yingying Guo
- Eli Lilly and Company, Drug Disposition, LillyCorporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - James Kalabus
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, 1 Health Plaza, EastHanover, NJ 07936, USA
| | - Wen Lin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ07936-1080, USA
| | - Cho-Ming Loi
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Research and Development, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism,10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Guangqing Xiao
- Biogen, Preclinical PK and In vitro ADME, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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28
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Malik MY, Jaiswal S, Sharma A, Shukla M, Lal J. Role of enterohepatic recirculation in drug disposition: cooperation and complications. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:281-327. [PMID: 26987379 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2016.1157600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enterohepatic recirculation (EHC) concerns many physiological processes and notably affects pharmacokinetic parameters such as plasma half-life and AUC as well as estimates of bioavailability of drugs. Also, EHC plays a detrimental role as the compounds/drugs are allowed to recycle. An in-depth comprehension of this phenomenon and its consequences on the pharmacological effects of affected drugs is important and decisive in the design and development of new candidate drugs. EHC of a compound/drug occurs by biliary excretion and intestinal reabsorption, sometimes with hepatic conjugation and intestinal deconjugation. EHC leads to prolonged elimination half-life of the drugs, altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Study of the EHC of any drug is complicated due to unavailability of the apposite model, sophisticated procedures and ethical concerns. Different in vitro and in vivo methods for studies in experimental animals and humans have been devised, each having its own merits and demerits. Involvement of the different transporters in biliary excretion, intra- and inter-species, pathological and biochemical variabilities obscure the study of the phenomenon. Modeling of drugs undergoing EHC has always been intricate and exigent models have been exploited to interpret the pharmacokinetic profiles of drugs witnessing multiple peaks due to EHC. Here, we critically appraise the mechanisms of bile formation, factors affecting biliary drug elimination, methods to estimate biliary excretion of drugs, EHC, multiple peak phenomenon and its modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Yaseen Malik
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Raebareli , India ;,b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Swati Jaiswal
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India ;,d Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi , Oxford , USA
| | - Mahendra Shukla
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
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Transcriptomic variation of pharmacogenes in multiple human tissues and lymphoblastoid cell lines. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 17:137-145. [PMID: 26856248 PMCID: PMC4980276 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the expression level and activity of genes involved in drug disposition and action (‘pharmacogenes') can affect drug response and toxicity, especially when in tissues of pharmacological importance. Previous studies have relied primarily on microarrays to understand gene expression differences, or have focused on a single tissue or small number of samples. The goal of this study was to use RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to determine the expression levels and alternative splicing of 389 Pharmacogenomics Research Network pharmacogenes across four tissues (liver, kidney, heart and adipose) and lymphoblastoid cell lines, which are used widely in pharmacogenomics studies. Analysis of RNA-seq data from 139 different individuals across the 5 tissues (20–45 individuals per tissue type) revealed substantial variation in both expression levels and splicing across samples and tissue types. Comparison with GTEx data yielded a consistent picture. This in-depth exploration also revealed 183 splicing events in pharmacogenes that were previously not annotated. Overall, this study serves as a rich resource for the research community to inform biomarker and drug discovery and use.
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Li Q, Yang H, Guo D, Zhang T, Polli JE, Zhou H, Shu Y. Effect of Ondansetron on Metformin Pharmacokinetics and Response in Healthy Subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:489-94. [PMID: 26825640 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists such as ondansetron have been used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting for over 2 decades. This study was to determine whether ondansetron could serve as a perpetrator drug causing transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions in humans. Twelve unrelated male healthy Chinese volunteers were enrolled into a prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover study to investigate the effects of ondansetron or placebo on the pharmacokinetics of and the response to metformin, a well-characterized substrate of organic cation transporters and multidrug and toxin extrusions (MATEs). Ondansetron treatment caused a statistically significantly higher Cmax of metformin compared with placebo (18.3 ± 5.05 versus 15.2 ± 3.23; P = 0.006) and apparently decreased the renal clearance of metformin by 37% as compared with placebo (P = 0.001). Interestingly, ondansetron treatment also statistically significantly improved glucose tolerance in subjects, as indicated by the smaller glucose area under the curve in the oral glucose tolerance test (10.4 ± 1.43) as compared with placebo (11.5 ± 2.29 mmol∙mg/l) (P = 0.020). It remains possible that ondansetron itself may affect glucose homeostasis in human subjects, but our clinical study, coupled with our previous findings in cells and in animal models, indicates that ondansetron can cause a drug-drug interaction via its potent inhibition of MATE transporters in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (Q.L., H.Y., D.G., J.E.P., Y.S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China (Q.L., T.Z., H.Z.)
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (Q.L., H.Y., D.G., J.E.P., Y.S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China (Q.L., T.Z., H.Z.)
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (Q.L., H.Y., D.G., J.E.P., Y.S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China (Q.L., T.Z., H.Z.)
| | - Taolan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (Q.L., H.Y., D.G., J.E.P., Y.S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China (Q.L., T.Z., H.Z.)
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (Q.L., H.Y., D.G., J.E.P., Y.S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China (Q.L., T.Z., H.Z.)
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (Q.L., H.Y., D.G., J.E.P., Y.S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China (Q.L., T.Z., H.Z.)
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (Q.L., H.Y., D.G., J.E.P., Y.S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China (Q.L., T.Z., H.Z.)
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31
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De Bruyn T, Augustijns PF, Annaert PP. Hepatic Clearance Prediction of Nine Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors in Rat. J Pharm Sci 2016. [PMID: 26202434 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the rate-limiting step in the overall hepatic clearance of the marketed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PI) in rats by predicting the experimentally determined hepatic in vivo clearance of these drugs based on in vitro clearance values for uptake and/or metabolism. In vitro uptake and metabolic clearance values were determined in suspended rat hepatocytes and rat liver microsomes, respectively. In vivo hepatic clearance was determined after intravenous bolus administration in rats. Excellent in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC; R(2) = 0.80) was observed when metabolic intrinsic Cl values were used, which were determined in vitro at a single concentration corresponding to the blood concentration observed in rats in vivo at the mean residence time. On the contrary, poor IVIVC was observed when in vitro metabolic Cl values based on full Michaelis-Menten profiles were used. In addition, the use of uptake Cl values or a combination of both uptake and metabolic clearance data led to poor predictions of in vivo clearance. Although our findings indicate a key role for metabolism in the hepatic clearance of several HIV PI in rats, subsequent simulations revealed that inhibition of hepatic uptake can lead to altered hepatic clearance for several of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom De Bruyn
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Patrick F Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Pieter P Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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32
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Polypharmacology Shakes Hands with Complex Aetiopathology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:802-821. [PMID: 26434643 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diseases are due to deviations of fundamental physiological systems, with different pathologies being characterised by similar malfunctioning biological networks. The ensuing compensatory mechanisms may weaken the body's dynamic ability to respond to further insults and reduce the efficacy of conventional single target treatments. The multitarget, systemic, and prohomeostatic actions emerging for plant cannabinoids exemplify what might be needed for future medicines. Indeed, two combined cannabis extracts were approved as a single medicine (Sativex(®)), while pure cannabidiol, a multitarget cannabinoid, is emerging as a treatment for paediatric drug-resistant epilepsy. Using emerging cannabinoid medicines as an example, we revisit the concept of polypharmacology and describe a new empirical model, the 'therapeutic handshake', to predict efficacy/safety of compound combinations of either natural or synthetic origin.
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Sager JE, Yu J, Ragueneau-Majlessi I, Isoherranen N. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling and Simulation Approaches: A Systematic Review of Published Models, Applications, and Model Verification. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1823-37. [PMID: 26296709 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling and simulation of drug disposition has emerged as an important tool in drug development, clinical study design and regulatory review, and the number of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling related publications and regulatory submissions have risen dramatically in recent years. However, the extent of use of PBPK modeling by researchers, and the public availability of models has not been systematically evaluated. This review evaluates PBPK-related publications to 1) identify the common applications of PBPK modeling; 2) determine ways in which models are developed; 3) establish how model quality is assessed; and 4) provide a list of publically available PBPK models for sensitive P450 and transporter substrates as well as selective inhibitors and inducers. PubMed searches were conducted using the terms "PBPK" and "physiologically based pharmacokinetic model" to collect published models. Only papers on PBPK modeling of pharmaceutical agents in humans published in English between 2008 and May 2015 were reviewed. A total of 366 PBPK-related articles met the search criteria, with the number of articles published per year rising steadily. Published models were most commonly used for drug-drug interaction predictions (28%), followed by interindividual variability and general clinical pharmacokinetic predictions (23%), formulation or absorption modeling (12%), and predicting age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and disposition (10%). In total, 106 models of sensitive substrates, inhibitors, and inducers were identified. An in-depth analysis of the model development and verification revealed a lack of consistency in model development and quality assessment practices, demonstrating a need for development of best-practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Sager
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Li AP. Evaluation of Adverse Drug Properties with Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes and the Integrated Discrete Multiple Organ Co-culture (IdMOC(TM)) System. Toxicol Res 2015; 31:137-49. [PMID: 26191380 PMCID: PMC4505344 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2015.31.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocytes, with complete hepatic metabolizing enzymes, transporters and cofactors, represent the gold standard for in vitro evaluation of drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, and hepatotoxicity. Successful cryopreservation of human hepatocytes enables this experimental system to be used routinely. The use of human hepatocytes to evaluate two major adverse drug properties: drug-drug interactions and hepatotoxicity, are summarized in this review. The application of human hepatocytes in metabolism-based drug-drug interaction includes metabolite profiling, pathway identification, P450 inhibition, P450 induction, and uptake and efflux transporter inhibition. The application of human hepatocytes in toxicity evaluation includes in vitro hepatotoxicity and metabolism-based drug toxicity determination. A novel system, the Integrated Discrete Multiple Organ Co-culture (IdMOC) which allows the evaluation of nonhepatic toxicity in the presence of hepatic metabolism, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories LLC, 9221 Rumsey Road Suite 8, Columbia, MD 21045
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35
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Predicting Clearance Mechanism in Drug Discovery: Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS). Pharm Res 2015; 32:3785-802. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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36
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Varma MVS, Lin J, Bi YA, Kimoto E, Rodrigues AD. Quantitative Rationalization of Gemfibrozil Drug Interactions: Consideration of Transporters-Enzyme Interplay and the Role of Circulating Metabolite Gemfibrozil 1-O-β-Glucuronide. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1108-18. [PMID: 25941268 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemfibrozil has been suggested as a sensitive cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8) inhibitor for clinical investigation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. However, gemfibrozil drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are complex; its major circulating metabolite, gemfibrozil 1-O-β-glucuronide (Gem-Glu), exhibits time-dependent inhibition of CYP2C8, and both parent and metabolite also behave as moderate inhibitors of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) in vitro. Additionally, parent and metabolite also inhibit renal transport mediated by OAT3. Here, in vitro inhibition data for gemfibrozil and Gem-Glu were used to assess their impact on the pharmacokinetics of several victim drugs (including rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, cerivastatin, and repaglinide) by employing both static mechanistic and dynamic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. Of the 48 cases evaluated using the static models, about 75% and 98% of the DDIs were predicted within 1.5- and 2-fold of the observed values, respectively, when incorporating the interaction potential of both gemfibrozil and its 1-O-β-glucuronide. Moreover, the PBPK model was able to recover the plasma profiles of rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, cerivastatin, and repaglinide under control and gemfibrozil treatment conditions. Analyses suggest that Gem-Glu is the major contributor to the DDIs, and its exposure needed to bring about complete inactivation of CYP2C8 is only a fraction of that achieved in the clinic after a therapeutic gemfibrozil dose. Overall, the complex interactions of gemfibrozil can be quantitatively rationalized, and the learnings from this analysis can be applied in support of future predictions of gemfibrozil DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manthena V S Varma
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Jian Lin
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Yi-an Bi
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
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37
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Khurana V, Minocha M, Pal D, Mitra AK. Role of OATP-1B1 and/or OATP-1B3 in hepatic disposition of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 29:179-90. [PMID: 24643910 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2013-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolism of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is mainly mediated via hepatic route, but the mechanism responsible for their hepatocellular accumulation is still unknown. This study was designed to understand the contribution of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) in the hepatic uptake of selected TKIs - pazopanib, canertinib, erlotinib, vandetanib and nilotinib. METHODS Michaelis-Menten (MM) kinetic parameters for TKIs were determined by concentration-dependent cellular accumulation of selected TKIs using Chinese hamster ovary cells - wild type as well as transfected with humanized OATP-1B1 and OATP-1B3 transporter proteins. RESULTS The MM constant (Km) values of OATP-1B1 for nilotinib and vandetanib are 10.14±1.91 and 2.72±0.25 μM, respectively, and Vmax values of OATP-1B1 for nilotinib and vandetanib were 6.95±0.47 and 75.95±1.99 nmol/mg protein per minute, respectively. Likewise, Km values of OATP-1B3 for canertinib, nilotinib and vandetanib were 12.18±3.32, 7.84±1.43 and 4.37±0.79 μM, respectively, and Vmax values of OATP-1B3 for canertinib, nilotinib and vandetanib were 15.34±1.59, 6.75±0.42 and 194.64±10.58 nmol/mg protein per minute, respectively. Canertinib did not exhibit any substrate specificity toward OATP-1B1. Also, erlotinib and pazopanib did not exhibit any substrate specificity toward OATP-1B1 and -1B3. CONCLUSIONS Because selected TKIs are the substrates of OATP-1B1 and -1B3 expressed in hepatic tissue, these compounds can be regarded as molecular targets for transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Any alteration in the function of these hepatic OATPs might account for the pharmacokinetic variability of TKIs.
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Varma MV, Pang KS, Isoherranen N, Zhao P. Dealing with the complex drug-drug interactions: Towards mechanistic models. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:71-92. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manthena V. Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Inc; Groton Connecticut USA
| | - K. Sandy Pang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Toronto; M5S 3M2 Canada
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| | - Ping Zhao
- Division of Pharmacometrics, Office of Clinical Pharmacology/Office of Translational Sciences; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring MD USA
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Li R, Barton HA, Maurer TS. Toward Prospective Prediction of Pharmacokinetics in OATP1B1 Genetic Variant Populations. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 3:e151. [PMID: 25494035 PMCID: PMC4288003 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2014.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are increasingly being used to provide human pharmacokinetic (PK) predictions for organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) substrates based on in vitro assay data. As a natural extension in the application of these models, in this study, we incorporated in vitro information of three major OATP1B1 genetic variants into a previously reported PBPK model to predict the impact of OATP1B1 polymorphisms on human PK. Using pravastatin and rosuvastatin as examples, we showed that the predicted plasma concentration-time profiles in groups carrying different OATP1B1 genetic variants reasonably matched the clinical observations from multiple studies. This modeling and simulation approach may aid decision making in early pharmaceutical research and development as well as patient-specific dose adjustment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Li
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - H A Barton
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - T S Maurer
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Jamei M, Bajot F, Neuhoff S, Barter Z, Yang J, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Rowland-Yeo K. A mechanistic framework for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of liver membrane transporters: prediction of drug-drug interaction between rosuvastatin and cyclosporine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 53:73-87. [PMID: 23881596 PMCID: PMC3889821 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives The interplay between liver metabolising enzymes and transporters is a complex process involving system-related parameters such as liver blood perfusion as well as drug attributes including protein and lipid binding, ionisation, relative magnitude of passive and active permeation. Metabolism- and/or transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions (mDDIs and tDDIs) add to the complexity of this interplay. Thus, gaining meaningful insight into the impact of each element on the disposition of a drug and accurately predicting drug–drug interactions becomes very challenging. To address this, an in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE)-linked mechanistic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) framework for modelling liver transporters and their interplay with liver metabolising enzymes has been developed and implemented within the Simcyp Simulator®. Methods In this article an IVIVE technique for liver transporters is described and a full-body PBPK model is developed. Passive and active (saturable) transport at both liver sinusoidal and canalicular membranes are accounted for and the impact of binding and ionisation processes is considered. The model also accommodates tDDIs involving inhibition of multiple transporters. Integrating prior in vitro information on the metabolism and transporter kinetics of rosuvastatin (organic-anion transporting polypeptides OATP1B1, OAT1B3 and OATP2B1, sodium-dependent taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide [NTCP] and breast cancer resistance protein [BCRP]) with one clinical dataset, the PBPK model was used to simulate the drug disposition of rosuvastatin for 11 reported studies that had not been used for development of the rosuvastatin model. Results The simulated area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC), maximum concentration (Cmax) and the time to reach Cmax (tmax) values of rosuvastatin over the dose range of 10–80 mg, were within 2-fold of the observed data. Subsequently, the validated model was used to investigate the impact of coadministration of cyclosporine (ciclosporin), an inhibitor of OATPs, BCRP and NTCP, on the exposure of rosuvastatin in healthy volunteers. Conclusion The results show the utility of the model to integrate a wide range of in vitro and in vivo data and simulate the outcome of clinical studies, with implications for their design. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40262-013-0097-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jamei
- Simcyp Limited (A Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, John Street, S2 4SU, Sheffield, UK,
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Varma MV, Bi YA, Kimoto E, Lin J. Quantitative Prediction of Transporter- and Enzyme-Mediated Clinical Drug-Drug Interactions of Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide 1B1 Substrates Using a Mechanistic Net-Effect Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:214-23. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.215970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Li R, Barton HA, Varma MV. Prediction of Pharmacokinetics and Drug–Drug Interactions When Hepatic Transporters are Involved. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 53:659-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Feng B, Varma MV, Costales C, Zhang H, Tremaine L. In vitroandin vivoapproaches to characterize transporter-mediated disposition in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:873-90. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.922540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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44
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Varma MVS, Scialis RJ, Lin J, Bi YA, Rotter CJ, Goosen TC, Yang X. Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic modeling to evaluate transporter-enzyme interplay in drug interactions and pharmacogenetics of glyburide. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 16:736-48. [PMID: 24839071 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to characterize the involvement of hepato-biliary transport and cytochrome-P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism in the disposition of glyburide and predict its pharmacokinetic variability due to drug interactions and genetic variations. Comprehensive in vitro studies suggested that glyburide is a highly permeable drug with substrate affinity to multiple efflux pumps and to organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1 and OATP2B1. Active hepatic uptake was found to be significantly higher than the passive uptake clearance (15.8 versus 5.3 μL/min/10(6)-hepatocytes), using the sandwich-cultured hepatocyte model. In vitro, glyburide is metabolized (intrinsic clearance, 52.9 μL/min/mg-microsomal protein) by CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C8 with fraction metabolism of 0.53, 0.36, and 0.11, respectively. Using these in vitro data, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, assuming rapid-equilibrium between blood and liver compartments or permeability-limited hepatic disposition, were built to describe pharmacokinetics and evaluate drug interactions. Permeability-limited model successfully predicted glyburide interactions with rifampicin and other perpetrator drugs. Conversely, model assuming rapid-equilibrium mispredicted glyburide interactions, overall, suggesting hepatic uptake as the primary rate-determining process in the systemic clearance of glyburide. Further modeling and simulations indicated that the impairment of CYP2C9 function has a minimal effect on the systemic exposure, implying discrepancy in the contribution of CYP2C9 to glyburide clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manthena V S Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA,
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Abstract
The accuracy of preclinical safety evaluation to predict human toxicity is hindered by species difference in drug metabolism and toxic mechanism between human and nonhuman animals. In vitro human-based experimental systems allowing the assessment of human-specific drug properties represent a logical and practical approach to provide human-specific information. An advantage of in vitro approaches is that they require only limited amounts of time and resources, and, most importantly, do not invoke harm to human patients. Human hepatocytes, with complete hepatic metabolizing enzymes, transporters and cofactors, represent a practical and useful experimental system to assess drug metabolism. The use of human hepatocytes to evaluate two major adverse drug properties, drug–drug interactions and hepatotoxicity, are reviewed. The application of human hepatocytes in metabolism-based drug–drug interactions includes metabolite profiling, pathway identification, CYP450 inhibition, CYP450 induction, and uptake and efflux transporter inhibition. The application of human hepatocytes in toxicity evaluation includes in vitro hepatotoxicity and metabolism-based drug toxicity determination. Correlation of drug toxicity with proteomics and genomics data may allow the discovery of clinical biomarkers for early detection of liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories LLC, 9221 Rumsey Road Suite 8, Columbia, MD 21045, USA
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Abstract
This chapter provides a review of the pharmacogenetics of membrane transporters, including ABC transporters and OATPs. Membrane transporters are heavily involved in drug disposition, by actively transporting substrate drugs between organs and tissues. As such, polymorphisms in the genes encoding these proteins may have a significant effect on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and activity of compounds. Although few drug transporter polymorphisms have transitioned from the bench to the bedside, this chapter discusses clinical development of transporter pharmacogenetic markers. Finally, development of SLCO1B1 genotyping to avoid statin induced adverse drug reactions is discussed as a model case for transporter pharmacogenetics clinical development.
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Ono C, Kikkawa H, Suzuki A, Suzuki M, Yamamoto Y, Ichikawa K, Fukae M, Ieiri I. Clinical impact of genetic variants of drug transporters in different ethnic groups within and across regions. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14:1745-64. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug transporters, together with drug metabolic enzymes, are major determinants of drug disposition and are known to alter the response to many commonly used drugs. Substantial frequency differences for known variants exist across geographic regions for certain drug transporters. To deliver efficacious medicine with the right dose for each patient, it is important to understand the contribution of genetic variants for drug transporters. Recently, mutual pharmacokinetic data usage among Asian regions, which are thought to be relatively similar in their own genetic background, is expected to accelerate new drug applications and reduce developmental costs. Polymorphisms of drug transporters could be key factors to be considered in implementing multiethnic global clinical trials. This review addresses the current knowledge on genetic variations of major drug transporters affecting drug disposition, efficacy and toxicity, focusing on the east Asian populations, and provides insights into future directions for precision medicine and drug development in east Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Ono
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research, Pfizer Japan Inc., 3-22-7, Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8589, Japan
| | - Hironori Kikkawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research, Pfizer Japan Inc., 3-22-7, Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8589, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research, Pfizer Japan Inc., 3-22-7, Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8589, Japan
| | - Misaki Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research, Pfizer Japan Inc., 3-22-7, Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8589, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research, Pfizer Japan Inc., 3-22-7, Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8589, Japan
| | - Katsuomi Ichikawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research, Pfizer Japan Inc., 3-22-7, Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8589, Japan
| | - Masato Fukae
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Ieiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Pfeifer ND, Hardwick RN, Brouwer KLR. Role of hepatic efflux transporters in regulating systemic and hepatocyte exposure to xenobiotics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 54:509-35. [PMID: 24160696 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-140021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic efflux transporters include numerous well-known and emerging proteins localized to the canalicular or basolateral membrane of the hepatocyte that are responsible for the excretion of drugs into the bile or blood, respectively. Altered function of hepatic efflux transporters due to drug-drug interactions, genetic variation, and/or disease states may lead to changes in xenobiotic exposure in the hepatocyte and/or systemic circulation. This review focuses on transport proteins involved in the hepatocellular efflux of drugs and metabolites, discusses mechanisms of altered transporter function as well as the interplay between multiple transport pathways, and highlights the importance of considering intracellular unbound concentrations of transporter substrates and/or inhibitors. Methods to evaluate hepatic efflux transport and predict the effects of impaired transporter function on systemic and hepatocyte exposure are discussed, and the sandwich-cultured hepatocyte model to evaluate comprehensively the role of hepatic efflux in the hepatobiliary disposition of xenobiotics is characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Pfeifer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; ,
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Di L, Feng B, Goosen TC, Lai Y, Steyn SJ, Varma MV, Obach RS. A perspective on the prediction of drug pharmacokinetics and disposition in drug research and development. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1975-93. [PMID: 24065860 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediction of human pharmacokinetics of new drugs, as well as other disposition attributes, has become a routine practice in drug research and development. Prior to the 1990s, drug disposition science was used in a mostly descriptive manner in the drug development phase. With the advent of in vitro methods and availability of human-derived reagents for in vitro studies, drug-disposition scientists became engaged in the compound design phase of drug discovery to optimize and predict human disposition properties prior to nomination of candidate compounds into the drug development phase. This has reaped benefits in that the attrition rate of new drug candidates in drug development for reasons of unacceptable pharmacokinetics has greatly decreased. Attributes that are predicted include clearance, volume of distribution, half-life, absorption, and drug-drug interactions. In this article, we offer our experience-based perspectives on the tools and methods of predicting human drug disposition using in vitro and animal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
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50
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Varma MVS, Lin J, Bi YA, Rotter CJ, Fahmi OA, Lam JL, El-Kattan AF, Goosen TC, Lai Y. Quantitative Prediction of Repaglinide-Rifampicin Complex Drug Interactions Using Dynamic and Static Mechanistic Models: Delineating Differential CYP3A4 Induction and OATP1B1 Inhibition Potential of Rifampicin. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:966-74. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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