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Singh S. Antioxidant nanozymes as next-generation therapeutics to free radical-mediated inflammatory diseases: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129374. [PMID: 38242389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Recent developments in exploring the biological enzyme mimicking properties in nanozymes have opened a separate avenue, which provides a suitable alternative to the natural antioxidants and enzymes. Due to high and tunable catalytic activity, low cost of synthesis, easy surface modification, and good biocompatibility, nanozymes have garnered significant research interest globally. Several inorganic nanomaterials have been investigated to exhibit catalytic activities of some of the key natural enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, peroxidase, and oxidase, etc. These nanozymes are used for diverse biomedical applications including therapeutics, imaging, and biosensing in various cells/tissues and animal models. In particular, inflammation-related diseases are closely associated with reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species, and therefore effective antioxidants could be excellent therapeutics due to their free radical scavenging ability. Although biological enzymes and other artificial antioxidants could perform well in scavenging the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, however, suffer from several drawbacks such as the requirement of strict physiological conditions for enzymatic activity, limited stability in the environment beyond their optimum pH and temperature, and high cost of synthesis, purification, and storage make then unattractive for broad-spectrum applications. Therefore, this review systematically and comprehensively presents the free radical-mediated evolution of various inflammatory diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, mammary gland fibrosis, and inflammation, acute injury of the liver and kidney, mammary fibrosis, and cerebral ischemic stroke reperfusion) and their mitigation by various antioxidant nanozymes in the biological system. The mechanism of free radical scavenging by antioxidant nanozymes under in vitro and in vivo experimental models and catalytic efficiency comparison with corresponding natural enzymes has also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Singh
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Opposite Journalist Colony, Near Gowlidoddy, Extended Q-City Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India.
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2
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Zhou Z, Zhang D, Wang Y, Liu C, Wang L, Yuan Y, Xu X, Jiang Y. Urinary exosomes: a promising biomarker of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1251839. [PMID: 37809338 PMCID: PMC10556478 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1251839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced nephrotoxicity (DIN) is a big concern for clinical medication, but the clinical use of certain nephrotoxic drugs is still inevitable. Current testing methods make it hard to detect early renal injury accurately. In addition to understanding the pathogenesis and risk factors of drug-induced nephrotoxicity, it is crucial to identify specific renal injury biomarkers for early detection of DIN. Urine is an ideal sample source for biomarkers related to kidney disease, and urinary exosomes have great potential as biomarkers for predicting DIN, which has attracted the attention of many scholars. In the present paper, we will first introduce the mechanism of DIN and the biogenesis of urinary exosomes. Finally, we will discuss the changes in urinary exosomes in DIN and compare them with other predictive indicators to enrich and boost the development of biomarkers of DIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunzhen Zhou
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dailiang Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongjing Wang
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chongzhi Liu
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Orthopedic Department, Dazhou Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Dazhou Second People’s Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Xu
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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3
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Prasad NK, Seiple IB, Cirz RT, Rosenberg OS. Leaks in the Pipeline: a Failure Analysis of Gram-Negative Antibiotic Development from 2010 to 2020. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0005422. [PMID: 35471042 PMCID: PMC9112940 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00054-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned that our current arsenal of antibiotics is not innovative enough to face impending infectious diseases, especially those caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Although the current preclinical pipeline is well stocked with novel candidates, the last U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antibiotic with a novel mechanism of action against Gram-negative bacteria was discovered nearly 60 years ago. Of all the antibiotic candidates that initiated investigational new drug (IND) applications in the 2000s, 17% earned FDA approval within 12 years, while an overwhelming 62% were discontinued in that time frame. These "leaks" in the clinical pipeline, where compounds with clinical potential are abandoned during clinical development, indicate that scientific innovations are not reaching the clinic and providing benefits to patients. This is true for not only novel candidates but also candidates from existing antibiotic classes with clinically validated targets. By identifying the sources of the leaks in the clinical pipeline, future developmental efforts can be directed toward strategies that are more likely to flow into clinical use. In this review, we conduct a detailed failure analysis of clinical candidates with Gram-negative activity that have fallen out of the clinical pipeline over the past decade. Although limited by incomplete data disclosure from companies engaging in antibiotic development, we attempt to distill the developmental challenges faced by each discontinued candidate. It is our hope that this insight can help de-risk antibiotic development and bring new, effective antibiotics to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha K. Prasad
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ian B. Seiple
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Oren S. Rosenberg
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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4
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Mukherjee K, Chio TI, Gu H, Sackett DL, Bane SL, Sever S. A Novel Fluorogenic Assay for the Detection of Nephrotoxin-Induced Oxidative Stress in Live Cells and Renal Tissue. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2523-2528. [PMID: 34214393 PMCID: PMC8314269 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Drug-induced kidney
injury frequently leads to aborted clinical
trials and drug withdrawals. Sufficiently sensitive sensors capable
of detecting mild signs of chemical insult in cell-based screening
assays are critical to identifying and eliminating potential toxins
in the preclinical stage. Oxidative stress is a common early manifestation
of chemical toxicity, and biomolecule carbonylation is an irreversible
repercussion of oxidative stress. Here, we present a novel fluorogenic
assay using a sensor, TFCH, that responds to biomolecule carbonylation
and efficiently detects modest forms of renal injury with much greater
sensitivity than standard assays for nephrotoxins. We demonstrate
that this sensor can be deployed in live kidney cells and in renal
tissue. Our robust assay may help inform preclinical decisions to
recall unsafe drug candidates. The application of this sensor in identifying
and analyzing diverse pathologies is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalika Mukherjee
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Tak Ian Chio
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Han Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Dan L. Sackett
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Susan L. Bane
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Sanja Sever
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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5
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Casanova AG, Prieto M, Colino CI, Gutiérrez-Millán C, Ruszkowska-Ciastek B, de Paz E, Martín Á, Morales AI, López-Hernández FJ. A Micellar Formulation of Quercetin Prevents Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E729. [PMID: 33450917 PMCID: PMC7828436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant flavonoid quercetin has been shown to prevent nephrotoxicity in animal models and in a clinical study and is thus a very promising prophylactic candidate under development. Quercetin solubility is very low, which handicaps clinical application. The aim of this work was to study, in rats, the bioavailability and nephroprotective efficacy of a micellar formulation of Pluronic F127-encapsulated quercetin (P-quercetin), with improved hydrosolubility. Intraperitoneal administration of P-quercetin leads to an increased plasma concentration and bioavailability of quercetin compared to the equimolar administration of natural quercetin. Moreover, P-quercetin retains overall nephroprotective properties, and even slightly improves some renal function parameters, when compared to natural quercetin. Specifically, P-quercetin reduced the increment in plasma creatinine (from 3.4 ± 0.5 to 1.2 ± 0.3 mg/dL) and urea (from 490.9 ± 43.8 to 184.1 ± 50.1 mg/dL) and the decrease in creatinine clearance (from 0.08 ± 0.02 to 0.58 ± 0.19 mL/min) induced by the nephrotoxic chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin, and it ameliorated histological evidence of tubular damage. This new formulation with enhanced kinetic and biopharmaceutical properties will allow for further exploration of quercetin as a candidate nephroprotector at lower dosages and by administration routes oriented towards its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo G. Casanova
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.G.C.); (M.P.); (C.I.C.); (C.G.-M.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Toxicology Unit, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Prieto
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.G.C.); (M.P.); (C.I.C.); (C.G.-M.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Toxicology Unit, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Clara I. Colino
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.G.C.); (M.P.); (C.I.C.); (C.G.-M.)
- Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Gutiérrez-Millán
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.G.C.); (M.P.); (C.I.C.); (C.G.-M.)
- Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Barbara Ruszkowska-Ciastek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Esther de Paz
- High Pressure Processes Group, BioEcoUVa, Bioeconomy Research Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (E.d.P.); (Á.M.)
| | - Ángel Martín
- High Pressure Processes Group, BioEcoUVa, Bioeconomy Research Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (E.d.P.); (Á.M.)
| | - Ana I. Morales
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.G.C.); (M.P.); (C.I.C.); (C.G.-M.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Toxicology Unit, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco J. López-Hernández
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.G.C.); (M.P.); (C.I.C.); (C.G.-M.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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6
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Cong Y, Han X, Wang Y, Chen Z, Lu Y, Liu T, Wu Z, Jin Y, Luo Y, Zhang X. Drug Toxicity Evaluation Based on Organ-on-a-chip Technology: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E381. [PMID: 32260191 PMCID: PMC7230535 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip academic research is in its blossom. Drug toxicity evaluation is a promising area in which organ-on-a-chip technology can apply. A unique advantage of organ-on-a-chip is the ability to integrate drug metabolism and drug toxic processes in a single device, which facilitates evaluation of toxicity of drug metabolites. Human organ-on-a-chip has been fabricated and used to assess drug toxicity with data correlation with the clinical trial. In this review, we introduced the microfluidic chip models of liver, kidney, heart, nerve, and other organs and multiple organs, highlighting the application of these models in drug toxicity detection. Some biomarkers of toxic injury that have been used in organ chip platforms or have potential for use on organ chip platforms are summarized. Finally, we discussed the goals and future directions for drug toxicity evaluation based on organ-on-a-chip technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Xiahe Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Youping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zongzheng Chen
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Z.C.); (Z.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yao Lu
- Biotechnologhy Division, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Tingjiao Liu
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China;
| | - Zhengzhi Wu
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Z.C.); (Z.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yu Jin
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Z.C.); (Z.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.)
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7
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Casanova AG, Vicente-Vicente L, Hernández-Sánchez MT, Prieto M, Rihuete MI, Ramis LM, Del Barco E, Cruz JJ, Ortiz A, Cruz-González I, Martínez-Salgado C, Pescador M, López-Hernández FJ, Morales AI. Urinary transferrin pre-emptively identifies the risk of renal damage posed by subclinical tubular alterations. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 121:109684. [PMID: 31810121 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is an important limitation to the clinical use of many drugs and contrast media. Drug nephrotoxicity occurs in acute, subacute and chronic manifestations ranging from glomerular, tubular, vascular and immunological phenotypes to acute kidney injury. Pre-emptive risk assessment of drug nephrotoxicity poses an urgent need of precision medicine to optimize pharmacological therapies and interventional procedures involving nephrotoxic products in a preventive and personalized manner. Biomarkers of risk have been identified in animal models, and risk scores have been proposed, whose clinical use is abated by their reduced applicability to specific etiological models or clinical circumstances. However, our present data suggest that the urinary level of transferrin may be indicative of risk of renal damage, where risk is induced by subclinical tubular alterations regardless of etiology. In fact, urinary transferrin pre-emptively correlates with the subsequent renal damage in animal models in which risk has been induced by drugs and toxins affecting the renal tubules (i.e. cisplatin, gentamicin and uranyl nitrate); whereas transferrin shows no relation with the risk posed by a drug affecting renal hemodynamics (i.e. cyclosporine A). Our experiments also show that transferrin increases in the urine in the risk state (i.e. prior to the damage) precisely as a consequence of reduced tubular reabsorption. Finally, urinary transferrin pre-emptively identifies subpopulations of oncological and cardiac patients at risk of nephrotoxicity. In perspective, urinary transferrin might be further explored as a wider biomarker of an important mechanism of predisposition to renal damage induced by insults causing subclinical tubular alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo G Casanova
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Group of Translational Research on Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TRECARD), Salamanca, Spain; Group of Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Laura Vicente-Vicente
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Group of Translational Research on Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TRECARD), Salamanca, Spain; Group of Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain; National Network for Kidney Research REDINREN, RD016/0009/0025, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Teresa Hernández-Sánchez
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Group of Translational Research on Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TRECARD), Salamanca, Spain; Group of Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marta Prieto
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Group of Translational Research on Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TRECARD), Salamanca, Spain; Group of Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain; National Network for Kidney Research REDINREN, RD016/0009/0025, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Isabel Rihuete
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura M Ramis
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elvira Del Barco
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan J Cruz
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; National Network for Kidney Research REDINREN, RD016/0009/0025, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Cruz-González
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Cardiology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Salgado
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Fundación Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (IECSCYL), Soria, Spain; Group of Translational Research on Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TRECARD), Salamanca, Spain; Group of Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain; National Network for Kidney Research REDINREN, RD016/0009/0025, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Moisés Pescador
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain; Group of Translational Research on Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TRECARD), Salamanca, Spain; Group of Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Francisco J López-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Fundación Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (IECSCYL), Soria, Spain; Group of Translational Research on Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TRECARD), Salamanca, Spain; Group of Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain; National Network for Kidney Research REDINREN, RD016/0009/0025, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana I Morales
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Group of Translational Research on Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TRECARD), Salamanca, Spain; Group of Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain; National Network for Kidney Research REDINREN, RD016/0009/0025, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Soucy JR, Bindas AJ, Koppes AN, Koppes RA. Instrumented Microphysiological Systems for Real-Time Measurement and Manipulation of Cellular Electrochemical Processes. iScience 2019; 21:521-548. [PMID: 31715497 PMCID: PMC6849363 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in electronic materials and subsequent surface modifications have facilitated real-time measurements of cellular processes far beyond traditional passive recordings of neurons and muscle cells. Specifically, the functionalization of conductive materials with ligand-binding aptamers has permitted the utilization of traditional electronic materials for bioelectronic sensing. Further, microfabrication techniques have better allowed microfluidic devices to recapitulate the physiological and pathological conditions of complex tissues and organs in vitro or microphysiological systems (MPS). The convergence of these models with advances in biological/biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) instrumentation has rapidly bolstered a wide array of bioelectronic platforms for real-time cellular analytics. In this review, we provide an overview of the sensing techniques that are relevant to MPS development and highlight the different organ systems to integrate instrumentation for measurement and manipulation of cellular function. Special attention is given to how instrumented MPS can disrupt the drug development and fundamental mechanistic discovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Soucy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam J Bindas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abigail N Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan A Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Glineur SF, Hanon E, Dremier S, Snelling S, Berteau C, De Ron P, Nogueira da Costa A. Assessment of a Urinary Kidney MicroRNA Panel as Potential Nephron Segment-Specific Biomarkers of Subacute Renal Toxicity in Preclinical Rat Models. Toxicol Sci 2019; 166:409-419. [PMID: 30169741 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI) remains a significant concern during drug development. Whereas FDA-endorsed urinary protein biomarkers encounter limitations including the lack of translatability, there is a considerable interest surrounding the application of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the renal biomarker space. Current knowledge about the value of these novel biomarkers for subacute preclinical rodent studies is still sparse. In this work, Wistar rats were treated with three nephrotoxic compounds-cisplatin (CIS, proximal tubule, 2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]), puromycin (PUR, glomerulus, 20/10 mg/kg, i.p.) and N-phenylanthranylic acid (NPAA, collecting ducts, 500 mg/kg, per os)-for up to 28 days to evaluate the performance of a panel of 68 urinary miRNAs as potential nephron segment-specific biomarkers. Out of these 68 kidney injury associated-miRNAs, our selection strategy ultimately revealed rno-miR-34c-5p significantly dysregulated after CIS single administration, and rno-miR-335 and rno-miR-155-5p significantly dysregulated after PUR treatment. In contrast, NPAA daily administration strongly altered the expression profile of 28 miRNAs, with rno-miR-210-3p displaying the most robust changes. A thorough evaluation showed that these miRNA candidates could complement urinary protein biomarkers to detect CIS- or PUR-induced kidney injury in a subacute setting, with a mechanistic (based on rno-miR-34c-5p) and/or a kidney injury detection potential. Our results also provide the first evidence that urinary miRNAs could enhance the detection of collecting duct damage. Overall, these data improve our understanding of the utility of urinary miRNAs as DIKI biomarkers in a subacute DIKI preclinical setting and support the value of using urinary biomarker panels comprising proteins and miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie F Glineur
- Investigative Toxicology, Development Science, UCB Biopharma SPRL, B-1420 Braine L'Alleud, Belgium.,Medvet, AML Lab BVBA, E. Vloorstraat 9, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Etienne Hanon
- Bio Data Analysis, New Medicines Therapeutics, UCB Biopharma SPRL, B-1420 Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Sarah Dremier
- Investigative Toxicology, Development Science, UCB Biopharma SPRL, B-1420 Braine L'Alleud, Belgium.,Head HTS & In Vitro Pharmacology, Ogeda SA, 47 Rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sara Snelling
- Investigative Toxicology, Development Science, UCB Biopharma SPRL, B-1420 Braine L'Alleud, Belgium.,Immunology, Abzena, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Caroline Berteau
- Investigative Toxicology, Development Science, UCB Biopharma SPRL, B-1420 Braine L'Alleud, Belgium.,School of Medicine, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS9 7FT, UK
| | - Pierrette De Ron
- Investigative Toxicology, Development Science, UCB Biopharma SPRL, B-1420 Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
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10
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Tohyama K, Chisaki I, Takai Y, Handa Y, Miyamoto M, Amano N. Relationship of MATE1 Inhibition and Cytotoxicity in Nephrotoxicity: Application for Safety Evaluation in Early Drug Discovery. Toxicol Sci 2019; 170:223-233. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kimio Tohyama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories
| | - Ikumi Chisaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories
| | | | - Yasuhiro Handa
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | | | - Nobuyuki Amano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories
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11
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Itoh H, Inoue M. Comprehensive Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of Macrocyclic Natural Products Enabled by Their Total Syntheses. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10002-10031. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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12
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Troth SP, Simutis F, Friedman GS, Todd S, Sistare FD. Kidney Safety Assessment: Current Practices in Drug Development. Semin Nephrol 2019; 39:120-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Structure-Function Studies of Polymyxin B Lipononapeptides. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030553. [PMID: 30717415 PMCID: PMC6384738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging threat of infections caused by highly drug-resistant bacteria has prompted a resurgence in the use of the lipodecapeptide antibiotics polymyxin B and colistin as last resort therapies. Given the emergence of resistance to these drugs, there has also been a renewed interest in the development of next generation polymyxins with improved therapeutic indices and spectra of action. We report structure-activity studies of 36 polymyxin lipononapeptides structurally characterised by an exocyclic FA-Thr²-Dab³ lipodipeptide motif instead of the native FA-Dab¹-Thr²-Dab³ tripeptide motif found in polymyxin B, removing one of the positively charged residues believed to contribute to nephrotoxicity. The compounds were prepared by solid phase synthesis using an on-resin cyclisation approach, varying the fatty acid and the residues at position 2 (P2), P3 and P4, then assessing antimicrobial potency against a panel of Gram-negative bacteria, including polymyxin-resistant strains. Pairwise comparison of N-acyl nonapeptide and decapeptide analogues possessing different fatty acids demonstrated that antimicrobial potency is strongly influenced by the N-terminal L-Dab-1 residue, contingent upon the fatty acid. This study highlights that antimicrobial potency may be retained upon truncation of the N-terminal L-Dab-1 residue of the native exocyclic lipotripeptide motif found in polymyxin B. The strategy may aid in the design of next generation polymyxins.
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14
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Sosnin S, Karlov D, Tetko IV, Fedorov MV. Comparative Study of Multitask Toxicity Modeling on a Broad Chemical Space. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:1062-1072. [PMID: 30589269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute toxicity is one of the most challenging properties to predict purely with computational methods due to its direct relationship to biological interactions. Moreover, toxicity can be represented by different end points: it can be measured for different species using different types of administration, etc., and it is questionable if the knowledge transfer between end points is possible. We performed a comparative study of prediction multitask toxicity for a broad chemical space using different descriptors and modeling algorithms and applied multitask learning for a large toxicity data set extracted from the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). We demonstrated that multitask modeling provides significant improvement over single-output models and other machine learning methods. Our research reveals that multitask learning can be very useful to improve the quality of acute toxicity modeling and raises a discussion about the usage of multitask approaches for regulation purposes. Our MultiTox models are freely available in OCHEM platform ( ochem.eu/multitox ) under CC-BY-NC license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Sosnin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Skolkovo Innovation Center , Moscow 143026 , Russia
| | - Dmitry Karlov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Skolkovo Innovation Center , Moscow 143026 , Russia
| | - Igor V Tetko
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) , Institute of Structural Biology and BIGCHEM GmbH , Ingolstädter Landstraße 1 , D-85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Maxim V Fedorov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Skolkovo Innovation Center , Moscow 143026 , Russia.,University of Strathclyde , Department of Physics , John Anderson Building, 107 Rottenrow East , Glasgow , U.K. G40NG
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15
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Rana P, Aleo MD, Gosink M, Will Y. Evaluation of in Vitro Mitochondrial Toxicity Assays and Physicochemical Properties for Prediction of Organ Toxicity Using 228 Pharmaceutical Drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 32:156-167. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Payal Rana
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael D. Aleo
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark Gosink
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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16
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Trindade IC, Pound-Lana G, Pereira DGS, de Oliveira LAM, Andrade MS, Vilela JMC, Postacchini BB, Mosqueira VCF. Mechanisms of interaction of biodegradable polyester nanocapsules with non-phagocytic cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 124:89-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Qiu X, Zhou X, Miao Y, Li B. An in vitro method for nephrotoxicity evaluation using HK-2 human kidney epithelial cells combined with biomarkers of nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1205-1213. [PMID: 30510689 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00095f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is one of the major target organs for drug-induced toxicity. During drug development, the traditional markers of nephrotoxicity indicate only severe and late damage, which leads to high costs. The new biomarkers are needed for a more sensitive and reliable evaluation of nephrotoxicity, especially for the regulatory accepted and validated in vitro model. We developed an in vitro model based on the HK-2 cell using the biomarkers of nephrotoxicity as endpoints for the evaluation of nephrotoxicity. The predictive performance of the biomarkers including LDH, GGT, KIM-1, clusterin, CysC, NGAL, TIMP-1, GSTπ and osteopontin was evaluated with 22 well characterized compounds. The area under the curve (AUC) values of KIM-1, clusterin, CysC and osteopontin ranged between 0.79 and 0.84. The combination of clusterin, KIM-1 and/or osteopontin improved the AUC value (ranging between 0.88 and 0.95) compared to one biomarker. Taken together, these results suggest that the model based on the HK-2 cell using clusterin, osteopontin, CysC and KIM-1 as endpoints would allow the prediction of nephrotoxicity at early preclinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qiu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , No. 9 , Dongdan Santiao , Dongcheng District , Beijing 100730 , China . .,National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , A8 Hongda Middle Street , Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area , Beijing 100176 , China
| | - Xiaobing Zhou
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , A8 Hongda Middle Street , Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area , Beijing 100176 , China
| | - Yufa Miao
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , A8 Hongda Middle Street , Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area , Beijing 100176 , China
| | - Bo Li
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , No. 9 , Dongdan Santiao , Dongcheng District , Beijing 100730 , China . .,National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , A8 Hongda Middle Street , Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area , Beijing 100176 , China
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18
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Blaskovich MAT, Pitt ME, Elliott AG, Cooper MA. Can octapeptin antibiotics combat extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2018; 16:485-499. [PMID: 29848132 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1483240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The octapeptins are a family of cyclic lipopeptides first reported in the 1970s then largely ignored. At the time, their reported antibiotic activity against polymyxin-resistant bacteria was a curiosity. Today, the advent of widespread drug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria has prompted their 'rediscovery.' The paucity of new antibiotics in the clinical pipeline is coupled with a global spread of increasing antibiotic resistance, particularly to meropenem and polymyxins B and E (colistin). Areas covered: We review the original discovery of octapeptins, their recent first chemical syntheses, and their mode of action, then discuss their potential as a new class of antibiotics to treat extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative infections, with direct comparisons to the closely related polymyxins. Expert commentary: Cyclic lipopeptides in clinical use (polymyxin antibiotics) have significant dose-limiting nephrotoxicity inherent to their chemotype. This toxicity has prevented improved polymyxin analogs from progressing to the clinic, and tainted the perception of lipopeptide antibiotics in general. We argue that the octapeptins are fundamentally different from the polymyxins, with a disparate mode of action, spectra of action against MDR and XDR bacteria and a superior preclinical safety profile. They represent early-stage candidates that can help prime the antibiotic discovery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A T Blaskovich
- a Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Miranda E Pitt
- a Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- a Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- a Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
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19
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Vaara M. New polymyxin derivatives that display improved efficacy in animal infection models as compared to polymyxin B and colistin. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1661-1673. [PMID: 29485690 DOI: 10.1002/med.21494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymyxin B and colistin (polymyxin E) are bactericidal pentacationic lipopeptides that act specifically on Gram-negative bacteria, first by disrupting their outermost permeability barrier, the outer membrane (OM), and then damaging the cytoplasmic membrane. The discovery of both polymyxin B and colistin was published independently by three laboratories as early as in 1947. They were subsequently used in intravenous therapy. Unfortunately, they also exhibit significant and dose-limiting nephrotoxicity. Therefore, polymyxins were reserved as agents of last-line defense. The emergence of extremely multiresistant strains has now forced clinicians to reinstate polymyxins in the therapy of severe infections. However, the current dosage regimens lead to insufficient drug concentrations in serum and clinicians have been advised to use larger doses, which further increases the risk of nephrotoxicity. Very recently, the interest in developing better tolerated and more effective polymyxins has grown. This review focuses on describing four development programs that have yielded novel derivatives that are more effective than the old polymyxins in animal infection models. Compounds from three programs are superior to the old polymyxins in the rodent lung infection model with Acinetobacter baumannii and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One of them is also more effective than polymyxin B in A. baumannii mouse thigh infection. The fourth program includes compounds that are approximately tenfold more effective in Escherichia coli murine pyelonephritis than polymyxin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martti Vaara
- Northern Antibiotics Ltd., Espoo, Finland.,Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Helsinki University Medical School, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Getzin T, May M, Schmidbauer M, Gutberlet M, Martirosian P, Oertel R, Wacker F, Schindler C, Hueper K. Usability of Functional MRI in Clinical Studies for Fast and Reliable Assessment of Renal Perfusion and Quantification of Hemodynamic Effects on the Kidney. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 58:466-473. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Getzin
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Marcus May
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology; Clinical Research Center, Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Martina Schmidbauer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Marcel Gutberlet
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Petros Martirosian
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Section Experimental Radiology, Medical Faculty; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Reinhard Oertel
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty; Technical University Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Frank Wacker
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Christoph Schindler
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology; Clinical Research Center, Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Katja Hueper
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
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21
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Bovard D, Iskandar A, Luettich K, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Organs-on-a-chip. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847317726351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, considerable attention has been given to in vitro models in an attempt to reduce the use of animals and to decrease the rate of preclinical failure associated with the development of new drugs. Simple two-dimensional cultures grown in a dish are now frequently replaced by organotypic cultures with three-dimensional (3-D) architecture, which enables interactions between cells, promoting their differentiation and increasing their in vivo likeness. Microengineering now enables the incorporation of small devices into 3-D culture models to reproduce the complex microenvironment of the modeled organ, often referred to as organs-on-a-chip (OoCs). This review describes various OoCs developed to mimic liver, brain, kidney, and lung tissues. Current challenges encountered in attempts to recreate the in vivo environment are described, as well as some examples of OoCs. Finally, attention is given to the ongoing evolution of OoCs with the aim of solving one of the major limitations in that they can only represent a single organ. Multi-organ-on-a-chip (MOC) systems mimic organ interactions observed in the human body and aim to provide the features of compound uptake, metabolism, and excretion, while simultaneously allowing for insights into biological effects. MOCs might therefore represent a new paradigm in drug development, providing a better understanding of dose responses and mechanisms of toxicity, enabling the detection of drug resistance and supporting the evaluation of pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamics parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bovard
- Philip Morris Products SA, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris Products SA, Neuchatel, Switzerland
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22
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Mu Y, Godar DE, Merrill SJ. A perspective on the challenges and issues in developing biomarkers for human allergic risk assessments. Biomark Med 2017; 11:523-526. [PMID: 28700260 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Mu
- Center for Devices & Radiological Health, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Dianne E Godar
- Center for Devices & Radiological Health, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Stephen J Merrill
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
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Abstract
Nephrotoxic medication exposure is nearly ubiquitous in hospitalized patients and represents one of the most common causes of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the hospitalized setting. Although provision of medications that are nephrotoxic has led to improved outcomes in terms of treatment of underlying illness, unnecessary nephrotoxic medication exposure can be viewed as a potentially modifiable adverse safety event if AKI can be prevented. The advancements in electronic health record development, standardization of AKI definitions, and the ability to identify AKI risk and development in near real time provide opportunities to reduce harm from nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L Goldstein
- Center for Acute Care Nephrology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cininnati, OH, USA
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24
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Chuah JKC, Zink D. Stem cell-derived kidney cells and organoids: Recent breakthroughs and emerging applications. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 35:150-167. [PMID: 28017905 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The global rise in the numbers of kidney patients and the shortage in transplantable organs have led to an increasing interest in kidney-specific regenerative therapies, renal disease modelling and bioartificial kidneys. Sources for large quantities of high-quality renal cells and tissues would be required, also for applications in in vitro platforms for compound safety and efficacy screening. Stem cell-based approaches for the generation of renal-like cells and tissues would be most attractive, but such methods were not available until recently. This situation has drastically changed since 2013, and various protocols for the generation of renal-like cells and precursors from pluripotent stem cells (PSC) have been established. The most recent breakthroughs were related to the establishment of various protocols for the generation of PSC-derived kidney organoids. In combination with recent advances in genome editing, bioprinting and the establishment of predictive renal screening platforms this results in exciting new possibilities. This review will give a comprehensive overview over current PSC-based protocols for the generation of renal-like cells, precursors and organoids, and their current and potential applications in regenerative medicine, compound screening, disease modelling and bioartificial organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kai Chin Chuah
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
| | - Daniele Zink
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
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Hosoya M, Czysz K. Translational Prospects and Challenges in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Research in Drug Discovery. Cells 2016; 5:cells5040046. [PMID: 28009813 PMCID: PMC5187530 DOI: 10.3390/cells5040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous efforts to improve the process of drug discovery and development, achieving success at the clinical stage remains challenging because of a persistent translational gap between the preclinical and clinical settings. Under these circumstances, the discovery of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has brought new hope to the drug discovery field because they enable scientists to humanize a variety of pharmacological and toxicological models in vitro. The availability of human iPS cell-derived cells, particularly as an alternative for difficult-to-access tissues and organs, is increasing steadily; however, their use in the field of translational medicine remains challenging. Biomarkers are an essential part of the translational effort to shift new discoveries from bench to bedside as they provide a measurable indicator with which to evaluate pharmacological and toxicological effects in both the preclinical and clinical settings. In general, during the preclinical stage of the drug development process, in vitro models that are established to recapitulate human diseases are validated by using a set of biomarkers; however, their translatability to a clinical setting remains problematic. This review provides an overview of current strategies for human iPS cell-based drug discovery from the perspective of translational research, and discusses the importance of early consideration of clinically relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Hosoya
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Katherine Czysz
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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27
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28
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Ramm S, Adler M, Vaidya VS. A High-Throughput Screening Assay to Identify Kidney Toxic Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 69:9.10.1-9.10.26. [PMID: 27479365 DOI: 10.1002/cptx.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Kidney toxicity due to drugs and chemicals poses a significant health burden for patients and a financial risk for pharmaceutical companies. However, currently no sensitive and high-throughput in vitro method exists for predictive nephrotoxicity assessment. Primary human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HPTECs) possess characteristics of differentiated epithelial cells, making them a desirable model to use in in vitro screening systems. Additionally, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) protein expression is upregulated as a protective mechanism during kidney toxicant-induced oxidative stress or inflammation in HPTECs and can therefore be used as a biomarker for nephrotoxicity. In this article, we describe two different methods to screen for HO-1 increase: A homogeneous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay and an immunofluorescence assay. The latter provides lower throughput but higher sensitivity due to the combination of two readouts, HO-1 intensity and cell number. The methods described in the protocol are amendable for other cell types as well. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ramm
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melanie Adler
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vishal S Vaidya
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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29
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Heussner A, Paget T. Evaluation of renal in vitro models used in ochratoxin research. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) induces renal carcinomas in rodents with a specific localisation in the S3 segment of proximal tubules and distinct early severe tissue alterations, which have been observed also in other species. Pronounced species- and sex-specific differences in toxicity occur and similar effects cannot be excluded in humans, however precise mechanism(s) remain elusive until today. In such cases, the use of in vitro models for mechanistic investigations can be very useful; in particular if a non-genotoxic mechanism of cancer formation is assumed which include cytotoxic effects. However, potential genotoxic mechanisms can also be investigated in vitro. A crucial issue of in vitro research is the choice of the appropriate cell model. Apparently, the cellular target of OTA is the renal proximal tubular cell; therefore cells from this tissue area are the most reasonable model. Furthermore, cells from affected species should be used and can be compared to cells of human origin. Another important parameter is whether to use primary cultures or to choose a cell line from the huge variety of cell lines available. In any case, important characteristics and quality controls need to be verified beforehand. Therefore, this review discusses the renal in vitro models that have been used for the investigation of renal ochratoxin toxicity. In particular, we discuss the choice of the models and the essential parameters making them suitable models for ochratoxin research together with exemplary results from this research. Furthermore, new promising models such as hTERT-immortalised cells and 3D-cultures are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.H. Heussner
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Pharmacy Health and Well-being, University of Sunderland, Sciences Complex, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - T. Paget
- Pharmacy Health and Well-being, University of Sunderland, Sciences Complex, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Polymyxins have emerged as an important last-line of defense against Gram-negative ‘superbugs’. Unfortunately, the effective use of polymyxins in the clinic has been hampered by their nephrotoxic side effects. Over the last 10 years various industry and academic groups across the globe have been trying to develop new polymyxins that are safer and more efficacious than the currently approved polymyxin B and colistin. However these drug discovery programs are yet to deliver a new and improved polymyxin drug into the clinic. In this piece we provide an overview of the current state of these polymyxin drug discovery programs from a medicinal chemistry perspective as well as some thoughts on how future drug discovery efforts may ultimately find success.
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Gallardo-Godoy A, Muldoon C, Becker B, Elliott AG, Lash LH, Huang JX, Butler MS, Pelingon R, Kavanagh AM, Ramu S, Phetsang W, Blaskovich MAT, Cooper MA. Activity and Predicted Nephrotoxicity of Synthetic Antibiotics Based on Polymyxin B. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1068-77. [PMID: 26734854 PMCID: PMC4774972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
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The polymyxin lipodecapeptides colistin
and polymyxin B have become
last resort therapies for infections caused by highly drug-resistant
Gram-negative bacteria. Unfortunately, their utility is compromised
by significant nephrotoxicity and polymyxin-resistant bacterial strains.
We have conducted a systematic activity–toxicity investigation
by varying eight of the nine polymyxin amino acid free side chains,
preparing over 30 analogues using a novel solid-phase synthetic route.
Compounds were tested against a panel of Gram-negative bacteria and
counter-screened for in vitro cell toxicity. Promising
compounds underwent additional testing against primary kidney cells
isolated from human kidneys to better predict their nephrotoxic potential.
Many of the new compounds possessed equal or better antimicrobial
potency compared to polymyxin B, and some were less toxic than polymyxin
B and colistin against mammalian HepG2 cells and human primary kidney
cells. These initial structure–activity and structure–toxicity
studies set the stage for further improvements to the polymyxin class
of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gallardo-Godoy
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Craig Muldoon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bernd Becker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lawrence H Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University , 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Johnny X Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark S Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ruby Pelingon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Angela M Kavanagh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Soumya Ramu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Wanida Phetsang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Wilmer MJ, Ng CP, Lanz HL, Vulto P, Suter-Dick L, Masereeuw R. Kidney-on-a-Chip Technology for Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity Screening. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 34:156-170. [PMID: 26708346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Improved model systems to predict drug efficacy, interactions, and drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI) are crucially needed in drug development. Organ-on-a-chip technology is a suitable in vitro system because it reproduces the 3D microenvironment. A kidney-on-a-chip can mimic the structural, mechanical, transport, absorptive, and physiological properties of the human kidney. In this review we address the application of state-of-the-art microfluidic culturing techniques, with a focus on culturing kidney proximal tubules, that are promising for the detection of biomarkers that predict drug interactions and DIKI. We also discuss high-throughput screening and the challenges for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) that will need to be overcome for successful implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J Wilmer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen, HB 6500 The Netherlands.
| | - Chee Ping Ng
- MIMETAS BV, JH Oortweg 19, Leiden, CH, 2333 The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Vulto
- MIMETAS BV, JH Oortweg 19, Leiden, CH, 2333 The Netherlands
| | - Laura Suter-Dick
- University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, CG 3584 The Netherlands
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Adler M, Ramm S, Hafner M, Muhlich JL, Gottwald EM, Weber E, Jaklic A, Ajay AK, Svoboda D, Auerbach S, Kelly EJ, Himmelfarb J, Vaidya VS. A Quantitative Approach to Screen for Nephrotoxic Compounds In Vitro. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1015-28. [PMID: 26260164 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity due to drugs and environmental chemicals accounts for significant patient mortality and morbidity, but there is no high throughput in vitro method for predictive nephrotoxicity assessment. We show that primary human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HPTECs) possess characteristics of differentiated epithelial cells rendering them desirable to use in such in vitro systems. To identify a reliable biomarker of nephrotoxicity, we conducted multiplexed gene expression profiling of HPTECs after exposure to six different concentrations of nine human nephrotoxicants. Only overexpression of the gene encoding heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) significantly correlated with increasing dose for six of the compounds, and significant HO-1 protein deregulation was confirmed with each of the nine nephrotoxicants. Translatability of HO-1 increase across species and platforms was demonstrated by computationally mining two large rat toxicogenomic databases for kidney tubular toxicity and by observing a significant increase in HO-1 after toxicity using an ex vivo three-dimensional microphysiologic system (kidney-on-a-chip). The predictive potential of HO-1 was tested using an additional panel of 39 mechanistically distinct nephrotoxic compounds. Although HO-1 performed better (area under the curve receiver-operator characteristic curve [AUC-ROC]=0.89) than traditional endpoints of cell viability (AUC-ROC for ATP=0.78; AUC-ROC for cell count=0.88), the combination of HO-1 and cell count further improved the predictive ability (AUC-ROC=0.92). We also developed and optimized a homogenous time-resolved fluorescence assay to allow high throughput quantitative screening of nephrotoxic compounds using HO-1 as a sensitive biomarker. This cell-based approach may facilitate rapid assessment of potential nephrotoxic therapeutics and environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Adler
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susanne Ramm
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc Hafner
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeremy L Muhlich
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Esther Maria Gottwald
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elijah Weber
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alenka Jaklic
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amrendra Kumar Ajay
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Scott Auerbach
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Vishal S Vaidya
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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34
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Current research on experimental and applied animal sciences. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1149-50. [PMID: 26003615 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Huang JX, Kaeslin G, Ranall MV, Blaskovich MA, Becker B, Butler MS, Little MH, Lash LH, Cooper MA. Evaluation of biomarkers for in vitro prediction of drug-induced nephrotoxicity: comparison of HK-2, immortalized human proximal tubule epithelial, and primary cultures of human proximal tubular cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00148. [PMID: 26171227 PMCID: PMC4492764 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been intensive effort to identify in vivo biomarkers that can be used to monitor drug-induced kidney damage and identify injury before significant impairment occurs. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and human macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) have been validated as urinary and plasma clinical biomarkers predictive of acute and chronic kidney injury and disease. Similar validation of a high throughput in vitro assay predictive of nephrotoxicity could potentially be implemented early in drug discovery lead optimization to reduce attrition at later stages of drug development. To assess these known in vivo biomarkers for their potential for in vitro screening of drug-induced nephrotoxicity, we selected a panel of nephrotoxic agents and examined their effects on the overexpression of nephrotoxicity biomarkers in immortalized (HK-2) and primary (commercially available and freshly in-house produced) human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Traditional cytotoxicity was contrasted with expression levels of KIM-1, NGAL, and M-CSF assessed using ELISA and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Traditional cytotoxicity assays and biomarker assays using HK-2 cells were both unsuitable for prediction of nephrotoxicity. However, increases in protein levels of KIM-1 and NGAL in primary cells were well correlated with dose levels of known nephrotoxic compounds, with limited correlation seen in M-CSF protein and mRNA levels. These results suggest that profiling compounds against primary cells with monitoring of biomarker protein levels may have potential as in vitro predictive assays of drug-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny X Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Geraldine Kaeslin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Max V Ranall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Bernd Becker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Mark S Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lawrence H Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan, 48201
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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36
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Pavkovic M, Riefke B, Frisk AL, Gröticke I, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H. Glomerulonephritis-Induced Changes in Urinary and Kidney MicroRNA Profiles in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2015; 145:348-59. [PMID: 25758243 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and thus are involved in various physiological and pathological states. Due to their stability in biofluids miRNAs have also been proposed as biomarkers (BMs) for tissue injury. We investigated the usefulness of urinary miRNAs for detection of site-specific renal damage in an antiglomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis (GN) model in rats by comparing GN-induced urinary miRNAs profiles to traditional and newer protein BMs, and to proximal tubular injury-induced urinary miRNA profiles observed previously after cisplatin (Cp) treatment. Male Wistar Kyoto and Sprague Dawley rats were dosed once with 1, 2.5, and 5 ml/kg nephrotoxic serum (NTS) or 1.5 and 5 ml/kg NTS, respectively. GN and tubular damage were observed histopathologically in all treated rats after 14 days. Although serum creatinine and BUN were not changed, several protein BMs and 74 urinary miRNAs were found to be increased 8 and 14 days after NTS administration. Of these 74 miRNAs, 5 were identified as increased after NTS but not after Cp treatment. Using in situ hybridization two of them, miR-10 b and -100, were found to be localized in distal segments of the nephron, potentially reflecting the tubular injury in those regions. Furthermore, evaluation of both miRNA and mRNA expression in the kidney revealed possible miRNA-mRNA interactions mostly associated with fibrotic and transforming growth factor β signaling. In conclusion, our investigations support the potential of urinary miRNAs as specific BMs for kidney injury, and suggest a role of miRNAs in pathological processes during GN in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Pavkovic
- *Investigational Toxicology, GDD-GED-Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany, Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts, Pathology, GDD-GED-Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany and Indication Expansion, GDD-GTRG-Cross Indication Platform, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany *Investigational Toxicology, GDD-GED-Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany, Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts, Pathology, GDD-GED-Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany and Indication Expansion, GDD-GTRG-Cross Indication Platform, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Riefke
- *Investigational Toxicology, GDD-GED-Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany, Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts, Pathology, GDD-GED-Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany and Indication Expansion, GDD-GTRG-Cross Indication Platform, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Frisk
- *Investigational Toxicology, GDD-GED-Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany, Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts, Pathology, GDD-GED-Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany and Indication Expansion, GDD-GTRG-Cross Indication Platform, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Gröticke
- *Investigational Toxicology, GDD-GED-Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany, Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts, Pathology, GDD-GED-Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany and Indication Expansion, GDD-GTRG-Cross Indication Platform, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidrun Ellinger-Ziegelbauer
- *Investigational Toxicology, GDD-GED-Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany, Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts, Pathology, GDD-GED-Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany and Indication Expansion, GDD-GTRG-Cross Indication Platform, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Nonclinical safety pharmacology and toxicology testing of drug candidates assess the potential adverse effects caused by the drug in relation to its intended use in humans. Hazards related to a drug have to be identified and the potential risks at the intended exposure have to be evaluated in comparison to the potential benefit of the drug. Preclinical safety is thus an integral part of drug discovery and drug development. It still causes significant attrition during drug development.Therefore, there is a need for smart selection of drug candidates in drug discovery including screening of important safety endpoints. In the recent years,there was significant progress in computational and in vitro technology allowing in silico assessment as well as high-throughput screening of some endpoints at very early stages of discovery. Despite all this progress, in vivo evaluation of drug candidates is still an important part to safety testing. The chapter provides an overview on the most important areas of nonclinical safety screening during drug discovery of small molecules.
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