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Zhao W, Zeng C, Yan J, Du S, Hou X, Zhang C, Li W, Deng B, McComb DW, Xue Y, Kang DD, Dong Y. Construction of Messenger RNA (mRNA) Probes Delivered By Lipid Nanoparticles to Visualize Intracellular Protein Expression and Localization at Organelles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103131. [PMID: 34541724 PMCID: PMC8578456 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Organelles are specialized compartments, where various proteins reside and play crucial roles to maintain essential cellular structures and functions in mammalian cells. A comprehensive understanding of protein expressions and subsequent localizations at each organelle is of great benefit to the development of organelle-based therapies. Herein, a set of single or dual organelle labeling messenger RNAs (SOLAR or DOLAR) is designed as novel imaging probes, which encode fluorescent proteins with various organelle localization signals. These mRNA probes enable to visualize the protein localizations at different organelles and investigate their trafficking from ribosomal machinery to specific organelles. According to the in vitro results, SOLAR probes show organelle targeting capabilities consistent with the design. Moreover, DOLAR probes with different linkers display distinct targeting properties depending on different organelle localization signals. Additionally, these mRNA probes also exhibit organelle labeling ability in vivo when delivered by lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Therefore, these mRNA-based probes provide a unique tool to study cell organelles and may facilitate the design of organelle-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Zhao
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chunxi Zeng
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jingyue Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shi Du
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xucheng Hou
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chengxiang Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Wenqing Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Binbin Deng
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
| | - David W McComb
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
| | - Yonger Xue
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Diana D Kang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Mahajan P, Ellis K, Mukhopadhyay S, Fernandez-Cid A, Chi G, Man H, Dürr KL, Burgess-Brown NA. Expression Screening of Human Integral Membrane Proteins Using BacMam. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2199:95-115. [PMID: 33125646 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0892-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes the step-by-step methods employed by the Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC) for screening and producing proteins in the BacMam system. This eukaryotic expression system was selected and a screening process established in 2016 to enable production of highly challenging human integral membrane proteins (IMPs), which are a significant component of our target list. Here, we discuss our recently developed platform for identifying expression and monodispersity of IMPs from 3 mL of HEK293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gamma Chi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Henry Man
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katharina L Dürr
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Sodhi K, Wang X, Chaudhry MA, Lakhani HV, Zehra M, Pratt R, Nawab A, Cottrill CL, Snoad B, Bai F, Denvir J, Liu J, Sanabria JR, Xie Z, Abraham NG, Shapiro JI. Central Role for Adipocyte Na,K-ATPase Oxidant Amplification Loop in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Uremic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1746-1760. [PMID: 32587074 PMCID: PMC7460907 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress in adipocyte plays a central role in the pathogenesis of obesity as well as in the associated cardiovascular complications. The putative uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate induces oxidative stress and dramatically alters adipocyte phenotype in vitro. Mice that have undergone partial nephrectomy serve as an experimental model of uremic cardiomyopathy. This study examined the effects on adipocytes of administering a peptide that reduces oxidative stress to the mouse model. METHODS A lentivirus vector introduced the peptide NaKtide with an adiponectin promoter into the mouse model of experimental uremic cardiomyopathy, intraperitoneally. Then adipocyte-specific expression of the peptide was assessed for mice fed a standard diet compared with mice fed a western diet enriched in fat and fructose. RESULTS Partial nephrectomy induced cardiomyopathy and anemia in the mice, introducing oxidant stress and an altered molecular phenotype of adipocytes that increased production of systemic inflammatory cytokines instead of accumulating lipids, within 4 weeks. Consumption of a western diet significantly worsened the adipocyte oxidant stress, but expression of NaKtide in adipocytes completely prevented the worsening. The peptide-carrying lentivirus achieved comparable expression in skeletal muscle, but did not ameliorate the disease phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Adipocyte-specific expression of NaKtide, introduced with a lentiviral vector, significantly ameliorated adipocyte dysfunction and uremic cardiomyopathy in partially nephrectomized mice. These data suggest that the redox state of adipocytes controls the development of uremic cardiomyopathy in mice subjected to partial nephrectomy. If confirmed in humans, the oxidative state of adipocytes may be a therapeutic target in chronic renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Sodhi
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Muhammad Aslam Chaudhry
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Hari Vishal Lakhani
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Mishghan Zehra
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Rebecca Pratt
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Athar Nawab
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Cameron L. Cottrill
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Brian Snoad
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Fang Bai
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - James Denvir
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Jiang Liu
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Juan R. Sanabria
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Zijian Xie
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Nader G. Abraham
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Joseph I. Shapiro
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
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The Adipocyte Na/K-ATPase Oxidant Amplification Loop is the Central Regulator of Western Diet-Induced Obesity and Associated Comorbidities. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7927. [PMID: 31138824 PMCID: PMC6538745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic. We have previously reported that systemic administration of pNaKtide which targets the Na/K-ATPase oxidant amplification loop (NKAL) was able to decrease systemic oxidative stress and adiposity in mice fed a high fat and fructose supplemented western diet (WD). As adipocytes are believed to play a central role in the development of obesity and its related comorbidities, we examined whether lentiviral-mediated adipocyte-specific expression of NaKtide, a peptide derived from the N domain of the alpha1 Na/K-ATPase subunit, could ameliorate the effects of the WD. C57BL6 mice were fed a WD, which activated Na/K-ATPase signaling in the adipocytes and induced an obese phenotype and caused an increase in plasma levels of leptin, IL-6 and TNFα. WD also decreased locomotor activity, expression of the D2 receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase in brain tissue, while markers of neurodegeneration and neuronal apoptosis were increased following the WD. Selective adipocyte expression of NaKtide in these mice fed a WD attenuated all of these changes including the brain biochemical alterations and behavioral adaptations. These data suggest that adipocyte derived cytokines play an essential role in the development of obesity induced by a WD and that targeting the adipocyte NKAL loop may serve as an effective therapeutic strategy.
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Bellavia D, Veronesi F, Carina V, Costa V, Raimondi L, De Luca A, Alessandro R, Fini M, Giavaresi G. Gene therapy for chondral and osteochondral regeneration: is the future now? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:649-667. [PMID: 28864934 PMCID: PMC11105387 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy might represent a promising strategy for chondral and osteochondral defects repair by balancing the management of temporary joint mechanical incompetence with altered metabolic and inflammatory homeostasis. This review analysed preclinical and clinical studies on gene therapy for the repair of articular cartilage defects performed over the last 10 years, focussing on expression vectors (non-viral and viral), type of genes delivered and gene therapy procedures (direct or indirect). Plasmids (non-viral expression vectors) and adenovirus (viral vectors) were the most employed vectors in preclinical studies. Genes delivered encoded mainly for growth factors, followed by transcription factors, anti-inflammatory cytokines and, less frequently, by cell signalling proteins, matrix proteins and receptors. Direct injection of the expression vector was used less than indirect injection of cells, with or without scaffolds, transduced with genes of interest and then implanted into the lesion site. Clinical trials (phases I, II or III) on safety, biological activity, efficacy, toxicity or bio-distribution employed adenovirus viral vectors to deliver growth factors or anti-inflammatory cytokines, for the treatment of osteoarthritis or degenerative arthritis, and tumour necrosis factor receptor or interferon for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bellavia
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy.
| | - F Veronesi
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Carina
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - V Costa
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - L Raimondi
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - A De Luca
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - R Alessandro
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Fini
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Giavaresi
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
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Han S, Bae HJ, Kim SD, Park W, Kwon S. An encoded viral micropatch for multiplex cell-based assays through localized gene delivery. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2435-2442. [PMID: 28555213 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00372b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of potential drug targets and compounds has led to the development of high-throughput cell-based assays. Simultaneous processing of multiple targets in the same experiment based on localized target gene expression is a very efficient strategy for this purpose. To address this need, we present an adenoviral vector-immobilized microparticle with two-dimensional (2D) shape-encoding properties that allows localized patch-like gene delivery to monolayer-cultured cells. This format conveniently achieves multiplexed gene delivery compatible with both high-throughput cellular assays and fluorescence high-content imaging instruments. A multiplex G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) internalization assay was developed to demonstrate the compatibility of this system with high-throughput image-based cellular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkwon Han
- QuantaMatrix Inc., Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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Fundamentals of Baculovirus Expression and Applications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 896:187-97. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27216-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cell-patterned glass spray for direct drug assay using mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 892:132-9. [PMID: 26388483 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the establishment of a glass spray mass spectrometry (GS-MS) platform for direct cell-based drug assay was described. Cell co-culture, drug-induced cell apoptosis, proliferation analysis and intracellular drug absorption measurement were performed simultaneously on this specifically designed platform. Two groups of co-cultured cells (NIH-3T3/HepG2 and HepG2/MCF-7) were cultivated and they showed high viability within 3 days. The biocompatibility of the platform facilitated the subsequent bioassays, in which, cyclophosphamide (CPA) and genistein were used as the model drugs. The distinctions of cell apoptosis and proliferation between the mono-cultured and co-cultured cells were clearly observed and well explained by in situ GS-MS measurements. A satisfactory linearity of the calibration curve between the relative MS intensity and CPA concentrations was obtained using stable isotope labeling method (y = 0.16545 + 0.0985x, R(2) = 0.9937). The variations in the quantity of absorbed drug were detected and the results were consistent with the concentration-dependence of cell apoptosis. All the results demonstrated that direct cell-based drug assay could be performed on the stable isotope labeling assisted GS-MS platform in a facile and quantitative manner.
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Stochastic model-assisted development of efficient low-dose viral transduction in microfluidics. Biophys J 2013; 104:934-42. [PMID: 23442972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are commonly used in vitro as gene transfer vectors in multiple applications. Nevertheless, issues such as low infection efficiency and toxicity effects on host cells have not been resolved yet. This work aims at developing a new versatile tool to enhance the expression of transduced genes while working at low viral doses in a sequential manner. We developed a microfluidic platform with automatically controlled sequential perfusion stages, which includes 10 independent channels. In addition, we built a stochastic mathematical model, accounting for the discrete nature of cells and viruses, to predict not only the percentage of infected cells, but also the associated infecting-virus distribution in the cell population. Microfluidic system and mathematical model were coupled to define an efficient experimental strategy. We used human foreskin fibroblasts, infected by replication-incompetent adenoviruses carrying EGFP gene, as the testing system. Cell characterization was performed through fluorescence microscopy, followed by image analysis. We explored the effect of different aspects: perfusion, multiplicity of infection, and temporal patterns of infection. We demonstrated feasibility of performing efficient viral transduction at low doses, by repeated pulses of cell-virus contact. This procedure also enhanced the exogenous gene expression in the sequential microfluidic infection system compared to a single infection at a higher, nontoxic, viral dose.
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Airenne KJ, Hu YC, Kost TA, Smith RH, Kotin RM, Ono C, Matsuura Y, Wang S, Ylä-Herttuala S. Baculovirus: an insect-derived vector for diverse gene transfer applications. Mol Ther 2013; 21:739-49. [PMID: 23439502 PMCID: PMC3616530 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect-derived baculoviruses have emerged as versatile and safe workhorses of biotechnology. Baculovirus expression vectors (BEVs) have been applied widely for crop and forest protection, as well as safe tools for recombinant protein production in insect cells. However, BEVs ability to efficiently transduce noninsect cells is still relatively poorly recognized despite the fact that efficient baculovirus-mediated in vitro and ex vivo gene delivery into dormant and dividing vertebrate cells of diverse origin has been described convincingly by many authors. Preliminary proof of therapeutic potential has also been established in preclinical studies. This review summarizes the advantages and current status of baculovirus-mediated gene delivery. Stem cell transduction, preclinical animal studies, tissue engineering, vaccination, cancer gene therapy, viral vector production, and drug discovery are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari J Airenne
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yu-Chen Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Thomas A Kost
- Biological Reagents and Assay Development, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard H Smith
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert M Kotin
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chikako Ono
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shu Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Yermolina MV, Wang J, Caffrey M, Rong LL, Wardrop DJ. Discovery, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel group of selective inhibitors of filoviral entry. J Med Chem 2011; 54:765-81. [PMID: 21204524 PMCID: PMC3081529 DOI: 10.1021/jm1008715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the development of an antifiloviral screening system, based on a pseudotyping strategy, and its application in the discovery of a novel group of small molecules that selectively inhibit the Ebola and Marburg glycoprotein (GP)-mediated infection of human cells. Using Ebola Zaire GP-pseudotyped HIV particles bearing a luciferase reporter gene and 293T cells, a library of 237 small molecules was screened for inhibition of GP-mediated viral entry. From this assay, lead compound 8a was identified as a selective inhibitor of filoviral entry with an IC(50) of 30 μM. To analyze functional group requirements for efficacy, a structure-activity relationship analysis of this 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole was then conducted with 56 isoxazole and triazole derivatives prepared using "click" chemistry. This study revealed that while the isoxazole ring can be replaced by a triazole system, the 5-(diethylamino)acetamido substituent found in 8a is required for inhibition of viral-cell entry. Variation of the 3-aryl substituent provided a number of more potent antiviral agents with IC(50) values ranging to 2.5 μM. Lead compound 8a and three of its derivatives were also found to block the Marburg glycoprotein (GP)-mediated infection of human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Yermolina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Jizhen Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Michael Caffrey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Lijun L. Rong
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Duncan J. Wardrop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607
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