1
|
Consolino L, Anemone A, Capozza M, Carella A, Irrera P, Corrado A, Dhakan C, Bracesco M, Longo DL. Non-invasive Investigation of Tumor Metabolism and Acidosis by MRI-CEST Imaging. Front Oncol 2020; 10:161. [PMID: 32133295 PMCID: PMC7040491 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered metabolism is considered a core hallmark of cancer. By monitoring in vivo metabolites changes or characterizing the tumor microenvironment, non-invasive imaging approaches play a fundamental role in elucidating several aspects of tumor biology. Within the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modality, the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) approach has emerged as a new technique that provides high spatial resolution and sensitivity for in vivo imaging of tumor metabolism and acidosis. This mini-review describes CEST-based methods to non-invasively investigate tumor metabolism and important metabolites involved, such as glucose and lactate, as well as measurement of tumor acidosis. Approaches that have been exploited to assess response to anticancer therapies will also be reported for each specific technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Consolino
- Department of Nanomedicines and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Annasofia Anemone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Martina Capozza
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Carella
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Pietro Irrera
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Corrado
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Chetan Dhakan
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Turin, Italy.,University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Bracesco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Livio Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Anemone A, Consolino L, Arena F, Capozza M, Longo DL. Imaging tumor acidosis: a survey of the available techniques for mapping in vivo tumor pH. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:25-49. [PMID: 30762162 PMCID: PMC6647493 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by a metabolic shift in cellular energy production, orchestrated by the transcription factor HIF-1α, from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to increased glycolysis, regardless of oxygen availability (Warburg effect). The constitutive upregulation of glycolysis leads to an overproduction of acidic metabolic products, resulting in enhanced acidification of the extracellular pH (pHe ~ 6.5), which is a salient feature of the tumor microenvironment. Despite the importance of pH and tumor acidosis, there is currently no established clinical tool available to image the spatial distribution of tumor pHe. The purpose of this review is to describe various imaging modalities for measuring intracellular and extracellular tumor pH. For each technique, we will discuss main advantages and limitations, pH accuracy and sensitivity of the applied pH-responsive probes and potential translatability to the clinic. Particular attention is devoted to methods that can provide pH measurements at high spatial resolution useful to address the task of tumor heterogeneity and to studies that explored tumor pH imaging for assessing treatment response to anticancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annasofia Anemone
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorena Consolino
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Arena
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Nizza 52, Turin, Italy.,Center for Preclinical Imaging, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ribes 5, Colleretto Giacosa, Italy
| | - Martina Capozza
- Center for Preclinical Imaging, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ribes 5, Colleretto Giacosa, Italy
| | - Dario Livio Longo
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, Turin, Italy. .,Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Nizza 52, Turin, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Singh J, Suh EH, Sharma G, Khemtong C, Sherry AD, Kovacs Z. Probing carbohydrate metabolism using hyperpolarized 13 C-labeled molecules. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4018. [PMID: 30474153 PMCID: PMC6579721 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic process in all organisms. Anomalies in glucose metabolism are linked to various pathological conditions. In particular, elevated aerobic glycolysis is a characteristic feature of rapidly growing cells. Glycolysis and the closely related pentose phosphate pathway can be monitored in real time by hyperpolarized 13 C-labeled metabolic substrates such as 13 C-enriched, deuterated D-glucose derivatives, [2-13 C]-D-fructose, [2-13 C] dihydroxyacetone, [1-13 C]-D-glycerate, [1-13 C]-D-glucono-δ-lactone and [1-13 C] pyruvate in healthy and diseased tissues. Elevated glycolysis in tumors (the Warburg effect) was also successfully imaged using hyperpolarized [U-13 C6 , U-2 H7 ]-D-glucose, while the size of the preexisting lactate pool can be measured by 13 C MRS and/or MRI with hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate. This review summarizes the application of various hyperpolarized 13 C-labeled metabolites to the real-time monitoring of glycolysis and related metabolic processes in normal and diseased tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspal Singh
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eul Hyun Suh
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chalermchai Khemtong
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - A. Dean Sherry
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anemone A, Consolino L, Conti L, Reineri F, Cavallo F, Aime S, Longo DL. In vivo evaluation of tumour acidosis for assessing the early metabolic response and onset of resistance to dichloroacetate by using magnetic resonance pH imaging. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:498-506. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
5
|
Cavallari E, Carrera C, Aime S, Reineri F. 13 C MR Hyperpolarization of Lactate by Using ParaHydrogen and Metabolic Transformation in Vitro. Chemistry 2016; 23:1200-1204. [PMID: 27870463 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization of the 13 C magnetic resonance signal of l-[1-13 C]lactate has been obtained using the chemically based, cost-effective method called parahydrogen-induced polarization by means of side-arm hydrogenation (PHIP-SAH). Two ester derivatives of lactate were tested and the factors that determine the polarization level on the product have been investigated in detail. The metabolic conversion of hyperpolarized l-[1-13 C]lactate into pyruvate has been observed in vitro using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and in a cells lysate. From the acquisition of a series of 13 C NMR spectra, the metabolic build-up of the [1-13 C]pyruvate signal has been observed. These studies demonstrate that, even if the experimental set-up used for these PHIP-SAH hyperpolarization studies is still far from optimal, the attained polarization level is already sufficient to carry out in vitro metabolic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cavallari
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Carla Carrera
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy.,Istituto Bioimmagini e Biostrutture del CNR, Sezione di Torino c/o Center of Molecular Imaging, Via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Reineri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Imaging has played an important part in the diagnosis of disease and development of the understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms and is now poised to make an impact in the development of new pharmaceuticals. This chapter discusses the underlying technologies that make the field ready for this challenge. In particular, the potentials of magnetic resonance imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging are outlined, including the new methods developed to provide additional information from the scans carried out. The field of nuclear medicine has seen a rapid increase in interest as advances in radiochemistry have enabled a wide range of new radiotracers to be synthesised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Nairne
- GE Healthcare, The Grove Centre, Amersham, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B Iveson
- GE Healthcare, The Grove Centre, Amersham, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jensen PR, Serra SC, Miragoli L, Karlsson M, Cabella C, Poggi L, Venturi L, Tedoldi F, Lerche MH. Hyperpolarized [1,3-13C2]ethyl acetoacetate is a novel diagnostic metabolic marker of liver cancer. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:E117-26. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luigi Miragoli
- Centro Ricerche Bracco; Bracco Imaging Spa; Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
| | | | - Claudia Cabella
- Centro Ricerche Bracco; Bracco Imaging Spa; Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
| | - Luisa Poggi
- Centro Ricerche Bracco; Bracco Imaging Spa; Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
| | - Luca Venturi
- Center of Preclinical Imaging; University of Torino (Italy); Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
| | - Fabio Tedoldi
- Centro Ricerche Bracco; Bracco Imaging Spa; Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Berger F, Reiser MF. Micro-RNAs as potential new molecular biomarkers in oncology: have they reached relevance for the clinical imaging sciences? Theranostics 2013; 3:943-52. [PMID: 24396505 PMCID: PMC3881096 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimally invasive biomarkers for early cancer detection and monitoring of personalized therapies are of high importance to further improve prognosis in oncological disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs in humans and play a key role in carcinogenesis. In recent years they have emerged as promising biomarkers in oncology. miRNA profiling has demonstrated its capacity for sub-classifying tumors and monitoring of therapeutic effects. Different expression profiles of miRNAs in cancer and the stability of circulating miRNAs potentially provide a clinically accessible molecular monitoring tool of malignant tissues and its response to therapies. Clinical imaging including the modalities PET/CT and MRI is well established for characterizing tumor tissue and sub-classifying morphological, metabolic or vascular treatment response in cancer. Sophisticated clinical imaging biomarkers for cancer detection and monitoring should now been correlatively applied to further validate the potential of miRNAs as oncologic biomarkers for the clinic.
Collapse
|
9
|
Spin hyperpolarization in NMR to address enzymatic processes in vivo. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|