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Vasconcelos GC, Brietzke C, Cesario JCS, Douetts CDB, Canestri R, Vinicius Í, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Pires FO. No Evidence of Postactivation Performance Enhancement on Endurance Exercises: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:315-327. [PMID: 37796168 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Narrative reviews have suggested that postactivation induced by warm-up routines is effective to increase endurance exercise performance in real-world scenarios. However, systematic reviews with meta-analysis rather than narrative ones are required to provide an up-to-date summary of the evidence and provide directions for practical decisions. Therefore, we systematically reviewed peer-reviewed and gray literature to determine the certainty of evidence and the relative effects of postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) in endurance exercises. METHODS The effects of PAPE on endurance performance were meta-analyzed as a standardized mean difference (SMD) from control conditions within a random-effects model considering polled data and subgroups (PAPE strategies, endurance test modalities, and V̇O 2max -based endurance level). RESULTS Eligible studies ( n = 35) showed a high risk of bias due to methodological flaws in randomization and blinding procedures. A meta-analysis including 57 comparisons (432 participants) revealed a significant but very small PAPE effect on endurance performance ( Z = 2.49, SMD = 0.15-very small, 95% confidence interval = 0.03 to 0.28) due to exceptional effect sizes reported by two studies (SMD of 2.85 and 2.14). We also observed that neither PAPE strategies nor endurance test modalities or V̇O 2max -based endurance levels influenced the PAPE effects on endurance performance. Meta-regression showed that PAPE effects were correlated neither with the time interval between conditioning routines and endurance exercise nor with endurance exercise duration. We found a very low certainty of evidence that PAPE potentiates endurance performance. CONCLUSIONS Based on the analyses of bias and certainty of evidence, we found no support to recommend PAPE strategies to improve endurance exercise performance. Significant but very small PAPE effects on endurance performance were due to two exceptional effect sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julio Cesar Silva Cesario
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
| | - Carlos Daniel Bento Douetts
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
| | - Raul Canestri
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
| | - Ítalo Vinicius
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
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Competition Between Desired Competitive Result, Tolerable Homeostatic Disturbance, and Psychophysiological Interpretation Determines Pacing Strategy. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:335-346. [PMID: 36848906 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Scientific interest in pacing goes back >100 years. Contemporary interest, both as a feature of athletic competition and as a window into understanding fatigue, goes back >30 years. Pacing represents the pattern of energy use designed to produce a competitive result while managing fatigue of different origins. Pacing has been studied both against the clock and during head-to-head competition. Several models have been used to explain pacing, including the teleoanticipation model, the central governor model, the anticipatory-feedback-rating of perceived exertion model, the concept of a learned template, the affordance concept, the integrative governor theory, and as an explanation for "falling behind." Early studies, mostly using time-trial exercise, focused on the need to manage homeostatic disturbance. More recent studies, based on head-to-head competition, have focused on an improved understanding of how psychophysiology, beyond the gestalt concept of rating of perceived exertion, can be understood as a mediator of pacing and as an explanation for falling behind. More recent approaches to pacing have focused on the elements of decision making during sport and have expanded the role of psychophysiological responses including sensory-discriminatory, affective-motivational, and cognitive-evaluative dimensions. These approaches have expanded the understanding of variations in pacing, particularly during head-to-head competition.
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Valcarce-Merayo E, Latella C. Precompetition Strategies to Improve Performance in Endurance or Repeated Intermittent Activity: Evidence and Practical Suggestions. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Cuenca-Fernández F, Boullosa D, López-Belmonte Ó, Gay A, Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Arellano R. Swimming Warm-Up and Beyond: Dryland Protocols and Their Related Mechanisms—A Scoping Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:120. [PMID: 36153425 PMCID: PMC9509505 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In swimming, the beneficial effects of the in-water warm-up are often undermined by the long transition periods before competition (≥ 20 min). For that reason, studies comparing the effects of in-water warm-ups followed by dryland activities have been conducted in the swimming literature. This has brought conflicting evidence due to large combinations of supervised and unsupervised warm-up procedures used. Therefore, a scoping review was performed to discuss (1) why warm-up strategies are important for competitive swimming; to identify (2) what are the different warm-up approaches available in the literature, and; to establish (3) what are the main conclusions, considerations and gaps that should be addressed in further research to provide clearer guidance for interventions. The search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases. To be considered eligible, studies must have assessed acute short-term responses of warm-up procedures in swimmers by using randomized controlled trials or pre-post study designs. A total of 42 articles were included in this review. The effectiveness of warm-up responses was evaluated based on the inclusion or not of warm-up, the type of conditioning activity (in-water exercise, in-water exercise combined with dryland or dryland exercise only), its duration, and intensity. (1) Warm-up mechanisms have been mainly related to temperature changes associated to cardiovascular adaptations and short-term specific neuromuscular adaptations. Thus, maintaining muscle activity and body temperature during the transition phase immediately prior to competition could help swimmers' performance; (2) the most common approach before a race usually included a moderate mileage of in-water warm-up (~ 1000 m) performed at an intensity of ≤ 60% of the maximal oxygen consumption, followed by dryland protocols to keep the muscle activity and body temperature raised during the transition phase. Dryland activities could only optimize performance in sprint swimming if performed after the in-water warm-up, especially if heated clothing elements are worn. Using tethered swimming and hand-paddles during warm-ups does not provide superior muscular responses to those achieved by traditional in-water warm-ups, possibly because of acute alterations in swimming technique. In contrast, semi-tethered resisted swimming may be considered as an appropriate stimulus to generate post-activation performance enhancements; (3) nothing has yet been investigated in backstroke, butterfly or individual medley, and there is a paucity of research on the effects of experimental warm-ups over distances greater than 100 m. Women are very under-represented in warm-up research, which prevents conclusions about possible sex-regulated effects on specific responses to the warm-up procedures.
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5
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Stuart A, Cochrane-Snyman KC. Strength Training and Development in Competitive Speed Skating. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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6
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Are We Able to Match Non Sport-Specific Strength Training with Endurance Sports? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis to Plan the Best Training Programs for Endurance Athletes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11167280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-sport-specific strength training is a way to increase endurance performance; however, which kind of exercise (maximal, plyometric, explosive or resistance strength training) gives the best results is still under debate. Scientific publications were analyzed according to the PRISMA checklist and statement. The initial search yielded 500 studies, 17 of which were included in this review using the PEDro Scale. Maximal strength training boosted the ability to express strength particularly in cross-country skiing and cycling, increasing endurance performance, measured as a decrease of the endurance performance tests. In running, explosive strength training did not generate advantages, whereas plyometric strength training led to an improvement in the endurance performance tests and work economy. In running it was possible to compare different types of non sport-specific strength training and the plyometric one resulted the best training methodology to enhance performance. However, studies on other sports only investigated the effects of maximal strength training. It resulted more effective in cross-country skiing (although only one study was eligible according to the inclusion criteria) and in the cycling component of the triathlon and, by contrast, induced modest effects on cyclists’ performance, suggesting different type of strength would probably be more effective. In conclusion, each sport might optimize performance by using appropriate non sport-specific strength training, which, however, should be studied individually.
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Penichet-Tomas A, Jimenez-Olmedo JM, Serra Torregrosa L, Pueo B. Acute Effects of Different Postactivation Potentiation Protocols on Traditional Rowing Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:E80. [PMID: 33374465 PMCID: PMC7795382 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Postactivation potentiation (PAP) describes an initial muscular activation with a submaximal or maximal load intensity that produces acute improvements in muscle power and performance in subsequent explosive activities. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of different PAP protocols in rowing performance. A crossover design involving seven rowers was used, in which two different PAP protocols were applied: PAP of maximal conditioning contractions (PAP MCC) on a rowing ergometer to provide greater transferability and, thus, enhance the magnitude of PAP stimuli on subsequent rowing performance; and PAP of maximal strength contractions (PAP MSC) in half squat and bench pull exercises, similar to the main exercises in rowing strength training, to perform a 20 s "all-out" test simulating a competition start. Student's t-test was used to compare means of the variables (p < 0.05). Effect size statistics were calculated using Cohen's d. The PAP MCC protocol resulted in significant differences, with an extremely large effect size in average power output (p = 0.034, d = 0.98) in the first 3 (p = 0.019, d = 1.15) and first 5 (p = 0.036, d = 0.91) strokes. This group also reached a greater number of strokes (p = 0.049, d = 2.29) and strokes per minute (p = 0.046, d = 1.15). PAP with maximal conditioning contractions in rowing warm-up enhanced subsequent rowing sprint and is an advisable strategy to potentiate performance at the start of rowing competitions and sprint regattas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose M. Jimenez-Olmedo
- Department of General and Specific Didactics, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (A.P.-T.); (L.S.T.); (B.P.)
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Inoue A, Santos TM, Hettinga FJ, Alves DDS, Viana BF, Terra BDS, Pires FO. The Impact of Sex and Performance Level on Pacing Behavior in a 24-h Ultramarathon. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 1:57. [PMID: 33344980 PMCID: PMC7739753 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We analyzed the impact of sex, performance level and substantial speed reductions (SSR) on pacing in the VI Rio 24-h Marines Ultramarathon. This will provide insights into the importance of minimizing speed variations in relation to optimal pacing in endurance events. Methods: Runners (30 males and 21 females), classified as high- (HP) and low-performance (LP) ran the race while having their time recorded every 400 m. The pacing was analyzed as the first 10% (initial epoch), the following 80% (intermediate epoch) and the last 10% of the race (final epoch). The time percentage spent at speeds <3.5 km·h−1 (SSR), 3.5 to 5.9 km·h−1 (walking speed), 6.0 to 8.0 km·h−1 (walk-to-running transition speed) and > 8.0 km·h−1 (running speed) was calculated. Results: Runners showed a reverse J-shaped pacing (P < 0.001) regardless of sex and performance level, although male (P < 0.004) and HP runners (P < 0.001) have preserved a higher mean speed throughout the race. Male and HP runners spent more time at running speed (P < 0.001) and less time at SSR (P < 0.001) than female and LP runners. Total distance was inversely correlated with the number of SSR and speed CV in male (r = −0.47 and r = −0.64, respectively) and female (r = −0.61 and r = −0.47, respectively). Conclusion: Male, HP runners showed less SSR, conserving a higher mean speed with less variation throughout the race. Results suggest that conservative pacing strategies, with lower speeds in the beginning and higher speeds toward the end, may be the most adequate for different endurance running disciplines. Results also show different competition dynamics between men and women, which warrants further exploration in ultramarathons as well as other IAAF events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Inoue
- Exercise Sciences Research Laboratory, Physical Education Center Admiral Adalberto Nunes (CEFAN), Brazilian Navy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Exercise and Sport Sciences Postgraduate Program, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Operational Human Performance Postgraduate Program, Air Force University, Brazilian Air Force, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tony Meireles Santos
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Physical Education Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Florentina J Hettinga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel de Souza Alves
- Exercise Sciences Research Laboratory, Physical Education Center Admiral Adalberto Nunes (CEFAN), Brazilian Navy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Operational Human Performance Postgraduate Program, Air Force University, Brazilian Air Force, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ferreira Viana
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Rehabilitation Sciences Postgraduate Program, Augusto Motta University Center/UNISUAM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno de Souza Terra
- Exercise Sciences Research Laboratory, Physical Education Center Admiral Adalberto Nunes (CEFAN), Brazilian Navy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vangsoe MT, Nielsen JK, Paton CD. A Comparison of Different Prerace Warm-Up Strategies on 1-km Cycling Time-Trial Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1109-1116. [PMID: 32294619 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and postactivation potentiation (PAP) are warm-up strategies proposed to improve high-intensity sporting performance. However, only few studies have investigated the benefits of these strategies compared with an appropriate control (CON) or an athlete-selected (SELF) warm-up protocol. Therefore, this study examined the effects of 4 different warm-up routines on 1-km time-trial (TT) performance with competitive cyclists. METHODS In a randomized crossover study, 12 well-trained cyclists (age 32 [10] y, mass 77.7 [4.6] kg, peak power output 1141 [61] W) performed 4 different warm-up strategies-(CON) 17 minutes CON only, (SELF) a self-determined warm-up, (IPC) IPC + CON, or (PAP) CON + PAP-prior to completing a maximal-effort 1-km TT. Performance time and power, quadriceps electromyograms, muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), and blood lactate were measured to determine differences between trials. RESULTS There were no significant differences (P > .05) in 1-km performance time between CON (76.9 [5.2] s), SELF (77.3 [6.0] s), IPC (77.0 [5.5] s), or PAP (77.3 [5.9] s) protocols. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in mean or peak power output between trials. Finally, electromyogram activity, SmO2, and recovery blood lactate concentration were not different between conditions. CONCLUSIONS Adding IPC or PAP protocols to a short CON warm-up appears to provide no additional benefit to 1-km TT performance with well-trained cyclists and is therefore not recommended. Furthermore, additional IPC and PAP protocols had no effect on electromyograms and SmO2 values during the TT or peak lactate concentration during recovery.
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10
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Boullosa D, Abad CCC, Reis VP, Fernandes V, Castilho C, Candido L, Zagatto AM, Pereira LA, Loturco I. Effects of Drop Jumps on 1000-m Performance Time and Pacing in Elite Male and Female Endurance Runners. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1043-1046. [PMID: 32176865 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of drop jumps (DJs) on performance time and pacing in a field test (ie, 1000 m) commonly used to evaluate endurance runners and to evaluate running and jumping performance in male and female athletes separately. METHODS Twenty elite endurance runners (male, n = 10, 27.8 [7.0] y, 62.3 [5.2] kg; female, n = 10, 25.9 [5.3] y, 51.7 [4.1] kg) competing in middle- and long-distance events participated in this study. After determination of the box height associated with the best reactive strength index, athletes randomly performed a warm-up with or without the inclusion of 5 DJs with the highest reactive strength index prior to a 1000-m track test. Performance time and pacing (250-m splits) were determined. Countermovement-jump heights at different time points and blood lactate concentration after running tests were also recorded. RESULTS A "possible" faster 1000-m time (162.4 vs 165.3 s) with a "very likely" faster first split (38.8 vs 40.3 s) was observed in male athletes in the DJ condition. In contrast, female athletes showed a "possible" slower running time (186.8 vs 184.8 s) and a "likely" greater blood lactate concentration after the 1000-m test in the DJ condition. Male and female athletes presented greater countermovement-jump performances after warm-up and running tests in both conditions. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of 5 DJs with the height associated with the best reactive strength index induced a "possible" improvement in 1000-m performance time in elite male endurance runners. The current protocol should be avoided in female athletes.
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Barranco-Gil D, Alejo LB, Valenzuela PL, Gil-Cabrera J, Montalvo-Pérez A, Talavera E, Moral-González S, Clemente-Suárez VJ, Lucia A. Warming Up Before a 20-Minute Endurance Effort: Is It Really Worth It? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:964-970. [PMID: 32182586 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the effects of different warm-up protocols on endurance-cycling performance from an integrative perspective (by assessing perceptual, neuromuscular, physiological, and metabolic variables). METHODS Following a randomized crossover design, 15 male cyclists (35 [9] y; peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] 66.4 [6.8] mL·kg-1·min-1) performed a 20-minute cycling time trial (TT) preceded by no warm-up, a standard warm-up (10 min at 60% of VO2peak), or a warm-up that was intended to induce potentiation postactivation (PAP warm-up; 5 min at 60% of VO2peak followed by three 10-s all-out sprints). Study outcomes were jumping ability and heart-rate variability (both assessed at baseline and before the TT), TT performance (mean power output), and perceptual (rating of perceived exertion) and physiological (oxygen uptake, muscle oxygenation, heart-rate variability, blood lactate, and thigh skin temperature) responses during and after the TT. RESULTS Both standard and PAP warm-up (9.7% [4.7%] and 12.9% [6.5%], respectively, P < .001), but not no warm-up (-0.9% [4.8%], P = .074), increased jumping ability and decreased heart-rate variability (-7.9% [14.2%], P = .027; -20.3% [24.7%], P = .006; and -1.7% [10.5%], P = .366). Participants started the TT (minutes 0-3) at a higher power output and oxygen uptake after PAP warm-up compared with the other 2 protocols (P < .05), but no between-conditions differences were found overall for the remainder of outcomes (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Compared with no warm-up, warming up enhanced jumping performance and sympathetic modulation before the TT, and the inclusion of brief sprints resulted in a higher initial power output during the TT. However, no warm-up benefits were found for overall TT performance or for perceptual or physiological responses during the TT.
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Ktenidis CK, Margaritelis NV, Cherouveim ED, Stergiopoulos DC, Malliou VJ, Geladas ND, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V. Priming exercise increases Wingate cycling peak power output. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:705-713. [PMID: 32449458 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1765026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of priming exercise on Wingate performance and fatigue. METHODS Twelve recreationally active young male volunteers participated in the study (age: 25 ± 5 years; weight: 75.0 ± 7.5 kg; height: 177 ± 6 cm; BMI: 24.0 ± 1.7). During a first visit, participants performed a typical V˙O2max test and a supramaximal assessment of V˙O2max on a cycle ergometer, while during the next three visits, the participants performed in a random order a Wingate test (i) with no priming exercise, (ii) after priming exercise followed by a 15-min recovery (Priming15) and (iii) after priming exercise followed by a 30-min recovery (Priming30). Priming exercise lasted 6 min, at work rate corresponding to the gas exchange threshold (GET) plus 70% of the difference between the GET and V˙O2max. RESULTS The Priming 30 condition exhibited greater peak power output (595 ± 84 W) compared to the control (567 ± 85 W) and the Priming15 condition (569 ± 95 W) (P < .05). Regarding fatigue index, a tendency towards increased resistance to fatigue was observed in the Priming30 condition compared to the control and the Priming15 conditions (P = .072). Pre-Wingate lactate levels were found to be significantly different between the Priming15 (7.18 ± 3.09 mmol/L) and the Priming30 (4.87 ± 2.11 mmol/L) conditions (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Priming exercise of high intensity followed by a prolonged recovery leads to increased peak power in a subsequent Wingate test. Moreover, our data are consistent with the idea that a priming exercise-induced modest increase in blood lactate concentration at the onset of the following criterion bout is a key factor of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalabos K Ktenidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Dialysis Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evgenia D Cherouveim
- Sports Excellence, 1st Orthopaedic Dept, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris C Stergiopoulos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki J Malliou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos D Geladas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Harat I, Clark NW, Boffey D, Herring CH, Goldstein ER, Redd MJ, Wells AJ, Stout JR, Fukuda DH. Dynamic post-activation potentiation protocol improves rowing performance in experienced female rowers. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1615-1623. [PMID: 32316854 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1754110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Post-activation potentiation likely acutely improves power-based performance; however, few studies have demonstrated improved endurance performance. Forty collegiate female rowers performed isometric potentiating (ISO), dynamic potentiating (DYN) and control (CON) warm-up protocols on a rowing ergometer, followed by a three-minute all-out test to evaluate their total distance, peak power, mean power, critical power, anaerobic working capacity (W') and stroke rate. Fifteen-second splits were also analysed. ISO consisted of 5 × 5-second static muscle actions with the ergometer handle rendered immovable with a nylon strap, while DYN consisted of 2 × 10-second all-out rowing bouts, separated by a 2-minute rest interval. The participants were divided into high and low experience groups by median experience level (3.75 years) for statistical analysis. Significant differences (DYN > CON; p < 0.05) were found for distance (+5.6 m), mean power (+5.9 W) and W' (+1561.6 J) for more experienced rowers (n = 19) and no differences for less experienced rowers (n = 18). Mean power in DYN was significantly greater than CON and ISO in the 15-30, 30-45, 45-60 and 60-75 second intervals independent of experience level. These results suggest that DYN may benefit experienced female rowers and that these strategies might benefit a greater power output over shorter distances regardless of experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Harat
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida , Orlando, FL, USA.,Sports Science Initiative, University of Central Florida Athletics Association , Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nicolas W Clark
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida , Orlando, FL, USA.,Sports Science Initiative, University of Central Florida Athletics Association , Orlando, FL, USA
| | - David Boffey
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida , Orlando, FL, USA.,Sports Science Initiative, University of Central Florida Athletics Association , Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Chad H Herring
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida , Orlando, FL, USA.,Sports Science Initiative, University of Central Florida Athletics Association , Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Erica R Goldstein
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida , Orlando, FL, USA.,Sports Science Initiative, University of Central Florida Athletics Association , Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Michael J Redd
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida , Orlando, FL, USA.,Sports Science Initiative, University of Central Florida Athletics Association , Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Adam J Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida , Orlando, FL, USA.,Sports Science Initiative, University of Central Florida Athletics Association , Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida , Orlando, FL, USA.,Sports Science Initiative, University of Central Florida Athletics Association , Orlando, FL, USA
| | - David H Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida , Orlando, FL, USA.,Sports Science Initiative, University of Central Florida Athletics Association , Orlando, FL, USA
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Yamaguchi T, Takizawa K, Shibata K, Tomabechi N, Samukawa M, Yamanaka M. Acute effect of dynamic stretching or running on endurance running performance in well-trained male runners. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.18.03987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Silveira R, Asano RY, Pires FO. Effects of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Cycling Time Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2020; 49:57-66. [PMID: 30488186 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-1029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the growing number of studies reporting carbohydrate mouth rinse effects on endurance performance, no systematic and meta-analysis review has been conducted to elucidate the level of evidence of carbohydrate mouth rinse effects on cycling trial performance such as time-, work-, and distance-based trials. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study were to establish the effect of a carbohydrate mouth rinse on cycling performance outcomes such as mean power output and time to complete a trial, together with the risk of bias in the cycling-carbohydrate mouth rinse literature. METHODS We systematically reviewed randomized placebo-controlled trials that assessed carbohydrate mouth rinse effects on mean power output and time to complete the trial. A random-effects meta-analysis assessed the standardized mean difference between carbohydrate and placebo mouth rinses. RESULTS Thirteen studies (16 trials) were qualitatively (systematic review) and quantitatively (meta-analysis) analyzed with regard to mean power output (n = 175) and time to complete the trial (n = 151). Overall, the reviewed studies showed a low risk of bias and homogeneous results for mean power output (I2 = 0%) and time to complete the trial (I2 = 0%). When compared with placebo, the carbohydrate mouth rinse improved mean power output (standardized mean difference = 0.25; 95% confidence interval 0.04-0.46; p = 0.02), but not the time to complete the trial (standardized mean difference = - 0.13; 95% confidence interval - 0.36 to 0.10; p = 0.25). CONCLUSION The present systematic and meta-analytic review supports the notion that a carbohydrate mouth rinse has the potential to increase mean power output in cycling trials, despite showing no superiority over placebo in improving time to complete the trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, 1000 Arlindo Béttio Avenue, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, 1000 Arlindo Béttio Avenue, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Hélio José Coelho-Júnior
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, University of Campinas, 701 Érico Veríssimo Avenue, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP, 13.083-851, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Silveira
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, 1000 Arlindo Béttio Avenue, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Yukio Asano
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, 1000 Arlindo Béttio Avenue, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, 1000 Arlindo Béttio Avenue, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil.
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16
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de Poli RAB, Boullosa DA, Malta ES, Behm D, Lopes VHF, Barbieri FA, Zagatto AM. Cycling Performance Enhancement After Drop Jumps May Be Attributed to Postactivation Potentiation and Increased Anaerobic Capacity. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2465-2475. [PMID: 32205815 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
de Poli, RAB, Boullosa, DA, Malta, ES, Behm, D, Lopes, VHF, Barbieri, FA, and Zagatto, AM. Cycling performance enhancement after drop jumps may be attributed to postactivation potentiation and increased anaerobic capacity. J Strength Cond Res 34(9): 2465-2475, 2020-The study aimed to investigate the effects of drop jumps (DJs) on supramaximal cycling performance, anaerobic capacity (AC), electromyography, and fatigue. Thirty-eight recreational cyclists participated into 3 independent studies. In study 1 (n = 14), neuromuscular fatigue was assessed with the twitch interpolation technique. In study 2 (n = 16), the AC and metabolic contributions were measured with the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit method and the sum of the glycolytic and phosphagen pathways. In study 3 (n = 8), postactivation potentiation (PAP) induced by repeated DJs was evaluated. The DJ protocol was effective for significantly improving cycling performance by +9.8 and +7.4% in studies 1 and 2, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). No differences were observed in electromyography between conditions (p = 0.70); however, the force evoked by a doublet at low (10 Hz) and high frequencies (100 Hz) declined for control (-16.4 and -23.9%) and DJ protocols (-18.6 and -26.9%) (p < 0.01). Force decline was greater in the DJ condition (p < 0.03). Anaerobic capacity and glycolytic pathway contributions were +7.7 and +9.1% higher after DJ protocol (p = 0.01). Peak force during maximal voluntary contraction (+5.6%) and doublet evoked force at 100 Hz (+5.0%) were higher after DJs. The DJ protocol induced PAP, improved supramaximal cycling performance, and increased AC despite higher peripheral fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A B de Poli
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Science, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Boullosa
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; and
| | - Elvis S Malta
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Science, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - David Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Vithor H F Lopes
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Science, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio A Barbieri
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Science, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandro M Zagatto
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Science, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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17
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Changes of Power Output and Velocity During Successive Sets of the Bench Press With Different Duration of Eccentric Movement. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:162-167. [PMID: 30958063 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance training is one of the key components influencing power output. Previous studies directed at power development through the use of postactivation potentiation have analyzed resistance exercises at volitional or fast tempo of movement in the entire cycle, without control of the duration of the concentric and eccentric phases of movement. To date, no scientific studies have explored the effects of varied movement tempo on the level of power output, velocity, and postactivation potentiation efficiency. METHODS During the experimental sessions, study participants performed 3 sets (Sets1-3) of the bench-press exercise using 70% 1-repetition maximum and 2 different tempos of movement: 2/0/X/0 eccentric medium tempo (ECCMED) and 6/0/X/0 eccentric slow tempo (ECCSLO). RESULTS Post hoc analysis demonstrated significant differences in values of peak (PPEAK) and mean (PMEAN) power between Sets1-3 measured for the ECCMED (2/0/X/0) tempo. The values of PMEAN in Set3 (492.15 [87.61] W) were significantly higher than in Set2 (480.05 [82.10] W) and Set1 (467.65 [79.18] W). Similarly, the results of PPEAK in Set3 (713.10 [132.72] W) were significantly higher than those obtained in Set2 (702.25 [129.5] W) and Set1 (671.55 [115.79] W). For the ECCSLO tempo (6/0/X/0) in Set2 (587.9 [138.48] W), the results of PPEAK were significantly higher than in Set1 (565.7 [117.37] W) and Set3 (563.1 [124.93] W). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that the postactivation potentiation effect is observed for both slow and medium tempos of movement.
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18
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Barahona-Fuentes GD, Ojeda ÁH, Jerez-Mayorga D. Effects of different methods of strength training on indicators of muscle fatigue during and after strength training: a systematic review. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574202000030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Álvaro Huerta Ojeda
- Universidad de Las Américas, Chile; Centro de Capacitación e Investigación Deportiva Alpha Sports, Chile
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19
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Blagrove RC, Howatson G, Hayes PR. Use of Loaded Conditioning Activities to Potentiate Middle- and Long-Distance Performance: A Narrative Review and Practical Applications. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2288-2297. [PMID: 29384999 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Blagrove, RC, Howatson, G, and Hayes, PR. Use of loaded conditioning activities to potentiate middle- and long-distance performance: a narrative review and practical applications. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2288-2297, 2019-The warm-up is an integral component of a middle- and long-distance athlete's preperformance routine. The use of a loaded conditioning activity (LCA), which elicits a postactivation potentiation (PAP) response to acutely enhance explosive power performance, is well researched. A similar approach incorporated into the warm-up of a middle- or long-distance athlete potentially provides a novel strategy to augment performance. Mechanisms that underpin a PAP response, relating to acute adjustments within the neuromuscular system, should theoretically improve middle- and long-distance performance through improvements in submaximal force-generating ability. Attempts to enhance middle- and long-distance-related outcomes using an LCA have been used in several recent studies. Results suggest that benefits to performance may exist in well-trained middle- and long-distance athletes by including high-intensity resistance training (1-5 repetition maximum) or adding load to the sport skill itself during the latter part of warm-ups. Early stages of performance seem to benefit most, and it is likely that recovery (5-10 minutes) also plays an important role after an LCA. Future research should consider how priming activity, designed to enhance the VO2 kinetic response, and an LCA may interact to affect performance, and how different LCAs might benefit various modes and durations of middle- and long-distance exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Blagrove
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Water Research Group, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Philip R Hayes
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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20
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Shamim B, Devlin BL, Timmins RG, Tofari P, Lee Dow C, Coffey VG, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Adaptations to Concurrent Training in Combination with High Protein Availability: A Comparative Trial in Healthy, Recreationally Active Men. Sports Med 2019; 48:2869-2883. [PMID: 30341593 PMCID: PMC6244626 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background We implemented a high-protein diet (2 g·kg−1·d−1) throughout 12 weeks of concurrent exercise training to determine whether interferences to adaptation in muscle hypertrophy, strength and power could be attenuated compared to resistance training alone. Methods Thirty-two recreationally active males (age: 25 ± 5 years, body mass index: 24 ± 3 kg·m−2; mean ± SD) performed 12 weeks of either isolated resistance (RES; n = 10) or endurance (END; n = 10) training (three sessions·w−1), or concurrent resistance and endurance (CET; n = 12) training (six sessions·w−1). Maximal strength (1RM), body composition and power were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Results Leg press 1RM increased ~ 24 ± 13% and ~ 33 ± 16% in CET and RES from PRE-to-POST (P < 0.001), with no difference between groups. Total lean mass increased ~ 4% in both CET and RES from PRE-to-POST (P < 0.001). Ultrasound estimated vastus lateralis volume increased ~ 15% in CET and ~ 11% in RES from PRE-to-POST (P < 0.001), with no difference between groups. Wingate peak power relative to body mass displayed a trend (P = 0.053) to be greater in RES (12.5 ± 1.6 W·kg BM−1) than both CET (10.8 ± 1.7 W·kg BM−1) and END (10.9 ± 1.8 W·kg BM−1) at POST. Absolute VO2peak increased 6.9% in CET and 12% in END from PRE-to-POST (P < 0.05), with no difference between groups. Conclusion Despite high protein availability, select measures of anaerobic power-based adaptations, but not muscle strength or hypertrophy, appear susceptible to ‘interference effects’ with CET and should be closely monitored throughout training macro-cycles. Trials Registry: This trial was registered with the Australian-New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12617001229369). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40279-018-0999-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubak Shamim
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brooke L Devlin
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ryan G Timmins
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Tofari
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Connor Lee Dow
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vernon G Coffey
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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21
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Franco-Alvarenga PE, Brietzke C, Canestri R, Goethel MF, Hettinga F, Santos TM, Pires FO. Caffeine improved cycling trial performance in mentally fatigued cyclists, regardless of alterations in prefrontal cortex activation. Physiol Behav 2019; 204:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Blagrove RC, Holding KM, Patterson SD, Howatson G, Hayes PR. Efficacy of depth jumps to elicit a post-activation performance enhancement in junior endurance runners. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:239-244. [PMID: 30107984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of performing depth jumps (DJ) pre-exercise on running economy (RE) and time to exhaustion (TTE) at the speed associated with maximal oxygen uptake (sV˙O2max) in a group of high-performing junior middle-distance runners. DESIGN Randomized crossover study. METHODS Seventeen national- and international-standard male distance runners (17.6±1.2years, 63.4±6.3kg, 1.76±0.06m, 70.7±5.2mLkg-1min-1) completed two trials. Following a 5min warm-up at 60% V˙O2max, participants performed a 5min run at 20%Δ below oxygen uptake corresponding with lactate turn-point to determine pre-intervention RE. Participants then completed either six DJ from a box equivalent to their best counter-movement jump (CMJ) or a control condition (C) involving body weight quarter squats. After a 10min passive recovery, another 5min sub-maximal run was performed followed by a run to exhaustion at sV˙O2max. RESULTS Compared to the C trial, DJ produced moderate improvements (-3.7%, 95% confidence interval for effect size: 0.25-1.09) in RE, which within the context of minimal detectable change is considered possibly beneficial. Differences in TTE and other physiological variables were most likely trivial (ES: <0.2). Individual responses were small, however a partial correlation revealed a moderate relationship (r=-0.55, p=0.028) between change in RE and CMJ height. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of a set of six DJ in the warm-up routine of a well-trained young male middle-distance runner is likely to provide a moderate improvement in RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Blagrove
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, City South Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, United Kingdom.
| | - Kristina M Holding
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, United Kingdom; Water Research Group, Northwest University, South Africa
| | - Philip R Hayes
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, United Kingdom
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Pires FO, Silva-Júnior FL, Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Pinheiro FA, de França NM, Teixeira S, Meireles Santos T. Mental Fatigue Alters Cortical Activation and Psychological Responses, Impairing Performance in a Distance-Based Cycling Trial. Front Physiol 2018; 9:227. [PMID: 29615923 PMCID: PMC5864900 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We sought to verify if alterations in prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation and psychological responses would play along with impairments in pacing and performance of mentally fatigued cyclists. Materials and Methods: Eight recreational cyclists performed two preliminary sessions to familiarize them with the rapid visual information processing (RVP) test, psychological scales and 20 km cycling time trial (TT20km) (session 1), as well as to perform a VO2MAX test (session 2). Thereafter, they performed a TT20km either after a RVP test (30 min) or a time-matched rest control session (session 3 and 4 in counterbalanced order). Performance and psychological responses were obtained throughout the TT20km while PFC electroencephalography (EEG) was obtained at 10 and 20 km of the TT20km and throughout the RVP test. Increases in EEG theta band power indicated a mental fatigue condition. Repeated-measures mixed models design and post-hoc effect size (ES) were used in comparisons. Results: Cyclists completed the trial ~2.7% slower in mental fatigue (34.3 ± 1.3 min) than in control (33.4 ± 1.1 min, p = 0.02, very large ES), with a lower WMEAN (224.5 ± 17.9 W vs. 240.2 ± 20.9 W, respectively; p = 0.03; extremely large ES). There was a higher EEG theta band power during RVP test (p = 0.03; extremely large ES), which remained during the TT20km (p = 0.01; extremely large ES). RPE increased steeper in mental fatigue than in control, together with isolated reductions in motivation at 2th km (p = 0.04; extremely large ES), felt arousal at the 2nd and 4th km (p = 0.01; extremely large ES), and associative thoughts to exercise at the 6th and 16th km (p = 0.02; extremely large ES) of the TT20km. Conclusions: Mentally fatigued recreational cyclists showed impaired performance, altered PFC activation and faster increase in RPE during a TT20km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio O Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Fernando L Silva-Júnior
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory (LAMPLACE), Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiano A Pinheiro
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nanci M de França
- Physical Education Program, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Silmar Teixeira
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory (LAMPLACE), Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Tony Meireles Santos
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Research Center for Performance and Health, Physical Education Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
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24
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Pires FO, Brietzke C, Pinheiro FA, Veras K, de Mattos ECT, Rodacki ALF, Ugrinowitsch C. Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Fails to Improve Four-Kilometer Cycling Time Trial Performance. Nutrients 2018. [PMID: 29534507 PMCID: PMC5872760 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated if a carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse may attenuate global fatigue and improve 4-km cycling time trial (TT4km) performance. After a preliminary session, cyclists (n = 9) performed a TT4km after a CHO or placebo (PLA) mouth rinse. Mean power output, time, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded throughout the TT4km. Twitch interpolation responses (%VA; voluntary activation and ∆Tw; delta peak twitch torque) were compared pre and post TT4km with traditional statistics and effect size (ES) analysis. Time-to-complete the 4 km and mean power output were comparable between CHO (386.4 ± 28.0 s) and PLA (385.4 ± 22.4 s). A lower central (p = 0.054) and peripheral (p = 0.02) fatigue in CHO than in PLA were suggested by an extremely-large ES in %VA (manipulation main effect: p = 0.052, d = 1.18; manipulation-by-time interaction effect: p = 0.08, d = 1.00) and an extremely, very-large ES in ∆Tw (manipulation main effect: p = 0.07, d = 0.97; time-by-manipulation interaction effect: p = 0.09, d = 0.89). The RPE increased slower in CHO than in PLA (p = 0.051; d = 0.7). The apparent reduction in global fatigue (central and peripheral) and RPESLOPE with only one CHO mouth rinse were not translated into improved TT4km performance. Further tests may be required to verify if these likely differences in global fatigue might represent an edge in the short-lasting cycling time trial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio O Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil.
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos 11015-020, Brazil.
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil.
| | - Fabiano A Pinheiro
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil.
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Katherine Veras
- Integrated Group of Biotechnology, Lab Adipose Tissue Biology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo 05305-000, Brazil.
| | - Eugênia C T de Mattos
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná 80060-000, Brazil.
| | - André L F Rodacki
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná 80060-000, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil.
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25
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Boullosa D, Del Rosso S, Behm DG, Foster C. Post-activation potentiation (PAP) in endurance sports: A review. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:595-610. [PMID: 29490594 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1438519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
While there is strong support of the usefulness of post-activation potentiation (PAP) phenomenon in power demanding sports, the role that PAP could play in endurance sports has received less attention. The aim of this review is to present evidence for a better understanding of PAP in endurance athletes; and to discuss the physiological basis and methodological aspects necessary for better practices and designing further studies. A search for relevant articles on PAP and endurance trained athletes was carried out using Medline and ISI Web of Knowledge databases. Twenty-two studies were included in the review. The current evidence suggests the possible influence of PAP for performance enhancement after appropriate conditioning activities during warm up. Evaluation of PAP responses during testing, training and competition may be also important for athletes monitoring. There are many unresolved questions about the optimum load parameters for benefiting from PAP in both training and competition; and the role that PAP may exert for optimal performance while interacting with central and peripheral factors associated with muscle fatigue. Further studies should elucidate the association between PAP responses and long-term adaptations in endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Boullosa
- a Physical Education , Catholic University of Brasilia , Brasilia , Brazil.,b College of Healthcare Sciences , James Cook University , QLD , Australia
| | | | - David G Behm
- c School of Human Kinetics and Recreation , Memorial University of Newfoundland , Newfoundland , Canada
| | - Carl Foster
- d Department of Exercise and Sport Science , University of Wisconsin , La Crosse, Wisconsin , United States of America
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26
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Doma K, Leicht AS, Schumann M, Nagata A, Senzaki K, Woods CE. Postactivation potentiation effect of overloaded cycling on subsequent cycling Wingate performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:217-222. [PMID: 29308849 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the postactivation potentiation effects of overloaded cycling on subsequent Wingate performance. METHODS Twenty anaerobic-trained men took part in this study. The participants were randomly allocated to complete three testing sessions separated by 7 days. Each week, participants either undertook a control session (CON) consisting of a sub-maximal cycling warm-up protocol followed by a Wingate Test, or separate sessions involving an overloaded 10-second cycling PAP protocol followed by a Wingate Test at 5 (T5) or 10 (T10) minutes, post-PAP protocol. Power outputs, cadence, total work, fatigue rate, heart rate and capillary lactate measures were recorded from each Wingate Test. Measures were compared between these sessions and between sessions that generated the greatest peak power output (Bestpeak-P) and mean power output (Bestmean-P) via repeated measures ANOVA with effect sizes (ES) also calculated. RESULTS A significantly greater mean power output, total work and lactate levels were exhibited during the T10 condition compared to the CON condition (P<0.05, ES=1.57). Whilst not significant (P=0.06), a greater peak power output was exhibited during the Bestpeak-P condition compared to the CON condition with a large effect (ES=0.95). CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that an overloaded cycling protocol increased power output and lactate measures in anaerobic-trained men during a 30-second, Wingate Test. Overloaded cycling enhances subsequent anaerobic performance and is therefore likely to provide greater training stimuli for anaerobically trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Doma
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia -
| | - Anthony S Leicht
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Moritz Schumann
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Akinori Nagata
- Faculty of Sports Science, Kyushu Kyoritsu University, Kyushu, Japan
| | | | - Carl E Woods
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Azevedo R, Cruz R, Silva-Cavalcante M, Silva R, Correia-Oliveira C, Couto P, Lima-Silva A, Bertuzzi R. Methodological approaches to determine the “U”-pacing strategy in cycling time trial. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1399322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Azevedo
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramon Cruz
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Silva-Cavalcante
- Sports Science Research Group, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Renata Silva
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Couto
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Lima-Silva
- Sports Science Research Group, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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