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Geisler S, Havers T, Isenmann E, Schulze J, Lourens LK, Nowak J, Held S, Haff GG. Effects of Expertise on Muscle Activity during the Hang Power Clean and Hang Power Snatch Compared to Snatch and Clean Pulls - An Explorative Analysis. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:778-789. [PMID: 38045750 PMCID: PMC10690512 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose was to compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the Hang Power Clean (HPC) and Hang Power Snatch (HPS) with the Hang Clean Pull (HCP) and Hang Snatch Pull (HSP). Additionally, the influence of weightlifting expertise (beginner, advanced and elite) on EMG activity was analyzed. Twenty-seven weightlifters (beginner: n = 11, age: 23.9 ± 3.2 years, bodyweight: 75.7 ± 10.5 kg; advanced: n = 10, age: 24.8 ± 4.5 years, bodyweight: 69.4 ± 13.9 kg; elite: n = 6, age: 25.5 ± 5.2 years, bodyweight: 75.5 ± 12.5 kg) participated in this study. Participants performed two repetitions of HPC, HPS, HCP, and HSP at 50%, 70%, and 90% 1RM, respectively. The EMG activity of vastus lateralis (VL), gluteus maximus (GM), erector spinae (ES), rectus abdominis (RA) and trapezius (TZ) was recorded and normalized to the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of each muscle. There were significant differences in RA and ES EMG activity at 70% and 90% 1RM during HPC compared to HCP in the beginner group (p < 0.05, Hedges g = 0.50-1.06). Significant greater ES activity was observed in the beginner, advanced, and elite groups (p < 0.05, g = 0.27-0.98) during the HPS when compared to the HSP at 50-90% 1RM. TZ muscle activity was significantly greater at 50% and 70% 1RM in the HCP compared to the HPC in the elite group (p < 0.05, g = 0.61-1.08), while the beginner group reached significance only at 50% 1RM favoring HPC (p < 0.05, g = 0.38). Moreover, the EMG activity of the TZ during the HSP and HPS was significantly different only at 50% 1RM in the elite group and favored HSP (p < 0.05, g = 0.27). No differences were observed between the levels of weightlifting expertise. Based upon the results of this study, the overall pattern of EMG activity of the predominant muscles involved in HPC/HPS and the corresponding weightlifting pulling derivatives, apart from the stabilizing muscle (RA and ES), is similar at higher intensities (>70% 1RM) and expertise does not influence muscle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Geisler
- Department of Fitness and Health, IST-University of Applied Sciences, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Havers
- Department of Fitness and Health, IST-University of Applied Sciences, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Eduard Isenmann
- Department of Fitness and Health, IST-University of Applied Sciences, Dusseldorf, Germany
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonas Schulze
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Leonie K Lourens
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jannik Nowak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Steffen Held
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Sport and Management, IST University of Applied Sciences, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
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Cho Y, Jang H, Kwon S, Oh H. Aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and flexibility physical activity and risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a population-based prospective cohort of Korean adults. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1148. [PMID: 37316812 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical activities reduce mortality risk. However, little is known about the joint associations of the two activity types and whether other type of physical activity, such as flexibility activity, can provide similar mortality risk reduction. OBJECTIVES We examined the independent associations of aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and flexibility physical activities with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a population-based prospective cohort of Korean men and women. We also examined the joint associations of aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities, the two physical activity types that are recommended by the current World Health Organization physical activity guidelines. DESIGN This analysis included 34,379 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2013 participants (aged 20-79 years) with mortality data linkage through December 31, 2019. Engagement in walking, aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and flexibility physical activities was self-reported at baseline. Cox proportional hazards model was performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Flexibility physical activity (≥ 5 vs. 0 d/wk) was inversely associated with all-cause (HR [95% CI] = 0.80 [0.70-0.92]; P-trend < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (0.75 [0.55-1.03], P-trend = 0.02). Moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity (≥ 50.0 vs. 0 MET-h/wk) was also associated with lower all-cause (HR [95% CI] = 0.82 [0.70-0.95]; P-trend < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (0.55 [0.37-0.80]; P-trend < 0.001). Similar inverse associations were observed with total aerobic physical activity, including walking. Muscle-strengthening activity (≥ 5 vs. 0 d/wk) was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (HR [95% CI] = 0.83 [0.68-1.02]; P-trend = 0.01) but was not associated with cancer or cardiovascular mortality. Compared to participants meeting the highest guidelines for both moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical activities, those not meeting in any guideline were associated with higher all-cause (1.34 [1.09-1.64]) and cardiovascular mortality (1.68 [1.00-2.82]). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and flexibility activities are associated with lower risk of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonkyoung Cho
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, College of Health Science, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hajin Jang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, College of Health Science, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Kwon
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hannah Oh
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, College of Health Science, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu Hana Science Bldg B358, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Weidlich K, Mersmann F, Domroes T, Schroll A, Bohm S, Arampatzis A. Quantification of patellar tendon strain and opportunities for personalized tendon loading during back squats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8661. [PMID: 37248376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon strain during exercise is a critical regulatory factor in tendon adaptive responses and there are indications for an optimal range of strain that promotes tendon adaptation. Back squats are used to improve patellar tendon properties in sport and clinical settings. To date, the operating patellar tendon strain during back squats is unknown and current recommendations for individual exercise loading are based on the one repetition maximum (1RM). Here, we quantified patellar tendon strain during loaded back squats at 40, 60 and 80% of the 1RM and during maximum isometric knee extension contractions (MVC) using ultrasonography. Kinematics, ground reaction forces and muscle electromyographic activity were also recorded. Additionally, maximum tendon strain during the MVC and the percentage of 1RM were used as explanatory variables to estimate the individual patellar tendon strain during the squats. Strain increased with increasing 1RM loading (4.7 to 8.2%), indicating that already medium-loading back squats may provide a sufficient stimulus for tendon adaptation. The individual variability was, however, too high to generalize these findings. Yet, there was a high agreement between the individually estimated and measured patellar tendon strain (R2 = 0.858) during back squats. We argue that this approach may provide new opportunities for personalized tendon exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Weidlich
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Domroes
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Schroll
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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Sex Difference in Lower-limb Electromyography and Kinematics when Using Resistance Bands during a Barbell Back Squat. J Hum Kinet 2023; 86:17-29. [PMID: 37181264 PMCID: PMC10170533 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/159585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the muscle activity of the gluteus medius (GMe), gluteus maximus (GMa), biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM) and erector spinae (ES) as well as medial knee displacement (MKD) while using varying stiffness resistance bands (red: 1.68 kg; black: 3.31 kg; gold: 6.44 kg) during a barbell back squat (BBS) among males and females. A total of 23 (females: 11) resistance trained people were recruited for this study. Muscle activity was measured using electromyography, and motion capture cameras tracked lower-limb kinematics and MKD. Three resistance bands were placed at the distal end of the femur while performing a BBS at their 85% repetition maximum (RM). Parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses were conducted with the alpha level of 0.05. The gold resistance band resulted in a smaller knee-width-index value (i.e., greater MKD) compared to other bands (p < 0.01). Males exhibited less MKD compared to females during the BBS for each resistance band (p = 0.04). Males produced greater VL activity when using the black and gold resistance bands during the BBS (p = 0.03). When using a gold resistance band, the GMe muscle activation was higher compared to other resistance bands (p < 0.01). VM muscle activity was reduced when using a gold resistance band compared to no band condition (p < 0.01). BF (p = 0.39) and ES (p = 0.88) muscle activity did not change when using different resistance bands. As a result, females may be at a biomechanical disadvantage when using resistance bands compared to males while performing the BBS hindering them from optimal performance.
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Park JH, Lee SJ, Shin HJ, Cho HY. Influence of Loads and Loading Position on the Muscle Activity of the Trunk and Lower Extremity during Squat Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013480. [PMID: 36294056 PMCID: PMC9602963 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of the load and bar position on trunk and lower extremity muscle activity during squat exercise. High bar back squats (HBBS) and low bar back squats (LBBS) were performed in random order at 50%, 60%, and 70% loads of one repetition maximum by 28 experienced healthy adult men who had been performing squats for at least one year. Before the experiment, the maximal voluntary contraction of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, external oblique, and erector spinae muscles was measured by means of surface electromyography. In addition, eccentric and concentric exercises were performed for 3 s each to measure the muscle activity. There was a significant difference in muscle activity according to the load for all muscles in the eccentric and concentric phases (p < 0.05), indicating that muscle activity increased as the load increased. In addition, in the comparison between HBBS and LBBS, significant differences were shown in all lower extremity muscles and all trunk muscles except for the external oblique in the concentric phase according to the bar position (p < 0.05). HBBS showed a higher muscle activity of the lower extremity in the eccentric and concentric phases than in LBBS, while LBBS showed a higher muscle activity of the trunk muscle in the eccentric and concentric phases than in HBBS (p < 0.05). HBBS requires more force in the lower extremity than LBBS and is particularly advantageous in strengthening the muscular strength of the quadriceps. In contrast, LBBS requires more muscle activity in the trunk than HBBS and is more effective in carrying heavier loads because of the advantage of body stability. This study suggests that rehabilitation experts apply the bar position and load as important variables affecting the intensity and method of training for target muscle strengthening of the lower extremities and trunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyung Park
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Seung-Jea Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Shin
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-J.S.); (H.-Y.C.); Tel.: +82-32-820-4420 (H.-J.S.); +82-32-820-4560 (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Hwi-Young Cho
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Department of Physical Therapy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-J.S.); (H.-Y.C.); Tel.: +82-32-820-4420 (H.-J.S.); +82-32-820-4560 (H.-Y.C.)
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6
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Oshikawa T, Takaki N, Nakamura K, Kubota R, Adachi G, Akuzawa H, Sekine C, Kaneoka K. Change in the activity of trunk and lower limb muscles during 2000-m rowing. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2022; 69:45-50. [PMID: 35466145 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.69.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the changes in the activity of the trunk and lower limb muscles during 2000-m rowing. Ten male rowers performed a 2000-m race simulation on a rowing ergometer. Electromyography results of the abdominal muscles, back muscles, gluteus maximus (GMax), biceps femoris (BF), and rectus femoris (RF) were recorded. The electromyographic activity during the three strokes after the start (initial stage), at 1000m (middle stage), and before the end (final stage) were analyzed. From the handle position, the rowing motion was divided into five phases (early-drive, middle-drive, late-drive, early-recovery, and late-recovery). The peak activities of the abdominal muscles, back muscles, GMax, and BF in each stroke of the rowing motion were delayed at the middle and final stages compared to the initial stage (P<0.05). The peak activity of the RF was observed in the late-drive phase at the initial stage, whereas a high RF activity was observed in the middle-drive phase at the middle and final stages (P<0.05). Considering the results of the activity of the back muscles and RF, RF muscular endurance enhancement may lead to a decrease in the load on the back muscles and help prevent muscular low back pain in rowers. J. Med. Invest. 69 : 45-50, February, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Oshikawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norifumi Takaki
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Nakamura
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ren Kubota
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Gen Adachi
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.,Baseball & Sports Clinic, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akuzawa
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chie Sekine
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koji Kaneoka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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7
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Collins KS, Klawitter LA, Waldera RW, Mahoney SJ, Christensen BK. Differences in Muscle Activity and Kinetics Between the Goblet Squat and Landmine Squat in Men and Women. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2661-2668. [PMID: 34341315 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Collins, KS, Klawitter, LA, Waldera, RW, Mahoney, SJ, and Christensen, BK. Differences in muscle activity and kinetics between the goblet squat and landmine squat in men and women. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2661-2668, 2021-Squat exercise variations are widely used and extensively researched. However, little information exists on the goblet squat (GBS) and landmine squat (LMS) and differences between men and women. This study investigated the differences in muscle activity and kinetics between the GBS and the LMS in 16 men and 16 women. Five repetitions of each squat type were performed loaded at 30% of their body mass. Vertical and anteroposterior ground reaction forces for the eccentric and concentric phases and peak vertical force were recorded with a force plate. Electromyographic (EMG) signals were recorded for the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), semitendinosus (ST), and biceps femoris (BF). Normalized mean EMG values and ground reaction forces were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance (p < 0.05). Significant main effects for squat condition and sex were found. The LMS reduced activity in the quadriceps (VM and VL) muscles and vertical forces, while increasing posterior horizontal forces. In the LMS, men showed decreased ST activity, whereas women had decreased BF activity. Women exhibited greater quadriceps activity in both the GBS and LMS and greater ST in the LMS. Women also produced greater eccentric vertical force in both the GBS and LMS and less posterior horizontal forces in the LMS. The LMS may be useful to balance hamstring to quadriceps activity, increase horizontal loading, and reduce vertical loading. Conversely, the GBS can better target quadriceps activity and increase vertical loading. Sex differences should be considered for training programs that include the GBS and LMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Collins
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
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8
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Correcting movement syndromes: the role of training load and its effects on muscle activity. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Ribeiro AS, Nunes JP, Schoenfeld BJ. Selection of Resistance Exercises for Older Individuals: The Forgotten Variable. Sports Med 2021; 50:1051-1057. [PMID: 32008175 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training has been widely recommended as a strategy to enhance the functional autonomy and quality of life in older individuals. Among the variables that comprise a training session, the selection of exercises stands out as an important consideration for the elderly. Although a wide range of resistance exercise options exists, current guidelines generally do not indicate which exercises should be included and which muscles should be prioritized when prescribing training for older individuals. Therefore, given the lack of evidence-based information on the topic, this paper endeavors to establish recommendations to help guide the prescription of resistance exercises for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Ribeiro
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil.
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10
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Vantrease WC, Townsend JR, Sapp PA, Henry RN, Johnson KD. Maximal Strength, Muscle Activation, and Bar Velocity Comparisons Between Squatting With a Traditional or Safety Squat Bar. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:S1-S5. [PMID: 32032231 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Vantrease, WC, Townsend, JR, Sapp, PA, Henry, RN, and Johnson, KD. Maximal strength, muscle activation, and bar velocity comparisons between squatting with a traditional or safety squat bar. J Strength Cond Res 35(2S): S1-S5, 2021-The purpose of this study was to compare strength, muscle activation, and bar velocity between the traditional (TRAD) and safety squat bar (SSB) back squat. Thirty-two men (21.94 ± 3.1 years, 1.78 ± 0.8 m, 81.7 ± 10.1 kg) volunteered to complete this randomized, crossover-design study. Subjects completed 2 separate 1 repetition maximum (1RM) sessions using either the TRAD or SSB. Subsequently, subjects completed 1 session of 3 repetitions at 65 and 85% of their 1RM for each squat condition (SSB & TRAD). Peak muscle activation of 7 muscles from the lower body and trunk was recorded through surface electromyography (EMG), and mean velocity (MV) was recorded by a linear transducer. Electromyography and MV were analyzed by a 2 × 2 (bar × load) repeated-measures analysis of variance. A Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship of 1RM load between bars. Squat 1RM was significantly higher (p < 0.001; 11.6%) for TRAD (144.7 kg) compared with SSB (128.8 kg), and a strong correlation (r = 0.94) was observed between 1RM values of each bar. A significant main effect was seen in EMG (p < 0.001) and MV for load (p < 0.001). No significant bar × load interaction was observed between conditions for any EMG or bar velocity measure (p > 0.05). The SSB produces similar muscle activation and bar velocities compared with the TRAD at relative intensities. However, absolute loads should be adjusted when changing squat bars during a training cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Vantrease
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee
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11
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Jebavy R, Baláš J, Vomackova H, Szarzec J, Stastny P. The Effect of Traditional and Stabilization-Oriented Exercises on Deep Stabilization System Function in Elite Futsal Players. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8120153. [PMID: 33260580 PMCID: PMC7761023 DOI: 10.3390/sports8120153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to compare the effect of traditional and stability-oriented strength exercises on trunk stability and deep stabilization system (DSS) activation in elite futsal players. Methods: Twenty elite futsal players (21–34 years, 180 ± 13 cm, 79 ± 15 kg) were randomly divided into a group that performed stability-oriented exercises and a group that performed traditional strength exercises. Both interventions lasted for 10 weeks and included 25 strength training sessions. Main outcome measures: The DSS pretest and posttest included the diaphragm test, trunk flexion test, back extension test, hip flexion test, intraabdominal pressure test, and a side plank test on a 1–5 point scale. Results: Both groups had similar initial test results, where the stability-oriented exercise group had significantly improved intraabdominal pressure test (p = 0.004, by lower quartile rate), trunk flexion (p = 0.036, by 0.5 grade in median), and side plank (p = 0.002, by 1 grade in median) in posttest results. Traditional exercise did not change the results of any of the included DSS function tests. Conclusions: Stabilization-oriented exercises effectively activate the functions of the DSS and should be prioritized over traditional strength exercises in injury prevention training programs. The use of stabilization-oriented exercises might prevent injury and overloading in elite futsal players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Jebavy
- Department of Track and Field, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16252 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiří Baláš
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16252 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Helena Vomackova
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16252 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jakub Szarzec
- Faculty of Nursing and Professional Health Studies, Health University in Bratislava, 83101 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Petr Stastny
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16252 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-777198764
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Impact of resistance training status on trunk muscle activation in a fatiguing set of heavy back squats. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:597-608. [PMID: 33206252 PMCID: PMC7862542 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In this study we measured neural activation (EMG) in four trunk stabilizer muscles and vastus lateralis (VL) in trained and novice participants during a set of squat repetitions to volitional fatigue at 85% 1RM. Methods Forty males were recruited into two groups, novice (NG: n = 21) and experienced (EG: n = 19), according to relative squat 1RM. Participants were tested twice to: (1) determine squat 1RM, and (2) complete a single set of repetitions to volitional fatigue at 85% 1RM. Relative squat 1RM; NG < 140% body mass, EG > 160% body mass. Neuromuscular activation was measured by EMG for the following: rectus abdominus (RA), external oblique (EO), lumbar sacral erector spinae (LSES), upper lumbar erector spinae (ULES) and VL in eccentric and concentric phase. Completed repetitions, RPE and EMG in repetition 1 and at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of completed repetitions were analysed. Results No group differences were found between number repetitions completed and RPE in repetitions to volitional fatigue at 85% 1RM. Neuromuscular activation increased significantly in all muscle groups in eccentric and concentric phase apart from RA in the eccentric phase. Trunk neuromuscular activation was higher in NG compared to EG and this was significant in EO, LSES and ULES in eccentric phase and LSES in the concentric phase. VL activation increased in both phases with no group differences. Conclusion Trunk neuromuscular activation increases in a fatiguing set of heavy squats regardless of training status. Increased back squat strength through training results in lower neuromuscular activation despite greater absolute external squat loads.
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Beato M, Fleming A, Coates A, Dello Iacono A. Validity and reliability of a flywheel squat test in sport. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:482-488. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1827530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Adam Fleming
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Alexander Coates
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK
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Roth R, Donath L, Faude O, Cresswell AG. Trunk muscle activity during different types of low weighted squat exercises in normal and forefoot standing conditions. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2774-2781. [PMID: 32746728 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1800358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Squats are considered a useful basic exercise for trunk muscle activation. To gain knowledge about trunk muscle activity patterns depending on the barbell position in beginners, we examined squats with low weights in the back, front, and overhead position. METHODS Twelve healthy adults (6 women/6 men, age: 29.1 (SD 8.0) y, height: 173.4 (6.9) cm, body mass: 70.1 (9.1) kg) randomly performed the three barbell squats in normal and in forefoot standing. Surface electromyography from external (EO) and internal oblique, rectus abdominis, and erector spinae (ES) was recorded. The centre of pressure path length (CoP) and the motion of the lumbar spine were captured. RESULTS The overhead squat revealed the highest percent muscle activity, where EO (p = 0.009) and ES (p = 0.03) showed the greatest activity. Forefoot standing did not change overall trunk muscle activities (.05< Hedges' g <.29, 0.17 < p < 0.95) although longer CoP path length (.45 < g < 1.3, p < 0.05) was measured. CONCLUSIONS Squat exercises with low weight are useful to activate trunk muscles. Activity increases with the difficulty of the squat by frontal or overhead loading, but not by standing on the forefoot. The low weighted squat can target well core muscle activity in training with beginners or in rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Roth
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel , Basel, Switzerland.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Interventions Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Faude
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew G Cresswell
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia
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15
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Murawa M, Fryzowicz A, Kabacinski J, Jurga J, Gorwa J, Galli M, Zago M. Muscle activation varies between high-bar and low-bar back squat. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9256. [PMID: 32551198 PMCID: PMC7289144 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Differences in the muscular activity between the high-bar back squat (HBBS) and the low-bar back squat (LBBS) on the same representative group of experienced powerlifters are still scarcely investigated. The main purpose of the study was to compare the normalized bioelectrical activity and maximal angles within single homogeneous group between the HBBS and LBBS for 60% one repetition maximum (1RM), 65% 1RM and 70% 1RM. Methods Twelve healthy men (age 24.3 ± 2.8 years, height 178.8 ± 5.6 cm, body mass 88.3 ± 11.5 kg), experienced in powerlifting performed HBBS and LBBS with comparable external loads equal 60% 1RM, 65% 1RM, and 70% 1RM. Electromyography (EMG) signals of muscle groups were synchronously recorded alongside kinematic data (joints angle) by means of a motion capture system. Results EMG activity during eccentric phase of squat motion were significantly higher during LBBS than in HBBS for all selected muscles (60% 1RM and 65% 1RM) (p < 0.05). All examined muscles were more activated during concentric phase of the squat cycle (p < 0.05). In the concentric phase, significant differences between the loads were generally not observed between just 5% 1RM change in load level for LBBS. Conclusions Our results confirmed significant differences in muscles activation between both squat techniques. Muscle activity during eccentric phase of squat motion were significantly higher during LBBS than HBBS. The differences are crucial for posterior muscle chain during eccentric phase of squat cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Murawa
- Department of Biomechanics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Fryzowicz
- Department of Biomechanics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Kabacinski
- Department of Biomechanics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub Jurga
- Department of Biomechanics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Gorwa
- Department of Biomechanics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Manuela Galli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioignegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Zago
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioignegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
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16
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Muyor JM, Martín-Fuentes I, Rodríguez-Ridao D, Antequera-Vique JA. Electromyographic activity in the gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and rectus femoris during the Monopodal Squat, Forward Lunge and Lateral Step-Up exercises. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230841. [PMID: 32236133 PMCID: PMC7112217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Monopodal Squat, Forward Lunge and Lateral Step-Up exercises are commonly performed with one's own body weight for rehabilitation purposes. However, muscle activity evaluated using surface electromyography has never been analyzed among these three exercises. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to evaluate the amplitude of the EMG activity of the gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and rectus femoris muscles in participants performing the Lateral Step-Up, Forward Lunge and Monopodal Squat exercises. A total of 20 physically active participants (10 men and 10 women) performed 5 repetitions at 60% (5 repetition maximum) in each of the evaluated exercises. The EMG amplitude was calculated in percentage of the maximum voluntary contraction. The Monopodal Squat exercise showed a higher EMG activity (p ≤ 0.001) in relation to the Lateral Step-Up and Forward Lunge exercises in all of the evaluated muscles (d > 0.6) except for the rectus femoris. The three exercises showed significantly higher EMG activity in all of the muscles that were evaluated in the concentric phase in relation to the eccentric one. In the three evaluated exercises, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis showed the highest EMG activity, followed by gluteus medius and gluteus maximus. The Monopodal Squat, Forward Lunge and Lateral Step-Up exercises not only are recommended for their rehabilitation purposes but also should be recommended for performance objectives and strength improvement in the lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Muyor
- Laboratory of Kinesiology Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab.), Research Central Services, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Health Research Centre University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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17
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Sayers MGL, Bachem C, Schütz P, Taylor WR, List R, Lorenzetti S, Nasab SHH. The effect of elevating the heels on spinal kinematics and kinetics during the back squat in trained and novice weight trainers. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1000-1008. [PMID: 32183616 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1738675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This research assessed the influence of various heel elevation conditions on spinal kinematic and kinetic data during loaded (25% and 50% of body weight) high-bar back squats. Ten novice (mass 67.6 ± 12.4 kg, height 1.73 ± 0.10 m) and ten regular weight trainers (mass 66.0 ± 10.7 kg, height 1.71 ± 0.09 m) completed eight repetitions at each load wearing conventional training shoes standing on the flat level floor (LF) and on an inclined board (EH). The regular weight training group performed an additional eight repetitions wearing weightlifting shoes (WS). Statistical parametric mapping (SPM1D) and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to assess differences in spinal curvature and kinetics across the shoe/floor conditions and loads. SPM1D analyses indicated that during the LF condition the novice weight trainers had greater moments around L4/L5 than the regular weight trainers during the last 20% of the lift (P < 0.05), with this difference becoming non-significant during the EH condition. This study indicates that from a perspective of spinal safety, it appears advantageous for novice weight trainers to perform back squats with their heels slightly elevated, while regular weight trainers appear to realize only limited benefits performing back squats with either EH or WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G L Sayers
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Australia
| | | | - Pascal Schütz
- ETH, Institute for Biomechanics, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Renate List
- ETH, Institute for Biomechanics, Zürich, Switzerland.,Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Lorenzetti
- ETH, Institute for Biomechanics, Zürich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
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18
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Clark DR, Lambert MI, Grigson C, Hunter AM. Increased strength is associated with lower trunk muscle activation during loaded back squats and dynamic body weight jumps. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David R. Clark
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science Liverpool John Moore’s University Liverpool UK
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport University of Stirling Stirling UK
| | - Michael I. Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Chris Grigson
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport University of Stirling Stirling UK
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport University of Stirling Stirling UK
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19
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Effect of Loading Devices on Muscle Activation in Squat and Lunge. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 29:200-205. [PMID: 30676181 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Squats and lunges are common exercises frequently applied in muscle-strengthening and therapeutic exercises. The loading devices are often used to increase the training intensity. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of loading devices on muscle activation in squat and lunge and to compare the differences in muscle activation between squat and lunge. DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort. PARTICIPANTS Nineteen healthy, male, recreationally active individuals without a history of lower limb injury. INTERVENTIONS Each participant performed 10 repetitions of a squat under 5 conditions: unloaded, barbell, dumbbell, loaded vest, and kettlebell, and 10 repetitions of a lunge under 4 conditions: unloaded, barbell, dumbbell, and loaded vest. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The electromyography signals of quadriceps, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius lateralis and medialis were measured. One-way repeated-measure analysis of variance was used to compare the difference among different loading conditions. Paired t test was used to compare the difference between squat and lunge. RESULTS The muscle activation in the loaded conditions was significantly higher than that in nonloaded conditions in squat and lunge. Compared with the barbell, dumbbell, and loaded vest conditions, the semitendinosus showed significantly higher activation, and the tibialis anterior showed significantly lower activation in kettlebell condition in squat. No significant difference in muscle activation was found among barbell, dumbbell, and kettlebell conditions in lunge. In addition, quadriceps and hamstring activities were significantly higher in lunge than in squat. CONCLUSIONS Muscle activation was affected by the loading devices in squat but not affected in lunge. Kettlebell squat could be suggested for targeting in strengthening medial hamstring. Progressive strengthening exercise could be recommended from squat to lunge based on sequential activation level.
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Saeterbakken AH, Stien N, Pedersen H, Andersen V. Core Muscle Activation in Three Lower Extremity With Different Stability Requirements. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 36:304-309. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Ribeiro AS, Afonso C. Selection-Related Aspects of Resistance Exercises for Elderly. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.17921/2447-8938.2019v21n3p208-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractResistance exercise has been widely recommended for elderly population, since this type of exercise induces important health benefits, especially to improve functional capacity and preserve muscle mass, thus reflecting on the quality of life of older individuals. Among the several components of the resistance exercises the selection of movements to be performed is one of the most important and must be carefully analyzed. Although there may be a wide range of options, the most important recommendations do not specifically indicate the movements that should be included and muscle groups that should be prioritized when prescribing resistance exercise for the elderly. Therefore, considering that there is a lack of information for the Physical Education professional about the topic, this study was developed to support the choices of the movements that will compose the resistance exercise program for the elderly. The study was carried out by compiling and analyzing assumptions and scientific evidences related to resistance exercises and needs of elderly individuals. In conclusion, the choice of movements should be based on the principles of kinesiology, the needs of the elderly, muscle action and exercise safety in order to obtain beneficial results for general health and attenuate possible risks.Keywords: Exercise. Aging. Physical Exertion.ResumoO exercício resistido vem sendo amplamente recomendado para população idosa, uma vez que esse tipo de exercício físico induz a importantes benefícios para saúde; sobretudo, no aprimoramento da capacidade funcional e na preservação da massa muscular, refletindo, desse modo, na qualidade de vida do indivíduo idoso. Dentre os diversos componentes dos exercícios resistidos, a seleção dos movimentos a serem executados é um dos mais importantes e deve ser cuidadosamente analisado. Embora possa existir vasta gama de opções, as principais recomendações não indicam especificamente os movimentos que devem ser incluídos e os grupos musculares que devem ser priorizados nos programas de exercícios resistidos. Portanto, considerando haver uma lacuna de informações sobre o tema, o estudo foi realizado com intuito de subsidiar a seleção dos movimentos que deverão compor os programas de exercícios resistidos para idosos. O estudo foi realizado mediante compilação e análise de pressupostos e evidências científicas referentes aos exercícios resistidos e as necessidades dos idosos. Concluiu-se que a seleção dos movimentos deve ser baseada nos princípios da cinesiologia, nas necessidades dos idosos, na ação muscular e na segurança de execução para se alcançar resultados benéficos para saúde em geral e atenuar possíveis riscos.Palavras-chave: Exercício. Envelhecimento. Esforço Físico.
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Clark DR, Lambert MI, Hunter AM. Trunk Muscle Activation in the Back and Hack Squat at the Same Relative Loads. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33 Suppl 1:S60-S69. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Vigotsky AD, Bryanton MA, Nuckols G, Beardsley C, Contreras B, Evans J, Schoenfeld BJ. Biomechanical, Anthropometric, and Psychological Determinants of Barbell Back Squat Strength. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33 Suppl 1:S26-S35. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Comparison of muscle activation and kinematics during free-weight back squats with different loads. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217044. [PMID: 31095625 PMCID: PMC6521994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several studies have examined the effects of performing resistance training with different percentages of one-repetition maximum (1-RM), little is known of the neuromuscular effects and kinematics of lifting low to heavy loads with maximal movement velocity. The aim of this study is to compare muscle activation and kinematics in free-weight back squats with different loads. Thirteen resistance-training males (aged 24.2 ± 2.0 years, body mass 81.5 ± 9.1 kg, height 1.78 ± 0.06 m) with 6 ± 3 years of resistance-training experience conducted squats with 30%–100% of 1-RM. Barbell kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, and gluteus maximus were measured in the upward phase of each load. With increasing loads, the barbell velocity decreased, the upward phase duration increased, and the peak velocity occurred later. The muscle activation in all muscles increased with increasing loads but was not linear. In general, similar muscle activation in the prime movers was observed for loads between 40% and 60% of 1-RM and between 70% and 90% of 1-RM, with 100% of 1-RM being superior to the other loads when the loads were lifted at maximal intended velocity. However, the timing of maximal muscle activations was not affected by the different loadings for the quadriceps, but the timing was sequential and independent of loading (rectus femoris before vastus medial before vastus lateral). Maximal activation in the gluteus and semitendinosus increased with increasing loads. This means that for muscle activation, maximal lifting velocity may compensate for increased loads, which may allow resistance-trained athletes and individuals in rehabilitation to avoid heavy loads but still get the same muscle activation.
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Clark DR, Lambert MI, Hunter AM. Contemporary perspectives of core stability training for dynamic athletic performance: a survey of athletes, coaches, sports science and sports medicine practitioners. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2018; 4:32. [PMID: 30014195 PMCID: PMC6047949 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Core stability training has grown in popularity over 25 years, initially for back pain prevention or therapy. Subsequently, it developed as a mode of exercise training for health, fitness and sport. The scientific basis for traditional core stability exercise has recently been questioned and challenged, especially in relation to dynamic athletic performance. Reviews have called for clarity on what constitutes anatomy and function of the core, especially in healthy and uninjured people. Clinical research suggests that traditional core stability training is inappropriate for development of fitness for heath and sports performance. However, commonly used methods of measuring core stability in research do not reflect functional nature of core stability in uninjured, healthy and athletic populations. Recent reviews have proposed a more dynamic, whole body approach to training core stabilization, and research has begun to measure and report efficacy of these modes training. The purpose of this study was to assess extent to which these developments have informed people currently working and participating in sport. METHODS An online survey questionnaire was developed around common themes on core stability training as defined in the current scientific literature and circulated to a sample population of people working and participating in sport. Survey results were assessed against key elements of the current scientific debate. RESULTS Perceptions on anatomy and function of the core were gathered from a representative cohort of athletes, coaches, sports science and sports medicine practitioners (n = 241), along with their views on effectiveness of various current and traditional exercise training modes. Most popular method of testing and measuring core function was subjective assessment through observation (43%), while a quarter (22%) believed there was no effective method of measurement. Perceptions of people in sport reflect the scientific debate, and practitioners have adopted a more functional approach to core stability training. There was strong support for loaded, compound exercises performed upright, compared to moderate support for traditional core stability exercises. Half of the participants (50%) in the survey, however, still support a traditional isolation core stability training. CONCLUSION Perceptions in applied practice on core stability training for dynamic athletic performance are aligned to a large extent to the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Clark
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moore’s University, 102, 2 Moorfields, Liverpool, L2 2BS UK
| | - Michael I. Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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26
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Blandford L, McNeill W, Charvet I. Can we spread the risk? A demand-share perspective to sustained hamstring health. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2018; 22:766-779. [PMID: 30100311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln Blandford
- Movement Performance Solutions Ltd, The Quorum, Bond Street South, Bristol, BS1 3AE, UK.
| | | | - Ingrid Charvet
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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WITHDRAWN: Can we spread the risk? A demand-share perspective to sustained hamstring health. Biomaterials 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Oshikawa T, Morimoto Y, Kaneoka K. Lumbar lordosis angle and trunk and lower-limb electromyographic activity comparison in hip neutral position and external rotation during back squats. J Phys Ther Sci 2018; 30:434-438. [PMID: 29581666 PMCID: PMC5857453 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.30.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To compare the lumbar lordosis angle and electromyographic activities of the trunk and lower-limb muscles in the hip neutral position and external rotation during back squats. [Subjects and Methods] Ten healthy males without severe low back pain or lower-limb injury participated in this study. The lumbar lordosis angle and electromyographic activities were measured using three-dimensional motion-capture systems and surface electrodes during four back squats: parallel back squats in the hip neutral position and external rotation and full back squats in the hip neutral position and external rotation. A paired t-test was used to compare parallel and full back squats measurements in the hip neutral position and external rotation, respectively. [Results] During parallel back squats, the average lumbar lordosis angle was significantly larger in hip external rotation than in the hip neutral position. During full back squats, lumbar erector spinae and multifidus activities were significantly lower in hip external rotation than in the hip neutral position, whereas gluteus maximus activity was significantly higher in hip external rotation than in the hip neutral position. [Conclusion] The back squat in hip external rotation induced improvement of lumbar kyphosis, an increasing of the gluteus maximus activity and a decrease of both lumbar erector spinae and multifidus activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Koji Kaneoka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University: 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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30
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Ben Moussa Zouita A, Ben Salah FZ, Dziri C, Beardsley C. Comparison of isokinetic trunk flexion and extension torques and powers between athletes and nonathletes. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:72-77. [PMID: 29511655 PMCID: PMC5833971 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1835126.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed to perform and compare maximal concentric isokinetic trunk extension and flexion torques and powers between high-level athletes and a control population. In addition, the ratio of isokinetic trunk extension and flexion torques was measured, and compared between groups. Eighteen high-level male athletes and 15 male nonathletes without low back pain were recruited. Subjects performed isokinetic trunk extension and flexion at 60°/sec, 90°/sec, and 120°/sec through a maximal range of motion in a dynamometer. Trunk extension torque of athletes was significantly higher than in nonathletes at 60°/sec and 90°/sec but not at 120°/sec. Trunk extension power of athletes was significantly higher than the control group at 90°/sec and 120°/sec but not at 60°/sec. There was no difference between the athlete and nonathlete groups in respect of trunk flexion torque or power at any angular velocity. Consequently, the ratio of trunk flexion to extension strength was greater in nonathletes than in athletes. Trunk extension and flexion torques tended to decrease, and trunk extension and flexion powers tended to increase, with increasing angular velocity. High-level athletes seem to display preferentially greater trunk extension strength and power in comparison with trunk flexion strength, compared to nonathletes. This could be caused by the use of strength training exercises such as squats and deadlifts, or it may be associated with greater athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatma Zohra Ben Salah
- Department of Medicine Physical and Functional Rehabilitation of the National Institute of Orthopedics "M.T. Kassab", Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Catherine Dziri
- Department of Medicine Physical and Functional Rehabilitation of the National Institute of Orthopedics "M.T. Kassab", Tunis, Tunisia
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31
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Vigotsky AD, Halperin I, Lehman GJ, Trajano GS, Vieira TM. Interpreting Signal Amplitudes in Surface Electromyography Studies in Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences. Front Physiol 2018; 8:985. [PMID: 29354060 PMCID: PMC5758546 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a popular research tool in sport and rehabilitation sciences. Common study designs include the comparison of sEMG amplitudes collected from different muscles as participants perform various exercises and techniques under different loads. Based on such comparisons, researchers attempt to draw conclusions concerning the neuro- and electrophysiological underpinning of force production and hypothesize about possible longitudinal adaptations, such as strength and hypertrophy. However, such conclusions are frequently unsubstantiated and unwarranted. Hence, the goal of this review is to discuss what can and cannot be inferred from comparative research designs as it pertains to both the acute and longitudinal outcomes. General methodological recommendations are made, gaps in the literature are identified, and lines for future research to help improve the applicability of sEMG are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vigotsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Israel Halperin
- Physiology Discipline, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | | - Gabriel S Trajano
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Taian M Vieira
- Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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da Silva JJ, Schoenfeld BJ, Marchetti PN, Pecoraro SL, Greve JMD, Marchetti PH. Muscle Activation Differs Between Partial and Full Back Squat Exercise With External Load Equated. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1688-1693. [PMID: 28538321 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Changes in range of motion affect the magnitude of the load during the squat exercise and, consequently, may influence muscle activation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate muscle activation between the partial and full back squat exercise with external load equated on a relative basis between conditions. Fifteen young, healthy, resistance-trained men (age: 26 ± 5 years, height: 173 ± 6 cm) performed a back squat at their 10 repetition maximum (10RM) using 2 different ranges of motion (partial and full) in a randomized, counterbalanced fashion. Surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activation of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus, erector spinae, soleus (SL), and gluteus maximus (GM). In general, muscle activity was highest during the partial back squat for GM (p = 0.004), BF (p = 0.009), and SL (p = 0.031) when compared with full-back squat. There was no significant difference for rating of perceived exertion between partial and full back squat exercise at 10RM (8 ± 1 and 9 ± 1, respectively). In conclusion, the range of motion in the back squat alters muscle activation of the prime mover (GM) and stabilizers (SL and BF) when performed with the load equated on a relative basis. Thus, the partial back squat maximizes the level of muscle activation of the GM and associated stabilizer muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josinaldo J da Silva
- 1Department of Human Movement Sciences, Graduate Program in Science of Human Movement, College of Health Science (FACIS), Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Department of Health Sciences, Program of Exercise Science, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York; and 3Laboratory of Kinesiology, Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gibson N, Williams M, Maitland C, McCunn R. A Framework for Progressing and Regressing Core Training Within Athletic and General Populations. Strength Cond J 2017. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kinematic and Electromyographic Activity Changes during Back Squat with Submaximal and Maximal Loading. Appl Bionics Biomech 2017; 2017:9084725. [PMID: 28546738 PMCID: PMC5435978 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9084725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible kinematic and muscular activity changes with maximal loading during squat maneuver. Fourteen healthy male individuals, who were experienced at performing squats, participated in this study. Each subject performed squats with 80%, 90%, and 100% of the previously established 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Electromyographic (EMG) activities were measured for the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, and erector spinae by using an 8-channel dual-mode portable EMG and physiological signal data acquisition system (Myomonitor IV, Delsys Inc., Boston, MA, USA). Kinematical data were analyzed by using saSuite 2D kinematical analysis program. Data were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance (p < 0.05). Overall muscle activities increased with increasing loads, but significant increases were seen only for vastus medialis and gluteus maximus during 90% and 100% of 1RM compared to 80% while there was no significant difference between 90% and 100% for any muscle. The movement pattern in the hip joint changed with an increase in forward lean during maximal loading. Results may suggest that maximal loading during squat may not be necessary for focusing on knee extensor improvement and may increase the lumbar injury risk.
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Muscle Activation Differs between Three Different Knee Joint-Angle Positions during a Maximal Isometric Back Squat Exercise. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2016; 2016:3846123. [PMID: 27504484 PMCID: PMC4967668 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3846123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare muscle activation of the lower limb muscles when performing a maximal isometric back squat exercise over three different positions. Fifteen young, healthy, resistance-trained men performed an isometric back squat at three knee joint angles (20°, 90°, and 140°) in a randomized, counterbalanced fashion. Surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activation of the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST), and gluteus maximus (GM). In general, muscle activity was the highest at 90° for the three quadriceps muscles, yet differences in muscle activation between knee angles were muscle specific. Activity of the GM was significantly greater at 20° and 90° compared to 140°. The BF and ST displayed similar activation at all joint angles. In conclusion, knee position alters muscles activation of the quadriceps and gluteus maximus muscles. An isometric back squat at 90° generates the highest overall muscle activation, yet an isometric back squat at 140° generates the lowest overall muscle activation of the VL and GM only.
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Leslie SK, Nicolini AM, Sundaresan G, Zweit J, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Development of a cell delivery system using alginate microbeads for tissue regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:3515-3525. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00035e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alginate microbeads incorporating adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have potential for delivering viable cells capable of facilitating tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirae K. Leslie
- School of Engineering
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- Richmond
- USA
| | | | | | - Jamal Zweit
- Center for Molecular Imaging
- Department of Radiology
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- Richmond
- USA
| | - Barbara D. Boyan
- School of Engineering
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- Richmond
- USA
- Massey Cancer Center
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- School of Engineering
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- Richmond
- USA
- Massey Cancer Center
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McMillian DJ, Rynders ZG, Trudeau TR. Modifying the Functional Movement Screen Deep Squat Test: The Effect of Foot and Arm Positional Variations. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 30:973-9. [PMID: 26382130 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The functional movement screen (FMS) was developed as an evaluation tool for assessing the fundamental movement patterns believed to be prerequisites for functional activity. However, some of the FMS component movements, such as the deep overhead squat test (DST), likely represent novel motor challenges on which poor performance might reflect inexperience with the task rather than a movement impairment. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of positional variations on DST scores in a population of young, healthy adults. We hypothesized that self-selecting foot positioning, removal of an overhead component, or changing both aspects of the DST would result in improvement in FMS scores. Twenty healthy subjects completed 4 squatting conditions in a counterbalanced sequence to eliminate carry over effects: DST, modified squat with hands at chest level and feet in the DST position (DSTO), modified squat with arms in the DST position and self-selected foot placement (DSTF), and modified squat with hands at chest level and self-selected foot placement (DSTB). A Friedman's analysis of variance and Wilcoxon signed-ranks' post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference between all squat conditions (p = 0.036), between DSTB-DST groups (p < 0.001), DSTO-DST groups (p = 0.004), and DSTO-DSTB groups (p = 0.046). Each modified squat condition had an average score higher than the DST. These findings suggest that the FMS DST might underestimate an individual's ability to squat during functional tasks that involve self-selected foot and arm placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny J McMillian
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington
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Vigotsky AD, Harper EN, Ryan DR, Contreras B. Effects of load on good morning kinematics and EMG activity. PeerJ 2015; 3:e708. [PMID: 25653899 PMCID: PMC4304869 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many strength and conditioning coaches utilize the good morning (GM) to strengthen the hamstrings and spinal erectors. However, little research exists on its electromyography (EMG) activity and kinematics, and how these variables change as a function of load. The purpose of this investigation was to examine how estimated hamstring length, integrated EMG (IEMG) activity of the hamstrings and spinal erectors, and kinematics of the lumbar spine, hip, knee, and ankle are affected by changes in load. Fifteen trained male participants (age = 24.6 ± 5.3 years; body mass = 84.7 ± 11.3 kg; height = 180.9 ± 6.8 cm) were recruited for this study. Participants performed five sets of the GM, utilizing 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) in a randomized fashion. IEMG activity of hamstrings and spinal erectors tended to increase with load. Knee flexion increased with load on all trials. Estimated hamstring length decreased with load. However, lumbar flexion, hip flexion, and plantar flexion experienced no remarkable changes between trials. These data provide insight as to how changing the load of the GM affects EMG activity, kinematic variables, and estimated hamstring length. Implications for hamstring injury prevention are discussed. More research is needed for further insight as to how load affects EMG activity and kinematics of other exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew David Vigotsky
- Kinesiology Program, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | - Erin Nicole Harper
- Kinesiology Program, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | - David Russell Ryan
- Kinesiology Program, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | - Bret Contreras
- School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
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