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Sharp T, Slattery K, Coutts AJ, van Gogh M, Ralph L, Wallace L. Solving the High-Intensity Multimodal Training Prescription Puzzle: A Systematic Mapping Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:82. [PMID: 39039351 PMCID: PMC11263329 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-Intensity Multimodal Training (HIMT) refers to all styles of high-intensity combined aerobic, resistance and/or bodyweight exercise. Previous heterogeneity in exercise prescription and reporting in HIMT reduces the understanding of which factors should be considered when prescribing HIMT (e.g., exercise volume, intensity, duration). Previous studies have demonstrated positive effects of HIMT on health and performance outcomes. However, methodological disparities limit comparisons between findings. The objective of this systematic mapping review was to examine which prescriptive considerations and health and performance outcomes have been reported on in HIMT. This review also examined the quantity and trends of research conducted on HIMT. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using Ovid Medline, SPORTDiscus and Cochrane Library databases and additional sources to identify studies up until February 2023. A total of 37,090 records were retrieved, of which 220 were included for review. 246 individual HIMT protocols were included for categorical analysis against the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) and Applied Research Model for the Sport Sciences (ARMSS). RESULTS A total of 85 unique terms were used to describe HIMT. Included studies most commonly prescribed HIMT using a consistent exercise selection and circuit format. Exercise intensity was inconsistently reported on and a large proportion of studies prescribed 'high-intensity' exercise at a level lower than the American College of Sports Medicine criteria for high-intensity (i.e., < 77% heart rate maximum). Participation location, supervision and participation format were the most commonly reported non-training variables. The most frequently reported outcomes were cardiovascular health, perceptual outcomes, body composition and biochemical outcomes. A large proportion of previous HIMT research was experimental in design. CONCLUSIONS Previous HIMT research demonstrates a lack of standardisation in reporting. Future studies should seek to follow guidelines (i.e., CERT) to improve reporting rigour. Additionally, forthcoming research should attempt to actively involve practitioners in implementation studies to improve ecological validity among interventions. Finally, future outcome measures should be accessible in practice and reflect common training goals of participants. REGISTRATION This review adhered to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PREREGISTRATION osf.io/yknq4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Sharp
- Faculty of Health, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Katie Slattery
- Faculty of Health, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- Faculty of Health, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mikah van Gogh
- Australian College of Physical Education, 10 Parkview Dr, Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lara Ralph
- Faculty of Health, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Lee Wallace
- Faculty of Health, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Govindasamy K, Gogoi H, Jebabli N, Bediri SM, Aljahni M, Parpa K, Clark CCT, Granacher U, Zouhal H. The effects of kettlebell training versus resistance training using the own body mass on physical fitness and physiological adaptations in obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:106. [PMID: 38715134 PMCID: PMC11077891 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
AIM OF STUDY This study aimed to explore the effects of different types of resistance training using kettlebells versus the own body mass, in comparison to a passive control, on key physical fitness and physiological parameters in young, obese adults. METHODS Data from 60 sedentary, obese male college students, aged 17-26, were used for final analyses. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a control group (CG, n = 20, no training), a kettlebell resistance training group (KRTG, n = 20), or a bodyweight resistance training group (BWRTG, n = 20). Selected measures of physical fitness were tested using the 12-minutes run test, the push-up test, the sit-up test, and the sit-and-reach test. Physiological measures included vital capacity, resting and maximum heart rate (HRmax), mean arterial blood pressure, breath holding time, and respiratory rate. Biochemical variables were measured in the morning, in a fasted state, and comprised high and low density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. The 12-weeks progressive KRTG and BWRTG were specifically tailored using sets, repetitions, and intensity levels. RESULTS Notable findings include significant body fat reductions in BWRTG (p < 0.001; d = 1.53) and KRTG (p < 0.001; d = 1.43), and a substantial increase in VO2max for BWRTG (p < 0.001; d = 1.32) and KRTG (p < 0.001; d = 1.34) compared to CG. KRTG also showed significant improvements in vital capacity (p < 0.001; d = 1.61) and reductions in resting heart rate (p = 0.024, d = 1.05) and respiratory rate (p = 0.001, d = 1.55), with BWRTG showing similar trends (resting heart rate: p = 0.041, d = 1.35; respiratory rate: p = 0.001, d = 1.98). Both intervention groups significantly improved breath holding time (KRTG: p = 0.001, d = 1.58; BWRTG: p < 0.001, d = 1.98) and reduced total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels compared to CG. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that both KRTG and BWRTG are effective in improving body composition and selected fitness and physiological measures. Thus, resistance training using kettlebells or bodyweight training are recommended if the goal is to improve body composition and fitness in obese male adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION OSF, September, 28th 2023. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Z6Y9Gosf.io/2mb98.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppasamy Govindasamy
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Hemantajit Gogoi
- Department of Physical Education, Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India
| | - Nidhal Jebabli
- Research Unit: Sport Sciences, Health and Movement, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, UR22JS01, University of Jendouba, Kef, 7100, Tunisia
| | | | - Mohammed Aljahni
- College of Arts and Humanities, Department of Educational Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Koulla Parpa
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, UCLan University of Cyprus, Pyla, Cyprus
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
- College of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, B15 3TN, UK
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg Sandfangweg 4, 79102, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Univ Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé), EA 1274, Rennes, F-35000, France.
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2IS), Irodouer, 35850, France.
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Jaiswal PR, Ramteke SU, Shedge S. Enhancing Athletic Performance: A Comprehensive Review on Kettlebell Training. Cureus 2024; 16:e53497. [PMID: 38440022 PMCID: PMC10910645 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A kettlebell is a weight made of cast iron shaped like a ball with a handle. Commercial kettlebells are offered in capacities that vary from 3 pounds to 100 pounds (or more). The kettlebell has a variety of possible clinical applications, including dynamic flexibility exercises and power training. Players' efficacy during the game can be improved by developing their strongest potential prior to exercising and efficiently converting that strength to power as the event draws near. Strengthening has been recommended as an effective means to avoid injuries, build muscle strength, and enhance one's health in relation to performance in the game. This type of training focuses on the hip, thigh, core, and abdominal muscles to help with appropriate lower-limb alignment and the recruitment of muscle patterns. Kettlebell training is a flexible and useful strategy for improving players' performance in a variety of sports. It adds value to athlete training programs by enhancing strength, power, endurance, explosive power, and postural coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik R Jaiswal
- Sports Physiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Swapnil U Ramteke
- Sports Physiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Saylee Shedge
- Sports Physiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
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Shaw T, Lacourt S, Lorentz D. Conservative management of distal bicipital tendinopathy with lateral antebrachial nerve entrapment: A case report. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 33:142-145. [PMID: 36775510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kettlebell snatches are an efficient and effective exercise. If the kettlebell being utilized is too heavy or too many repetitions are executed, this can lead to an overuse injury such as a tendinopathy. Multiple orthopedic tests exist to evaluate for a distal biceps tendon rupture. At present, there are no publications utilizing shockwave and active rehabilitation to treat distal bicipital tendinopathy with Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (LABCN) entrapment. Currently, no published manuscripts are reporting distal bicipital tendinopathy with LABCN nerve entrapment being treated successfully with shockwave and active rehabilitation over the course of 5 weeks. METHODS The objective of this case report is to examine the conservative management of a 37-year-old male with a diagnosis of distal bicipital tendinopathy and LABCN entrapment. The patient presents with discomfort originated weeks prior after an intense block of kettlebell training. The patient was diagnosed with brachioradialis tendinopathy due to the specifics of his injury. Following the initial evaluation, the patient was unable to supinate the forearm past 45° actively, yet he can passively achieve 90°, although this is done with minor discomfort. DISCUSSION The patient's rehab began with the execution of wrist, elbow, and shoulder controlled articular rotation (CARS). The concept of CARs is to train the joint and soft tissues to respond to full range activity. A progressive approach utilizing isometric to eccentric exercise with extracorporeal shockwave was used. The authors studied forty-eight patients with chronic distal biceps tendinopathy. After five shockwave therapy treatments over three months, there was a significant decrease in symptomology without complications (Furia et al., 2017). CONCLUSION This case report demonstrates that active rehabilitation and shockwave therapy effectively resolved the patient's symptoms with no adverse reactions. Additionally, the case report can be a suggested management protocol for successful conservative management for patients with suspected distal bicipital tendinopathy with LABCN entrapment going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Shaw
- 4705 S Clyde Morris Blvd, Port Orange, FL, 32129, USA.
| | - Shawn Lacourt
- 4705 S Clyde Morris Blvd, Port Orange, FL, 32129, USA.
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Suresh C, Govindasamy K, KS S, Anand M, Kaur D, Anitha JB, Aloui A, Boughanmi H, Achouri I. Role of aerobics exercise and kettlebell training improving on selected health related physical fitness parameters in obese male adults. HEALTH, SPORT, REHABILITATION 2022. [DOI: 10.34142/hsr.2022.08.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Aerobics exercise training and kettlebell training is recommended to prevent and control overweight/obesity.
Purpose: The aim of the this research is to assess the improvement in various variables related to health fitness among obese adults on administrating a twelve weeks aerobics exercise training and kettlebell training.
Materials and Methods: Total sixty male adults with obese (Mean ± SD; age: 18.92 ± 1.54 yrs.; height: 172.4 ± 5.4 cm.; weight: 84.4 ± 6.3 kg) were randomly allocated into three equal (n = 20) groups: Aerobic Exercise Training (AET), Kettlebell Training (KBT) and a control group. The AET & KBT training protocol was performed three days per week for 12 weeks. All the selected variables of physical fitness has been examined at baseline and 12 weeks. Control group does not perform any exercise.
Analysis and findings: There were significant difference in terms of Flexibility (F), Muscular Endurance (ME), Muscular Strength (MS) and Cardiovascular Endurance (CE), between the AETG & KBTG have been compared with control group (p < 0.05). Body Composition (BF) significant reductions in AET & KBT groups have been compared with control group (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that AET & KBT protocols have greater effects than control group on health related physical fitness variables in obese male adult individuals. It is recommended that schools and colleges should administrate the aerobic exercise session and kettlebell training among adults for better health perspectives.
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Cardiac autonomic responses to high-intensity kettlebell training in untrained young women: A pilot study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Meigh NJ, Keogh JWL, Schram B, Hing W, Rathbone EN. Effects of supervised high-intensity hardstyle kettlebell training on grip strength and health-related physical fitness in insufficiently active older adults: the BELL pragmatic controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:354. [PMID: 35459114 PMCID: PMC9026020 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-02958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ballistic Exercise of the Lower Limb (BELL) trial examined the efficacy and safety of a pragmatic hardstyle kettlebell training program in older adults. Insufficiently active men and women aged 59–79 years, were recruited to a 6-month repeated measures study, involving 3-months usual activity and 3-months progressive hardstyle kettlebell training. Health-related physical fitness outcomes included: grip strength [GS], 6-min walk distance [6MWD], resting heart rate [HR], stair-climb [SC], leg extensor strength [LES], hip extensor strength [HES], Sit-To-Stand [STS], vertical jump [CMVJ], five-times floor transfer [5xFT], 1RM deadlift, body composition (DXA), attendance, and adverse events. Sixteen males (68.8 ± 4.6 yrs, 176.2 ± 7.8 cm, 90.7 ± 11.0 kg, 29.2 ± 2.6 kg/m2) and sixteen females (68.6 ± 4.7 yrs, 163.9 ± 5.4 cm, 70.4 ± 12.7 kg, 26.3 ± 4.9 kg/m2) were recruited. Compliance with the supervised exercise program was very high (91.5%). Kettlebell training increased GS (R: MD = 7.1 kg 95% CI [4.9, 9.3], L: MD = 6.3 kg 95% CI [4.1, 8.4]), 6MWD (41.7 m, 95% CI [17.9, 65.5]), 1RM (16.2 kg, 95% CI [2.4, 30.0]), 30 s STS (3.3 reps, 95% CI [0.9, 5.7]), LES (R: MD = 61.6 N, 95% CI [4.4, 118.8]), HES (L: MD = 21.0 N,95% CI [4.2,37.8]), appendicular skeletal lean mass (MD = 0.65 kg, 95% CI [0.08, 1.22]), self-reported health change (17.1%, 95% CI [4.4, 29.8]) and decreased SC time (2.7 s, 95% CI [0.2, 5.2]), 5xFT time (6.0 s, 95% CI [2.2, 9.8]) and resting HR (7.4 bpm, 95% CI [0.7, 14.1]). There were four non-serious adverse events. Mean individual training load for group training sessions during the trial was 100,977 ± 9,050 kg. High-intensity hardstyle kettlebell training was well tolerated and improved grip strength and measures of health-related physical fitness in insufficiently active older adults. Trial registration: Prospectively registered: 20/08/2019, Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001177145).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Meigh
- Institute of Health & Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Robina, QLD, 4226, Australia.
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Institute of Health & Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Robina, QLD, 4226, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Mangalore, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ben Schram
- Institute of Health & Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Robina, QLD, 4226, Australia
| | - Wayne Hing
- Institute of Health & Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Robina, QLD, 4226, Australia
| | - Evelyne N Rathbone
- Institute of Health & Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Robina, QLD, 4226, Australia
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Zimerer C, Pereira Alves S, Rufo-Tavares W, Carletti L, Andre Barbosa de Lira C, Andrade MS, Viana RB, Gentil P, Vancini RL. Home-Based Kettlebell Exercise and Coronavirus Outbreak: Practical Suggestions. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Moghaddam M, Estrada CA, Muddle TWD, Magrini MA, Jenkins NDM, Jacobson BH. Similar Anaerobic and Aerobic Adaptations After 2 High-Intensity Interval Training Configurations: 10:5 s vs. 20:10 s Work-to-Rest Ratio. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1685-1692. [PMID: 30829982 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Moghaddam, M, Estrada, CA, Muddle, TWD, Magrini, MA, Jenkins, NDM, and Jacobson, BH. Similar anaerobic and aerobic adaptations after 2 high-intensity interval training configurations: 10:5 s vs. 20:10 s work-to-rest ratio. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1685-1692, 2021-This study compares the effects of 2 high-intensity interval training (HIIT) configurations, a 10-5 vs. a 20-10 second work-to-rest ratio, on anaerobic and aerobic performance. Thirty-four individuals were randomly assigned to 10-5-HIIT (n = 17) and 20-10-HIIT (n = 17) groups to complete 6 cycles of 6 exercises, 3 days a week for 4 weeks. The 10-5-HIIT was performed with 10 s:5 s work-to-rest ratio with 1-minute recovery between cycles, while the 20-10-HIIT was performed with 20 s:10 s work-to-rest ratio followed by a 2-minute recovery. Anaerobic (i.e., peak power [PP], anaerobic capacity [AC], anaerobic power [AP], and total work [TW]) and aerobic fitness (i.e., time to exhaustion [TE], absolute V̇o2max [A-V̇o2max], relative V̇o2max [R-V̇o2max]) were measured with pre-training and post-training intervention. A significant main effect time was observed for both 10-5-HIIT and 20-10-HIIT (p < 0.05) in PP (9.2%, 5.7%); AC (14.9%, 8.6%); AP (9.0%, 6.2%); TW (15.1%, 8.5%); TE (4.3%, 5.5%); A-V̇o2max (9.4%, 8.9%); R-V̇o2max (8.5%, 8.2%), respectively. In conclusion, individuals may be able to achieve similar health benefits as 20-10-HIIT by performing 10-5-HIIT, despite exercising for 50% less total time. High-intensity interval training has been suggested as a "time-efficient" mode of exercise that can mitigate the most significant barrier to physical activity, "lack of time." Both 10-5-HIIT and 20-10-HIIT can induce performance adaptations to a similar extent. However, because of shorter time commitment, performing 10-5-HIIT at 10 s:5 s work-to-rest ratio may offer a shorter and equally efficient interval. Functional fitness training during HIIT protocols seems to be as beneficial as ergometer-based HIIT to improve anaerobic and aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Moghaddam
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Electromyographic Profile of the Shoulder During Stability Exercises With Kettlebells. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 30:653-659. [PMID: 33333490 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Shoulder rehabilitation can be a difficult task due to the dynamic nature of the joint complex. Various weight training implements, including kettlebells (KB), have been utilized for therapeutic exercise in the rehabilitation setting to improve shoulder girdle strength and motor control. The KBs are unique in that they provide an unstable load and have been purported to promote greater muscle activation versus standard dumbbells. Recent literature has examined the efficacy of KB exercises for global strengthening and aerobic capacity; however, electromyographic data for shoulder-specific activities are lacking. OBJECTIVE To examine muscle activation patterns about the rotator cuff and scapular musculature during 5 commonly-utilized KB exercises. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of a single group. SETTING Clinical biomechanics laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Ten participants performed all exercises in a randomized order. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mean electromyographic values for each subject were compared between exercises for each target muscle. RESULTS Significant differences (P < .05) between exercises were observed for all target muscles except for the infraspinatus. CONCLUSIONS The data in this study indicates that certain KB exercises may elicit activation of the shoulder girdle at different capacities. Physical therapy practitioners, athletic trainers, and other clinical professionals who intend to optimize localized strengthening responses may elect to prescribe certain exercises over others due to the inherent difference in muscular utilization. Ultimately, this data may serve to guide or prioritize exercise selection to achieve higher levels of efficacy for shoulder strength and stability gains.
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of 5 month kettlebell-based training on jumping performance, balance, blood pressure and heart rate in female classical ballet dancers. It was a clinical trial study with 23 female dancers (age = 21.74 ± 3.1 years; body height = 168.22 ± 5.12 cm; body mass = 53.69 ± 5.91 kg) took part in the study. Participants were divided into two groups: a kettlebell group (n = 13), that followed a commercial kettlebell training protocol named the “Simple & Sinister protocol”, and a traditional dance training control group (n = 10). In the kettlebell group, kettlebell training completely replaced the jump and balance section of dance classes. Both groups performed balance and jumping tests before and after the training period. Blood pressure and the heart rate were also measured. The kettlebell group showed significant improvements in the balance tests (antero-posterior and medio-lateral oscillation) with both legs and eyes open as well as in all types of jump exercises (unrotated: +39.13%, p < 0.005; with a turnout: +53.15%, p < 0.005), while maximum and minimum blood pressure and the heart rate decreased significantly (max: -7.90%, p < 0.05; min: -9.86%, p < 0.05; Heart rate: -17.07%, p < 0.01). The results for the control group were non-significant for any variable. Comparison between groups showed significant differences for all variables analyzed, with greater improvements for the kettlebell group. Our results suggest that specific kettlebell training could be effective in improving jump performance and balance in classical dancers to a significantly greater degree compared to classical dance training.
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Rufo-Tavares W, Barbosa Lira CA, Andrade MS, Zimerer C, Leopoldo AS, Sarro KJ, Gentil P, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Knechtle B, Vancini RL. Effects of kettlebell training and detraining on mood status and sleep and life quality of healthy women. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 24:344-353. [PMID: 33218532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Kettlebell exercise have become popular because of its ability to simultaneously train aerobic/anaerobic systems, low cost and easy access, and the great potential for physical fitness programs with a focus on public health. However, little is known about its effects on mood status, sleep, and quality of life (QOL) parameters. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of kettlebell training/detraining on the prevention of depressive and anxiety symptoms and QOL and sleep quality. METHODS The sample was composed of 17 healthy women (age: 26.0 ± 5.0 years; body mass: 60.9 ± 12.5 kg; height: 164.6 ± 5.5 cm). The study was organized into four consecutive phases: pre-intervention (PRE), intervention (kettlebell training, 12 weeks, three times/week), post-intervention (POST) and detraining (D, four weeks). The questionnaires SF-36 (QOL), Beck (depressive symptoms), State-Anxiety Inventory (acute anxiety symptoms), POMS (mood state) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (sleep quality) were administered at PRE/POST/D phases. RESULTS QOL, anxiety, sleep quality, and mood state exhibited no differences between PRE/POST/D. Levels of depressive symptoms significantly decreased (22.0%, p = 0.003) between PRE and POST phases, and remained low and similar to POST levels after D. CONCLUSION Twelve weeks of kettlebell training was able to reduce and prevent depressive/anxiety symptoms in healthy women and these results were maintained after short-term detraining. Thus, kettlebell training might be considered an alternative method on the promotion of mental health and prevention of mood disorders and consequently can improve QOL even in health people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weverton Rufo-Tavares
- Centro de EducaçãoFísica e Desportos (CEFD), Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo (UFES), Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Goiabeiras, Zip code: 29075810, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa Lira
- Setor de Fisiologia Humana e Do Exercício, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Avenida Esperança S/n, Campus Samambaia, Zip code: 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Marilia Santos Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 862, 5° Andar, Zip code: 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carla Zimerer
- Centro de EducaçãoFísica e Desportos (CEFD), Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo (UFES), Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Goiabeiras, Zip code: 29075810, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - André Soares Leopoldo
- Centro de EducaçãoFísica e Desportos (CEFD), Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo (UFES), Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Goiabeiras, Zip code: 29075810, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Karine Jacon Sarro
- Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Érico Veríssimo, 701, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Zip code: 13.083-851, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Setor de Fisiologia Humana e Do Exercício, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Avenida Esperança S/n, Campus Samambaia, Zip code: 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen and Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Centro de EducaçãoFísica e Desportos (CEFD), Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo (UFES), Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 Goiabeiras, Zip code: 29075810, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
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13
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Levine NA, Hasan MB, Avalos MA, Lee S, Rigby BR, Kwon YH. Effects of kettlebell mass on lower-body joint kinetics during a kettlebell swing exercise. Sports Biomech 2020; 21:1032-1045. [PMID: 32131695 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1726442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Functional training aims to provide specific adaptations due to exercise training and utilises a variety of equipment, including kettlebells. Due to the training principle of overload, a greater resistance must be applied to yield increased strength results. This study examined the effects of kettlebell mass on lower body joint kinetics in young recreationally trained adults. Thirty recreationally active, college-aged adults were recruited for this study. Participants performed hip-hinge style swings with kettlebells equivalent to 10%, 15% and 20% of their respective body mass. 3-D marker coordinate data were captured via infrared camera system and ground reaction force data were measured with two force plates. The resultant joint moments of the lower body were calculated using the inverse dynamics procedure. As mass increased, there was an increase in joint moment at the L4/5, hip and ankle joint, primarily due to an increase in ground reaction force. Increasing kettlebell mass can potentially cause greater strength gains in the hip and trunk musculature due to increase in lower body moments, while avoiding excessive moments about the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Levine
- Biomechanics and Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Health Promotions and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Mohammad B Hasan
- Biomechanics and Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Health Promotions and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Marco A Avalos
- Biomechanics and Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Health Promotions and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Brandon R Rigby
- Biomechanics and Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Health Promotions and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Young-Hoo Kwon
- Biomechanics and Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Health Promotions and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
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14
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15
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Andersen V, Fimland MS, Saeterbakken A. Trunk Muscle Activity in One- and Two-Armed American Kettlebell Swing in Resistance-Trained Men. Sports Med Int Open 2019; 3:E12-E18. [PMID: 30911671 PMCID: PMC6428676 DOI: 10.1055/a-0869-7228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the one-armed vs. two-armed American kettlebell swing on trunk muscle activation. Fifteen resistance-trained men performed ten repetitions of both exercises using a 14-kg kettlebell. Surface EMG from the erector spinae, rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles were collected on both sides of the trunk. The erector spinae activation during the one-armed swing was 14–25% higher on the contralateral compared to the ipsilateral side in both exercises (Cohen’s d effect size [ES]=0.41–0.71,
p
˂ 0.001–0.034). Further, the contralateral side was 14% more activated during the two-armed swing compared to the ipsilateral side during the one-armed swing (ES=0.43,
p
=0.009). For the rectus abdominis muscle, the two-armed swing induced higher activation of the rectus abdominis compared to the one-armed swing on both the contralateral (40%, ES=0.48,
p
=0.040) and ipsilateral side (59%, ES=0.83,
p
=0.002). There were no differences for the external oblique muscle (
p
=0.495–0.662). In conclusion, the trunk activation patterns of the two exercises were different, which could be explained by different biomechanics in the two exercises, and could thus have complimentary effects. We recommend that both unilateral and bilateral execution of the American kettlebell swing is included over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidar Andersen
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
| | - Marius Steiro Fimland
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle Saeterbakken
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
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16
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Wagoner CW, Hanson ED, Ryan ED, Brooks R, Wood WA, Jensen BC, Lee JT, Coffman EM, Battaglini CL. Two weeks of lower body resistance training enhances cycling tolerability to improve precision of maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing in sedentary middle-aged females. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1159-1164. [PMID: 30856340 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It is not uncommon for sedentary individuals to cite leg fatigue as the primary factor for test termination during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a cycle ergometer. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 2 weeks of lower body resistance training (RT) on cardiopulmonary capacity in sedentary middle-aged females. Additionally, the impact of RT on muscle strength was evaluated. Following familiarization, 28 women (18 exercise group, 10 control group) completed a maximal CPET on a cycle ergometer to determine peak oxygen uptake and leg extensor strength assessed using isokinetic dynamometry. Participants in the exercise group performed 2 weeks (6 sessions) of lower body RT, which comprised leg press, leg curl, and leg extension exercises. A 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to evaluate the difference in changes of peak oxygen uptake and peak torque (PT). Peak oxygen uptake significantly improved from 22.2 ± 4.5 mL·kg-1·min-1 to 24.3 ± 4.4 mL·kg-1·min-1 (10.8%, p < 0.05) as well as PT from 83.1 ± 25.4 Nm to 89.0 ± 29.7 Nm (6.1%, p < 0.05) in the exercise group with no change in the control group. These findings provide initial evidence that 2 weeks of lower body RT prior to a CPET may be a helpful preconditioning strategy to achieve a more accurate peak oxygen uptake during testing, enhancing tolerability to a CPET by improving lower body strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad W Wagoner
- Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Erik D Hanson
- Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Ryan Brooks
- Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - William A Wood
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brian C Jensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Jordan T Lee
- Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Erin M Coffman
- Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Claudio L Battaglini
- Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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17
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Rufo-Tavares W, Barbosa de Lira CA, Zimerer C, Santos Andrade M, Soares Leopoldo A, Perez AJ, Vancini RL. Short-term detraining is not enough to reduce positive adaptations of kettlebell training on power and strength variables in physically active women. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.17.03690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Chen HT, Wu HJ, Chen YJ, Ho SY, Chung YC. Effects of 8-week kettlebell training on body composition, muscle strength, pulmonary function, and chronic low-grade inflammation in elderly women with sarcopenia. Exp Gerontol 2018; 112:112-118. [PMID: 30243898 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of kettlebell training on body composition, muscle strength, pulmonary function, and chronic low-grade inflammatory markers among elderly people with sarcopenia. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Community center and research center. PARTICIPANTS A total of 33 elderly women with sarcopenia (aged 65-75 years) were recruited. INTERVENTION The participants were randomly assigned to a kettlebell training (KT) group or a control (CON) group. The KT group received an 8-week training intervention involving 60-min sessions twice a week, whereas the CON group members continued their daily lifestyles without participating in any exercise training. Four weeks of detraining were organized to observe the retention effect of the training program on the KT group. MEASUREMENTS The participants' body composition, muscle strength, pulmonary function, and chronic low-grade inflammatory markers were measured and analyzed before training (at Week 0, W0), after 8 weeks of training (at Week 8, W8), and after 4 weeks of detraining (at Week 12, W12). RESULTS In the KT group, appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and the sarcopenia index measured at W8 and W12 were significantly higher than those at W0(p = .004; p = .005). At W8 and W12, the sarcopenia index was significantly higher in the KT group than the CON group(p = .020; p = .019). In the CON group, the skeletal muscle mass levels measured at W8 and W12 were significantly lower than that at W0(p = .029; p = .005), and the ASM and the sarcopenia index measured at W8 were significantly lower than those at W0(p = .037; p = .036). Additionally, the measured left handgrip strength(p = .006), back strength(p = .011; p = .018), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) (p = .008; p = .006) were significantly higher in the KT group than the CON group at W8 and W12. At W8, the measured right handgrip strength was significantly higher in the KT group than the CON group(p = .043). In the KT group, the back strength and PEF levels measured at W8 and W12 were significantly higher than those at W0(p = .000; p = .004), and the left and right handgrip strength levels at W8 were significantly higher than those at W0(p = .004; p = .013). By contrast, in the CON group, the left(p = .004; p = .006)and right(p = .002; p = .004)handgrip strength levels and PEF(p = .018; p = .012) measured at W8 and W12 were significantly lower than those at W0. Moreover, compared with the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels measured at W0, those measured at W8 and W12 were significantly lower in the KT group(p = .006; p = .013)but significantly higher in the CON group(p = .005; p = .009). There was no significant difference in hs-CRP, IL-6, TNF-α between the KT and CON group. CONCLUSION For elderly people with sarcopenia, participating in kettlebell training significantly increases the sarcopenia index, grip strength, back strength, and PEF. In addition, the retention effect of the training program continued after 4 weeks of detraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ting Chen
- Physical Education Office, Ming Chuan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-June Wu
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Yen Ho
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chung
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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19
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Chan M, MacInnis MJ, Koch S, MacLeod KE, Lohse KR, Gallo ME, Sheel AW, Koehle MS. Cardiopulmonary Demand of 16-kg Kettlebell Snatches in Simulated Girevoy Sport. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 34:1625-1633. [PMID: 29781941 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chan, M, MacInnis, MJ, Koch, S, MacLeod, KE, Lohse, KR, Gallo, ME, Sheel, AW, and Koehle, MS. Cardiopulmonary demand of 16-kg kettlebell snatches in simulated Girevoy Sport. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1625-1633, 2020-Kettlebell lifting has become popular both as a strength and conditioning training tool and as a sport in and of itself: Girevoy Sport (GS). Although several kettlebell multimovement protocols have been analyzed, little research has attempted to quantify the aerobic stimulus of the individual events in GS, which could better inform kettlebell-related exercise prescription. The purpose of this study was to quantify the cardiopulmonary demand, assessed primarily by oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2) and heart rate (HR), of continuous high-intensity kettlebell snatches-under conditions relevant to GS-and to compare this demand with a more traditional graded rowing ergometer maximal exercise test. Ten male participants (age = 28.4 ± 4.6 years, height = 185 ± 7 cm, body mass = 95.1 ± 14.9 kg) completed (a) a graded-exercise test on a rowing ergometer to determine maximal oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) and maximal heart rate (HRmax) and (b) a graded-exercise test consisting of continuous 16-kg kettlebell snatches to determine peak oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak) and peak heart rate (HRpeak) during a simulated GS snatch event. Subjects achieved a V[Combining Dot Above]O2max of 45.7 ± 6.7 ml·kg·min and HRmax of 177 ± 8.3 b·min on the rowing ergometer. The kettlebell snatch test produced a V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak of 37.6 ± 4.4 ml·kg·min (82.7 ± 6.5% V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) and a HRpeak of 174 ± 10 b·min (98.0 ± 3.4% HRmax). These findings suggest that GS kettlebell snatches with 16-kg can provide an adequate aerobic stimulus to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in those with a V[Combining Dot Above]O2max of ≤51 ml·kg·min, according to aerobic training recommendations from the American College of Sports Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Chan
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin J MacInnis
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Koch
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kristin E MacLeod
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Keith R Lohse
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; and
| | - Maria E Gallo
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A William Sheel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael S Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Division of Sport Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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20
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Vantarakis A, Chatzinikolaou A, Avloniti A, Vezos N, Douroudos II, Draganidis D, Jamurtas AZ, Kambas A, Kalligeros S, Fatouros IG. A 2-Month Linear Periodized Resistance Exercise Training Improved Musculoskeletal Fitness and Specific Conditioning of Navy Cadets. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1362-1370. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Ross JA, Keogh JW, Wilson CJ, Lorenzen C. External kinetics of the kettlebell snatch in amateur lifters. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3111. [PMID: 28367368 PMCID: PMC5374970 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kettlebell lifting has gained increased popularity as both a form of resistance training and as a sport, despite the paucity of literature validating its use as a training tool. Kettlebell sport requires participants to complete the kettlebell snatch continuously over prolonged periods of time. Kettlebell sport and weightlifting involve similar exercises, however, their traditional uses suggest they are better suited to training different fitness qualities. This study examined the three-dimensional ground reaction force (GRF) and force applied to the kettlebell over a 6 min kettlebell snatch set in 12 kettlebell-trained males. METHODS During this set, VICON was used to record the kettlebell trajectory with nine infrared cameras while the GRF of each leg was recorded with a separate AMTI force plate. Over the course of the set, an average of 13.9 ± 3.3 repetitions per minute were performed with a 24 kg kettlebell. Significance was evaluated with a two-way ANOVA and paired t-tests, whilst Cohen's F (ESF) and Cohen's D (ESD) were used to determine the magnitude. RESULTS The applied force at the point of maximum acceleration was 814 ± 75 N and 885 ± 86 N for the downwards and upwards phases, respectively. The absolute peak resultant bilateral GRF was 1,746 ± 217 N and 1,768 ± 242 N for the downwards and upwards phases, respectively. Bilateral GRF of the first and last 14 repetitions was found to be similar, however there was a significant difference in the peak applied force (F (1.11) = 7.42, p = 0.02, ESF = 0.45). Unilateral GRF was found have a significant difference for the absolute anterior-posterior (F (1.11) = 885.15, p < 0.0001, ESF = 7) and medio-lateral force vectors (F (1.11) = 5.31, p = 0.042, ESF = 0.67). DISCUSSION Over the course of a single repetition there were significant differences in the GRF and applied force at multiple points of the kettlebells trajectory. The kettlebell snatch loads each leg differently throughout a repetition and performing the kettlebell snatch for 6 min will result in a reduction in peak applied force.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Ross
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Justin W.L. Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Cameron J. Wilson
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christian Lorenzen
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Williams BM, Kraemer RR. Comparison of Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Responses in Kettlebell High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Sprint Interval Cycling. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:3317-25. [PMID: 26360962 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a novel exercise protocol we developed for kettlebell high-intensity interval training (KB-HIIT) by comparing the cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to a standard sprint interval cycling (SIC) exercise protocol. Eight men volunteered for the study and completed 2 preliminary sessions, followed by two 12-minute sessions of KB-HIIT and SIC in a counterbalanced fashion. In the KB-HITT session, 3 circuits of 4 exercises were performed using a Tabata regimen. In the SIC session, three 30-second sprints were performed, with 4 minutes of recovery in between the first 2 sprints and 2.5 minutes of recovery after the last sprint. A within-subjects' design over multiple time points was used to compare oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), tidal volume (TV), breathing frequency (f), minute ventilation (VE), caloric expenditure rate (kcal·min), and heart rate (HR) between the exercise protocols. Additionally, total caloric expenditure was compared. A significant group effect, time effect, and group × time interaction were found for V[Combining Dot Above]O2, RER, and TV, with V[Combining Dot Above]O2 being higher and TV and RER being lower in the KB-HIIT compared with the SIC. Only a significant time effect and group × time interaction were found for f, VE, kcal·min, and HR. Additionally, total caloric expenditure was found to be significantly higher during the KB-HIIT. The results of this study suggest that KB-HIIT may be more attractive and sustainable than SIC and can be effective in stimulating cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses that could improve health and aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Williams
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana
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